George MacDonald: Difference between revisions

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{{author infobox
| image=[[Image:George MacDonald.jpg]]
| image=[[Image:George MacDonald.jpg|225px]]
| name=George MacDonald
| name=George MacDonald
| born=[December 10|10 December]] 1824
| born=[[10 December]] [[1824]]
| died=[[September 18|18 September]] [[1905]]
| died=[[18 September]] [[1905]]
| education=King's College, Aberdeen<br>Highbury Theological College
| education=King's College, Aberdeen<br>Highbury Theological College
| occupation=Author, poet, minister
| occupation=Author, poet, minister
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'''George MacDonald''' ([[December 10|10 December]] 1824 – [[September 18|18 September]] [[1905]]) was a Scottish author, poet, and Christian minister. Known particularly for his fairy tales and fantasy novels, George MacDonald inspired authors such as [[W.H. Auden]], [[C.S. Lewis]] , [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[G.K. Chesterton]] and [[Charles Williams]]. He is therefore often referred to as the "grandfather" of the [[Inklings]].<ref>Gisela Kreglinger, "MacDonald, George (1824–1905)", in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''</ref>
'''George MacDonald''' ([[10 December]] [[1824]] – [[18 September]] [[1905]]) was a Scottish author, poet, and Christian minister. Known particularly for his fairy tales and fantasy novels, George MacDonald inspired authors such as [[W.H. Auden]], [[C.S. Lewis]] , [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[G.K. Chesterton]] and [[Charles Williams]]. He is therefore often referred to as the "grandfather" of the [[Inklings]].<ref>Gisela Kreglinger, "MacDonald, George (1824–1905)", in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]''</ref>


==Tolkien and MacDonald==
==Tolkien and MacDonald==
===Early admiration===
===Early admiration===
[[Humphrey Carpenter]] wrote that the stories of MacDonald were Tolkien's ''"childhood favourites"'', especially being fond of ''[[The Princess and the Goblin]]'' and ''[[The Princess and Curdie]]''.<ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''</ref> Tolkien also introduced ''The Princess and the Goblin'' to his children.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]; [[Verlyn Flieger]], [[Douglas A. Anderson]] (eds.), ''[[On Fairy-stories (expanded edition)]]''</ref>
[[Humphrey Carpenter]] wrote that several stories of MacDonald's had been Tolkien's "''childhood favourites''", especially having been fond of ''[[The Princess and the Goblin]]'' and ''[[The Princess and Curdie]]''.<ref>[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''</ref> Tolkien also introduced ''The Princess and the Goblin'' to his children.<ref>{{HM|OFS}}</ref>
 
===Influences===
===Influences===
#''Fairy-tales'':...
====Ents====
#''Orcs and goblins'':...
{{quote|"Trust the Oak," said she; "trust the Oak, and the Elm, and the great Beech. Take care of the Birch, for though she is honest, she is too young not to be changeable. But shun the Ash and the Alder; for the Ash is an ogre,—you will know him by his thick fingers; and the Alder will smother you with her web of hair, if you let her near you at night."|''Phantastes'', Chapter III}}
#''Ents'':...
 
In one of MacDonald's most renowned novels, ''[[Phantastes]]'', the protagonist, while travelling in 'Fairy Land', is faced with animate trees. Tolkien remarked in a letter that this notion had "''perhaps some remote influence''" on his creation of the [[Ents]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to L.M. Cutts]]" (letter), ''[[Sotheby's English Literature, History, Fine Bindings, Private Press Books, Children's Books, Illustrated Books and Drawings 10 July 2003]]''</ref>
 
===Later criticism===
===Later criticism===
In 1964, Tolkien was asked to write a [[Preface to "The Golden Key"|preface]] to an American edition of MacDonald's short story "[[The Golden Key]]". While accepting the commission, for the reason that he thought ''"well of this story of his"'', Tolkien never finished the preface, and wrote in a letter to the publishers that ''"I am not as warm an admirer of George MacDonald as C.S. Lewis was"''<ref>{{L|262}}</ref> (Lewis, more explictly and warmingly than Tolkien, thought highly of MacDonald, writing that ''"I have never concealed the fact that I regarded George MacDonald as my master"''<ref>Quoted in George MacDonald, ''The Complete Fairy Tales'' (Penguin Classics, 2000)</ref>).
In 1964, Tolkien was asked to write a [[Preface to "The Golden Key"|preface]] to an American edition of MacDonald's short story "[[The Golden Key]]". While accepting the commission, for the reason that he thought "''well of this story of his''", Tolkien never finished the preface, and wrote in a letter to the publishers that ''"I am not as warm an admirer of George MacDonald as C.S. Lewis was"''<ref>{{L|262}}</ref> (Lewis, more explictly and warmingly than Tolkien, thought highly of MacDonald, writing that "''I have never concealed the fact that I regarded George MacDonald as my master''"<ref>Quoted in George MacDonald, ''The Complete Fairy Tales'' (Penguin Classics, 2000)</ref>).


[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] have argued that Tolkien, when re-reading "The Golden Key" and other of MacDonald's works, apparently reconsidered his former admiration on the grounds that the stories often contained a narrator's voice and too much of moral lecturing reminding of the literary style of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (a style which Tolkien regretted later in life). Hammond and Scull further quote from a manuscript, held at the [[Bodleian Library]], where Tolkien writes that ''"a highly selective memory had retained only a few impressions of things that moved me, and re-reading G[eorge] M[acDonald] critically filled with me distaste"''.<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: Reader's Guide'', pp.570-1</ref>
In "An Interview with Tolkien", Henry Resnick (Niekas Issue 18, 1967) Tolkien said:''As a matter of fact, insofar as... without harping or preaching on the side of various rather old-fashioned things like humility, valor, and so on... and courage, you can carry [on] those over and I think it has rather an effect on people — young folks are ready in their attitudes to rather be changed. But I didn't intend these things, because I didn't write it for children. That's why I don't like George MacDonald very much; he's a horrible old grandmother. That's a very find woman figure, of course, really — the Queen is rather a mother''.
 
[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] have argued that Tolkien, when re-reading "The Golden Key" and other of MacDonald's works for the preparation of the foreword, apparently reconsidered his former admiration on the grounds that the stories often contained a narrator's voice and too much of moral lecturing reminding of the literary style of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (a style which Tolkien had regretted later in life). Hammond and Scull further quote from a manuscript, held at the [[Bodleian Library]], where Tolkien writes that "''a highly selective memory had retained only a few impressions of things that moved me, and re-reading G[eorge] M[acDonald] critically filled with me distaste''".<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]: Reader's Guide'', pp.570-1</ref>


==Bibliography, selected==
==Bibliography, selected==
*1858: ''[[Phantastes]]''
*[[1858]]: ''[[Phantastes|Phantastes: A Faerie Romance for Men and Women]]''
*1864: ''Adela Cathcart'' (includes the short story "[[The Giant's Heart]]")
*[[1864]]: ''Adela Cathcart'' (includes the short story "[[The Giant's Heart]]")
*[[1867]]: ''Dealings with the Fairies'' (includes the short story "[[The Golden Key]]")
*[[1867]]: ''Dealings with the Fairies'' (includes the short story "[[The Golden Key]]")
*[[1872]]: ''[[The Princess and the Goblin]]''
*[[1872]]: ''[[The Princess and the Goblin]]''
*[[1883]]: ''[[The Princess and Curdie]]''
*[[1883]]: ''[[The Princess and Curdie]]''
*[[1895]]: ''[[Lilith]]''
*[[1895]]: ''[[Lilith]]''
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Preface to "The Golden Key"]] (manuscript by Tolkien)
*[[Preface to "The Golden Key"]] (manuscript by Tolkien)
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*{{WP|George MacDonald}}
{{references}}
{{references}}
[[CATEGORY:Authors|MacDonald, George]]
[[Category:Authors|MacDonald, George]]
[[CATEGORY:Religious workers|MacDonald, George]]
[[Category:Religious workers|MacDonald, George]]
[[CATEGORY:British people|MacDonald, George]]
[[Category:British people|MacDonald, George]]
[[CATEGORY:People by name|MacDonald, George]]
[[Category:People by name|MacDonald, George]]

Revision as of 00:27, 23 January 2015

"I shan't call it the end, till we've cleared up the mess." — Sam
This article or section needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of article quality.
George MacDonald.jpg
George MacDonald
Biographical information
Born10 December 1824
Died18 September 1905
EducationKing's College, Aberdeen
Highbury Theological College
OccupationAuthor, poet, minister
LocationEngland

George MacDonald (10 December 182418 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet, and Christian minister. Known particularly for his fairy tales and fantasy novels, George MacDonald inspired authors such as W.H. Auden, C.S. Lewis , J.R.R. Tolkien, G.K. Chesterton and Charles Williams. He is therefore often referred to as the "grandfather" of the Inklings.[1]

Tolkien and MacDonald

Early admiration

Humphrey Carpenter wrote that several stories of MacDonald's had been Tolkien's "childhood favourites", especially having been fond of The Princess and the Goblin and The Princess and Curdie.[2] Tolkien also introduced The Princess and the Goblin to his children.[3]

Influences

Ents

""Trust the Oak," said she; "trust the Oak, and the Elm, and the great Beech. Take care of the Birch, for though she is honest, she is too young not to be changeable. But shun the Ash and the Alder; for the Ash is an ogre,—you will know him by his thick fingers; and the Alder will smother you with her web of hair, if you let her near you at night.""
Phantastes, Chapter III

In one of MacDonald's most renowned novels, Phantastes, the protagonist, while travelling in 'Fairy Land', is faced with animate trees. Tolkien remarked in a letter that this notion had "perhaps some remote influence" on his creation of the Ents.[4]

Later criticism

In 1964, Tolkien was asked to write a preface to an American edition of MacDonald's short story "The Golden Key". While accepting the commission, for the reason that he thought "well of this story of his", Tolkien never finished the preface, and wrote in a letter to the publishers that "I am not as warm an admirer of George MacDonald as C.S. Lewis was"[5] (Lewis, more explictly and warmingly than Tolkien, thought highly of MacDonald, writing that "I have never concealed the fact that I regarded George MacDonald as my master"[6]).

In "An Interview with Tolkien", Henry Resnick (Niekas Issue 18, 1967) Tolkien said:As a matter of fact, insofar as... without harping or preaching on the side of various rather old-fashioned things like humility, valor, and so on... and courage, you can carry [on] those over and I think it has rather an effect on people — young folks are ready in their attitudes to rather be changed. But I didn't intend these things, because I didn't write it for children. That's why I don't like George MacDonald very much; he's a horrible old grandmother. That's a very find woman figure, of course, really — the Queen is rather a mother.

Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull have argued that Tolkien, when re-reading "The Golden Key" and other of MacDonald's works for the preparation of the foreword, apparently reconsidered his former admiration on the grounds that the stories often contained a narrator's voice and too much of moral lecturing reminding of the literary style of The Hobbit (a style which Tolkien had regretted later in life). Hammond and Scull further quote from a manuscript, held at the Bodleian Library, where Tolkien writes that "a highly selective memory had retained only a few impressions of things that moved me, and re-reading G[eorge] M[acDonald] critically filled with me distaste".[7]

Bibliography, selected

See also

External links

References