Ar-Pharazôn: Difference between revisions

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{{numenorean infobox
{{numenorean infobox
| image=[[Image:Paula_DiSante_-_Ar-Pharazon_Defies.JPG|250px]]
| name=Ar-Pharazôn
| name=Ar-Pharazôn
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Ar-Pharazon.jpg|250px]]
| caption="Ar-Pharazon" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]
| pronun=
| othernames=''Tar-Calion'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), "[[The Golden]]"
| othernames=''Tar-Calion'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), "[[The Golden]]"
| titles=[[King of Númenor]]<br/>"King of Men"<br/>"King of the Sea"
| titles=[[King of Númenor]]<br/>"King of Men"<br/>"King of the Sea"
| position=
| position=
| realm=[[Númenor]]
| location=[[Númenor]]
| affiliation=[[King's Men]]
| affiliation=[[King's Men]]<br/>[[Sauron]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]]
| language=[[Adûnaic]]
| birth={{SA|3118}}
| birth={{SA|3118}}
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| deathlocation=On the shores of [[Aman]]
| deathlocation=On the shores of [[Aman]]
| age=201
| age=201
| notablefor=
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| parentage=[[Gimilkhâd]]
| parentage=[[Gimilkhâd]]
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==History==
==History==
In his youth, Pharazôn and [[Amandil (Lord of Andúnië)|Amandil]], the [[Lords of Andúnië|Lord of Andúnië]] and later the leader of the [[Faithful]] Númenóreans, were dear friends. After some time, Pharazôn departed from Númenor to participate in the wars in [[Middle-earth]] that the [[King's Men]] were waging against [[Sauron]]. While in Middle-earth, he became a great captain and commander of the Númenórean armies. Pharazôn did not return to Númenor until a few years before the death of Tar-Palantir, when he heard of his own father's early death. During his time there, Pharazôn was generous with the wealth he had acquired in Middle-earth, and the hearts of the people were turned toward him. He remained on the island until Tar-Palantir died. At that time, Pharazôn took the King's daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] as his wife, much against her will, and against the laws of Númenor which prohibited first cousins from marrying. Pharazôn then changed her name to [[Ar-Zimraphel]].<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Thus he usurped the throne and, taking the [[Sceptre]] into his own hand, proclaimed himself King Ar-Pharazôn in {{SA|3255}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>
In his youth, Pharazôn and [[Amandil]], the [[Lords of Andúnië|Lord of Andúnië]] and later the leader of the [[Faithful]] Númenóreans, were dear friends. After some time, Pharazôn departed from Númenor to participate in the wars in [[Middle-earth]] that the [[King's Men]] were waging against [[Sauron]]. While in Middle-earth, he became a great captain and commander of the Númenórean armies. Pharazôn did not return to Númenor until a few years before the death of Tar-Palantir, when he heard of his own father's early death. During his time there, Pharazôn was generous with the wealth he had acquired in Middle-earth, and the hearts of the people were turned toward him. Like his father, Pharazôn became the leader of the rebellion against his uncle the King's reforms, who attempted to return to the ways of the [[Valar]] and the [[Eldar]].<ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref>
===King of Númenor===
He remained on the island until Tar-Palantir died. At that time, Pharazôn took the King's daughter [[Tar-Míriel|Míriel]] as his wife, much against her will, and against the laws of Númenor which prohibited first cousins from marrying. Pharazôn then changed her name to Ar-Zimraphel.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Thus he usurped the throne and, taking the [[Sceptre of Númenor]] into his own hand, proclaimed himself King Ar-Pharazôn in {{SA|3255}}.<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref>


===King of Númenor===
Soon after Ar-Pharazôn's unlawful ascent to power, he heard news that Sauron had been assailing the Númenórean settlements in Middle-earth since his return to the island. His captains explained to him that the fallen [[Maia]] wished to drive the Númenóreans back to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] whence they had come, and declare himself King of Men. They also told Ar-Pharazôn that Sauron wished to destroy Númenor itself, if possible.
Soon after Ar-Pharazôn's unlawful ascent to power, he heard news that Sauron had been assailing the Númenórean settlements in Middle-earth since his return to the island. His captains explained to him that the fallen [[Maia]] wished to drive the Númenóreans back to the [[Belegaer|Sea]] whence they had come, and declare himself King of Men. They also told Ar-Pharazôn that Sauron wished to destroy Númenor itself, if possible.


====Ar-Pharazôn Humbles Sauron====
====Ar-Pharazôn Humbles Sauron====
Ar-Pharazôn became very angry upon hearing this news, and decided that he himself would claim the title of King of Men instead, and make Sauron his servant. To accomplish this end, he spent five years preparing a great force.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> In {{SA|3261|n}} he launched the Númenórean fleet and landed at the [[Haven of Umbar]]..<ref name="SA"/> From there, Ar-Pharazôn and his army marched north to [[Mordor]]. Their splendor and might was so great that Sauron's own servants deserted him. Therefore, since he perceived that he could not defeat the Númenóreans through strength of arms, Sauron changed into his fair form and humbled himself before Ar-Pharazôn. The King stripped Sauron of his titles and decreed that he would be taken as a hostage to Númenor, to keep his servants from harassing the Númenóreans in Middle-earth.  
Ar-Pharazôn became very angry upon hearing this news, and decided that he himself would claim the title of King of Men instead, and make Sauron his servant. To accomplish this end, he spent five years preparing a great force.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> In {{SA|3261|n}} he launched the Númenórean fleet and landed at the [[Umbar|Haven of Umbar]].<ref name="SA"/> From there, Ar-Pharazôn and his army marched north to [[Mordor]]. Their splendour and might was so great that Sauron's own servants deserted him. Therefore, since he perceived that he could not defeat the Númenóreans through strength of arms, Sauron changed into his fair form and humbled himself before Ar-Pharazôn. The King stripped Sauron of his titles and decreed that he would be taken as a hostage to Númenor, to keep his servants from harassing the Númenóreans in Middle-earth.  


Sauron acted as if this decision dismayed him, but it actually furthered his plans to destroy Ar-Pharazôn and the Númenóreans in retaliation for this humiliation. Sauron thus allowed himself to be brought to Númenor by Ar-Pharazôn's army, but as soon as he set foot on the island he began corrupting the minds of the Númenóreans, beginning with their proud King. Sauron flattered Ar-Pharazôn and used his knowledge to help the King gain anything he desired. Ar-Pharazôn responded to this flattery and made Sauron his chief advisor three years after his coming to Númenor.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>
Sauron acted as if this decision dismayed him, but it actually furthered his plans to destroy Ar-Pharazôn and the Númenóreans in retaliation for this humiliation. Sauron thus allowed himself to be brought to Númenor by Ar-Pharazôn's army, but as soon as he set foot on the island he began corrupting the minds of the Númenóreans, beginning with their proud King. Sauron flattered Ar-Pharazôn and used his knowledge to help the King gain anything he desired. Ar-Pharazôn responded to this flattery and made Sauron his chief adviser three years after his coming to Númenor.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>


====Sauron's Teachings====
====Sauron's Teachings====
Sauron taught the people of Númenor many things, and in most of his speeches he spoke against the [[Valar]], who most Númenóreans already feared and disliked. Eventually, however, the Maia's teachings began to focus more upon [[Darkness (concept)|Darkness]]. He told his listeners that "Darkness alone is worshipful, and the Lord thereof may yet make other worlds to be gifts to those that serve him, so that the increase of their power shall find no end." These words reached the ears of Ar-Pharazôn, and he spoke to Sauron in secret in order to learn more about the Lord of Darkness. Sauron told the King that this Lord was [[Morgoth]], and that [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]] was only a lie devised by the Valar to keep [[Men]] from rebelling against them. The Maia thus himself lied to Ar-Pharazôn, and said that by serving Melkor, the "Giver of Freedom", the King would escape from these untruths of the Valar, and become stronger than them.
Sauron taught the people of Númenor many things, and in most of his speeches he spoke against the [[Valar]], whom most Númenóreans already feared and disliked. Eventually, however, the Maia's teachings began to focus more upon [[Darkness (concept)|Darkness]]. He told his listeners that "Darkness alone is worshipful, and the Lord thereof may yet make other worlds to be gifts to those that serve him, so that the increase of their power shall find no end." These words reached the ears of Ar-Pharazôn, and he spoke to Sauron in secret in order to learn more about the Lord of Darkness. Sauron told the King that this Lord was [[Morgoth|Melkor]], and that [[Ilúvatar|Eru Ilúvatar]] was only a lie devised by the Valar to keep [[Men]] from rebelling against them. The Maia thus himself lied to Ar-Pharazôn, and said that by serving Melkor, the "Giver of Freedom", the King would escape from these untruths of the Valar, and become stronger than them.


At this time Ar-Pharazôn began to worship the Darkness and Melkor its Lord. He practiced this new religion in secret at first, but soon displayed it openly, and "his people for the most part followed him". The King made ascending the [[Meneltarma]] (which the worshipers of Ilúvatar had formerly done, in order to make offerings on its summit) a crime punishable by death. Sauron then advised Ar-Pharazôn to destroy [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the White Tree of Númenor, which was the last symbol of the Númenóreans' ancient friendship with the Valar and the [[Elves]]. Ar-Pharazôn was reluctant to do this, because he had heard of Tar-Palantir's prophecy that the Line of Kings would end when the Tree perished.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>
At this time Ar-Pharazôn began to worship the Darkness and Melkor its Lord. He practised this new religion in secret at first, but soon displayed it openly, and most of his people followed him. The King made ascending the [[Meneltarma]] (which the worshippers of Ilúvatar had formerly done, in order to make offerings on its summit) a crime punishable by death. Sauron then advised Ar-Pharazôn to destroy [[Nimloth of Númenor|Nimloth]], the White Tree of Númenor, which was the last symbol of the Númenóreans' ancient friendship with the Valar and the [[Elves]]. Ar-Pharazôn was reluctant to do this, because he had heard of Tar-Palantir's prophecy that the Line of Kings would end when the Tree perished.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>


====Years of Tyranny====
====Years of Tyranny====
However, when a disguised man (actually [[Isildur]]) stole a fruit from Nimloth upon hearing Sauron's advice to the King, Ar-Pharazôn assented to the Tree's destruction. It was also at this time that Ar-Pharazôn dismissed his erstwhile friend Amandil from his [[Council of the Sceptre|Council]], though the King and his supporters did not otherwise harm Amandil or his family. After the White Tree was felled, Sauron had it burned in a mighty [[Temple]] that the Númenóreans had built in [[Armenelos]] on his orders. The King and his followers then used this Temple for the worship of Melkor. They captured members of the Faithful and sacrificed them in the fires of the altar, in the hope that Melkor would release them from [[Gift of Men|Death]]. The Númenóreans did the same to the Men of Middle-earth who lived near their settlements, and thus Ar-Pharazôn became the greatest tyrant that the world had seen since [[Morgoth]], "though in truth Sauron ruled all from behind the throne".
However, when a disguised man (actually [[Isildur]]) stole a fruit from Nimloth upon hearing Sauron's advice to the King, Ar-Pharazôn assented to the Tree's destruction. It was also at this time that Ar-Pharazôn dismissed his erstwhile friend Amandil from his [[Council of the Sceptre|Council]], though the King and his supporters did not otherwise harm Amandil or his family. After the White Tree was felled, Sauron had it burned in a mighty [[Temple]] that the Númenóreans had built in [[Armenelos]] on his orders. The King and his followers then used this Temple for the worship of Melkor. They captured members of the Faithful and sacrificed them in the fires of the altar, in the hope that Melkor would release them from [[Gift of Men|Death]]. The Númenóreans did the same to the Men of Middle-earth who lived near their settlements, and thus Ar-Pharazôn became the greatest tyrant that the world had seen since [[Morgoth]], though Sauron actually ruled all from behind the throne.


But Ar-Pharazôn and the Númenóreans did not escape death by this means, and eventually the King grew old and was in great fear of the end of his life and the "going out into the Darkness that he had worshiped". Ar-Pharazôn became wrathful and desperate, and at last Sauron gave the King his final advice. The Maia told Ar-Pharazôn that by warring against the Valar and conquering [[Valinor]], their land in [[Aman|the West]], he could gain everlasting life.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Ar-Pharazôn feared to wage such a war, but his desperation prompted him to begin building a [[Great Armament]] in {{SA|3310|n}} to attack Valinor.<ref name="SA"/>
But Ar-Pharazôn and the Númenóreans did not escape death by this means, and eventually the King grew old and was in great fear of the end of his life and going out into the Darkness that he had worshipped. Ar-Pharazôn became wrathful and desperate, and at last Sauron gave the King his final advice. The Maia told Ar-Pharazôn that by warring against the Valar and conquering [[Valinor]], their land in [[Aman|the West]], he could gain everlasting life.<ref name="Akallabeth"/> Ar-Pharazôn feared to wage such a war, but his desperation prompted him to begin building a [[Great Armament]] in {{SA|3310|n}} to attack Valinor.<ref name="SA"/>


[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Eagles of Manwë.jpg|right|thumb|''The Eagles of Manwë'' by Ted Nasmith]]
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Eagles of Manwë.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Eagles of Manwë'']]
While this Armament was being constructed, the Valar sent warnings to the Númenóreans in the form of terrible thunderstorms and clouds shaped like [[Eagles]], and the ground began to groan and shake. But these signals only caused the King and his people to harden their hearts yet more, and Ar-Pharazôn (prompted by Sauron) proclaimed, "The [[Valar|Lords of the West]] have plotted against us. They strike first. The next blow shall be ours!"<ref name="Akallabeth"/>
While this Armament was being constructed, the Valar sent warnings to the Númenóreans in the form of terrible thunderstorms and clouds shaped like [[Eagles]], and the ground began to groan and shake. But these signals only caused the King and his people to harden their hearts yet more, and Ar-Pharazôn (prompted by Sauron) proclaimed, "The [[Valar|Lords of the West]] have plotted against us. They strike first. The next blow shall be ours!"<ref name="Akallabeth"/>


====War against the Valar====
====War against the Valar====
[[Image:John Howe - Fleet of Ar-Pharazon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''Fleet of Ar-Pharazôn'' by [[John Howe]]]]
[[File:John Howe - The Fleet of Ar-Pharazon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[John Howe]] - ''Fleet of Ar-Pharazôn'']]
Nine years after the preparations for war began, the Great Armament was completed. Ar-Pharazôn journeyed to the west of Númenor where the fleet was anchored, and boarded his mighty ship [[Alcarondas]]. He sat upon his throne in full armor and signaled for the raising of the anchors. The fleet left Númenor just before sundown, and passed into the forbidden seas of the West.
Nine years after the preparations for war began, the Great Armament was completed. Ar-Pharazôn journeyed to the west of Númenor where the fleet was anchored, and boarded his mighty ship [[Alcarondas]]. He sat upon his throne in full armour and signalled for the raising of the anchors. The fleet left Númenor just before sundown, and passed into the forbidden seas of the West.


Because no one from the Great Armament ever returned to mortal lands, Ar-Pharazôn's fate remains uncertain. It is said in the ''[[Akallabêth]]'' that the fleet passed [[Tol Eressëa]] and anchored near the coast of Valinor. Upon seeing the splendor of [[Taniquetil]], Ar-Pharazôn became afraid and nearly gave the order to retreat. In the end, however, his pride caused him to go ashore, and a great part of his army followed him. Ar-Pharazôn led his troops to the Elven city of [[Tirion]], and they set up an encampment around it. Then the King proclaimed that the land of the Valar was his, if none would challenge him for it.
Because no one from the Great Armament ever returned to mortal lands, Ar-Pharazôn's fate remains uncertain. It is said in the ''[[Akallabêth]]'' that the fleet passed [[Tol Eressëa]] and anchored near the coast of Valinor. Upon seeing the splendour of [[Taniquetil]], Ar-Pharazôn became afraid and nearly gave the order to retreat. In the end, however, his pride caused him to go ashore, and a great part of his army followed him. Ar-Pharazôn led his troops to the Elven city of [[Tirion]], and they set up an encampment around it. Then the King proclaimed that the land of the Valar was his, if none would challenge him for it.


At this time, the Valar called upon Eru for aid, and relinquished their authority over [[Arda]]. Eru broke the world and made it round, so that Men could never again sail to Valinor. In this catastrophe, Ar-Pharazôn's fleet was pulled into the chasm that opened between the [[Blessed Realm]] and mortal lands, and Númenor sank beneath the Sea. Ar-Pharazôn himself (along with the soldiers that had followed him to Valinor) is said to have been buried "under falling hills," and lies in the [[Caves of the Forgotten]] "until the [[Final Battle|Last Battle]] and the Day of Doom".<ref name="Akallabeth"/>
At this time, the Valar called upon Eru for aid, and relinquished their authority over [[Arda]]. Eru broke the world and made it round, so that Men could never again sail to Valinor. In this catastrophe, Ar-Pharazôn's fleet was pulled into the chasm that opened between the [[Blessed Realm]] and mortal lands, and Númenor sank beneath the Sea. Ar-Pharazôn himself (along with the soldiers that had followed him to Valinor) is said to have been buried underground, and lies in the [[Caves of the Forgotten]] until the [[Final Battle|Last Battle]]. <ref name="Akallabeth"/>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
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Sometime before his death at the end of the [[Second Age]], Elendil wrote down some of the history of Númenor, culminating in the tale of its destruction. Much of this document was focused on the effects of the reign of Ar-Pharazôn and Sauron's teachings to the Númenóreans. Elendil's work was called the ''[[Akallabêth]]'', and its retelling of Ar-Pharazôn's life was one of the only parts of Númenor's history that remained widely known after the Downfall.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Note 16</ref>
Sometime before his death at the end of the [[Second Age]], Elendil wrote down some of the history of Númenor, culminating in the tale of its destruction. Much of this document was focused on the effects of the reign of Ar-Pharazôn and Sauron's teachings to the Númenóreans. Elendil's work was called the ''[[Akallabêth]]'', and its retelling of Ar-Pharazôn's life was one of the only parts of Númenor's history that remained widely known after the Downfall.<ref>{{UT|Kings}}, Note 16</ref>


Many years after the Downfall, the [[Kings of Gondor]] erected a great pillar at Umbar as a commemoration of Ar-Pharazôn. Even though Elendil's people suffered greatly because of the evil that Sauron caused in Númenor as a result of Ar-Pharazôn's deeds, his descendants still wished to honor the King and his army for the humbling of Sauron. When Sauron retook Umbar from the Gondorians, he in turn had this monument to his defeat destroyed.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>
Many years after the Downfall, the [[Kings of Gondor]] erected a great pillar at Umbar as a commemoration of Ar-Pharazôn. Even though Elendil's people suffered greatly because of the evil that Sauron caused in Númenor as a result of Ar-Pharazôn's deeds, his descendants still wished to honour the King and his army for the humbling of Sauron. When Sauron retook Umbar from the Gondorians, he in turn had this monument to his defeat destroyed.<ref>{{App|Gondor}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
''Pharazôn'' means "Golden" in [[Adûnaic]], and is derived from the word ''[[pharaz]]'', 'gold'.{{fact}}
''Pharazôn'' means "Golden" in [[Adûnaic]], and is derived from the word ''[[pharaz]]'', 'gold'.<ref>{{App|Consonants}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Nouns}}, p. 426</ref>


==Names==
==Other names==


Had Ar-Pharazôn taken a [[Quenya]] name, he would have ruled as '''''Tar-Calion'''''. This title does not appear to be a direct translation of his Adûnaic name, since it means "Son of Light" (from ''[[cala]]'' 'light', and ''[[-ion]]'', the masculine patronymic). Like all the other Kings of Númenor who took their royal names in Adûnaic, Pharazôn added the prefix ''[[Ar | ar]]'' ('high', 'King') to his name when he seized the Sceptre.{{fact}}
Had Ar-Pharazôn taken a [[Quenya]] name, he would have ruled as '''''Tar-Calion'''''.<ref>{{UT|5}}</ref> This title does not appear to be a direct translation of his Adûnaic name, since it means "Son of Light" (from ''[[cala]]'' 'light', and ''[[-ion]]'', the masculine patronymic).<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=https://eldamo.org/content/words/word-2978386403.html|articlename=S. ''Calion'' m.|website=[http://eldamo.org/index.html Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon]|accessed=2 May 2019}}</ref> Like all the other Kings of Númenor who took their royal names in Adûnaic, Pharazôn added the prefix ''[[Ar | ar]]'' ('high', 'King') to his name when he seized the Sceptre.<ref name="Akallabeth"/>


In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] noted the name '''''Tar-kulu''''' (in the entry for [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KUL]]), which editors [[Carl F. Hostetter]] and [[Patrick H. Wynne]] suggest could be a formerly unattested name of Ar-Pharazôn.<ref>{{VT|45a}}, p. 24</ref>
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] noted the name '''''Tar-kulu''''' (in the entry for [[Sundocarme|root]] [[KUL]]), which editors [[Carl F. Hostetter]] and [[Patrick H. Wynne]] suggest could be a formerly unattested name of Ar-Pharazôn.<ref>{{VT|45a}}, p. 24</ref>
Line 81: Line 85:
==Genealogy==
==Genealogy==
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | GLZ |y| IZB | GLZ=[[Ar-Gimilzôr]]|IZB=[[Inzilbêth]]}}
{{familytree | ZIM | | | | AND | | | | |ZIM=[[Ar-Zimrathôn]]<br/><small>''{{SA|2798|n}} - {{SA|3033|n}}''</small>|AND=[[Lords of Andúnië|''14th Lord<br/>of Andúnië'']]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{familytree | TAR | | GMK |TAR=[[Tar-Palantir]]|GMK=[[Gimilkhâd]]}}
{{familytree | SAK | | LIN | | EAR | | |SAK=[[Ar-Sakalthôr]]<br/><small>''{{SA|2876|n}} - {{SA|3102|n}}''</small>|LIN=[[Lindórië]]<br/><small>''unknown''</small>|EAR=[[Eärendur (Lord of Andúnië)|Eärendur]]<br/><small>''unknown''</small>}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| |}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | TAR |~| APZ |TAR=[[Tar-Míriel]]|APZ='''AR-PHARAZÔN'''}}
{{familytree | GIM |y| INZ | | AND | | |GIM=[[Ar-Gimilzôr]]<br/><small>''{{SA|2960|n}} - {{SA|3177|n}}''</small>|INZ=[[Inzilbêth]]<br/><small>''unknown''</small>|AND=[[Lords of Andúnië|''16th Lord<br/>of Andúnië'']]}}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | PAL | | GIM | | NUM | | |PAL=[[Tar-Palantir]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3035|n}} - {{SA|3255|n}}''</small>|GIM=[[Gimilkhâd]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3044|n}} - {{SA|3243|n}}''</small>|NUM=[[Númendil]]<br/><small>''unknown''</small>}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | MIR |~| PHA | | AMA | | |MIR=[[Tar-Míriel]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3117|n}} - {{SA|3319|n}}''†</small>|PHA='''AR-PHARAZÔN'''<br/><small>''{{SA|3118|n}} - {{SA|3319|n}}''†</small>|AMA=[[Amandil]]<br/><small>''Sailed west {{SA|3316|n}}''†</small>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | ELE | | |ELE=[[Elendil]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3119|n}} - {{SA|3441|n}}''†</small>}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | ISI | | ANA |ISI=[[Isildur]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3209|n}} - {{TA|2}}''†</small>|ANA=[[Anárion]]<br/><small>''{{SA|3219|n}} - {{SA|3440|n}}''†</small>}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}


==Other Versions of the Legendarium==
==Other versions of the legendarium==
In earlier versions of the ''Akallabêth'', Ar-Pharazôn summoned Sauron to Númenor instead of taking an army to Middle-earth and humbling him. The elements of Morgoth-worship and human sacrifice were not originally parts of his rule, either; in the first stories of the Downfall, Ar-Pharazôn merely built the Temple (on top of the Meneltarma, however) for future use and allowed Sauron to watch the people from it.
In earlier versions of the ''Akallabêth'', Ar-Pharazôn summoned Sauron to Númenor instead of taking an army to Middle-earth and humbling him. The elements of Morgoth-worship and human sacrifice were not originally parts of his rule, either; in the first stories of the Downfall, Ar-Pharazôn merely built the Temple (on top of the Meneltarma, however) for future use and allowed Sauron to watch the people from it.


Alternate stories of Ar-Pharazôn's life written by Tolkien include a version in which Míriel was actually attracted to him, and their marriage was consensual. She gave him most of her power voluntarily. This remarkable textual development existed even in some of the latest revisions of the ''Akallabêth''.<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>
Alternate stories of Ar-Pharazôn's life written by Tolkien include a version in which Míriel was actually attracted to him, and their marriage was consensual. She gave him most of her power voluntarily. This remarkable textual development existed even in some of the latest revisions of the ''Akallabêth''.<ref>{{PM|Akallabeth}}</ref>


==Inspiration==
In the earliest drafts of the ''Akallabêth'', Ar-Pharazôn was named '''Angor'''<ref>{{LR|P1II2}}, §5</ref> later replaced by '''Tar-kalion'''<ref>{{LR|P1II3}}, §5</ref> and then '''Tarkalion'''.<ref>{{SD|3ii}}, §20</ref>
His burial under the mountain and return at the end of the world is reminiscent of the common mytheme of the [[Wikipedia:King in the mountain|King in the mountain]], mainly during the middle-ages.{{fact}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 101: Line 112:
* [[Great Armament]]
* [[Great Armament]]
* [[Gimilkhâd]]
* [[Gimilkhâd]]
* [[Amandil (Lord of Andúnië)]]
* [[Amandil]]
* [[Tar-Míriel]]
* [[Tar-Míriel]]
* [[King's Men]]
* [[King's Men]]
Line 108: Line 119:
{{references}}
{{references}}


{{sequence
{{seq-start}}
|prev=[[Tar-Palantir]]
{{seq-head
|next=None<br>(kingdom destroyed)
| race=numenorean
|list=25th [[King of Númenor]]<br><code>II</code> 3255 3319
| house=[[House of Elros]]
| born={{SA|3118}}
| died={{SA|3319}}
}}
{{seq
| prev=[[Tar-Palantir]]
| list=25th [[King of Númenor]]
| dates={{SA|3255}} - {{SA|3319|n}}
| next=Kingdom destroyed
| nvac=None
}}
}}
 
{{seq-end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pharazon}}
{{numenorkings}}
{{numenor}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:ArPharazon}}
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]
[[Category:House of Elros]]
[[Category:House of Elros]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[Category:Rulers of Númenor]]
[[Category:King's Men]]
[[Category:King's Men]]
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]
[[Category:Second Age characters]]
[[de:Ar-Pharazôn]]
[[de:Ar-Pharazôn]]
[[fa:آر-فارازون]]
[[fi:Ar-Pharazôn]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/ar-pharazon]]
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/hommes/2a/numenoreens/ar-pharazon]]
[[fi:Ar-Pharazôn]]

Revision as of 22:28, 2 January 2021

Ar-Pharazôn
Númenórean
Turner Mohan - Ar-Pharazon.jpg
"Ar-Pharazon" by Turner Mohan
Biographical Information
Other namesTar-Calion (Q), "The Golden"
TitlesKing of Númenor
"King of Men"
"King of the Sea"
LocationNúmenor
AffiliationKing's Men
Sauron
LanguageAdûnaic
BirthS.A. 3118
RuleS.A. 3255 - 3319 (64 years)
DeathS.A. 3319 (aged 201)
On the shores of Aman
Family
HouseHouse of Elros
ParentageGimilkhâd
SpouseTar-Míriel
ChildrenNone
Physical Description
GenderMale
SteedAlcarondas (ship)
GalleryImages of Ar-Pharazôn

"Ar-Pharazôn the Golden was the proudest and most powerful of all the Kings, and no less than the kingship of the world was his desire."The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A

Ar-Pharazôn the Golden was the twenty-fifth and last King of Númenor.[1] He was the son of Gimilkhâd, who was the younger brother of the twenty-fourth King, Tar-Palantir. Ar-Pharazôn's willful rule, and his great pride, led directly to the world-changing Downfall of Númenor and the founding of the realms in exile of Arnor and Gondor.[2]

History

In his youth, Pharazôn and Amandil, the Lord of Andúnië and later the leader of the Faithful Númenóreans, were dear friends. After some time, Pharazôn departed from Númenor to participate in the wars in Middle-earth that the King's Men were waging against Sauron. While in Middle-earth, he became a great captain and commander of the Númenórean armies. Pharazôn did not return to Númenor until a few years before the death of Tar-Palantir, when he heard of his own father's early death. During his time there, Pharazôn was generous with the wealth he had acquired in Middle-earth, and the hearts of the people were turned toward him. Like his father, Pharazôn became the leader of the rebellion against his uncle the King's reforms, who attempted to return to the ways of the Valar and the Eldar.[3]

King of Númenor

He remained on the island until Tar-Palantir died. At that time, Pharazôn took the King's daughter Míriel as his wife, much against her will, and against the laws of Númenor which prohibited first cousins from marrying. Pharazôn then changed her name to Ar-Zimraphel.[2] Thus he usurped the throne and, taking the Sceptre of Númenor into his own hand, proclaimed himself King Ar-Pharazôn in S.A. 3255.[4]

Soon after Ar-Pharazôn's unlawful ascent to power, he heard news that Sauron had been assailing the Númenórean settlements in Middle-earth since his return to the island. His captains explained to him that the fallen Maia wished to drive the Númenóreans back to the Sea whence they had come, and declare himself King of Men. They also told Ar-Pharazôn that Sauron wished to destroy Númenor itself, if possible.

Ar-Pharazôn Humbles Sauron

Ar-Pharazôn became very angry upon hearing this news, and decided that he himself would claim the title of King of Men instead, and make Sauron his servant. To accomplish this end, he spent five years preparing a great force.[2] In 3261 he launched the Númenórean fleet and landed at the Haven of Umbar.[4] From there, Ar-Pharazôn and his army marched north to Mordor. Their splendour and might was so great that Sauron's own servants deserted him. Therefore, since he perceived that he could not defeat the Númenóreans through strength of arms, Sauron changed into his fair form and humbled himself before Ar-Pharazôn. The King stripped Sauron of his titles and decreed that he would be taken as a hostage to Númenor, to keep his servants from harassing the Númenóreans in Middle-earth.

Sauron acted as if this decision dismayed him, but it actually furthered his plans to destroy Ar-Pharazôn and the Númenóreans in retaliation for this humiliation. Sauron thus allowed himself to be brought to Númenor by Ar-Pharazôn's army, but as soon as he set foot on the island he began corrupting the minds of the Númenóreans, beginning with their proud King. Sauron flattered Ar-Pharazôn and used his knowledge to help the King gain anything he desired. Ar-Pharazôn responded to this flattery and made Sauron his chief adviser three years after his coming to Númenor.[2]

Sauron's Teachings

Sauron taught the people of Númenor many things, and in most of his speeches he spoke against the Valar, whom most Númenóreans already feared and disliked. Eventually, however, the Maia's teachings began to focus more upon Darkness. He told his listeners that "Darkness alone is worshipful, and the Lord thereof may yet make other worlds to be gifts to those that serve him, so that the increase of their power shall find no end." These words reached the ears of Ar-Pharazôn, and he spoke to Sauron in secret in order to learn more about the Lord of Darkness. Sauron told the King that this Lord was Melkor, and that Eru Ilúvatar was only a lie devised by the Valar to keep Men from rebelling against them. The Maia thus himself lied to Ar-Pharazôn, and said that by serving Melkor, the "Giver of Freedom", the King would escape from these untruths of the Valar, and become stronger than them.

At this time Ar-Pharazôn began to worship the Darkness and Melkor its Lord. He practised this new religion in secret at first, but soon displayed it openly, and most of his people followed him. The King made ascending the Meneltarma (which the worshippers of Ilúvatar had formerly done, in order to make offerings on its summit) a crime punishable by death. Sauron then advised Ar-Pharazôn to destroy Nimloth, the White Tree of Númenor, which was the last symbol of the Númenóreans' ancient friendship with the Valar and the Elves. Ar-Pharazôn was reluctant to do this, because he had heard of Tar-Palantir's prophecy that the Line of Kings would end when the Tree perished.[2]

Years of Tyranny

However, when a disguised man (actually Isildur) stole a fruit from Nimloth upon hearing Sauron's advice to the King, Ar-Pharazôn assented to the Tree's destruction. It was also at this time that Ar-Pharazôn dismissed his erstwhile friend Amandil from his Council, though the King and his supporters did not otherwise harm Amandil or his family. After the White Tree was felled, Sauron had it burned in a mighty Temple that the Númenóreans had built in Armenelos on his orders. The King and his followers then used this Temple for the worship of Melkor. They captured members of the Faithful and sacrificed them in the fires of the altar, in the hope that Melkor would release them from Death. The Númenóreans did the same to the Men of Middle-earth who lived near their settlements, and thus Ar-Pharazôn became the greatest tyrant that the world had seen since Morgoth, though Sauron actually ruled all from behind the throne.

But Ar-Pharazôn and the Númenóreans did not escape death by this means, and eventually the King grew old and was in great fear of the end of his life and going out into the Darkness that he had worshipped. Ar-Pharazôn became wrathful and desperate, and at last Sauron gave the King his final advice. The Maia told Ar-Pharazôn that by warring against the Valar and conquering Valinor, their land in the West, he could gain everlasting life.[2] Ar-Pharazôn feared to wage such a war, but his desperation prompted him to begin building a Great Armament in 3310 to attack Valinor.[4]

Ted Nasmith - The Eagles of Manwë

While this Armament was being constructed, the Valar sent warnings to the Númenóreans in the form of terrible thunderstorms and clouds shaped like Eagles, and the ground began to groan and shake. But these signals only caused the King and his people to harden their hearts yet more, and Ar-Pharazôn (prompted by Sauron) proclaimed, "The Lords of the West have plotted against us. They strike first. The next blow shall be ours!"[2]

War against the Valar

John Howe - Fleet of Ar-Pharazôn

Nine years after the preparations for war began, the Great Armament was completed. Ar-Pharazôn journeyed to the west of Númenor where the fleet was anchored, and boarded his mighty ship Alcarondas. He sat upon his throne in full armour and signalled for the raising of the anchors. The fleet left Númenor just before sundown, and passed into the forbidden seas of the West.

Because no one from the Great Armament ever returned to mortal lands, Ar-Pharazôn's fate remains uncertain. It is said in the Akallabêth that the fleet passed Tol Eressëa and anchored near the coast of Valinor. Upon seeing the splendour of Taniquetil, Ar-Pharazôn became afraid and nearly gave the order to retreat. In the end, however, his pride caused him to go ashore, and a great part of his army followed him. Ar-Pharazôn led his troops to the Elven city of Tirion, and they set up an encampment around it. Then the King proclaimed that the land of the Valar was his, if none would challenge him for it.

At this time, the Valar called upon Eru for aid, and relinquished their authority over Arda. Eru broke the world and made it round, so that Men could never again sail to Valinor. In this catastrophe, Ar-Pharazôn's fleet was pulled into the chasm that opened between the Blessed Realm and mortal lands, and Númenor sank beneath the Sea. Ar-Pharazôn himself (along with the soldiers that had followed him to Valinor) is said to have been buried underground, and lies in the Caves of the Forgotten until the Last Battle. [2]

Legacy

Though Ar-Pharazôn was the last King of Númenor, the Line of Elros survived through Elendil the son of Amandil, and his two sons, Isildur and Anárion. They managed to escape the Downfall of Númenor that Ar-Pharazôn's actions had caused, and later created the kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor in Middle-earth.

Sometime before his death at the end of the Second Age, Elendil wrote down some of the history of Númenor, culminating in the tale of its destruction. Much of this document was focused on the effects of the reign of Ar-Pharazôn and Sauron's teachings to the Númenóreans. Elendil's work was called the Akallabêth, and its retelling of Ar-Pharazôn's life was one of the only parts of Númenor's history that remained widely known after the Downfall.[5]

Many years after the Downfall, the Kings of Gondor erected a great pillar at Umbar as a commemoration of Ar-Pharazôn. Even though Elendil's people suffered greatly because of the evil that Sauron caused in Númenor as a result of Ar-Pharazôn's deeds, his descendants still wished to honour the King and his army for the humbling of Sauron. When Sauron retook Umbar from the Gondorians, he in turn had this monument to his defeat destroyed.[6]

Etymology

Pharazôn means "Golden" in Adûnaic, and is derived from the word pharaz, 'gold'.[7][8]

Other names

Had Ar-Pharazôn taken a Quenya name, he would have ruled as Tar-Calion.[9] This title does not appear to be a direct translation of his Adûnaic name, since it means "Son of Light" (from cala 'light', and -ion, the masculine patronymic).[10] Like all the other Kings of Númenor who took their royal names in Adûnaic, Pharazôn added the prefix ar ('high', 'King') to his name when he seized the Sceptre.[2]

In the Etymologies, Tolkien noted the name Tar-kulu (in the entry for root KUL), which editors Carl F. Hostetter and Patrick H. Wynne suggest could be a formerly unattested name of Ar-Pharazôn.[11]

Genealogy

Ar-Zimrathôn
2798 - 3033
 
 
 
14th Lord
of Andúnië
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ar-Sakalthôr
2876 - 3102
 
Lindórië
unknown
 
Eärendur
unknown
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ar-Gimilzôr
2960 - 3177
 
Inzilbêth
unknown
 
16th Lord
of Andúnië
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tar-Palantir
3035 - 3255
 
Gimilkhâd
3044 - 3243
 
Númendil
unknown
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tar-Míriel
3117 - 3319
 
AR-PHARAZÔN
3118 - 3319
 
Amandil
Sailed west 3316
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Elendil
3119 - 3441
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Isildur
3209 - T.A. 2
 
Anárion
3219 - 3440


Other versions of the legendarium

In earlier versions of the Akallabêth, Ar-Pharazôn summoned Sauron to Númenor instead of taking an army to Middle-earth and humbling him. The elements of Morgoth-worship and human sacrifice were not originally parts of his rule, either; in the first stories of the Downfall, Ar-Pharazôn merely built the Temple (on top of the Meneltarma, however) for future use and allowed Sauron to watch the people from it.

Alternate stories of Ar-Pharazôn's life written by Tolkien include a version in which Míriel was actually attracted to him, and their marriage was consensual. She gave him most of her power voluntarily. This remarkable textual development existed even in some of the latest revisions of the Akallabêth.[12]

In the earliest drafts of the Akallabêth, Ar-Pharazôn was named Angor[13] later replaced by Tar-kalion[14] and then Tarkalion.[15]

See also

References

  1. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor"
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Akallabêth: The Downfall of Númenor"
  3. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Númenor"
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Second Age"
  5. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor", Note 16
  6. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
  7. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix E, "Pronunciation of Words and Names", "Consonants"
  8. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Sauron Defeated, "Part Three: The Drowning of Anadûnê: (vi) Lowdham's Report on the Adunaic Language: Declension of nouns", p. 426
  9. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor"
  10. Paul Strack, "S. Calion m.", Eldamo - An Elvish Lexicon (accessed 2 May 2019)
  11. J.R.R. Tolkien, "Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies — Part One" (edited by Carl F. Hostetter and Patrick H. Wynne), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 45, November 2003, p. 24
  12. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "V. The History of the Akallabêth"
  13. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Lost Road and Other Writings, "Part One: II. The Fall of Númenor, (ii) The first version of The Fall of Númenor", §5
  14. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Lost Road and Other Writings, "Part One: II. The Fall of Númenor, (iii) The second version of The Fall of Númenor", §5
  15. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Sauron Defeated, "Part Three: The Drowning of Anadûnê: (ii) The original text", §20
Ar-Pharazôn
House of Elros
Born: S.A. 3118 Died: S.A. 3319
Preceded by:
Tar-Palantir
25th King of Númenor
S.A. 3255 - 3319
None
Kingdom destroyed


Kings of Númenor
Elros Tar-Minyatur (S.A. 32 - 442) · Tar-Vardamir* (442) · Tar-Amandil (442 - 590) · Tar-Elendil (590 - 740) · Tar-Meneldur (740 - 883) · Tar-Aldarion (883 - 1075) · Tar-AncalimëQ (1075 - 1280) · Tar-Anárion (1280 - 1394) · Tar-Súrion (1394 - 1556) · Tar-TelperiënQ (1556 - 1731) · Tar-Minastir (1731 - 1869) · Tar-Ciryatan (1869 - 2029) · Tar-Atanamir (2029 - 2221) · Tar-Ancalimon (2221 - 2386) · Tar-Telemmaitë (2386 - 2526) · Tar-VanimeldëQ (2526 - 2637) · Tar-Anducal (2637 - 2657) · Tar-Alcarin (2657 - 2737) · Tar-Calmacil (2737 - 2825) · Tar-Ardamin (2825 - 2899) · Ar-Adûnakhôr (2899 - 2962) · Ar-Zimrathôn (2962 - 3033) · Ar-Sakalthôr (3033 - 3102) · Ar-Gimilzôr (3102 - 3177) · Tar-Palantir (3177 - 3255) · Ar-Pharazôn (3255 - 3319)
* Immediately abdicated in favour of his son · Q Ruling Queens · Usurped throne. Later struck off the Line of Kings · Usurped throne from his cousin Tar-Míriel
Númenor
Andor · Atalantë · Elenna · Mar-nu-Falmar · Númenórë · Westernesse
Regions Andustar · Arandor · Emerië · Forostar · Hyarastorni · Hyarnustar · Hyarrostar · Mittalmar · Nísimaldar · Orrostar
Towns and cities Almaida · Andúnië · Armenelos · Eldalondë · Moriondë · Nindamos · Ondosto · Rómenna
Buildings Calmindon · Eämbar · King's Court · Temple · White House of Erendis
Natural features Bay of Eldanna · Bay of Rómenna · Firth of Rómenna · Hallow of Eru · Meneltarma (mountain) · Nísinen (lake) · North Cape · Nunduinë (river) · Oromet (mountain) · Siril (river) · Sorontil (mountain) · Tarmasundar (ridges) · Tompollë
Plants and trees Fragrant Trees · Lairelossë · Laurinquë · Lavaralda · Nessamelda · Nimloth · Oiolairë · Taniquelassë · Vardarianna · Yavannamírë
Heirlooms Aranrúth · Bow of Bregor · Dramborleg · Elendilmir · Narsil · Palantíri · Ring of Barahir · Sceptre of Annúminas · Sceptre of Númenor · Tile and Textiles · Helmet
Concepts Adûnaic · Ban of the Valar · Council of the Sceptre · Downfall of Númenor · Great Bear-dance · Heirship · Númenórean Sindarin · Three Prayers (Eruhantalë · Erukyermë · Erulaitalë)
Key people Aldarion · Amandil · Anárion · Captain of the King's Ships · Elendil · Elros (House of Elros) · Erendis · Faithful · Great Armament · Guild of Venturers · Guild of Weaponsmiths · Isildur · Kings and Queens of Númenor · King's Archers · King's Men · Lords of Andúnië · Meneldur · Miriel · Palantir · Pharazôn · Sauron · Silmariën
Main texts The Silmarillion ("Akallabêth") · Unfinished Tales ("A Description of the Island of Númenor" · "Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife" · "The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor") · The Lord of the Rings ("Appendix A" · "Appendix B") · The Nature of Middle-earth ("Lives of the Númenóreans" · "Of the land and beasts of Númenor")