Ents: Difference between revisions

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|dominions=[[Treegarth of Orthanc]], [[Fangorn Forest]], [[Eriador]], [[East Beleriand]]
|dominions=[[Treegarth of Orthanc]], [[Fangorn Forest]], [[Eriador]], [[East Beleriand]]
|languages=[[Entish]], [[Elvish]], [[Westron]]
|languages=[[Entish]], [[Elvish]], [[Westron]]
|height=10-25 ft.
|height=Varies; usually very tall
|length=   
|length=   
|skincolor=Earthy colors
|skincolor=Earthy colors
Line 10: Line 10:
|distinctions=Tree-like appearance
|distinctions=Tree-like appearance
|lifespan=Immortal
|lifespan=Immortal
|members= [[Treebeard]], [[Beechbone]]
|members= [[Treebeard]], [[Quickbeam]]
|}}
}}
'''Ents''' were sentient, humanoid beings created at the request of [[Yavanna]] to protect the trees from other creatures, particularly Dwarves,<ref>{{S|1}}</ref> and thus were called "Shepherds of the Trees".  
The '''Ents''' were sentient, humanoid beings created at the request of [[Yavanna]] to protect the trees from other creatures, particularly Dwarves,<ref>{{S|1}}</ref> and thus were called "Shepherds of the Trees".  
==History==
==History==
===Creation===
===Creation===
After the Dwarves, the Ents are the most ancient people and living creatures surviving in the [[Third Age]]<ref name=lp/><ref>{{L|131}}</ref> but were not a part of the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name=L247>{{L|247}}</ref> [[Yavanna]] saw that [[Eru]] gave life to [[Aulë]]'s children, the [[Dwarves]], whom he made from stone; but they were wont to fell trees. She then asked also herself (through [[Manwe]]) for His mercy, and to give life to growing things as He did with the Dwarves.<ref name=aule>{{S|Aule}}</ref> At her behest, Ents came into being, trees inhabited by souls<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Ents"</ref> created/sent by Eru; or [[spirit]]s who took the likeness of trees because of their devotion to them.<ref name=L247/>
After the Dwarves, the Ents are the most ancient people and living creatures surviving in the [[Third Age]]<ref name=lp/><ref>{{L|131}}</ref> but were not a part of the [[Music of the Ainur]].<ref name=L247>{{L|247}}</ref> [[Yavanna]] saw that [[Eru]] gave life to [[Aulë]]'s children, the [[Dwarves]], whom he made from stone; but they were wont to fell trees. She then asked also herself (through [[Manwe]]) for His mercy, and to give life to growing things as He did with the Dwarves.<ref name=aule>{{S|Aule}}</ref> At her behest, Ents came into being, trees inhabited by souls<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Ents"</ref> created/sent by Eru; or [[Spirit (disambiguation)|spirits]] who took the likeness of trees because of their devotion to them.<ref name=L247/>


Ents were envisioned as Shepherds of the Trees and their duty was to protect the forests from [[Orcs]], Dwarves and other perils.<ref name=aule/> The males were devoted to [[Orome]] while the [[Entwives]] to Yavanna.<ref name=L247/>
Ents were envisioned as Shepherds of the Trees and their duty was to protect the forests from [[Orcs]], Dwarves and other perils.<ref name=aule/> The males were devoted to [[Orome]] while the [[Entwives]] to Yavanna.<ref name=L247/>
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=== Rise and Decline ===
=== Rise and Decline ===
As [[Elrond]] said "Time was once when a squirrel could carry a nut from tree to tree from Rivendell to the Great Sea...".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> Nearly all of [[Eriador]] was one huge forest and part of Entish domain. Some Ents passed into [[East Beleriand]] and perhaps [[Tasarinan]].<ref name=treebeard/> An Ent-host showed up near [[Dolmed]] and helped [[Beren]] against the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] who [[Battle of the Thousand Caves|sacked Doriath]] and slew King [[Thingol]]; the Dwarves were driven to the shadow woods of [[Ered Lindon]] and no-one managed to exit.<ref>{{L|248}}</ref><ref>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>
As [[Elrond]] said "Time was once when a squirrel could carry a nut from tree to tree from Rivendell to the Great Sea...".<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref> Nearly all of [[Eriador]] was one huge forest and part of Entish domain. Some Ents passed into [[East Beleriand]] and perhaps [[Tasarinan]].<ref name=treebeard/> An Ent-host showed up near [[Dolmed]] and helped [[Beren]] against the [[Dwarves of Nogrod]] who [[Battle of the Thousand Caves|sacked Doriath]] and slew King [[Thingol]]; the Dwarves were driven to the shadow woods of [[Blue Mountains|Ered Lindon]] and no-one managed to exit.<ref>{{L|248}}</ref><ref>{{S|Doriath}}</ref>


[[File:Luca Bonatti - Farewell to Fangorn.jpg|left|thumb|[[Luca Bonatti]] - ''Farewell to Fangorn'']]
[[File:Luca Bonatti - Farewell to Fangorn.jpg|left|thumb|[[Luca Bonatti]] - ''Farewell to Fangorn'']]
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=== The March of the Ents ===
=== The March of the Ents ===
{{quote|The Ents are going to war!|[[Treebeard]]}}
{{quote|The Ents are going to war!|[[Treebeard]]}}
About {{TA|2950}} [[Saruman]]'s armies began harassing the few remaining Ents and cutting down large numbers of their trees. During the [[War of the Ring]] the Ents&mdash;usually a very patient, deliberate people&mdash;were spurred by [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]]. They convened an ''[[Entmoot]]'', a meeting of the Ents at [[Derndingle]].  
About {{TA|2950}} [[Saruman]]'s armies began harassing the few remaining Ents and cutting down large numbers of their trees. During the [[War of the Ring]] the Ents&mdash;usually a very patient, deliberate people&mdash;were spurred by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]]. They convened an ''[[Entmoot]]'', a meeting of the Ents at [[Derndingle]].  


[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Tree Shepherds.jpg|right|thumb|''The Tree Shepherds'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Tree Shepherds.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Tree Shepherds'']]
After lengthy deliberation (though from the perspective of the Ents, this was very quick action), they marched on Saruman's fortress at [[Isengard]]: the last march of the Ents.  They were led by Treebeard, the oldest Ent, and accompanied by the [[Hobbits]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] and [[Peregrin Took]]. They destroyed Isengard in an all-out assault and trapped Saruman in the tower of [[Orthanc]].
After lengthy deliberation (though from the perspective of the Ents, this was very quick action), they marched on Saruman's fortress at [[Isengard]]: the last march of the Ents.  They were led by Treebeard, the oldest Ent, and accompanied by the [[Hobbits]] Merry and Pippin. They destroyed Isengard in an all-out assault and trapped Saruman in the tower of [[Orthanc]].


They flooded [[Nan Curunir]] and transformed it into a forested area which they called [[Treegarth of Orthanc]]. Following the reunification of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], Treegarth became a part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] and [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] declared it an Entish realm, granting the Ents complete self-governance.<ref name=partings>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>
They flooded [[Nan Curunír]] and transformed it into a forested area which they called [[Treegarth of Orthanc]]. Following the reunification of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], Treegarth became a part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] and [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] declared it an Entish realm, granting the Ents complete self-governance.<ref name=partings>{{RK|Partings}}</ref>


The Ents remained in Fangorn where they probably dwindled in the following [[Ages]],<ref name=guide/> but [[Galadriel]] wished to Treebeard that they would meet again in Tasarinan, when Beleriand is lifted again from the waves, in [[Arda Unmarred|Spring]].<ref name=partings/>
The Ents remained in Fangorn where they probably dwindled in the following [[Ages]],<ref name=guide/> but [[Galadriel]] wished to Treebeard that they would meet again in Tasarinan, when Beleriand is lifted again from the waves, in [[Arda Unmarred|Spring]].<ref name=partings/>


==Appearance and traits==
==Appearance and traits==
Ents were 14-foot tall creatures like humanoid trees with very thick skin resembling tree bark. They resembled the trees that they shepherded. An individual Ent more or less resembled the specific species of tree that they typically guarded or honored, to the point of the personality one might expect from that tree.<ref name=guide/> Thus they varied in height and size, colouring, and n number of fingers and toes. For example, [[Quickbeam]] guarded [[rowan]] trees and thus looked very much like a rowan.
Ents were 14-foot tall creatures like humanoid trees with very thick skin resembling tree bark. They resembled the trees that they shepherded. An individual Ent more or less resembled the specific species of tree that they typically guarded or honored, to the point of the personality one might expect from that tree.<ref name=guide/> Thus they varied in height and size, colouring, and n number of fingers and toes. For example, [[Quickbeam]] guarded [[Rowans|rowan]] trees and thus looked very much like a rowan.


There were trees that were awake or half-awake, and some were ''entish'' and Ents could awake or talk with some of them. Treebeard aroused some [[Huorns]] to destroy Isengard.<ref>{{TT|Flotsam}}</ref>
There were trees that were awake or half-awake, and some were ''entish'' and Ents could awake or talk with some of them. Treebeard aroused some [[Huorns]] to destroy Isengard.<ref>{{TT|Flotsam}}</ref>
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Ents were dwelling in [[Ent-houses]] and were nourished by [[Ent-draughts]]. They were [[immortality|immortal]] (although they could be burned) and along with it, they were deliberate and slow in thought, decision and action. Their slow, long-winded language reflected this; of other languages they preferred [[Quenya]], which they also spoke in an agglutinating, long-winded way like Entish.
Ents were dwelling in [[Ent-houses]] and were nourished by [[Ent-draughts]]. They were [[immortality|immortal]] (although they could be burned) and along with it, they were deliberate and slow in thought, decision and action. Their slow, long-winded language reflected this; of other languages they preferred [[Quenya]], which they also spoke in an agglutinating, long-winded way like Entish.


However once aroused they possessed great strength, which resembled the age-long action of trees accelerated, crushing rocks and moving earth in seconds.<ref name=guide/>  Treebeard boasted that they were much more powerful than [[Trolls]], which [[Morgoth]] supposedly made as imitations of the Ents (he compares this with how [[Orcs]] were an imitation of [[Elves]]).
However, once aroused, they possessed great strength, which resembled the age-long action of trees accelerated, crushing rocks and moving earth in seconds.<ref name=guide/>  Treebeard boasted that they were much more powerful than [[Trolls]], which [[Morgoth]] supposedly made as imitations of the Ents (he compares this with how [[Orcs]] were an imitation of [[Elves]]).


The length and speed of an ent-stride was about 4 feet. With about 2.2 strides per second, an Ent could cover a speed of about 6 miles per hour<ref>Tolkien's calculations in [[Marquette]] paper MSS 4/2/19{{fact}}</ref>
The length of an ent-stride was about 4 feet. With about 2.2 strides per second, an Ent could cover a speed of about 6 miles per hour<ref>Tolkien's calculations in [[Marquette]] paper MSS 4/2/19{{fact}}</ref>


==Etymology and names==
==Etymology and names==
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==Portrayal in adaptations==
==Portrayal in adaptations==
<center><gallery perrow=4>
<center><gallery perrow=4>
File:Treebeard.jpeg|<center>[[Treebeard]] from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Treebeard.jpeg|<center>[[Treebeard]] from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]
File:Jeff Murchie - Ent.png|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
File:Jeff Murchie - Ent.png|<center>''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''
</gallery></center>
</gallery></center>
Line 81: Line 81:


'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra's War of the Ring]]'':'''
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring|Sierra's War of the Ring]]'':'''
:A Summoned Ent is the strongest magic power available to the Free Peoples, an Ent's strength is equal only to the [[Balrog]] on the Evil site.
:A Summoned Ent is the strongest magic power available to the Free Peoples, an Ent's strength is equal only to the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] on the Evil site.


'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''
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{{ents}}
{{ents}}
{{references|notes}}
{{references|notes}}
==External links==
==External links==
*[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/The_History_of_Ents.html Origin and History of the Ents] by [[Andreas Moehn]]
*[http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/The_History_of_Ents.html Origin and History of the Ents] by [[Andreas Moehn]]

Revision as of 07:28, 7 July 2015

Ents
Race
John Howe - Ents.jpg
General Information
MembersTreebeard, Quickbeam
Physical Description
LifespanImmortal
DistinctionsTree-like appearance
Average heightVaries; usually very tall
GalleryImages of Ents

The Ents were sentient, humanoid beings created at the request of Yavanna to protect the trees from other creatures, particularly Dwarves,[1] and thus were called "Shepherds of the Trees".

History

Creation

After the Dwarves, the Ents are the most ancient people and living creatures surviving in the Third Age[2][3] but were not a part of the Music of the Ainur.[4] Yavanna saw that Eru gave life to Aulë's children, the Dwarves, whom he made from stone; but they were wont to fell trees. She then asked also herself (through Manwe) for His mercy, and to give life to growing things as He did with the Dwarves.[5] At her behest, Ents came into being, trees inhabited by souls[6] created/sent by Eru; or spirits who took the likeness of trees because of their devotion to them.[4]

Ents were envisioned as Shepherds of the Trees and their duty was to protect the forests from Orcs, Dwarves and other perils.[5] The males were devoted to Orome while the Entwives to Yavanna.[4]

The Ents perhaps were created around the same time as the Elves.[6] The Eldar[note 1] loved to talk to everything and had tales of teaching the trees to talk. They gave them the desire to speak and taught them Elvish.[2] Treebeard said the Elves "curing the Ents of their dumbness" was a great gift that could not be forgotten.[7]

Before even Morgoth returned to the North the first Ents were not as wise or strong as in later times. They developed a language, Entish, which was much simpler back then, and had very small knowledge of other languages.[4]

Rise and Decline

As Elrond said "Time was once when a squirrel could carry a nut from tree to tree from Rivendell to the Great Sea...".[8] Nearly all of Eriador was one huge forest and part of Entish domain. Some Ents passed into East Beleriand and perhaps Tasarinan.[7] An Ent-host showed up near Dolmed and helped Beren against the Dwarves of Nogrod who sacked Doriath and slew King Thingol; the Dwarves were driven to the shadow woods of Ered Lindon and no-one managed to exit.[9][10]

Luca Bonatti - Farewell to Fangorn

There used to be Entwives, but during the First or the Second Age they started to move farther away from the Ents because they liked to plant and control small things like vegetables, grass and flowers while the male Ents tended the larger trees of the great forest.[6] The Entwives passed the Anduin and went to the region that would later become the Brown Lands. After Morgoth was overthrown, their gardens blossomed and they taught Men agriculture who honored them.[7]

But a time came in the Second Age when these immense forests were cut by the Númenóreans[11] or destroyed in the calamitous War of the Elves and Sauron during the 17th century of that Age. The shrinking of the forest solidified their separation from the Entwives. The Fangorn Forest was just the Eastern End of that immense forest, and one of its small remnants. The gardens of the Entwives were destroyed by Sauron, and they disappeared. The Ents looked for them in vain and it is sung by the Ents that one day they will find each other but there is very scarce hope that they survived.[12]

In the Third Age, the Fangorn Forest was apparently the only place Ents still inhabited, although the Ent-like Huorns may still have survived elsewhere, as in the Old Forest. The Ents grew old without hope of having Entings without the Entwives. Some grew 'treeish' and ceased moving or speaking.[6]

Halfast Gamgee reportedly encountered a "Tree-man" near the Shire.[13]

The March of the Ents

"The Ents are going to war!"
Treebeard

About T.A. 2950 Saruman's armies began harassing the few remaining Ents and cutting down large numbers of their trees. During the War of the Ring the Ents—usually a very patient, deliberate people—were spurred by Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took. They convened an Entmoot, a meeting of the Ents at Derndingle.

Ted Nasmith - The Tree Shepherds

After lengthy deliberation (though from the perspective of the Ents, this was very quick action), they marched on Saruman's fortress at Isengard: the last march of the Ents. They were led by Treebeard, the oldest Ent, and accompanied by the Hobbits Merry and Pippin. They destroyed Isengard in an all-out assault and trapped Saruman in the tower of Orthanc.

They flooded Nan Curunír and transformed it into a forested area which they called Treegarth of Orthanc. Following the reunification of Arnor and Gondor, Treegarth became a part of the Reunited Kingdom and King Elessar declared it an Entish realm, granting the Ents complete self-governance.[14]

The Ents remained in Fangorn where they probably dwindled in the following Ages,[6] but Galadriel wished to Treebeard that they would meet again in Tasarinan, when Beleriand is lifted again from the waves, in Spring.[14]

Appearance and traits

Ents were 14-foot tall creatures like humanoid trees with very thick skin resembling tree bark. They resembled the trees that they shepherded. An individual Ent more or less resembled the specific species of tree that they typically guarded or honored, to the point of the personality one might expect from that tree.[6] Thus they varied in height and size, colouring, and n number of fingers and toes. For example, Quickbeam guarded rowan trees and thus looked very much like a rowan.

There were trees that were awake or half-awake, and some were entish and Ents could awake or talk with some of them. Treebeard aroused some Huorns to destroy Isengard.[15]

Ents were dwelling in Ent-houses and were nourished by Ent-draughts. They were immortal (although they could be burned) and along with it, they were deliberate and slow in thought, decision and action. Their slow, long-winded language reflected this; of other languages they preferred Quenya, which they also spoke in an agglutinating, long-winded way like Entish.

However, once aroused, they possessed great strength, which resembled the age-long action of trees accelerated, crushing rocks and moving earth in seconds.[6] Treebeard boasted that they were much more powerful than Trolls, which Morgoth supposedly made as imitations of the Ents (he compares this with how Orcs were an imitation of Elves).

The length of an ent-stride was about 4 feet. With about 2.2 strides per second, an Ent could cover a speed of about 6 miles per hour[16]

Etymology and names

Ent is supposed to represent the language of the Vales of Anduin[17] and is perhaps a name given to them by the Rohirrim.[6]

The Sindarin name for Ents, as a race, is Onodrim, and as individuals Onod (pl. Enyd).[17] The Quenya name of the Ents is possibly Onyalie with the individual being *Onya.[18]

The word Ent is derived from Old English ent, meaning "giant" (from eoten, Norse jotun), although the Ents were unrelated to the giants or the jotuns.[17][19] It has been noted that ent "probably means some kind of giant", but that the exact usage or meaning of the word in Old English is unknown.[20]

Inspiration

At several points, Tolkien specifically stated that the Ents were a spontaneous invention while writing Treebeard (chapter), without any recollection of previous thought or premeditation.[21][22][4]

Portrayal in adaptations

2001-03: The Lord of the Rings (film series):

Ents in The Lord of the Rings (film series) were portrayed as, perhaps, more tree-ish than in the books. For example, the books describe them as having smooth skin; the movie has them with skin like thick and rough bark. In the movie adaption, the Ents at the Entmoot decide that this is "not our war", despite strong protest from Merry. The scene is also shorter, cutting out Bregalad completely; Treebeard is the only Ent who is named and speaks on screen.
Treebeard is about to take them north to the border, when Pippin insists that they go South instead, because "the closer we are to danger, the farther we are from harm". This "does not make sense" to Treebeard, but he does as they ask, and sees the ruin and destruction that Saruman has wrought on southern Fangorn. Treebeard then calls the Ents to battle with his booming Ent-call, and they appear out of the forest as if they had been standing there waiting for it. That they do not know the borders of their own forest is another possible logical gap. But others have accepted Jackson's technique as valid, because of the seemingly minor actions of Merry and Pippin throughout The Two Towers.

2003: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game):

Multiple Ents make appearance during the Fangorn Forest mission, destroying Saruman's Uruks fleeing from Helm's Deep.

2003: Sierra's War of the Ring:

A Summoned Ent is the strongest magic power available to the Free Peoples, an Ent's strength is equal only to the Balrog on the Evil site.

2004: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth:

In the storyline missions, Ents are assisting Merry and Pippin in the escape from the Uruks as well as destroying Isengard concurrent with the Battle of Helm's Deep. In the skirmish mode, Ents can be summoned both as a "Magic" power by all free peoples and as permanent units by the Rohan faction.

2006: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II:

Ents are the now the units of the Elven faction.

2007-: The Lord of the Rings Online:

Prior to the release of Rise of Isengard) expansion, the only Ent appearing in the game was the one called Longbough, who could found in the Eavespires in Evendim.[23] Rise of Isengard expansion and subsequent updates introduced more Ent characters, among them Quickbeam, Gnarlstump, Thickbark, Greylimb and Twistroot. A creature similar to Ents is called Bog-lurker, said to have assisted the Ents in the shepherding of the trees.[24]
Ents
Treebeard (Fangorn) · Leaflock (Finglas) · Skinbark (Fladrif) · Quickbeam (Bregalad) · Beechbone · Fimbrethil (Wandlimb)

Notes

  1. Possibly Eldar of the Great March.

References

  1. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Beginning of Days"
  2. 2.0 2.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix F, "The Languages and Peoples of the Third Age", "Of Other Races"
  3. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 131, (undated, written late 1951)
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 247, (dated 20 September 1963)
  5. 5.0 5.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of Aulë and Yavanna"
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Robert Foster, The Complete Guide to Middle-earth, entry "Ents"
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "Treebeard"
  8. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Council of Elrond"
  9. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 248, (dated 5 October 1963)
  10. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Quenta Silmarillion: Of the Ruin of Doriath"
  11. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife"
  12. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 144, (dated 25 April 1954)
  13. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Shadow of the Past"
  14. 14.0 14.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "Many Partings"
  15. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, "Flotsam and Jetsam"
  16. Tolkien's calculations in Marquette paper MSS 4/2/19[source?]
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" in Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, pp. 756-7
  18. Analysis of the phrase Anaxartaron Onyalie by Patrick H. Wynne.
  19. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún, "Appendix C: Old English Poem of Attila", p. 376 (note 17)
  20. Michael D.C. Drout, "An Anglo-Saxonist Gets his Fifteen Minutes: or, what happens when the media briefly pay attention" at Old English Newsletter Online (accessed 10 March 2011)
  21. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 162, (dated 18 April 1955)
  22. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 180, (dated 14 January 1956)
  23. Longbough at Lotro-wiki.com (accessed 23 September 2011)
  24. Monster: Bog-lurker at Lorebook.Lotro.com (accessed 23 September 2011)

External links

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