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==History==
==History==
===Coming to Middle-earth===
===Coming to Middle-earth===
Olórin was a [[Maiar|Maia]] who dwelt in the [[Lórien in Valinor|gardens]] of [[Irmo]] in Valinor.<ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref> As a pupil of [[Nienna]], Olórin was said to be the wisest of the Maiar; he learned pity and patience from his teacher.  When the Valar chose five emissaries, the [[Istari]], from among the Maiar to go to [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]], [[Manwë]] selected Olórin. At first, Olórin did not wish to go, and said that he feared Sauron. However, Manwë said that that was all the more reason why he should go.<ref name="Istari"/> The other four were Saruman, [[Radagast]], [[Pallando]], and [[Alatar]]. These messengers were to assist the free peoples in opposing [[Sauron]], who still existed as a 'dark spirit of malice' despite his body's destruction in the downfall of [[Númenor]]. Furthermore, [[the One Ring]], the location of much of Sauron's power, presumably still existed somewhere in Middle-earth. Olórin submitted to the will of Manwë, and departed Valinor to [[Mithlond]] in the year T.A. 1000.<ref name="Istari"/> He arrived after the others at about the same time the [[Necromancer]] appeared in [[Mirkwood]].
Olórin was a [[Maiar|Maia]] who dwelt in the [[Lórien in Valinor|gardens]] of [[Irmo]] in Valinor.<ref>{{S|Vala}}</ref> As a pupil of [[Nienna]], Olórin was said to be the wisest of the Maiar; he learned pity and patience from his teacher.  When the Valar chose five emissaries, the [[Istari]], from among the Maiar to go to [[Middle-earth]] during the [[Third Age]], [[Manwë]] selected Olórin. At first, Olórin did not wish to go, and said that he feared Sauron. However, Manwë said that that was all the more reason why he should go.<ref name="Istari"/> The other four were Saruman, [[Radagast]], [[Blue Wizards|Pallando]], and [[Blue Wizards|Alatar]]. These messengers were to assist the free peoples in opposing [[Sauron]], who still existed as a 'dark spirit of malice' despite his body's destruction in the downfall of [[Númenor]]. Furthermore, [[the One Ring]], the location of much of Sauron's power, presumably still existed somewhere in Middle-earth. Olórin submitted to the will of Manwë, and departed Valinor to [[Mithlond]] in the year T.A. 1000.<ref name="Istari"/> He arrived after the others at about the same time the [[Necromancer]] appeared in [[Mirkwood]].


At Mithlond he was welcomed by [[Glorfindel]], his friend from Valinor, sent earlier on a similar mission, and [[Círdan]] the shipwright, who possessed [[Narya]], one of the [[Three Rings|Three Elven Rings]] of power.  Círdan divined in Olórin a sense of strength and power despite his appearance as a bent and aged old man. Círdan gave Narya to Olórin, with a prediction of his future struggles with evil, and a promise that it would support and aid him in his labors.  Then Círdan said "''But as for me, my heart is with the [[Belegaer|Sea]], and I will dwell by the grey shores until the last ship sails.  I will await you.''"<ref name="ThirdAge">{{App|B2}}</ref>
At Mithlond he was welcomed by [[Glorfindel]], his friend from Valinor, sent earlier on a similar mission, and [[Círdan]] the shipwright, who possessed [[Narya]], one of the [[Three Rings|Three Elven Rings]] of power.  Círdan divined in Olórin a sense of strength and power despite his appearance as a bent and aged old man. Círdan gave Narya to Olórin, with a prediction of his future struggles with evil, and a promise that it would support and aid him in his labors.  Then Círdan said "''But as for me, my heart is with the [[Belegaer|Sea]], and I will dwell by the grey shores until the last ship sails.  I will await you.''"<ref name="ThirdAge">{{App|B2}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:31, 13 September 2012

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The name Gandalf refers to more than one character, item or concept. For a list of other meanings, see Gandalf (disambiguation).
Gandalf
Maia
Roger Thomasson - Gandalf.jpg
Biographical Information
Other namesThe Grey, The White, Olórin, Mithrandir, Incánus, Tharkûn, The White Rider, Gandalf Greyhame, Stormcrow, Wand-elf, Láthspell
DeathDied/Reborn T.A. 3019, sailed back to Aman T.A. 3021
Physical Description
GenderMale
Hair colorGrey
GalleryImages of Gandalf
"Gandalf was shorter in stature than the other two; but his long white hair, his sweeping silver beard, and his broad shoulders, made him look like some wise king of ancient legend. In his aged face under great snowy brows his eyes were set like coals that could suddenly burst into fire."
― "Many Meetings"[1]

Gandalf was one of the five Istari sent to Middle-earth by the Valar in the Third Age. In Valinor he was known as Olórin. Gandalf was instrumental in bringing about the demise of Sauron in 3019, chiefly by encouraging others and dispensing his wisdom at pivotal times. Gandalf was originally robed in grey, and second to Saruman in the Order of wizards. After his fall in Moria, Gandalf returned to Middle-earth as head of the Order, robed in white. Gandalf was noteworthy for his keen interest in Hobbits.

History

Coming to Middle-earth

Olórin was a Maia who dwelt in the gardens of Irmo in Valinor.[2] As a pupil of Nienna, Olórin was said to be the wisest of the Maiar; he learned pity and patience from his teacher. When the Valar chose five emissaries, the Istari, from among the Maiar to go to Middle-earth during the Third Age, Manwë selected Olórin. At first, Olórin did not wish to go, and said that he feared Sauron. However, Manwë said that that was all the more reason why he should go.[3] The other four were Saruman, Radagast, Pallando, and Alatar. These messengers were to assist the free peoples in opposing Sauron, who still existed as a 'dark spirit of malice' despite his body's destruction in the downfall of Númenor. Furthermore, the One Ring, the location of much of Sauron's power, presumably still existed somewhere in Middle-earth. Olórin submitted to the will of Manwë, and departed Valinor to Mithlond in the year T.A. 1000.[3] He arrived after the others at about the same time the Necromancer appeared in Mirkwood.

At Mithlond he was welcomed by Glorfindel, his friend from Valinor, sent earlier on a similar mission, and Círdan the shipwright, who possessed Narya, one of the Three Elven Rings of power. Círdan divined in Olórin a sense of strength and power despite his appearance as a bent and aged old man. Círdan gave Narya to Olórin, with a prediction of his future struggles with evil, and a promise that it would support and aid him in his labors. Then Círdan said "But as for me, my heart is with the Sea, and I will dwell by the grey shores until the last ship sails. I will await you."[4]

Olórin then began his sojourn in Middle-earth. He was known by many names during the long years he remained in Middle-earth: Elves named him Mithrandir, the Grey Pilgrim, while the men of Arnor named him Gandalf, which became his most common name. He was also known as Incánus (in the south), and Tharkûn to the Dwarves.[3]

Gandalf the Grey by John Howe

Gandalf, like the other Wizards, took the shape of an old man. He was robed in gray and went about as a wanderer and counselor. Unlike Saruman, Gandalf did not go east and did not take up a single permanent residence. Gandalf apparently restricted his activities to the North-west of Middle-earth, where the remnants of the Dúnedain and the Eldar remained to oppose Sauron.

Early vigilance

Around 1100,[4] the Istari and the Eldar discovered that some evil entity resided at Dol Guldur in Mirkwood. Dark shapes moved in the forest and evil began to multiply in the woods. Some thought a Nazgûl had returned to torment the world, or some new evil was arising. Gandalf was unsure, and feared that perhaps Sauron himself might have returned.[5]

Over the next two hundred years the evil continued to grow, as well as the source directing it. Orcs were multiplying in the Misty Mountains and elsewhere. The Witch-king, the mightiest of the Nazgûl, had built a fortress in Angmar in the Northern wastelands and waged unending war against the Kingdom of Arnor. Meanwhile Moria and Minas Ithil fell under a shadow, while other wars, plagues, and catastrophes occurred across Middle-earth. Gandalf went to Dol Guldur in 2063 to discover its secret.[4] An entity known only as the 'Necromancer' fled before him and Gandalf could not discover his identity.[5] Afterwards, the evil there seemed to desist, and the era of the Watchful Peace began.

This peace lasted for almost four hundred years, but the Necromancer again returned to Dol Guldur in 2460.[4] In response, the Wise formed the White Council three years later. Though Galadriel, bearer of one of the Three Elven Rings and mighty among the Eldar, wished Gandalf to be the chief of the Council, it was in the end Saruman who took this place-- because of his vast knowledge, but also because Gandalf refused this position, wishing to set down no roots and to maintain his independence.[5]

Pass the Doors of Dol Guldur by John Howe

In 2850, Gandalf again entered Dol Guldur, this time in secrecy.[4] There he found out many things. First and foremost, the Necromancer was no Nazgûl – it was Sauron himself. Also, Gandalf found Thráin, a dwarf of the royal line of Erebor, in the dungeons. The last of the Seven Rings of the Dwarves had been taken from him; Sauron was gathering the remaining Rings of Power and possibly searching for his lost One Ring.

Gandalf escaped Dol Guldur and returned to the White Council.[5] After relating his discoveries, he urged the council to attack Sauron while the One Ring was still lost and Sauron's power immature. But Saruman said that it was better to watch and wait; that the One Ring had long ago rolled from Anduin to the Sea. The majority of the council agreed with Saruman. Elrond Half-elven, a powerful member of the council, later privately told Gandalf he had a foreboding that the Ring would be found, and that the war to end the age was coming. Indeed, he added, he feared that it would end in darkness and despair. Gandalf encouraged him, saying there were many "strange chances," and that, "help oft shall come from the hands of the weak". Gandalf did not yet realize that Saruman now wanted the ring for himself and was secretly searching for it along the banks of river Anduin.

The Quest for Erebor

In 2941,[4] Gandalf happened across the dwarf lord Thorin while staying the night in Bree.[6] Thorin initiated conversation; he had been having a strange feeling urging him to seek Gandalf. Gandalf was intrigued, for he had thought to seek Thorin as well. They found they were taking the same road for a while (Thorin passing through the Shire on his way to the Ered Luin), and they agreed to travel together. Thorin wanted advice, and Gandalf wanted to discuss the dragon Smaug with Thorin.

Ultimately, Gandalf concocted a plan wherein Thorin could destroy Smaug and recover his family fortune, albeit with a "burglar" of Gandalf's own choosing. Gandalf had a feeling that a Hobbit should be involved, and he remembered an adventuresome Hobbit named Bilbo Baggins he had met some years before. By this time, however, Bilbo was far from "adventuresome".[7] In the end Gandalf convinced the reluctant Baggins to become a burglar for Thorin. Gandalf then accompanied Thorin and Company to Rivendell. During the journey Gandalf obtained a sword known as Glamdring from a troll-hoard; Gandalf bore it for the rest of his life.[8]

Gandalf helped Thorin and Company through the Misty Mountains, saving them several times from orcs and other calamities. It was during this time that Bilbo obtained a "magic ring".[9] Bilbo initially claimed he "won" it from the creature "Gollum" while the company was under the Misty Mountains.[10] The ring conferred invisibility on Bilbo when he wore it, and he kept it secret from Gandalf for some time. Gandalf, for his part, found himself amazed by the hobbit; until then the wise had paid no attention to hobbits and knew little of them. For the rest of his sojourn in Middle-earth, Gandalf took a special interest in hobbits, and particularly in the Baggins family.

Gandalf left the quest prior to its completion, yet the quest was successful: Smaug was killed,[11] and the Orcs and Wargs of the Misty Mountains were defeated by an alliance of the Dwarves of Erebor, the men of Dale, and the Elves of Mirkwood in the Battle of Five Armies.[12] Gandalf had accomplished his immediate goal, which was to destroy Smaug, who could have been used to disastrous effect by Sauron. A large number of Orcs and Wargs also were killed in the North, removing threats to Rivendell and Lothlórien.[6]

The White Council attacks Dol Guldur

During that same year, Saruman finally agreed to an attack and the White Council assailed Dol Guldur and rid Mirkwood of the Necromancer's presence.[13] This was carefully planned by Gandalf, so that Sauron and Smaug could not assist each other, as otherwise they could easily have done. Upon Bilbo and Gandalf's return to Rivendell, Elrond and the grey wizard discussed this and the events of the Lonely Mountain. They both agreed that it would be better if the Necromancer were banished from the world altogether.[14]

The War of the Ring

The Return of the Shadow

Gandalf had left Thorin and Company before reaching the edge of Mirkwood to attend a White Council meeting in the South. The Council was meeting under the gravest of circumstances: Sauron's vast power was returning, even without his ring. Gandalf at last convinced the Council to attack Dol Guldur. Even Saruman was willing by this time, for now he feared Sauron as a rival, and wished to delay Sauron's search for the Ring. The Council put forth its strength and drove Sauron from Mirkwood.

Despite the Council's hopes, Sauron was not weakened by this attack. He had foreseen the move that drove him from Mirkwood, and his retreat was but a feint. Ten years after he was driven out of Mirkwood, Sauron declared himself openly in Mordor in 2951 and rebuilt the Barad-dûr. Sauron then began reassembling his forces for the final blow against the hated remnants of Númenor and the Eldar still in Middle-earth. Sauron ordered armies of Easterlings from Khand and beyond the Sea of Rhûn to reinforce his stronghold in Mordor; they were further reinforced by armies of men from South Harad. Orcs, trolls, and other foul beasts were multiplying in Mordor; Sauron's minions also were searching the Anduin for any sign of his precious One Ring. Despite the terror they induced, in 3018 Sauron sent the Nazgûl north to search for his ring as well.

The Arrival of Gandalf by Darrell Sweet

During this period Gandalf visited the Shire frequently, especially his friend Bilbo Baggins, and Baggins's nephew, Frodo. He noted Bilbo's unusual youthfulness, despite his advancing age; the suspicious "magic ring" that Bilbo had acquired during his adventure began to weigh on his mind. Gandalf recalled the deceit Bilbo used in originally claiming it for his own-- Bilbo had later admitted to stealing it from Gollum. Gandalf could see that Bilbo was now very preoccupied with the ring. Such un-hobbitlike behaviour aroused his suspicions; he convinced Bilbo to pass the ring on to Frodo. He then emphatically warned Frodo not to use it; Gandalf had begun to suspect that the "magic ring" was indeed a ring of power.

Gandalf met Aragorn, the hidden heir of Arnor, in 2956, and soon became friends with him. From that point on Aragorn and Gandalf often worked together towards a common end - the defeat of Sauron. Keen now to find out more about Gollum, he went to Aragorn, and with his help captured Gollum. With Gollum's tale, and the records in Minas Tirith, he pieced together the missing history of the One Ring in 3017. A great fear came over him when he learned that Gollum had been to the Barad-dûr. Sauron had tortured Gollum and learned not only of the "magic ring", but also the names "Shire" and "Baggins". Gandalf now returned in haste to the Shire, certain that Frodo's ring was not simply a ring of power: it was the One Ruling Ring of Sauron.

The Treachery of Saruman

Gandalf escapes upon Gwaihir by Ted Nasmith

After Gandalf’s fears were confirmed, he returned to the Shire and advised Frodo to leave as soon as possible, promising to return before a farewell party for Bilbo in autumn of that year (3018), and to escort him to Rivendell. Gandalf also told Frodo about the creature Gollum, to which Frodo exclaimed that he should have been killed. Gandalf speculated that perhaps Gollum would have a part to play before the end, and in any case, it was not for them to decide who should live and who should die. He then set out to seek the advice of Saruman, supposedly still the head of the order.

Hearing disturbing news from Radagast, he gave Barliman Butterbur a letter for Frodo (which was never delivered) urging him to act without hesitation. Soon thereafter he arrived at Isengard. At their meeting, Saruman at last revealed his desire for the One Ring. He offered to his "old friend and helper" that they take the Ring for themselves and seize power from Sauron. Gandalf rejected this with horror, and was imprisoned by Saruman on the pinnacle of Orthanc. Gwaihir, chief of the Eagles, soon arrived and helped Gandalf escape. Gandalf knew he must return quickly to the Shire, as Frodo (and the ring) were in grave danger from both Sauron's Nazgûl and now Saruman's treacherous desire for the ring.

Gandalf hurriedly went to Rohan, desiring to find a strong steed; there he obtained Shadowfax from King Théoden, who later resented the gift. This lord of horses and Gandalf forged a special bond, and Gandalf made quick use of Shadowfax's incredible strength and endurance.

Gandalf sped to the Shire. Fortunately, Frodo had already left the Shire without waiting for Gandalf, and was seeking the refuge of Rivendell. Upon arrival Gandalf learned that the Nazgûl, arrayed as Black Riders, had been searching the area. Dismayed, he set out for Bree, but fortunately found there that Frodo had recently left the town with "Strider", the local name for Aragorn: a hope which far exceeded his expectations. Gandalf then made for Weathertop, a high point in the region, to observe the surrounding area. There he was assaulted at night by the Nazgûl, but drove them off after a great battle of light and flame. He then went directly to Rivendell, where he welcomed Glorfindel, Aragorn and the hobbits upon their arrival several days later, Frodo being sorely wounded but still in possession of the ring.

The Fellowship of the Ring

Elrond called a council after Frodo was healed to consider the momentous decision regarding the ring. By chance, representatives of most of the free peoples happened to be in Rivendell already for various reasons. Elrond and Gandalf advised that the Ring should be destroyed in the fires of Orodruin, where it was made. Others dissented or objected, but eventually submitted to Gandalf's plan. Ultimately, Elrond appointed the Fellowship of the Ring as nine walkers, numerically set against Sauron's nine Nazgûl. The relatively small number reflected the realization by Elrond and the other council members that the quest of Mount Doom would not rely upon strength of arms, but on stealth and good fortune. Gandalf was chosen to lead the company, which included Aragorn, Boromir, Legolas the Elf, Gimli the Dwarf, and the hobbits Frodo Baggins, Samwise Gamgee, Peregrin Took, and Meriadoc Brandybuck.

Several obstacles stood in the company's way. The vast Misty Mountains had to be crossed, for Gandalf was determined not to lead the company near Isengard. Gandalf decided to take a southern route to the Redhorn Pass and there to cross the Misty Mountains near Caradhras, thereby traversing the mountain range and avoiding Isengard. When this attempt failed due to a terrible storm he then decided to take the Fellowship through the ruins of Moria, where the remains of the great Dwarf city of Khazad-dûm was now a labyrinth of tunnels under the mountains. Others in the company were loathe enter the maze, as it was now the lair of orcs and something known only as "Durin's Bane".

At the Bridge by Ted Nasmith

At the Doors of Durin on the west side of the mountains, Gandalf, after some delay, spoke the password and led the company into the dark. Having been in Moria on an earlier perilous errand, he was somewhat familiar with the underground passages. Eventually the party came to the Chamber of Mazarbul, where Gandalf read the Book of Records, which revealed the fate of Balin, the leader of an ill-fated attempt to re-colonize Moria. Soon after, the party was attacked by orcs, and forced to flee the chamber. By then Gandalf was well aware of their location, and he led the party quickly towards the eastern exit.

Unfortunately Durin's Bane caught up to the group at the Bridge of Khazad-dûm. Gandalf and Legolas immediately realized what it was: a Balrog of Morgoth, a servant of the first dark lord. In a spectacular display of bravery Gandalf faced the demon and broke the bridge both stood upon, leaving the beast to fall into a seemingly bottomless chasm. But the Balrog's whip lashed out and grasped Gandalf by the knees, pulling him down. Clinging to the edge of the passageway, Gandalf shouted "Fly, you fools" and vanished into the abyss.[15]

Zirak-zigil by John Howe

Yet Gandalf did not die; he and the Balrog fought long in the bowels and deep places of Arda. Gandalf finally pursued the beast up the Endless Stair to the peak of Celebdil, where he fought the demon for two days and nights. The Balrog had burst into flame anew when it exited the stairs; ice, wind, and smoke swirled about them as they dueled. Gandalf used his last measure of strength to slay the Balrog, throwing him down the mountainside in ruin. Gandalf's spirit then left his body, having sacrificed himself to save the Fellowship.

Gandalf the White

But Gandalf's spirit did not depart Middle-earth forever at this time. As the only one of the five Istari to stay true to his errand, Olórin/Gandalf was sent back to mortal lands by Eru, and he became Gandalf once again. Yet, as he was now the sole emissary of the Valar to Middle-earth, he was granted the power to "reveal" more of his inner Maiar strength. This naked power that lay within him was seldom used during the remainder of his time in Middle-earth, as his mission was essentially the same: to support and succor those who opposed Sauron. Nevertheless, when Gandalf's wrath was kindled his "unveiled" strength was such that few of Sauron's servants could withstand him.

As he lay naked on the mountaintop, the great eagle Gwaihir came up and bore him to Lothlórien, where he was clothed and replenished, and given a new staff by Galadriel. Gandalf soon learned that Frodo and Sam had left the Fellowship and were attempting the quest of Mount Doom alone. As Frodo was beyond his assistance now, Gandalf promptly went south to Fangorn Forest, where he met the Three Hunters: Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli, and gave them messages from Galadriel. Then he called forth Shadowfax, and rode with them to Edoras. There he found that Saruman's spy Gríma Wormtongue had deceived King Théoden into hopeless impotence. Gandalf quickly deposed Wormtongue and encouraged Théoden to ride west to war against Saruman. Gandalf by now was keenly aware that the great war to end the age was beginning; if Saruman conquered Rohan then Gondor would be alone with enemies on all sides.

At Gandalf's encouragement King Théoden went west to Helm's Deep where he was quickly besieged; Gandalf then searched for Erkenbrand and the forces of the Westfold, which he later found and led to the Deep, thus breaking the siege. Meanwhile, the Ents (along with the hobbits Merry and Pippin) moved against Saruman and sent Huorns against the orcs, resulting in the utter ruin of the outer walls of Isengard and the complete annihilation of Saruman's orcs. After the battle, Gandalf went to Orthanc with Théoden, Aragorn, and a small group. There Saruman rejected Gandalf's offer of forgiveness with contempt. Gandalf then broke Saruman's staff and cast him from the Order and the Council. Gandalf imposed a strict watch on Isengard by the Ents and then advised King Théoden to ride to Gondor's defense as soon as possible. The wizard's mind had already turned to Gondor and the coming climactic battle in the east.

The Siege of Minas Tirith

The White Rider by Donato Giancola

As a 'reward' for Pippin, who had foolishly gazed into a palantír, Gandalf took the hobbit with him to Minas Tirith, the last bastion of the west. Soon after arriving, Gandalf confronted Denethor II, the Ruling Steward, and learned that he was near despair over the death of his eldest son, Boromir. Ostensibly they were allies, but the Steward treated him with disrespect and suspicion. When Faramir, the Steward's younger son, returned from Osgiliath and was attacked by Nazgûl, Gandalf upon Shadowfax drove them away by revealing the power within him; later Faramir told him that Frodo and Sam were still alive and headed towards Mordor.

The city was soon besieged by a vast force from Mordor, led by the Witch-king. An ill-advised counter attack resulted in Faramir receiving a wound from a poisoned dart; he lay near death inside the Tower. Still, Gandalf encouraged the men of Minas Tirith to have hope, and dispelled the fear of the Ringwraiths by his very presence. But Sauron's catapults hurled flaming bolts upon the city; soon the first circle of the city burned unchecked. Denethor now lost all heart as the city burned and his only remaining son hovered near death; he abandoned his leadership of the city. Gandalf then took it upon himself to direct the defense of the city. When the gigantic ram Grond destroyed the ancient entrance to the city, Gandalf placed himself alone at the ruined gateway. The Witch-king then appeared in the midst of the blasted gate upon a black horse and threatened Gandalf with death; but Gandalf did not move — seated upon Shadowfax he defied the mightiest of Sauron's minions. However, the stand-off ended inconclusively, as the morning arrived along with the host of the Rohirrim. Hearing the horns of the Riders of Rohan, the Witch-king departed.

But Gandalf did not pursue his foe, for Pippin brought him news that Denethor was about to commit suicide in the high tower, burning himself and his son Faramir on a pyre like the heathen Kings of old. Gandalf rushed to stop this madness and was able to save Faramir, but not Denethor, whose despair and grief had overcome his mind. Gandalf also learned how it was that Denethor's will had been broken: Denethor clutched a palantír in his hands as he burned. Clearly Denethor had been using the stone's special properties for some time — extending his vision far beyond those of mannish eyes, but also wrestling in thought with Sauron. And even though Sauron could not completely overwhelm Denethor's mind, his courage was daunted by knowledge of the vast might of Mordor. Thus the shadow entered into the capital of Gondor.

Nevertheless, and against all hope, the siege was broken. Éowyn of Rohan and the hobbit Merry defeated the Witch-king, whose last wail was heard by many as he was reduced to impotence. Soon after, Lord Aragorn arrived with a large valour of men from the southern fiefs upon a captured pirate fleet from Umbar. The forces of the men of the west then utterly defeated Sauron's attack against Minas Tirith, relieving the city and killing virtually all of the invaders. Gandalf's carefully laid plans and words of wisdom, along with acts of heroism not seen since the elder days, had defeated Sauron's first move.

The Last Battle

But the attack against Minas Tirith was only a part of Sauron's plan to devastate the west and make himself the ruler of Middle-earth. Other armies moved in the north against Erebor and the Kingdom of Thranduil, as well as against Lothlórien and other points along the Anduin. Still commanding vast armies of orcs and men, the Dark Lord soon would move against Gondor again; the remnants of the Edain and their allies had little hope against his almost limitless resources.

In Minas Tirith, Gandalf was selected by Aragorn, Imrahil, and Éomer (the remaining lords of the west) to be their leader in the coming final battles. This would be the culmination of Gandalf's efforts in Middle-earth. Fully aware that the west would stand or fall on the outcome of Frodo's mission, he advised the lords to drive north to the Morannon, thereby drawing Sauron's eye away from Frodo's likely location. This plan surely would result in a catastrophic loss for the outnumbered army, but it gave Frodo a chance to achieve the quest of Mount Doom.

Led by Gandalf and Aragorn, the army of the West crossed the Anduin and marched north, pausing occasionally to announce their coming and to dispatch small numbers of men to lesser tasks. Upon arriving at the Black Gate, the forces halted and prepared for battle. As they ordered their companies, the foul Mouth of Sauron rode forth to parley with them; he revealed Frodo's Mithril-coat and Arnor-blade "Sting" and implied that their owner was captured and tortured. The emissary of Sauron then proposed that the forces of the west surrender; Gandalf however was undaunted, and, seizing his friend's belongings, rejected Sauron's offer. In shock, the Mouth of Sauron turned back towards the Black Gate, which slowly opened to reveal a vast army of orcs and trolls advancing on the lords of the west. Sauron's trap was sprung.

Yet Sauron himself became the victim of Gandalf's trap. Unbeknownst to all, Frodo and Sam had succeeded in scaling Mount Doom and even as the Battle of Morannon began Frodo stood at the Crack of Doom. But the power and lure of the ring finally overcame his will and he placed the ring upon his finger, claiming it as his own. Immediately the Nazgûl were summoned by their lord, as he in terror realized his blunder: his enemies intended to destroy his ring.

The Shadow of Sauron by Ted Nasmith

But Gandalf's foresight proved accurate again as the creature Gollum, who had been doggedly following the Ring-bearer, seized the ring from Frodo, and, while celebrating his reunion with "his precious," unwittingly fell into the fires of Orodruin. The ring was unmade as the fiery mountian erupted. The tower of Barad-dûr and the Towers of the Teeth began to collapse, their foundations crumbling, the Ring-wraiths burned out like shooting stars, and Sauron was reduced to a mere shadow of malice, never to torment the world again.

With Sauron gone, his forces scattered like frightened insects; the Men of the West now set upon them with fury. Gandalf announced the success of the Ring-bearer and the end of Sauron; the quest had been fulfilled. Seeing that victory was achieved, Gandalf then mounted on Gwaihir the Eagle for a third time, and set out to see if Frodo and Samwise had survived the tumults of Mount Doom. To his great relief, the two were found on the slopes of Orodruin, clinging to life amid the volcanic eruptions. The great quest was over.

End of the Order

In Minas Tirith, Gandalf and the remaining members of the Fellowship reunited. At the coronation of King Elessar, Gandalf (at Aragorn’s request) set the crown upon the King’s head, and declared "Now come the days of the King, and may they be blessed while the thrones of the Valar endure!". Thus Gandalf ushered in the new age of men.

After the coronation and wedding of Aragorn to Arwen, Gandalf left with the rest of the remaining Fellowship on the journey home. For Gandalf, it was his last long journey in Middle-earth. His errand to Arda had been fulfilled; Sauron had been defeated. He said farewell to his friends one by one until at last only the four Hobbits remained at his side. At the borders of the Shire he, too, turned away. He left the Hobbits to settle with the Shire, for the shattered pieces of evil still remaining in the world were no longer his concern, and went to talk to Tom Bombadil.

What Gandalf did during the next two years is unknown; it is possible that his "long talk" with Bombadil was just that. At any rate, on September 29, 3021, he met Frodo at Mithlond, ready to take the White Ship over the sea to Aman. He wore Narya openly on his finger, and Shadowfax was beside him (perhaps even to take ship with him). His mission was over, and his homecoming after more than 2000 years was nigh. He bade farewell to Samwise, Merry, and Pippin (the latter two of which he had forewarned of the passage), then mounted the Grey Ship beside Frodo, Elrond, and Galadriel. The ship passed west upon the sea, and then took the hidden straight path to Valinor: Gandalf became Olórin once more. There, presumably, he dwells still in the gardens of Irmo. Olórin, the wisest of the Maiar and the sole Istar to remain true to his mission, had successfully kindled the hearts of the free people in Middle-earth to overcome the evil of their time. In a large way, it was his victory.

Personality

The Grey Pilgrim relaxing

Gandalf is often described in The Lord of the Rings as quick to anger, and equally quick to laugh.[16] His deep wisdom clearly derived from the patience he learned in Valinor, just as his care for all creatures of good will must have come from his strong sense of pity for the weak. Both his patience and sense of pity were revealed again and again, extending even to the servants of his enemies.

Keen observers of Gandalf often detected a veiled power, usually revealed in his eyes, which appeared deep and wise. He was alternately affectionate and brusque; he often surprised others with his bluntness when time was of the essence. Gandalf consistently upbraided foolish behavior, but also richly rewarded those who acted with good intentions.

Hobbits appealed to him more than to the other Wizards, and he went often to the Shire for respites from his errands. It may be that he was amused by their nature, as often described in The Hobbit. It may also be because they were untouched by the great evils of the world, and were more in touch with nature than Men; perhaps their agrarian lifestyle appealed to Gandalf's innate spirit and reminded him of the gardens of Valinor.

Appearance

Gandalf the Grey by John Howe

The first description of Gandalf is preserved in the initial pages of The Hobbit, written in the early 1930s. Gandalf's fame is alluded to even before his physical description ("Tales and adventures sprouted up all over the place wherever he went, in the most extraordinary fashion"), while the protagonist's ("unsuspecting Bilbo") impression is that of:

...an old man with a staff. He had a tall pointed blue hat, a long grey cloak, a silver scarf over which a white beard hung down below his waist, and immense black boots.
J.R.R. Tolkien[7]

Later, Tolkien wrote:

...a figure strongly built and with broad shoulder, though shorter than the average of men and now stooped with age, leaning on a thick rough-cut staff as he trudged along... Gandalf's hat was wide-brimmed [...] with a pointed conical crown, and it was blue; he wore a long grey cloak, but this would not reach much below his knees. It was of an elven silver-grey hue, though tarnished by wear - as is evident from the general use of grey in the book... But his colours were always white, silver-grey, and blue - except for the boots he wore when walking in the wild...Gandalf even bent must have been at least 5 ft. 6... Which would make him a short man even in modern England, especially with the reduction of a bent back.
J.R.R. Tolkien[17]

Although some of the Wise know his true nature, his "wizard-like" appearance causes many to mistake him for a simple conjurer. After his return his "signature colour" changes from grey to white, for he has been sent back to replace the corrupt Saruman as the chief of the Wizards. In the book he claims that in some ways he now "was Saruman", or rather Saruman as he should have been.

Círdan the Shipwright seemed to have foreseen this, for he entrusted the care of Narya, one of the Three Rings of the Elves to Gandalf rather than Saruman.

Powers and abilities

Gandalf the Grey by Roger Thomasson

Gandalf was servant of the Secret Fire, wielder of the flame of Anor[15] and bearer of Narya.

demonstrated extensive knowledge of the land and an assortment of magical abilities from trivial to essential. For example he would use his powers for entertainment, by blowing glowing smoke rings that moved around a room at his direction, and Bilbo Baggins remembered him for his fantastic fireworks displays. More usefully, he created blinding flashes and other pyrotechnics to distract the goblins of the Misty Mountains, aiding the dwarves in their escape from Goblin-town. On the eastern slopes, he turned pine cones into flaming projectiles that threw hot sparks and started fires that would not easily go out. He was also able to come and go from the presence of Thorin and Company without anyone noticing.

He again displayed his proficiency with pyrotechnics at Bilbo's Farewell Party. More of his power is shown, when the Fellowship is attacked by Wargs in Hollin: Gandalf used words of power and the trees that were growing on the hillock where the company had camped burst into fire. He was also able to start fires under blizzard conditions, create light of varying intensity for the journey through Moria, magically secure doors, and break the Bridge of Khazad-dûm. When angered or aroused for battle, he seemed to grow in height and assume a terrifying aspect. He also fought the Balrog of Moria and killed his opponent, although he did not survive the battle himself.

Sent back to Middle-earth as Gandalf the White, he possessed greater charisma and a limited degree of clairvoyance, although he was unable to peer into the land of Mordor to see the progress of Frodo and Sam. His power and authority had increased so that he could break Saruman's staff with a spoken command, showing his authority to throw the treacherous wizard out of the order.

Most times Gandalf displayed his power, this had to do with fire. It is not known whether his possession of Narya, the Ring of Fire, had any merit to his abilities.[18]

Special equipment

It is unknown whether Gandalf required his staff to exercise certain powers. At times it appeared to focus or extend his powers, such as when it emanated light. Exactly how much it aided him in the use of magic is unknown, but Gríma Wormtongue tried to forbid Gandalf from bringing it into Edoras, clearly under the impression that without it Gandalf's power would be limited.

When he arrived in Middle-earth, Gandalf received the Elven ring Narya from Círdan. It is clear that Gandalf wore this ring from that time to the end of the Third Age but how he used its powers is not known.

In T.A. 2941, Gandalf acquired the Elven sword Glamdring from the treasure hoard of a band of trolls.[8] He continued to wield this weapon throughout The Lord of the Rings, in particular during his fight with the Balrog in Moria.

Throughout his time in Middle-earth Gandalf often was seen with a pipe, the use of which clearly brought him immense enjoyment.

Other versions of the legendarium

In early manuscripts of The Hobbit, the name Bladorthin was used by Tolkien for the character who later would be named Gandalf. The name Gandalf was instead used for the character known as Thorin in the published works.[19]

Inspiration

Oden som vandringsman (Odin the Wanderer) by Georg von Rosen

Gandalfr appears in the list of dwarves in the Völuspá of the Elder Edda, the name means "Cane-elf". Tolkien took the name along with the other dwarves' names when he wrote The Hobbit in the 1930s. He came to regret the creation of this "rabble of eddaic-named dwarves [...] invented in an idle hour",[20] since it forced him to come up with an explanation of why Old Norse names should be used in Third Age Middle-earth. He solved the dilemma in 1942 by the explanation that Old Norse was a translation of the language of Dale. The figure of Gandalf has other influences from Germanic mythology, particularly Odin in his incarnation as "the Wanderer", an old man with one eye, a long white beard, a wide brimmed hat, and a staff: Tolkien states that he thinks of Gandalf as an "Odinic wanderer" in a letter of 1946.[21]

Tolkien had a postcard labeled Der Berggeist ("the mountain spirit"), and on the paper cover in which he kept it, he wrote "the origin of Gandalf" at some point. The postcard reproduces a painting of a bearded figure, sitting on a rock under a pine tree in a mountainous setting. He wears a wide-brimmed round hat and a long cloak and white fawn is nuzzling his upturned hands. Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography said that Tolkien had bought the postcard during his 1911 holiday in Switzerland. However, Manfred Zimmerman discovered that the painting was by German artist Josef Madlener and dates to the late 1920s.[22] Carpenter concluded that Tolkien was probably mistaken about the origin of the postcard himself. Tolkien must have acquired the card at some time in the early 1930s, at a time when The Hobbit had already begun to take shape.

Names

Main article: Gandalf/Names

Etymology

Within the legendarium, Gandalf translates an unknown name of the meaning "Elf-of-the-wand (or cane/staff)", or more literary "Wand-elf", in old northern Mannish. Most denizens of Middle-earth incorrectly assumed Gandalf was a Man, although he was really a Maia spirit (approximately equivalent to an angel). However, a less common misconception that occurred during the beginning of his career in Middle-earth was that for someone to be immortal and use as much magic as he did, he must have been an Elf. Although it soon became apparent to all that he could not be an Elf, as he was old and Elves do not generally age, the nickname stuck with him. He later gave it as his name to others he met who did not know its original meaning.

Portrayals in adaptations

Gandalf in adaptations
Gandalf the White in The Lord of the Rings Online  
Gandalf the Grey as a Lego mini figure  
Gandalf the Grey in Guardians of Middle-earth  
Gandalf the Grey in The Hobbit films  

Films

1966: The Hobbit (1966 film):

Gandalf's role is drastically reduced. He lives in a tower, where Thorin, the Princess and the guard meet him to discuss the killing of Slag. He introduces them to Bilbo, but does not go on the quest.[23]

1977: The Hobbit (1977 film):

The voice of Gandalf was provided by John Huston.

1978: The Lord of the Rings (1978 film):

Gandalf was voiced by William Squire. John A. Neris played him in the live-action filming used for rotoscoping.[24]

1980: The Return of the King (1980 film):

John Huston reprised his role as Gandalf. In this adaptation, the tale is told by a minstrel of Gondor, yet in the story, Gandalf serves as the narrator. Gandalf the White is portrayed without difference from Gandalf the Grey, in The Hobbit.

2001: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring:

Ian McKellen was cast as Gandalf. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his portrayal.

2002: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers:

Perhaps the most striking difference from all other adaptations is the difference between Gandalf the Grey and Gandalf the White. Where earlier no visible or audible difference was made, Gandalf the White is portrayed as much more virile, and with a shorter (and whiter) beard.

2003: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King:

Because Imrahil had been cut from the film, it was up to Gandalf to lead the troops after the madness and death of Denethor.

2012-4: The Hobbit films:

Sir Ian McKellen will reprise his role as Gandalf the Grey.[25]

Radio series

1955: The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series):

The voice of Gandalf was provided by Norman Shelley.[26]

1968: The Hobbit (1968 radio series):

The voice of Gandalf was provided by Heron Carvic.

1979: The Hobbit (1979 radio series):

The voice of Gandalf was provided Bernard Mayes.

1979: The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series):

Bernard Mayes reprised his role as Gandalf.

1981: The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series):

Michael Hordern read the part of Gandalf. He had not read the book, and thought his agent made a mistake in telling him how many episodes he had to do. He did not know Gandalf's early death would prove only temporarily.[27]

Games

1982: The Hobbit (1982 video game):

Gandalf can be met on several moments of the game's story line.[28]

1990: J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game):

Gandalf can be "recruited" by Frodo Baggins as a playable character.

1990: J.R.R. Tolkien's Riders of Rohan:

Gandalf is one of the main characters of the game and one of the several heroes of the Rohan faction.

1994: J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (SNES):

Gandalf can be acquired as a playable characters.

2002: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game):

Tom Kane provided the voice of Gandalf. He is a playable character in several levels, including the fight with Durin's Bane.

2002: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game):

The voice of Gandalf is provided by Ian McKellen. Gandalf the Grey appears at the campsite of the fellowship in The Gates of Moria and during the fight of Balin's Tomb in Balin's Tomb. He latter reappears in the game as Gandalf the White at the start of the mission The Plains of Rohan, where he leaves Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli to search Éomer and his army. He also appears in some cutscenes.

2002: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (Game Boy Advance):

In the Game Boy Advance version of The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers Gandalf is a playable character. Gandalf's story starts with a conservation between Gandalf and Théoden, after which the story goes back to the Caradhras, where the Fellowship tries to travel over the Misty Mountains. When that road fails, the Fellowship goes back and travels through Moria. In Moria Gandalf and the other member of the Fellowship are seperated. After finding Frodo, Aragorn and Gimli the fellowship is attacked by a Cave-troll and Goblins. After Gandalf defeats the Cave-troll the Fellowship has to flee for the Balrog. When they reach the Bridge of Khazad-dûm a cutscene is shown, in which Gandalf destroys the bridge and falls with the Balrog in the depths. After the fall Gandalf has to follow the footsteps of the Balrog through the depths of Moria and the Endless Stair untill he reaches Durin's Tower, where he has to defeat the Balrog.
After being revived he returns as Gandalf the White in Fangorn, where he defeats several Forrest trolls and Crebain. After defeating a stronger Forrest troll, named Fangorn troll, Gandalf meets Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli. After a cutscene, the game moves to Edoras. Gandalf heals the corrupted Théoden in Edoras, and then travels through Rohan in search of Éomer. Gandalf convinces Éomer to lead his army to Helm's Deep.
The game ends with the Battle of Helm's Deep, in which Gandalf and Éomer fight alongside Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli and Éowyn while protecting the wall, the Hornburg and the Glittering Caves. In the final level Gandalf has to destroy the siege weapons that bombard the Hornburg. The game ends with a conservation between Gandalf, Aragorn, Gimli and Théoden.

2003: The Hobbit (2003 video game):

Jim Ward provided the voice of Gandalf. He is shown with actual magic: he can shoot blue bolts of lightning from his staff.

2003: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game):

Gandalf is the narrator, and a playable character. The game is built around him; the cut scene narration shows how he planned for the War of the Ring. He has several missions, collectively called the "Path of the Wizard". The first is the the Battle of Helm's Deep, which serves as a training mission. He has to fight Uruk-Hai in the forest of Huorns and Ents in "The Road to Isengard". After that, the missions move to Minas Tirith: the first mission, "Top of the Wall", has Gandalf warding off ladders and siege towers. In the second, "Courtyard", he has to protect civilians from the invading Orcs. His last playing mission is the Battle of the Black Gate.

2003: The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (Game Boy Advance):

Just like on the consule version of the game, Gandalf is a playable characte. He has many missions, collectively called the "The Journey of the Wizard". He starts in a flooded Isengard, where he has to kill several Uruk-hai and Crebain before he confronts Saruman. After the defeat of Saruman he travels to Minas Tirith through Rohan and the Misty Mountains. At the Pelennor Fields Gandalf has to protect the beacons, so Rohan can be warned. During the Battle of Minas Tirith he has to protect the gate, before making his way to the Steward's Tomb. Here Gandalf has to kill Denethor, before he burns Faramir. After the battle Gandalf travels through Ithilien to the Black Gate, where he confronts a Nazgûl.

2004: The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age:

Gandalf, voiced by Ian McKellen, is a character in EA's "alternative fellowship" game. In his battle against Durin's Bane, he is aided by the main characters.

2004: The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring:

Gandalf is voiced by Steven M. Kramer, renowned for playing older mentor types.

2004: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth:

In non-storyline skirmishes Gandalf is the hero of the Gondor faction, who possesses several magical abilities. At first, he appears as Gandalf "the Grey", and becomes "Gandalf the White" after reaching level 5 (out of 10). Gandalf also narrates the prologue scene, repeating almost word for word the lines said by Galadriel in the The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.
His involvement in the storyline is notable for major differences from the original tale. First of all, Gandalf survives his encounter with Balrog, defeating him at the Bridge of Khazad-dum and continues the journey with the Fellowship - by the time of arrival in Lothlorien he already appears as Gandalf the White. He is present during the ambush at Amon Hen, where thanks to his involvement Boromir is saved from certain death. Merry and Pippin are captured regardless and Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli and Boromir give chase, while Gandalf departs them to see to dealings in Rohan, including freeing of King Théoden from the spell. Following the Battle of Helm's Deep he travels to Minas Tirith along with both Pippin and Boromir, where they participate in the Siege of the city.

2006: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II:

Gandalf is a hero for the "Men of the West" faction. Similar to the first game, he appears as Gandalf the Grey initially and Gandalf the White after level 5. He plays no part in the main storyline, but appears in the alternate "evil" campaign: after Sauron reclaims the Ring and lays waste to southern lands, Gandalf and few other survivors meet their end during a last stand in Rivendell.

2007: The Lord of the Rings Online:

Gandalf is a non-playable character voiced by Harry Chase, who narrates cutscenes and instances throughout the original game, before the first expansion. He first meets the Dwarven characters in Ered Luin in T.A. 2941, shortly before the Quest for Erebor. Later, characters of all races meet him in Bree in October of T.A. 3018, but he is too busy with concerns for Frodo and the Ring and merely sends them away to find Radagast. Finally, the players have a chance to have a proper conversation with him in Rivendell, following the Council of Elrond. During that time, Gandalf is involved in several quests, including helping the player wreck havoc among the Goblins stirring at the High Pass. After the Fellowship leaves Rivendell, players are able to retrace many of their steps, including the marks left by Gandalf such as the Burnt Top in Eregion and the remains of his fire at the pass of Caradhras. Later, Lady Galadriel bids the player to find the sings of Gandalf following his fall from the Bridge of Khazad-dum - said signs include his burnt hat at the Foundations of Stone in Moria and the sings of his struggle with the Balrog at the Endless Stair - those allow Galadriel to discern that Mithrandir is not truly dead. Players later meet him as Gandalf the White in Caras Galadhon shortly after the Fellowship has departed Lothlorien. During that time, he engages into a spiritual battle with a Gaunt-Lord Gortheron the Doom-Caller; his display of his new abilities encourages the band of Free People players and allows them to defeat the servant of Sauron.
Gandalf is also present in several historic "session plays", during which players witness the important events their characters were not present for. Such events include Gandalf infiltrating Dol Guldur with the help of an Elf named Raddir, first meeting between Gandalf and Aragorn on the outskirts of Lothlorien and Gandalf's imprisonment atop Orthanc by Saruman.

2009: The Lord of the Rings: Conquest:

Martin Jarvis provides the voice of Gandalf. He is a playable mage hero and has three special powers: "Healing Wisdom", "You Shall not Pass!" and "Cleansing Fire". In the good campaign he appears at the end of the Isengard mission, where he has to kill Saruman in Orthanc. In Moria he can be played to destroy the Balrog and in Minas Tirith he has to defend the gates of the second ring. He is also one of the four playable heroes in the last mission, the battle of the Black Gate. He appears aswell in the end of the last mission, the Shire, of the evil campaign, in which he is killed by Sauron.
He is also playable in the Shire, Isengard, Minas Tirith and Moria with the Conquest Mode, in Isengard and Minas Tirith in the Team Deatmatch mode, the citadel of Minas Tirith in Capture the Ring mode, and at the Black Gate, Minas Morgul, Mout Doom and the Shire during Hero Team Deatmatch mode.

2011: The Lord of the Rings: War in the North:

Gandalf is voiced by Tom Kane, who also narrates the introduction of the game. He tells that heroes like "Aragorn the King", "Frodo the Ringbearer" and "Gandalf the Wizard" are rightly honored, but that without a few heroes - Eradan, Andriel and Farin - the north of Middle-earth would have been lost.[29]
He also appears in Rivendell latter in the game. Players can interact with him and learn of various important events, yet the conversations do not unlock any side-quests and do not affect the main story in any way.

2012: Guardians of Middle-earth:

Gandalf is a mage-type "guardian" with four abilities: Narya's Power, Flame of Anor, Fireworks and Gandalf's Might.[30]

See also

References

  1. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Meetings
  2. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Valaquenta: Account of the Valar and Maiar According to the Lore of the Eldar"
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Istari
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  6. 6.0 6.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Quest of Erebor"
  7. 7.0 7.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "An Unexpected Party"
  8. 8.0 8.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "Roast Mutton"
  9. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "Riddles in the Dark"
  10. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "Out of the Frying-Pan into the Fire"
  11. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "Fire and Water"
  12. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "The Clouds Burst"
  13. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
  14. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit, "The Last Stage"
  15. 15.0 15.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Bridge of Khazad-dûm"
  16. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "Lothlórien"
  17. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named MB
  18. FAQ of the Rings: D6. Gandalf bore the Ring of Fire. Is that how he made his fireworks?
  19. J.R.R. Tolkien, John D. Rateliff (ed.), The History of The Hobbit, Mr. Baggins, "Introduction"
  20. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Treason of Isengard, "Appendix on Runes", p. 452
  21. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 107, (dated 7 December 1946)
  22. Manfred Zimmerman, "The Origin of Gandalf and Josef Madlener", in Mythlore 34 (Winter 1983)
  23. "The Hobbit.mp4" dated 5 January 2012, YouTube (accessed 10 January 2012)
  24. Jerry Beck, The Animated Movie Guide, page 154 (at GoogleBooks)
  25. Peter Jackson, "Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit" dated 20 March 2011, Facebook (accessed 23 December 2011)
  26. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 175, (dated 30 November 1955)
  27. Brian Sibley, "The Ring Goes Ever On: The Making of BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings", at Brian Sibley:The Works
  28. ZX Computing, iss. 8304, p. 76 reproduced at World of Spectrum - Archive (retrieved at 14 August 2010)
  29. The Lord of the Rings: War in the North, Prologue
  30. {{"Guardians of Middle-earth: Gandalf", Guardians of Middle-earth official website (accessed 16 July 2012)

Ainur
Valar Lords Manwë · Ulmo · Aulë · Oromë · Mandos · Irmo · Tulkas · Melkor
Valier Varda · Yavanna · Nienna · Estë · Vairë · Vána · Nessa
Maiar Arien · Blue Wizards · Eönwë · Gandalf · Ilmarë · Melian · Ossë · Radagast · Salmar · Saruman · Tilion · Uinen
Úmaiar Sauron · Balrogs (Gothmog · Durin's Bane) · Boldogs
Concepts and locations Almaren · Aratar (indicated in italics) · Creation of the Ainur · Fana · Máhanaxar · Ainulindalë · Order of Wizards (indicated in bold) · Second Music of the Ainur · Timeless Halls · Valarin · Valinor · Valimar
Members of Thorin and Company
Thorin · Balin · Dwalin · Fíli · Kíli · Dori · Nori · Ori · Óin · Glóin · Bifur · Bofur · Bombur · Gandalf · Bilbo Baggins
Members of the Fellowship of the Ring
Frodo · Sam · Merry · Pippin · Gandalf · Aragorn · Legolas · Gimli · Boromir
Preceded by:
none
Leader of the Fellowship of the Ring
December 25 3018 - January 15 3019
Followed by:
Aragorn II

fa:گندالف