Cows: Difference between revisions
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An "elvish" word for "bull" is ''[[mundo]]''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 342]] (dated [[November 9]], [[1972]])</ref> This is likely related to the [[Sundocarmë|Root]] ''[[MBUD]]'', which lists among its derivatives a [[Quenya]] word ''mundo'' meaning "snout, nose, cape".<ref>{{HM|LR}}, "[[The Etymologies]]", root [[MBUD]]</ref> | An "elvish" word for "bull" is ''[[mundo]]''.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 342]] (dated [[November 9]], [[1972]])</ref> This is likely related to the [[Sundocarmë|Root]] ''[[MBUD]]'', which lists among its derivatives a [[Quenya]] word ''mundo'' meaning "snout, nose, cape".<ref>{{HM|LR}}, "[[The Etymologies]]", root [[MBUD]]</ref> | ||
In [[Qenya]], the word for "ox" is ''yakko'' or ''yako'', "cow" is ''yaksi'' or ''yakse''. In [[Noldorin|Gnomish]], "milch cow" is ''gach'', "cow" is | In [[Qenya]], the word for "ox" is ''yakko'' or ''yako'', "cow" is ''yaksi'' or ''yakse''. In [[Noldorin|Gnomish]], "milch cow" is ''gach'', "cow" is ''gacha'', and "a yoke ox - bullock" is ''gagron''.<ref>{{PE|12}}, p. 105</ref><ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 36</ref> | ||
In Tolkien's juvenile language [[Nevbosh]], the word for cow is ''woc'', which is both the reverse of ''cow'', and an alteration of the French word ''vache''<ref>[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/nevbosh.htm Nevbosh article] in [[Ardalambion]]</ref> | In Tolkien's juvenile language [[Nevbosh]], the word for cow is ''woc'', which is both the reverse of ''cow'', and an alteration of the French word ''vache''<ref>[http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/nevbosh.htm Nevbosh article] in [[Ardalambion]]</ref> |
Revision as of 17:55, 13 March 2011
- "Back to pasture, back to mead,
Where the kine and oxen feed!" - ― Barrels Out of Bond[1]
Cows, also known by the archaic plural Kine and occasionally as Oxen, were pasture animals in Middle-earth.
History
Cows were domesticated for farm use in most of Middle-earth. They produced milk, which was used as a beverage in Gondor,[2] and the Shire.[3] Being generally stronger than horses, cows also pulled the heavier wagons and wains in Middle-earth.[4]
Yet still, there were undomesticated oxen. The wild-oxen of the East were, according to legend, descended from the Kine of Araw, the herd of Oromë.[5] Vorondil the Hunter hunted them in the far fields of Rhûn, and of their horns he made the great Horn of Gondor, which served as an heirloom to the House of Stewards until its destruction.[4]
Inspiration
Cows are a major source of food even in todays world. Their use as farm animals seems little more than logical. J.R.R. Tolkien spent most of his life in Oxford, and cows would also play a role in other stories, such as Farmer Giles of Ham, where the Giant steps on Farmer Giles' favourite cow, Galathea.[6]
The white oxen of Rhûn were likened by Tolkien to an aurochs[7], a bovine species common in the ancient and medieval world until its extinction.
Etymology
An "elvish" word for "bull" is mundo.[8] This is likely related to the Root MBUD, which lists among its derivatives a Quenya word mundo meaning "snout, nose, cape".[9]
In Qenya, the word for "ox" is yakko or yako, "cow" is yaksi or yakse. In Gnomish, "milch cow" is gach, "cow" is gacha, and "a yoke ox - bullock" is gagron.[10][11]
In Tolkien's juvenile language Nevbosh, the word for cow is woc, which is both the reverse of cow, and an alteration of the French word vache[12]
Portrayal in adaptations
2001: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring:
- A cow can be seen being milked by a Hobbit.[13]
References
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "Barrels Out of Bond"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Siege of Gondor"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "An Unexpected Party"
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "Minas Tirith"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Realms in Exile"
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Tales from the Perilous Realm (2008 edition), "Farmer Giles of Ham"
- ↑ Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull, The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, page 265
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 342 (dated November 9, 1972)
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Lost Road and Other Writings, "The Etymologies", root MBUD
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon", in Parma Eldalamberon XII (edited by Carl F. Hostetter, Christopher Gilson, Arden R. Smith, and Patrick H. Wynne), p. 105
- ↑ J.R.R. Tolkien, "I-Lam na-Ngoldathon: The Grammar and Lexicon of the Gnomish Tongue", in Parma Eldalamberon XI (edited by Christopher Gilson, Arden R. Smith, and Patrick H. Wynne), p. 36
- ↑ Nevbosh article in Ardalambion
- ↑ The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Special Extended DVD Edition, "Concerning Hobbits"