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'''Cirth''' referred to the runic writing systems in [[Middle-earth]], see below. ''Cirth'' (singular [[certh]]) means "''runes''" in [[Sindarin]].  ''[[Certhas]]'' refers to a runic alphabet.
{{font|[http://www.acondia.com/fonts/cirth/ Cirth Erebor] by [[Dan Smith]]}}


'''''Certhas Daeron''''' was created by [[Daeron]], the minstrel of king [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]] and was later expanded into what was known as the '''''[[Angerthas Daeron]]'''''. Although the Cirth were later largely replaced by the [[Tengwar]] (which were enhanced and brought by [[Fëanor]]), they were adopted by [[Dwarves]] to write down their [[Khuzdul]] language ('''''Angerthas Moria''''' and '''''Angerthas Erebor''''') because its straight lines were better suited to carving than the curved strokes of the Tengwar. Some examples of Cirth writings are the inscription on [[Balin|Balin's]] tomb in [[Moria]] and the inscriptions on the title page of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and on the top of the title pages for ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.
'''Cirth''' referred to the runic writing systems in [[Middle-earth]].  ''Cirth'' (singular [[certh]]) means "''runes''" in [[Sindarin]]''[[Certhas]]'' refers to a runic alphabet. The system was an ancient writing of the [[Elves]], and although they were later largely replaced by the [[Tengwar]] (which were enhanced and brought by [[Fëanor]]), they were adopted by [[Dwarves]] because its straight lines were better suited to carving than the curved strokes of the Tengwar.


Many letters have shapes also found in the historical [[Futhark]], but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke). A similar system has been proposed for a few historical runes (e.g. ''p'' ᛈ and ''w'' ᚹ as variants of ''b'' ᛒ), but is in any case much more obscure.
== Table of the earliest Cirth ==
{| border="1"
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">1</em>
| p
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">8</em>
| t
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">e</em>
| c
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">R</em>
| r
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">l</em>
| i
|-
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">2</em>
| b
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">9</em>
| d
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">r</em>
| g
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">a</em>
| l
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">S</em>
| u/w?
|-
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">5</em><ref>The original value of this certh wasn&rsquo;t given by Tolkien, but he mentions that in later Angerthas, it took the value ''hw'' after <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">6</em> became ''m'' (for reasons explained below) while he doesn't give us the early certh for M. We can infer that this was the certh for M judging by both its 'labial' shape, and the symmetrical shape used for nasals, like <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">@</em>, <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">u</em>.</ref>
| m?
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">@</em>
| n
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">u</em>
| ñ
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">g</em><ref>this Certh was ''h'' when <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">#</em>/<em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">%</em> were ''s'' and vice versa.</ref>
| s/h
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">z</em>
| e
|-
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">6</em><ref>This certh will have the value ''m'' in later Angerthas, for reasons explained below. Its original value can&rsquo;t be guessed (maybe the certh for ''a''?), but judging from the  &ldquo;labial&rdquo; shape, it could be ''w''.</ref>
| ?
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">#</em><ref name="HS">The reversal of the stem didn&rsquo;t had any phonologic significance. These Cirth were interchangeable and used for ''h'' or ''s'' depending on when <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">g</em> was ''s'' or ''h''. This would perhaps apply to these early Cirth as well</ref>
| h/s
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">%</em><ref name="HS"/>
| h/s
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">h</em><ref>This Certh will have the value ''ss'' in later Angerthas. It must had another unknown value before (maybe the certh for ''a''?).</ref>
| ss?
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">b</em>
| o
|-
|}


=== Notes ===
<small><references/></small>
==Structure==
The above table gives the most ancient known cirth<ref>{{HM|AE}}</ref> that would later give the [[Certhas Daeron]]. They had possibly different values at that time than the ones given here.
The known ancient cirth don&rsquo;t cover all the sounds of Sindarin, since we are missing ''rh'', ''lh'', ''mh'', ''v'', ''y'', ''œ''. Perhaps they were used for the [[Old Sindarin]] tongue, and many of the above mentioned sounds indeed didn&rsquo;t exist in that language. However still frequent sounds ''w'' and ''a'' are missing. This indicates that some ancient, unknown cirth could have existed, but didn&rsquo;t make it to the later systems; a fuller table therefore can't be reconstructed.
As for the vowel usage, perhaps the certh for ''u'' possibly was used for ''w'' (like in early latin orthography). The certh for ''a'' can&rsquo;t be guessed, so maybe this sound was &ldquo;meant&rdquo; (like in some Quenya Tengwar Modes). More possibly it was one of the two cirth whose value can&rsquo;t be determined, or it was one of some other cirth that did not survive till the later Angerthas.
Long vowels were evidently indicated by doubling (cf. the known certh for long ''o'', <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">n</em>, is a simplified form of <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">bb</em>).
==History==
During the [[Chaining of Melkor]], the [[Sindar]] of [[Beleriand]] began developing an alphabet for their language. Its letters were entirely made for carving on wood, stone or metal, hence their angular forms and straight lines. These letters were named ''cirth'' (sing. ''certh'').
The assignment of values was unsystematic. The form of a certh was consisted of a stem and a branch. The branch was found usually on the right side of the stem, and sometimes on the left, but with no phonetic significance. Therefore <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">3</em> would just be an alternative form of <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">1</em>.
Certhas Daeron was created by [[Daeron]], the minstrel of king [[Thingol]] of [[Doriath]] and was later expanded into what was known as the [[Angerthas Daeron]].
By the [[Second Age]] the cirth were seldomly used. The [[Noldor]] of [[Eregion]] used cirth as a "matter of lore" mainly for formal writing. It was how the [[Dwarves of Moria]] got to know them and preferred them from the tengwar, being intended for carved inscriptions.<ref group=note>The text connects the lore usage of the cirth by the [[Gwaith-i-Mirdain]] with the notion that [[Celebrimbor]] was a descendant of Daeron, before it was decided to make him the son of [[Curufin]].</ref> They modifed the system accordngly for their Khuzdul language (cf. ''[[Angerthas Moria]]'' and ''[[Angerthas Erebor]]'').
By the [[Third Age]] only some Elves of [[Sindar]]in descent wrote in cirth in inscriptions, even though with spelling influence from the [[tengwar]]. The [[Longbeards]] were of the very few peoples who still knew and used cirth, leading to the misconception that they invented them, and were known as "dwarf-letters" by outsiders.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref>
==Inspiration==
Many letters have shapes also found in the historical [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark Futhark], but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke). A similar system has been proposed for a few historical runes (e.g. ''p'' &#5832;  and ''w'' &#5817; as variants of ''b'' &#5842;), but is in any case much more obscure.
==Other versions of the Legendarium==
Tolkien had noted an apparent discrepancy between [[Elrond]]'s reference to the Runes (the [[Moon-letters]]) as invented by the Dwarves, and [[Appendix E]] stating that they were invented by the [[Sindar]] in [[Beleriand]]. He attempted to resolve the discrepancy by having the Dwarves invent the Runes, and Daeron organising them;or making [[Angerthas Moria]] a purely Dwarvish invention. However, he decided that Elrond referred only to the Moon-letters and not the alphabetic system itself. [[Christopher Tolkien]] cites this incident as an example of how he strived for consistency for his [[Secondary world]].<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, #8</ref>
==Encoding==
The Cirth are not part of the Unicode Standard. However the ConScript Unicode Registry has defined the U+E080&ndash;E0FF range of the Unicode "Private Use Area" for Cirth.
The Cirth are not part of the Unicode Standard. However the ConScript Unicode Registry has defined the U+E080&ndash;E0FF range of the Unicode "Private Use Area" for Cirth.


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* [[Sarati]]
* [[Sarati]]
* [[Languages]]
* [[Languages]]
{{references|note}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://www.cirth.de Cirth.de - Explore the appearances of runes in Tolkien's work]
* [http://www.cirth.de Cirth.de - Explore the appearances of runes in Tolkien's work]
* [http://www.acondia.com/fonts/index.html Dan Smith's Cirth article] Information and font to download
* [http://ring-lord.tripod.com/cirth/index.htm Dan Smith's Cirth article] Information and font to download
*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems]
*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Elven_writing_systems History of Elven writing systems]
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1642/n1642.htm Official proposal to encode Cirth in Unicode]
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n1642/n1642.htm Official proposal to encode Cirth in Unicode]
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/cirth.html Cirth proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/cirth.html Cirth proposal for ConScript Unicode Registry]
{{languages}}
[[Category:Writing systems]]


[[Category:Languages]]
[[de:Cirth]]
[[fi:Cirth]]
[[fr:encyclo/langues/cirth]]

Revision as of 11:33, 10 March 2019

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Cirth Erebor by Dan Smith


Cirth referred to the runic writing systems in Middle-earth. Cirth (singular certh) means "runes" in Sindarin. Certhas refers to a runic alphabet. The system was an ancient writing of the Elves, and although they were later largely replaced by the Tengwar (which were enhanced and brought by Fëanor), they were adopted by Dwarves because its straight lines were better suited to carving than the curved strokes of the Tengwar.

Table of the earliest Cirth

1 p 8 t e c R r l i
2 b 9 d r g a l S u/w?
5[1] m? @ n u ñ g[2] s/h z e
6[3] ? #[4] h/s %[4] h/s h[5] ss? b o

Notes

  1. The original value of this certh wasn’t given by Tolkien, but he mentions that in later Angerthas, it took the value hw after 6 became m (for reasons explained below) while he doesn't give us the early certh for M. We can infer that this was the certh for M judging by both its 'labial' shape, and the symmetrical shape used for nasals, like @, u.
  2. this Certh was h when #/% were s and vice versa.
  3. This certh will have the value m in later Angerthas, for reasons explained below. Its original value can’t be guessed (maybe the certh for a?), but judging from the “labial” shape, it could be w.
  4. 4.0 4.1 The reversal of the stem didn’t had any phonologic significance. These Cirth were interchangeable and used for h or s depending on when g was s or h. This would perhaps apply to these early Cirth as well
  5. This Certh will have the value ss in later Angerthas. It must had another unknown value before (maybe the certh for a?).

Structure

The above table gives the most ancient known cirth[1] that would later give the Certhas Daeron. They had possibly different values at that time than the ones given here.

The known ancient cirth don’t cover all the sounds of Sindarin, since we are missing rh, lh, mh, v, y, œ. Perhaps they were used for the Old Sindarin tongue, and many of the above mentioned sounds indeed didn’t exist in that language. However still frequent sounds w and a are missing. This indicates that some ancient, unknown cirth could have existed, but didn’t make it to the later systems; a fuller table therefore can't be reconstructed.

As for the vowel usage, perhaps the certh for u possibly was used for w (like in early latin orthography). The certh for a can’t be guessed, so maybe this sound was “meant” (like in some Quenya Tengwar Modes). More possibly it was one of the two cirth whose value can’t be determined, or it was one of some other cirth that did not survive till the later Angerthas.

Long vowels were evidently indicated by doubling (cf. the known certh for long o, n, is a simplified form of bb).

History

During the Chaining of Melkor, the Sindar of Beleriand began developing an alphabet for their language. Its letters were entirely made for carving on wood, stone or metal, hence their angular forms and straight lines. These letters were named cirth (sing. certh).

The assignment of values was unsystematic. The form of a certh was consisted of a stem and a branch. The branch was found usually on the right side of the stem, and sometimes on the left, but with no phonetic significance. Therefore 3 would just be an alternative form of 1.

Certhas Daeron was created by Daeron, the minstrel of king Thingol of Doriath and was later expanded into what was known as the Angerthas Daeron.

By the Second Age the cirth were seldomly used. The Noldor of Eregion used cirth as a "matter of lore" mainly for formal writing. It was how the Dwarves of Moria got to know them and preferred them from the tengwar, being intended for carved inscriptions.[note 1] They modifed the system accordngly for their Khuzdul language (cf. Angerthas Moria and Angerthas Erebor).

By the Third Age only some Elves of Sindarin descent wrote in cirth in inscriptions, even though with spelling influence from the tengwar. The Longbeards were of the very few peoples who still knew and used cirth, leading to the misconception that they invented them, and were known as "dwarf-letters" by outsiders.[2]


Inspiration

Many letters have shapes also found in the historical Futhark, but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke). A similar system has been proposed for a few historical runes (e.g. p ᛈ and w ᚹ as variants of b ᛒ), but is in any case much more obscure.

Other versions of the Legendarium

Tolkien had noted an apparent discrepancy between Elrond's reference to the Runes (the Moon-letters) as invented by the Dwarves, and Appendix E stating that they were invented by the Sindar in Beleriand. He attempted to resolve the discrepancy by having the Dwarves invent the Runes, and Daeron organising them;or making Angerthas Moria a purely Dwarvish invention. However, he decided that Elrond referred only to the Moon-letters and not the alphabetic system itself. Christopher Tolkien cites this incident as an example of how he strived for consistency for his Secondary world.[3]

Encoding

The Cirth are not part of the Unicode Standard. However the ConScript Unicode Registry has defined the U+E080–E0FF range of the Unicode "Private Use Area" for Cirth.

See also

Notes

  1. The text connects the lore usage of the cirth by the Gwaith-i-Mirdain with the notion that Celebrimbor was a descendant of Daeron, before it was decided to make him the son of Curufin.

References

External links

Languages and scripts in Tolkien's works
Elvish Angerthas (Angerthas Daeron) · Avarin · Cirth (Certhas Daeron) · Common Eldarin · Mátengwië · Moon-letters · Nandorin · Primitive Quendian · Quenya (Exilic · Valinorean · Vanyarin) · Sarati · Silvan Elvish · Sindarin (Doriathrin · Falathrin · Númenórean · Mithrimin · Old) · Telerin (Common) · Tengwar
Mannish Adûnaic · Dalish · Drúadan · Dunlendish · Halethian · Northern Mannish · Pre-Númenórean · Rohanese · Taliska · Westron (Bucklandish · Hobbitish · Stoorish)
Dwarvish Angerthas (Erebor · Moria) · Aulëan · Iglishmêk · Khuzdul
Other Black Speech · Old Entish · Orkish · Valarin · Warg-language
Earlier legendarium Gnomish · Gnomic Letters · Gondolinic Runes · Ilkorin · Keladian · Noldorin (Kornoldorin) · Melkian · Oromëan · Qenya · Valmaric script
Outside the legendarium Animalic · Arktik · Goblin Alphabet · Mágol · Naffarin · New English Alphabet · Nevbosh · Privata Kodo Skauta
Real-world Celtic · English (Old · Middle · AB) · Finnish · Germanic · Gothic · Hebrew · Runic alphabet · Welsh
"A Secret Vice" (book) · "The Lhammas" · "The Tree of Tongues" · Sub-creation