https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=134.41.40.118&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T11:20:13ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Morgoth&diff=317602Morgoth2020-08-12T00:21:37Z<p>134.41.40.118: /* Minions and allies */ I believe Lungorthin is only ever said to be 'Lord of Balrogs.'</p>
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{{evil infobox<br />
| name=Morgoth<br />
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - And Morgoth came.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="And Morgoth came" by [[Jenny Dolfen]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˈmorɡoθ]}}<br />
| othernames=Melkor<br/>''[[Morgoth#Names|See below]]''<br />
| titles=[[Dark Lord]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Utumno]]<br/>[[Angband]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=<br />
| birth=[[Creation of the Ainur]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=In the future<br />
| deathlocation=[[Dagor Dagorath]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=Disrupting the [[Music of the Ainur|Music]]<br/>Controlling all of [[Middle-earth]]<br/>Creating [[Orcs]] and [[Dragons]]<br/>Destroying the [[Two Trees]]<br/>Stealing the [[Silmarils]]<br/>Taking over [[Beleriand]]<br />Corrupting [[Men]]<br />Warring with the [[Valar]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=[[Manwë]]<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Ainur|Ainu]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Grond (Hammer of the Underworld)|Grond]]<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|And he descended upon Arda in power and majesty greater than any other of the Valar, as a mountain that wades in the sea and has its head above the clouds and is clad in ice and crowned with smoke and fire; and the light of the eyes of Melkor was like a flame that withers with heat and pierces with a deadly cold.|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', [[Ainulindalë]]}}<br />
<br />
'''Morgoth''', also known as '''[[Morgoth#Names|Melkor]]''', was the greatest of the [[Ainur]]. He fell from glory when he disrupted the [[Music of the Ainur]] and defied the will of [[Ilúvatar]]. Morgoth corrupted many of the Ainur to his service, fought the [[Valar]], and marred [[Arda]]. His theft of the [[Silmarils]] and [[Wars of Beleriand|wars]] against [[Elves]] and [[Men]] encompassed much of the history of the [[First Age]]. Eventually, Morgoth was bound in chains by the Valar and thrown into the [[Void]], leaving the permanent damage his evils had done, and his former lieutenant [[Sauron]], to trouble the world.<br />
<br />
One day, according to [[Final Battle|prophecy]], Morgoth will rise again in great wrath, but he will be destroyed in the [[Final Battle|Dagor Dagorath]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The most powerful of the [[Ainur]] that [[Ilúvatar]] created was a spirit known as Melkor. Because he wandered through the [[Void]] in an attempt to find and use the [[Flame Imperishable]], the source of [[Ilúvatar]]'s creative activity, Melkor developed ideas unlike those of the other Ainur. His feelings grew rebellious against his creator, for he wished to create sentient beings to inhabit the Void and was dissatisfied by the fact that Ilúvatar had not done so. However, Melkor could not find the Flame, for it was not in the Void, but with Ilúvatar.<br />
<br />
===The Music of the Ainur===<br />
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Melkor Weaves Opposing Music.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''Melkor weaves opposing Music'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
When the Ainur [[Music of the Ainur|made music]], Melkor wove his strange thoughts into his song. His song clashed against the Theme of Ilúvatar, disturbing the Ainur around him and causing some of them to attune their music to his. For a while the Theme of Ilúvatar and the discords of Melkor warred against one another. But [[Eru]] smiled, and sent forth a new theme. Most of the Ainur joined with it, but Melkor rebelliously opposed it even more violently. At last, many of the Ainur stopped singing in dismay, and Melkor's discords gained dominance. Eru sent out a third Theme against Melkor, sweeter and more beautiful than the others, and unquenchable. But though Melkor could not defeat it, still he opposed it. At last, Eru halted the music completely with a single chord.<br />
<br />
Eru then publicly rebuked Melkor, saying that all music finds its source in himself, and thus Melkor could not create his own song or truly alter the Themes of Ilúvatar. Thus, though Melkor opposed Eru to his last breath, he only furthered the cause of Ilúvatar in new and wondrous ways. Melkor was shamed and angered by this judgement, but hid his feelings. When Eru showed the Ainur the product of their music, [[Eä]], Melkor was one of those who begged to enter [[Arda]], pretending to be willing to cultivate it and guide it for Ilúvatar's glory. He actually wished to dominate Arda and its creatures, especially the [[Children of Ilúvatar]].<br />
<br />
Nonetheless, he was allowed to enter Eä and come to Arda with the other [[Valar]]. Once there, Melkor declared to his colleagues that he was the master of Arda henceforth. [[Manwë]], his brother, did not understand his evil, but fearing that Melkor might try and disrupt their labours in Arda, called forth many more Ainur to protect them. Melkor departed to the remote regions of Eä, leaving the world in peace for a while.<br />
<br />
===Wars of the Valar===<br />
But Melkor took form more majestic than any of the Valar, great and terrible and burning with his malice, and he came to Arda to destroy the Valar's work in preparing it. There was war, the [[First War with Melkor]], in which mountains were felled and brutality inflicted on the Valar. Though he disrupted their work and destroyed much, a great spirit named [[Tulkas]] came to Arda from other regions of Eä to combat him. After Tulkas drove Melkor away, the Valar managed to complete Arda, and the world was established.<br />
<br />
The Valar dwelt in a land called [[Almaren]], and raised up [[two lamps]] to light the young earth: [[Illuin]] and [[Ormal]]. Melkor, meanwhile, had attracted the attention--and in a few cases, admiration--of the [[Maiar]], the lesser spirits of [[Arda]]. Melkor had many spies among them, and from them learned all that the Valar did, and bided his time. As the Valar sat down to a feast at the completion of their labours, Melkor gathered together those loyal to him, and looking down on the beautiful Arda, was filled with hatred. Tulkas was wedded to [[Nessa]] at that feast, and she danced before the Valar. Tulkas fell asleep, and that is when Melkor struck.<br />
<br />
Melkor with his host passed over the [[Walls of Night]] and returned to Arda once more. Without the watchfulness of Tulkas, the Valar were unaware of his coming, and he began to delve in the depths of the earth, making a fortress called [[Utumno]] northwards beneath the mountains in the dimness of Illuin. The [[Spring of Arda]] became blighted as the cold evil flowed out of the fortress. Death and illness took the green things of Arda, and animals fought and killed one another, while flies brooded in massive numbers. The Valar knew then that Melkor was at work, and sought his hiding place.<br />
<br />
But Melkor struck the first blow. He came to them in ire and war, destroying [[Almaren]] and the Two Lamps, and caused the world to be filled with flowing fire and surging water. The symmetry of Arda was broken. And in the darkness and confusion Melkor escaped, returning to Utumno. All combined, the Valar were a match for Melkor, but they needed their strength to keep the world from collapsing into ruin and could not pursue him, nor did they know exactly where he had fled to. The Spring of Arda had ended in turmoil.<br />
<br />
===Dominance of Middle-earth===<br />
With Almaren destroyed, the Valar departed to a new continent across the [[Belegaer|sea]], [[Aman]], and built [[Valinor]]. They also established new sources of light, the [[Two Trees]], to light the world. Melkor, meanwhile, wandered across the face of [[Middle-earth]], in various guises, but armed with cold and fire. Some of the Valar were unwilling to forsake Middle-earth, however; [[Ulmo]] and [[Yavanna]], particularly. Also [[Oromë]] would ride in Middle-earth, killing the terrors of Melkor, who began to fear that the Valar might rise up against him in wrath.<br />
<br />
Melkor brooded in the north and built his strength, gathering his demons about him, breeding great monsters, attended by his Maiar-servants later known as [[Balrogs]]. He also created another fortress and armory called [[Angband]], in the north-west of Middle Earth, to resist any Valarin attacks. He placed his greatest servant, [[Sauron]], in control of that stronghold. The Valar acted against Melkor in force, but they were routed, his might too great for them to overcome.<br />
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After his victory, Melkor began to delve more great fortresses and pits where he massed his hordes and wicked armies, confident in his domination of the world. Melkor, by wandering about in the dominion he now wrested, also learned of the awakening of the first of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]], the [[Elves]]. He instilled fear in them, and slew or captured many of them. Some of those he captured, it is believed, may have been transformed into [[Orcs]] by torture and breeding.<br />
<br />
===Time in Valinor===<br />
[[File:Jacek Kopalski - The Captivity of Morgoth.jpg|thumb|left|''The Captivity of Morgoth'' by [[:Category:Images by Jacek Kopalski|Jacek Kopalski]]]]<br />
<br />
The Valar were not long, however, in discovering the Elves. Fearing that they would be destroyed or corrupted by Melkor, Manwë decided that Ilúvatar wished them to recover Middle-earth at all costs. Bitter from their previous defeat, they arrived in Middle-earth with their full might. They began the [[Battle of the Powers]], and eventually destroyed Utumno after a great battle during which the face of Middle-earth was transformed, though their losses were devastating in the process. Melkor was [[Captivity of Melkor|captured]] and chained with the chain [[Angainor]], but Sauron escaped. Melkor was imprisoned in the halls of [[Mandos]], and remained there for three ages, plotting revenge. Still recovering from the grievous siege, the Valar could not pursue and destroy all of Melkor's forces that scattered from the icy fortress, and many foul creatures and minions escaped, left to brood amongst themselves until their master's return.<br />
<br />
At the end of his time, Melkor was presented to his brother Manwë. Melkor, swallowing his pride with thoughts of vengeance, prostrated himself before the throne of Manwë, begging for pardon. Manwë granted him thus, though [[Ulmo]] and [[Tulkas]] were displeased with this judgement. Yet the Valar would not let him leave their sight, and he stayed in [[Valmar]]. Before long, he began to exert his corrupting influence on the Elves, especially the [[Noldor]]. For the [[Vanyar]] did not trust him, and the [[Teleri]] he thought too weak for his designs, but the Noldor were curious, and eager to learn what he could teach them.<br />
<br />
===Revenge against the Valar===<br />
[[File:John Howe - The Killing of the Trees.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''The Killing of the Trees'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
In time Melkor found his greatest adversary and yet greatest tool in the form of [[Fëanor]], the eldest son of [[Finwë]], [[High King of the Noldor]]. Fëanor was the creator of the [[Silmarils]], which Melkor lusted after. As Melkor subtly spread lies and half-truths about the Valar and the Coming of [[Men]] in the form of rumours, Fëanor was greatly influenced, though he hated Melkor himself and had no idea that he was their source. His new ideas of wide lands and realms to rule touched the heart of Fëanor, and the hearts of many other Noldor. They began to murmur against the Valar, and the peace of Valinor was disturbed. Fëanor soon stirred up trouble, and while on trial before the Valar it was revealed that Melkor was at the bottom of the murmurings and troubles. Tulkas left straight-away to deal with him, but found Melkor gone. He had escaped.<br />
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Melkor was not seen for a while, but then appeared at [[Formenos]] to Fëanor, tempting him with words of friendship, and an offer of vengeance against the Valar whom Fëanor perceived had wronged him. Fëanor wavered, but Melkor pressed his advantage too much. He touched a chord about the Silmarils, and Fëanor, seeing his designs and lust for the jewels, cursed and rejected him. Melkor departed in anger, and went south past the mountain of [[Hyarmentir]], to the shadowed valley of [[Avathar]] where there dwelt [[Ungoliant]], a mysterious dark spirit in spider-form once his servant, but who had disowned him after his failure. After some time he convinced her to dismiss her fears with the offer of rich rewards, and she wove a cloak of shadow about them both.<br />
<br />
Then Melkor and Ungoliant attacked while there was festival in [[Valmar]]. Melkor pierced the [[Two Trees]] with his lance, and Ungoliant drank their sap. Then she drank dry the [[Wells of Varda]], and the two fled north to [[Formenos]], leaving the land once more in darkness and confusion. At Formenos Melkor slew [[Finwë]] and ravished the treasury of Fëanor, including the [[Silmarils]]. Then he passed over the icy [[Helcaraxë]], entering once more into [[Middle-earth]]. He was soon back in [[Angband]]. He had struck swiftly and surely. But Fëanor cursed him, naming him [[Morgoth]], and by that name he was known ever after to the Eldar.<br />
<br />
===Return to Beleriand===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Ungoliant Demands the Silmarils.jpg|thumb|right|''Ungoliant Demands the Silmarils'' by [[Ted Nasmith]] ]]<br />
<br />
Once in safety, Ungoliant turned on her partner, demanding the jewels of Fëanor. The spider had grown greatly in size and strength from feasting upon the Trees, and Morgoth, now very weak from his efforts, feared her suddenly. Lacking the strength to fight the monstrous spider in that moment, he reluctantly parted with each of the beautiful gems, and Ungoliant devoured them. But Morgoth refused to give up the Silmarils, and she encased him in webs, torturing him and nearly devouring him. A loud cry of desperation from Morgoth penetrated deep into the walls of Angband and was heeded by [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] and the [[balrogs]], and they rescued him from her clutches, driving Ungoliant away with their whips. So Morgoth returned to Angband.<!-- The Silmarillion, Quenta Silmarillion, Ch 9, Of the Flight of the Noldor --><br />
<br />
===Wars of Beleriand===<br />
Morgoth rebuilt the fortress there, and learned of the Elves who had remained in Middle-earth. [[Thingol|Elu Thingol]] and the [[Sindar]] dwelt in the woodland kingdom of [[Doriath]], while [[Círdan]] and the [[Teleri]] lived at the [[Falas]] and [[Denethor of the Nandor|Denethor]] and the [[Nandor]] camped in [[Ossiriand]]. Morgoth made war on Thingol, surrounding Doriath and cutting Thingol off from Círdan. But Thingol was able to contact Denethor for help, and the Nandor joined with the Sindar to fight the [[Orcs]] between [[Aros]] and [[Gelion]]. Caught between the two armies, the Orcs of Morgoth were utterly defeated in the [[First Battle]]. Fleeing north they were intercepted and further demolished by the [[Naugrim]]. The Orcs attacking Círdan were more successful – pushing the Teleri to the very edge of the sea.<br />
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====Dagor-nuin-Giliath====<br />
Morgoth was confronted by further challenges when Fëanor landed in Middle-earth. They set up at [[Mithrim]], but Morgoth [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath|attacked them]] quickly, hoping to dislodge them before they settled in too much and became a threat. But the Elves were just come out of [[Aman]], and they had the light of that country in their eyes. The Orcs dreaded them, and were swept before them like chaff before wind. Fëanor pursued them even nigh to the [[Thangorodrim]] and the gates of [[Angband]], but Morgoth sent out Gothmog and his balrogs. Fëanor was killed, but the balrogs were driven back. The Falas were freed, and though Morgoth had practically lost [[Beleriand]] outside of the [[Ered Engrin]], he was comforted in the fact that Fëanor was dead.<br />
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====Dagor Aglareb====<br />
Yet [[Fingolfin]] came next, with his sons and the sons of [[Finarfin]]. They marched even to the gates of Angband, and yet could not go farther. As the Elves began to build (or rebuild) their kingdoms in Middle-earth, Morgoth waited sixty years before he struck again. It was the [[Dagor Aglareb]], the "Glorious Battle", called such because it was a great victory for the Elves. Fingolfin and [[Maedhros]], eldest son of Fëanor, combined their strength and repelled Morgoth. They then set up the [[Siege of Angband]], which was designed to keep Morgoth holed up in his fortress.<br />
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====Dagor Bragollach and Fingolfin====<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Fingolfin's Challenge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Fingolfin's Challenge'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Morgoth appeared all but defeated to his foes; he remained dormant and hidden until {{FA|455}}. He surged forth suddenly in great wrath, his armies taking the slackened besiegers by surprise. In the winter he cast great rivers of flame over the formerly green [[Ard-galen]] (causing the battle to be known as the [[Dagor Bragollach]]), burning many Elven horsemen alive. His forces beset strongholds on all sides, led by Glaurung and Gothmog, and several Noldor-lords fell in the succeeding combat. Much of Beleriand was overrun and [[Dorthonion]] was taken, as were northern [[Sirion]] and [[Maglor's Gap]].<br />
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In a single stroke Morgoth had broken the Siege of Angband, but the victory was not as complete as he would have preferred. [[Ered Wethrin]], [[Himring]] and [[Hithlum]] had held against him, though just barely. King [[Fingolfin]] was dismayed and enraged by the defeat, and went to Angband in anger. With fire in his eyes, Morgoth's Orcs mistook him for a vengeful spirit and fled from him. There he challenged Morgoth to single combat. Despite Morgoth's power, he held a fear of death greater than any other Valar, and was hesitant even against Fingolfin. When Fingolfin declared Morgoth craven, he scoffed the Elf-Lord and did not dare refuse his challenge. He strode out, his footsteps like thunder on the earth. He was clad in black armour with a spiked crown and shield, with [[Grond (Hammer of the Underworld)|Grond]], the Hammer of the Underworld, and he and Fingolfin fought in a ferocious duel. Flames gashed from the earth with each strike of his hammer, but Fingolfin was faster and avoided each powerful, but slow, swing. The Elf-lord gave Morgoth seven wounds, and though Morgoth shouted in anguish, he was too powerful to be slain. Fingolfin grew weary and was struck down by Morgoth's shield. Thrice he staggered to his feet in vain, his crown and shield broken, and thrice Morgoth cast him down, before Fingolfin collapsed over one of the pits left by Grond.<br />
<br />
As Morgoth placed his foot on Fingolfin's neck to break it, Fingolfin in one last strike ran his blade through the Dark Lord's foot, and Morgoth's blood filled pools made by his hammer. The enraged Morgoth crushed Fingolfin, though he was left with a permanent limp from the injury. Morgoth wished to rend the corpse and feed it to his wolves, but could not desecrate the fallen King, for [[Thorondor]] flew in, scratching Morgoth's face and escaping with Fingolfin's body.<br />
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====The Quest for the Silmaril====<br />
For some time after that the world lay in watchful discomfort. The southern part of [[Beleriand]] was, for the most part, free from Morgoth's direct wrath. There arose two in [[Doriath]], [[Beren]] of [[House of Bëor|Bëor's House]] and [[Lúthien|Lúthien Tinúviel]], Thingol's daughter. These two lovers embarked on the [[Quest for the Silmaril]], in the process removing [[Sauron]] from [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] and entering Angband in disguise. Morgoth plotted some evil against Lúthien when she stood exposed in his presence, but allowed her to dance for him and she lured him to sleep with her song. One of the Silmarils was stolen from his crown, and Morgoth bore only two until the [[War of Wrath]].<br />
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====Nirnaeth Arnoediad====<br />
Some time after, in {{FA|471}}, [[Maedhros]] made a great [[Union of Maedhros|alliance]] with the [[Naugrim]], [[Edain]], and other [[Noldor]]. They marched to challenge Morgoth, clearing Beleriand of his scattered forces. But Morgoth through his spies anticipated their actions, and met them with his allies the [[Easterlings]] in a huge battle in which he prevailed, and many princes and rulers of Men, Elves, and Dwarves fell. Thus the battle was named ''[[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]'', "Battle of Unnumbered Tears". Morgoth's victory was almost complete, as he razed [[Hithlum]], the [[Falas]], the [[March of Maedhros]], as well as [[Nargothrond]] in {{FA|495|n}}. But [[Turgon]], King of [[Gondolin]], escaped by the valiant actions of the [[House of Hador]], the last of the [[Edain]] in the north. The survivors had all gone down to the [[Isle of Balar]] and the [[Mouths of Sirion]].<br />
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===The Curse of Morgoth===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Morgoth Punishes Húrin.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Morgoth Punishes Húrin'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
Morgoth took [[Húrin]], who had been captured during the Nirnaeth Arnoediad, and set him in the high places of Thangorodrim, to watch his family, whom Morgoth cursed. Upon the death of [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]] and [[Nienor]], Húrin's children, Morgoth released Húrin to further his cause.<br />
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===The Fall of Gondolin===<br />
Some time later, by the aid of [[Maeglin]], a traitor-elf, Morgoth discovered and laid siege to [[Gondolin]]. [[Turgon]] King, the last male heir of Fingolfin's house, was killed during the siege. Morgoth's victory in the north was now complete, though he had lost [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]] his captain and marshall of his armies. Also, a small remnant including [[Tuor]] and [[Idril]] escaped the destruction of the city, bearing their son [[Eärendil]].<br />
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===The War of Wrath===<br />
This was to be Morgoth's doom, for some years later, Eärendil sailed to [[Valinor]] seeking the pardon of the [[Valar]]. This he earned, and the Valar advanced across [[Belegaer]] with a mighty host. Morgoth loosed all his demons and defenses against them, but could not stop their might. His dragons fell to the [[Eagles]], and [[Ancalagon]] was brought down by Eärendil himself from his ship, [[Vingilot]]. Morgoth was seized in his fortress Angband, his feet "hewn from under him, and he was hurled upon his face", the Silmarils were removed from his crown, and he was bound once more with the chain called Angainor.<ref>{{S|24}}</ref> This time, however, he was ejected from Arda and cast into the [[Void]]. But though he had been vanquished, Arda was forever marred, and there was one still at large to carry on his evil legacy: his former great servant, the fallen Maia [[Sauron]], who became the second Dark Lord.<br />
<br />
==The Future==<br />
Morgoth remains in the Void, unable to return to Arda as long as the Valar maintain their power over it. Nevertheless, according to the [[Second Prophecy of Mandos]], Morgoth will come back and attack Arda. He will fight a great battle, called the [[Final Battle|Dagor Dagorath]], against the Valar and their allies, but will ultimately be slain by [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]], the Man he cursed. By finally defeating Morgoth, Túrin will avenge not only himself, but all members of the race of Men, since Morgoth seduced them long ago.<br />
In other versions Eönwë is the one who will kill Morgoth for his love for Arien (previously named Urwendi), instead of Turin. This is said at the end of The Hiding of Valinor. Either way, the prophecy states that Melkor will bring great devastation to Arda, which will be remade into a greater form after his permanent defeat.<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Morgoth's will was suffused into the matter of Arda, so in a sense he is never truly gone. Arda was [[Arda Marred|marred]] by him so deeply that only Eru could fully repair the damage. Those who wished to follow in Morgoth's footsteps, such as Sauron, found that by using his residual influence, they could easily corrupt races they wished to dominate.<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
It was said of Morgoth that "his might was greatest of all things in this world." He was the most powerful being in existence, second only to Ilúvatar, and perhaps more powerful than every Vala put together. Fitting to his name, Morgoth eventually took a form great and terrible, and soon was unable to leave it. He received many scars and wounds over the ages: his hands were burned forever when he touched the Silmarils, Fingolfin wounded him seven times during their battle and inflicted a wound to the foot that caused him ever after to limp, and Thorondor scarred Morgoth's face.<br />
<br />
When Morgoth first took visible form he was said to be of greater power and majesty than any other Vala, as a colossal mountain wading in the sea with its head above the clouds, his appearance both of splendour and terror. As a physical being Morgoth was described as highly imposing, and was reckoned to a tower compared to the warrior Fingolfin, and the shadow of the shield he wielded was like a stormcloud. Ever since his downfall, Morgoth held a desire for power; above all else, however, Morgoth held deep hatred of the mere existence of intelligent or beautiful life. Unlike his servant Sauron, Morgoth's ultimate goal was solely the destruction, not control, of all that he despised. He was nonetheless persuasive, and could sway and corrupt many forms of life to become his willing servants.<ref name="Ruin">{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref><ref>{{MR|Myths}}</ref><br />
<br />
Morgoth wielded [[Grond (Hammer of the Underworld)|Grond]] in battle, a weapon he presumably forged himself in [[Angband]] (unless Sauron or [[Gothmog]] had held it safe after the [[Battle of the Powers]]), and was clad in black armor, with an iron crown. Despite his strength initially, he continually spread his residual influence, corruption, and might thin across Arda after his treachery and suffered several defeats, and his power slowly, though significantly, weakened. He alone of the Valar had a deep fear of death, and even against inferior foes he held a hesitance to ever risk his own life.<ref name="Ruin"/><br />
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==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Sindarin - Morgoth.mp3|Gilgamesh}}<br />
The [[Sindarin]] name ''Morgoth'' ("the Black Foe"<ref name=VT49a>{{VT|49a}}, pp. 24-5</ref> or "Dark Tyrant"<ref>{{PE|21}}, p. 85</ref>) was given him by [[Fëanor]].<br />
<br />
Tolkien experimented (but apparently never reached a decision) with different [[Quenya]] translations of ''Morgoth'': ''Moringotto'', ''Moriñgotho'', or ''Morikotto''.<ref name=VT49a/><br />
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==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| MEL | | MAN |~| VAR | |MEL='''MELKOR'''|MAN=[[Manwë]]|VAR=[[Varda]]}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
===Melkor===<br />
'''''Melkor''''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈmelkor]}}) means "mighty arising",<ref name=PE17>{{PE|17}}, p. 115</ref> 'uprising of power'",<ref name=P4k>{{MR|P4k}}, p. 350</ref> or "He who arises in Might".<ref>{{S|Index}}</ref> The name is generally used to refer to this [[Valar|Vala]] prior to his theft of the [[Silmarils]]; for after the theft [[Fëanor]] named him ''Morgoth''.<br />
<br />
''Melkor'' is a compound of ''mbelek-'' (''melek'', "great, mighty, powerful"; root [[BEL|BEL, MBEL]]) + ''[[óre]]''.<ref name=PE17/><br />
<br />
The older form of ''Melkor'' is said to be ''Melkórë''.<ref name=P4k/><br />
<br />
In earlier versions of the [[legendarium]], the form of the name was ''Melko''.<ref>{{HM|HM}}</ref> At one instance in a late glossary (c. 1959), ''Melko'', meaning "simply 'the Mighty One'", is also said to be an alternative form of ''Melkor''.<ref name=P4k/><br />
<br />
===Other names and titles===<br />
*'''''Bauglir''''', ([[S.]] "the Constrainer") was a title given to Melkor after his return to [[Angband]] at the beginning of the [[First Age]]. It was often combined with the name ''Morgoth'' to become the full title ''Morgoth Bauglir''.<br />
* ''Dark King (of Angband)'' – given him by [[Men]]<br />
* ''[[Dark Lord]]''<br />
* [[Sindarin]] '''''Belegûr''''' ("he who arises in might") or '''''Belegurth''''' ("Great Death"; containing the element ''[[gurth]]'' "death")<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, p. 358 (note 21)</ref><ref>{{S|Index}}</ref><br />
* ''King of the World'' - called thus himself after his return to the Middle-earth<ref>{{S|9}}.</ref><br />
* ''Black Hand''<ref>{{S|19}}.</ref> - called thus by [[Beleg]]<br />
* ''Black King''<ref>{{CH|1}}, p. 42</ref><br />
* ''Lord of All'' and ''Giver of Freedom'' &ndash; thus called by [[Sauron]] who encouraged [[Ar-Pharazôn]] to worship Melkor<ref>{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><br />
* ''Lord of the Dark''<br />
* ''Dark Hunter'' – Given him by the fearful early [[Elves]] before they met [[Oromë]]<br />
* ''mbelekôro'' – [[Common Eldarin]]<br />
* ''Great Enemy''<br />
* ''Master of Lies'' - given him by [[Amlach]]<ref>{{S|17}}.</ref><br />
* ''Master of the fates of Arda'' - used by him when speaking to [[Húrin]]<br />
* ''[[Elder King]]'' - used when speaking to [[Húrin]]<ref>{{CH|3}}, p. 64</ref><br />
* ''Melko, Belcha, Melegor, Meleko'' – Earlier names Tolkien used but abandoned<br />
<br />
==Minions and allies==<br />
* [[Sauron]] – First lieutenant. Forsook Morgoth after his defeat to become the second [[Dark Lord]]<br />
* [[Gothmog (balrog)|Gothmog]], [[Lord of Balrogs]] – killed by [[Ecthelion]] during the [[Fall of Gondolin]]<br />
* [[Glaurung]] – [[Father of Dragons]], killed by [[Túrin]]<br />
* [[Draugluin]] - First of the Werewolves of Angband<br />
* [[Carcharoth]] - Greatest of the Werewolves of Angband<br />
* [[Thuringwethil]] - Vampire Herald of Sauron<br />
* [[Ancalagon]] – Greatest of the [[Winged Dragons]], slain by [[Eärendil]]<br />
* [[Ungoliant]] - Spirit of darkness and shadow in the shape of a giant spider, devourer of the sap of the [[Two Trees]], and mother of many of the great [[spider|spiders]]. Betrayed Morgoth after being denied her reward<br />
* [[Ulfang]] - Chieftain of [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterlings]]<br />
* [[Uldor]] - Son of Ulfang, secretly in league with Morgoth<br />
* [[Ulwarth]] - Son of Ulfang, secretly in league with Morgoth<br />
* [[Ulfast]] - Son of Ulfang, secretly in league with Morgoth<br />
* [[Brodda]] - Easterling Lord of [[Hithlum]]<br />
* [[Lorgan]] - Chief of the Easterlings in Hitlum<br />
* [[Maeglin]] - Captured, revealed the location of [[Gondolin]] in exchange for [[Idril]]<br />
;Characters from older concepts<br />
* [[Othrod]] – [[Orcs|Orc]]-lord during the Fall of Gondolin, killed by [[Tuor]]<br />
* [[Lungorthin]] - A Lord of Balrogs<br />
* [[Fankil]] - Evil spirit, escaped from Utumno after its fall, leader of dark armies in the East (Palisor)<br />
* [[Langon]] - Messenger, sent by Melkor to negotiate with the Valar when they besieged [[Utumno]].<br />
* [[Balcmeg]] - Orc-general during the Fall of Gondolin, killed by Tuor<br />
* [[Lug]] - Orc-warrior during the Fall of Gondolin, slain by Tuor<br />
* [[Orcobal]] - Orc champion during the Fall of Gondolin, killed by [[Echtelion]]<br />
* [[Tevildo]] - Cat possessed by an evil spirit, companion to Morgoth<br />
* [[Gorgol]] - Captain of [[Sauron]]'s Orcs, slew [[Barahir]]<br />
* [[Oikeroi]] - Tevildo's guard<br />
* [[Miaulë]] - Cook<br />
* [[Umuiyan]] - Tevildo's Doorkeeper<br />
* [[Boldog]] - Chieftain of the Orcs, sent to attack [[Doriath]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{Ainur}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ainur]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:Evil]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[Category:Valar]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Morgoth]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/morgoth]]<br />
[[fi:Morgoth]]</div>134.41.40.118https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Corn&diff=311465Corn2020-03-17T21:39:44Z<p>134.41.40.118: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{quote|Where is the spring and the harvest and the tall corn growing?|[[Aragorn]]<ref>{{TT|III6}}</ref>}}<br />
{{plant infobox<br />
| name=Corn<br />
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Corn.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=Cornfield in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Barley, rye, wheat, oats <br />
| location=[[Númenor]], [[Middle-earth]], [[Aman]]<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| family=<br />
| appearance=<br />
}}<br />
'''Corn''' is a general name for various cereal crops, barley, rye, wheat and oats. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Corn was one of the creations of [[Yavanna]].<ref name="Vala">{{S|Vala}}</ref> Corn grew in [[Aman]] which had in it the strong life of the Blessed Realms. This corn grew swiftly and needed only a little sunlight to ripen, and if it was sown at any season (save in frost), it soon sprouted. This corn was brought to [[Middle-earth]] although it did not thrive and would not endure northern winds that came from [[Angband]]. None were permitted to handle this grain, save the elven-maidens of Yavanna, the [[Yavannildi]], who also knew the art of making [[lembas]].<ref>{{PM|Lembas}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to [[Treebeard]], [[Men]] learned the cultivation of corn by the [[Entwives]] of the [[Brown Lands]], and they were greatly praised for it. That information, however, passed into legend.<ref>{{TT|Treebeard}}</ref><br />
<br />
Corn was also introduced to [[Númenor]], who learned to cultivate it. During the [[Ban of the Valar]], the [[Númenóreans]] spread their knowledge of corn and agriculture throughout [[Middle-earth]], and so, this crop was introduced to the [[Middle Men]].<ref name="Aka">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><br />
<br />
The area that would later be known as [[the Shire]] was known for its fertility. The [[Kings of Arnor]] made many farmlands there, and aside from wine, corn was the main produce. Though the land was deserted by the time they came to live there, the [[Hobbits]] continued used their land for similar crop.<ref name="Concerning">{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> In {{TA|3018}} as he prepared to leave the Shire, [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] noticed that due to the fine weather in the summer and autumn "the corn was tall and full".<ref>{{FR|I3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Probably due to the dialectical homonym of the New World crop (''[[wikipedia:Maize|Zea mays]]''), [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] and [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] walk through a field of maize.<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[A Short Cut to Mushrooms (scene)|A Short Cut to Mushrooms]]"</ref><br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Plants]]</div>134.41.40.118https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Uruk-hai&diff=309073Uruk-hai2019-12-17T21:21:23Z<p>134.41.40.118: /* History */ Did some rearranging.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Uruk-hai<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks<br />
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]<br />
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Sauron]], [[Saruman]]<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]<br />
| lifespan=<br />
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs<br />
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=Swarthy<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]]<ref name="Riders">{{TT|Riders}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==Appearance==<br />
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though most were still shorter than Men. A few, the "Black Uruks of Barad-dûr", were described as exceptionally large, fell, and red-eyed.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
The Orcs and Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red Eye of [[Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. <br />
They were all long-armed and crook-legged, not as tall as the [[Isengard|Isengarder]] Uruks but larger than the [[Moria]] Orcs. They could see better in the dark than the Isengarders could.<br />
<br />
The Uruk-hai of [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] used an S [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. They also appeared different physically: greater stature, swarthy, slant-eyed, thick legs and large hands. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a blending of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil". <br />
<br />
The race of uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared about {{TA|2475}} when they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]]. In the [[War of the Ring]], these Uruks of Mordor referred to Sauron as the Great Eye, and [[Grishnákh]] was their captain. These were evidently of Sauron's breeding, but it is not clear whether or not these uruks should be regarded as identical with the Uruk-hai, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved by Saruman in the war.<br />
<br />
The Uruk-hai made up a large part of [[Saruman]]'s army, together with the [[Dunland|Dunlendings]] and other [[Men|Mannish]] enemies of [[Rohan]].. <br />
<br />
Saruman's army of Uruk-hai fought against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] of Rohan and his people at [[Battle of the Hornburg|Helm's Deep]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|left|250px|'''Orc Assault''' by Darek Zabrocki.]]<br />
<br />
He aided them with his wizardry as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the party of Uruks who kidnapped Merry and Pippin, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to the Orcs. [[Uglúk]] led the Uruk-hai of Isengard, and since they were the strongest he felt that he led the [[Hobbits|hobbit]] march as well, insisting on going back by way of Isengard. This was the group that slew [[Boromir]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]]. <br />
<br />
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''<br />
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]<br />
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
<br />
In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], Saruman appears to be the only one who created the Uruks. They are shown in the movie as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "goblin-men". This is presumably a reference to the [[Goblin-men]] and [[Half-orcs]] in Saruman's service, creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.<br />
<br />
His Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. <br />
The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.<br />
<br />
The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).<br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''<br />
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|250px|thumb|'''Uruk-hai''' in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''.]]<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.<br />
<br />
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''<br />
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''<br />
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Olog-hai]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[de:Uruk-hai]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]<br />
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]</div>134.41.40.118https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Hobbitish&diff=308848Hobbitish2019-12-09T17:22:16Z<p>134.41.40.118: /* Vocabulary peculiarities */ This part seemed pretty speculative to me, and incorrect. We have several instances of Uruks being referred to as goblins.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{cleanup}}<br />
'''Hobbitish''' was the term given for the sub-dialect of [[Westron]] (Common Speech) that was spoken by the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]]. <br />
==History==<br />
The original language of the Hobbits is lost to history, as their specific origins. The earliest known historical location of the Hobbits is in the [[Vales of Anduin|upper vales]] of [[Anduin]] and while there, they must have had some contact with the [[Éothéod]], who lived in the same area. Thus the earliest known Hobbit-language must have been a [[northern Mannish]] tongue learned from the Éothéod. Eventually, due to the increasing danger from [[Mirkwood|Greenwood]], the Éothéod migrated south to [[Calenardhon]] and the Hobbits migrated West starting their "[[Wandering Days]]". <br />
<br />
The name ''[[Kuduk]]'' (Hobbit) itself for example is believed to be derived from the Northern ''[[kûd-dûkan]]'' (Holbytlan; hole builders) .<br />
<br />
A small number of [[Stoors]] would move briefly to the [[Angle of Eriador]] where they had some contact with the [[Dunlendings]], picking up a few [[Dunlendish]] words. When the Stoors later moved to [[the Shire]] with the rest of their kin, they quickly adopted the language as spoken in the Shire at the time, but no doubt their Dunlending background resulted to several regional peculiarities in regions that [[Stoors]] mostly settled in (eg. [[Buckland]] and the [[Marish]]). <br />
<br />
The ''[[Yellowskin]]'' book contained entries dating back to around {{TA|2000}}, and was the oldest record of Hobbitish. There, the day names such as ''Sterrendei'' and ''Sunnendei'' (later [[Starday]] and [[Sunday]]) and so on, were recorded.<ref name=cal>{{App|Calendars}}</ref><br />
<br />
In any case, by the time of the [[War of the Ring]], the [[Rohirric]] language and Hobbitish possessed many linguistic similarities which were obvious even to a non-linguist like [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]]; because of their Northern Mannish background from the Vales of Anduin, Hobbitish retained some archaic elements that didn't exist in Westron. Simply hearing parts of the language of the Rohirrim, Merry noticed several words which clearly sounded like old words used in the Shire. <br />
<br />
Merry would in his later years author a book of linguistic study on the relationship, "''[[Old Words and Names in the Shire]]''".<br />
<br />
==Grammatical differences==<br />
Hobbitish was a regional dialect spoken in a rustic agricultural region. As such, it was not as "refined" as the true form of the language as spoken eg. in [[Gondor]] or [[Rivendell]]. It contained many simplifications and archaisms. <br />
<br />
===Familiar pronoun===<br />
Hobbit society was made up almost entirely of farmers and with barely any "government" to speak of, much less a noble class. As a result, Hobbitish possesses only the "familiar" pronoun of Westron but not the [[wikipedia:T-V distinction|deferential pronoun]]; except in scattered parts of the [[Westfarthing]] where it was used more as a light-hearted term of endearment. <br />
<br />
This prominent peculiarity in actual grammatical structure is what [[Gondorians|Gondorian]]s are referring to when they repeatedly remark that Hobbit-speech sounds strange.<br />
<br />
It was most obvious when [[Peregrin Took]] was speaking to [[Denethor|Denethor II]], [[Steward]] and ruler of Gondor, while he was at court in [[Minas Tirith]]; unintentionally, Pippin was addressing Denethor using the very informal and personalized familiar language, as with a close friend or social equal. Denethor seemed to react with some bemusement but this astonished his servants, and probably gave strength to the rumor that Pippin was of very high social rank within his own country, the "[[Ernil i Pheriannath]]".<br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
Personal names of Hobbit individuals are varied. Some of them are Hobbitish but many are archaic with forgotten meaning. <br />
<br />
Peasants and tradesmen like the [[Gamgee]]s or the [[Hornblower]]s used short archaic names, akin to that of the [[Éothéod]] (cf. [[Fastred of Greenholm|Fastred]], [[Erling]]).<br />
<br />
Members of old aristocratic families such as the [[Took]]s and the [[Bolger]]s, had names taken mostly from legends of the past. They often had names which referred to weapons, battles and bravery (cf. [[Isengar Took|Isengar]], [[Hildifons Took|Hildifons]]).<br />
<br />
[[Bucklanders]] such as the [[Brandybuck]]s wore peculiar names apparently derived from the former southern [[Stoorish]].<br />
<br />
Hobbit women also wore names of flowers and jewels. Notably, noble Took and Brandybuck women had names of exotic and mythical plants (cf. [[Amaranth Brandybuck|Amaranth]], [[Belladonna Took|Belladonna]]), compared to ordinary names of the Bagginses or Gamgees ([[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]], [[Poppy Chubb-Baggins|Poppy]]). Jewel names were peculiar to higher class, such as the Tooks, or women marrying into the Took family, and then Boffins, Bolgers and Gardners ([[Adamanta Took|Adamanta]], [[Berylla Boffin|Berylla]], [[Ruby Bolger|Ruby]]).<br />
<br />
The most common names were worn by the middle class, such as the [[Baggins]]es of the late Third Age; they were short and meaningless, perhaps derived from the above legendary names. Male names ended in -a while females ended in -o or -e.<br />
<br />
==Vocabulary peculiarities==<br />
<br />
The major difference between Hobbitish and more proper forms of Westron are many archaic words that Hobbits retained in their vocabulary from whatever languages they spoke in ancient times. Examples would include:<br />
<br />
*''[[Hobbits|Hobbit]]'' (''[[kuduk]]'') - the word Hobbits called themselves. It is thought to derive from the name the [[Northmen]] gave to them in the [[Vales of Anduin]], the Rohirric "[[Holbytla]]" (pl. "Holbytlan"), which translates into Westron as "hole-builder", due to their habit of living in holes dug into hillsides.<br />
*''[[Smial]]'' (''[[trân]]'') - "large excavated hole used as a home" (i.e. [[Bag End]], [[Brandy Hall]], or [[Great Smials]] of the Tooks). <br />
*''[[Mathom]]'' (''[[kast]]'') - "old thing which you no longer have a use for but don't want to throw away; a knick-nack; an antique" (i.e. the [[Mathom-house]] is a museum)<br />
*''[[Thain]]'' - the title of the ruler of the Shire after the loss of [[Arvedui]].<br />
*''[[Withywindle]]'' - river name, peculiar to the language of the Shire.<br />
*''[[Swertings]]'' - a word referring to the [[Swarthy Men]].<br />
*''[[Oliphaunts]]'' - archaic name of the gigantic beasts, also known as [[Mûmakil]].<br />
*''Goblin'' - the evil race properly termed "[[Orcs]]" in Common Speech were referred to as "''Goblins''" by the Hobbits. This is apparently some local colloquialism of uncertain origin. However, while this originated as a Hobbit "slang term" for Orcs, due to the presence of the Shire on the major trade route of the East Road, over the centuries this term was actually picked up by members of other races (much as how smoking [[Pipe-weed]] was). The term actually gained a high degree of popularity throughout Middle-earth. <br />
<br />
The highest concentration of unique "Hobbitish" words are of course in the surnames of old families, place names, and calendar words such as names for months, days, seasons, et cetera.<br />
<br />
==Real-world background== <br />
Αll of this ties into the fact that "Westron" as it appears in the books written by J.R.R. Tolkien functions under the conceit that "Common Speech" is really a separate foreign language which Tolkien "translated" into English. For example, the name "Meriadoc Brandybuck" is "translated" into English from the "genuine Westron" name ''[[Kalimac]] [[Brandagamba]]'' (which would make it, actually "genuine Hobbitish")<br />
<br />
In order to mirror the peculiar and rustic dialect of Hobbits, Tolkien invented new likely words by "modernizing" obsolete archaic [[Old English]] ones;<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 198, entry "Hobbitish"</ref> such examples are [[Thain]] from ''þegn'', [[mathom]] from ''māþum'' and [[smial]] from ''smygel''.<br />
<br />
The most obvious linguistic parallel between the "Hobbitish" dialect and language of the Rohirrim is in the name "Hobbit" itself: according to [[Théoden]] of Rohan, there are a few legends among the Rohirrim about Hobbit-like creatures that they call the ''[[Holbytlan]]'' in Rohirric. Rohirric is actually "translated" into Old English in the books just as Westron is into English, because it is an archaic form of Westron. "Holbytlan" in Old English means "Hole-builders", an apt name for the Hobbits. However, in "genuine Westron", the word translated into English as "Hobbit", is actually "''[[Kuduk]]''". The corresponding "genuine Rohirric" word from which it evolved is "''[[Kûd-dûkan]]''".<br />
===Parallels===<br />
As Tolkien did with the Mannish languages which he rendered with Germanic names, various regional Hobbitish names are usually rendered with variant forms.<br />
*Westron = Modern English<br />
*"Middle Westron" (of the [[Yellowskin|Yellowskin Book]]) = Middle English<br />
*"Old Marish-hobbitish" = (Old) Welsh<br />
*[[Fallohides|Fallohide]] names = Frankish (a variety of Old High German)<br />
*"[[Bree-land]]ish" = Eastern Brythonic (the variety of the British [[Celtic]] language spoken in Logria, before it became "England")<br />
*"[[Buckland]]-ish" = Celtic influence, due to the high concentration of Stoor-Hobbit blood. The Stoors used to live near the [[Dunlendings]] and had some linguistic influence from them.<br />
<br />
A few hobbit names of Elvish origin are translated as Latin or Frenchified Latin names, such as [[Gerontius Took]], [[Paladin Took]], and [[Peregrin Took]].<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''<br />
:Adapter [[Terence Tiller]] briefly corresponded with Tolkien about what accents should be used. It is unknown if he followed Tolkien's advice.<br />
<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:There seems to be little contrast in style, other than the rural portrayal of [[Samwise Gamgee]].<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Any dialectical difference is completely removed. Sam speaks the same English as the other Hobbits.<br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|BBC Radio's Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]]' portrayal of Sam Gamgee is close to over-the-top rustic. He speaks in a grumbling, low voice.<br />
<br />
'''2001: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
: Considerable attention was paid to the dialects characters speak with and cast members trained extensively with dialogue coaches. Hobbits in the films speak with basically an English Midlands accent, because Tolkien said that the Shire was based largely on his boyhood home in the Midlands. Of the main Hobbit characters:<br />
*Sam Gamgee speaks with the working-class rustic Midlands accent which was used as the standard for all the other minor Hobbit characters. <br />
*[[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Frodo Baggins]], because they are both book-educated, speak with a slightly more refined and less pronounced accent. <br />
*The actor who played [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], [[Billy Boyd]], is Scottish, and originally he was supposed to speak like the others, but eventually it was decided that it was adversely affecting his comic timing. The production team then invented the [[wikipedia:Canon_(fiction)#Nature of fictional canons|justification]] that the [[Took Family|Took]] region of the Shire is described as very hilly, so much so that when [[Saruman]]'s [[ruffians]] take over the rest of the Shire they are successfully repulsed from Took-land due to its rough terrain, and thus is it loosely analogous to Scotland. Thus, it was decided that Tooks should speak with a Scottish accent as well, and Boyd was allowed to use his normal Scottish accent when portraying Pippin for the entire trilogy of films.<br />
*Meriadoc Brandybuck is described as being the linguistic "oddball" of the group: he was not from any of the four farthings of the Shire, but a Brandybuck from Buckland, and thus is from a region apart. To reflect this, his accent is noticeably distinct from the other Hobbits seen on-screen, something of an invention between actor [[Dominic Monaghan]] and the dialect coaches, to reflect his unique origin.<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Hobbitish words|Category: Hobbitish words]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{languages}}<br />
[[Category:Hobbitish| ]]</div>134.41.40.118https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Uruk-hai&diff=308081Uruk-hai2019-10-15T20:48:25Z<p>134.41.40.118: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{people infobox<br />
| name=Uruk-hai<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="[[:File:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|The Uruk-hai]]" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Great Orcs, Uruks<br />
| origin=Bred by [[Sauron]] (and later [[Saruman]]) in the late [[Third Age]]<br />
| location=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Sauron]], [[Saruman]]<br />
| rivalry=<br />
| language=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
| members=[[Uglúk]], [[Mauhúr]]<br />
| lifespan=<br />
| distinctions=Large build; better resistance to sunlight; faster, stronger, and smarter than other Orcs<br />
| height=Shorter than [[Men]]<br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=Swarthy<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Short, broad-bladed swords, shields, bows of yew, knives<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|...and others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]]<ref name="Riders">{{TT|Riders}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The '''Uruk-hai''' were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==Appearance==<br />
They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though most were still shorter than Men. A few, the "Black Uruks of Barad-dûr", were described as exceptionally large, fell, and red-eyed.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
The Orcs and Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the Red Eye of [[Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. <br />
They were all long-armed and crook-legged, not as tall as the [[Isengard|Isengarder]] Uruks but larger than the [[Moria]] Orcs. They could see better in the dark than the Isengarders could.<br />
<br />
The Uruk-hai of [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] used an S [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great [[Bows|bows]] were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. They also appeared different physically: greater stature, swarthy, slant-eyed, thick legs and large hands. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[Treebeard]] openly wonders if they are Orcs that have been somehow "improved", or Men that were corrupted with Orc-like qualities, or if they were indeed a blending of Men and Orcs, an act which Treebeard considered to be "a black evil". <br />
<br />
The race of uruks, described as "black orcs of great strength", first appeared about {{TA|2475}} when they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]]. These were evidently of Sauron's breeding, but it is not clear whether or not these uruks should be regarded as identical with the Uruk-hai, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved by Saruman in the [[War of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
The Uruk-hai made up a large part of [[Saruman]]'s army, together with the [[Dunland|Dunlendings]] and other [[Men|Mannish]] enemies of [[Rohan]], and similar large Orcs also served as the elite troops of [[Mordor]]. <br />
<br />
Saruman's army of Uruk-hai fought against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] of Rohan and his people at [[Battle of the Hornburg|Helm's Deep]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Orc Assault.jpg|thumb|left|250px|'''Orc Assault''' by Darek Zabrocki.]]<br />
These Uruks of Mordor referred to Sauron as the Great Eye, and [[Grishnákh]] was their captain. <br />
<br />
He aided them with his wizardry as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the party of Uruks who kidnapped Merry and Pippin, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to the Orcs. [[Uglúk]] led the Uruk-hai of Isengard, and since they were the strongest he felt that he led the [[Hobbits|hobbit]] march as well, insisting on going back by way of Isengard. This was the group that slew [[Boromir]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Uruk-hai'' has the element '''''uruk''''', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning "Orc".<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref> (For related words in other languages, see [[Orcs#Orcs in Tolkien's languages|Orcs in Tolkien's languages]].) The element ''[[hai|-hai]]'', also present in [[Olog-hai]] and [[Oghor-hai]], means "folk, people".<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
In both [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]] and [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]], Uruk-hai are portrayed identically as (and without distinction to) the [[Orcs]]. <br />
<br />
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''<br />
[[File:War in Middle Earth - Orcs and Uruk-hai at Isengard.png|thumb|Uruk-hai at Isengard in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'']]<br />
:The Uruk-hai are portrayed as figures with purple armor and a shield.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
<br />
In [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], Saruman appears to be the only one who created the Uruks. They are shown in the movie as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on an early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "goblin-men". This is presumably a reference to the [[Goblin-men]] and [[Half-orcs]] in Saruman's service, creatures that blend the traits of Orcs and Men. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.<br />
<br />
His Uruks included Pikemen, Swordsmen, Archers, and [[Berserker|Berserkers]]. <br />
The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armour in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikemen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry [[crossbows]]. Swordsmen wield a straight iron sword, hooked at the tip, and deadly in an Uruk's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.<br />
<br />
The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, e.g. in the tower of Cirith Ungol when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges more than the Orcs, e.g. the Orcs demanded to eat the Hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).<br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[EA's The Two Towers]]'':'''<br />
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies in the "Battle of Helm's Deep" and "Fangorn Forest" missions, retaining the movie appearance.<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Uruk-hai.jpg|250px|thumb|'''Uruk-hai''' in the cancelled video game ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''.]]<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Uruks become available after a storyline mission in which Saruman manages to perfect his creation.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Uruks compose most of the units of Isengard faction: swordsmen, pikemen, crossbowmen, in addition to Uruks operating siege engines are available, following the movie appearance.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Most of Uruk-hai units from the first game return with little if any changes in behavior.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Multiple Uruks are used by the Enemy in different parts of Middle-earth. In addition to White Hand Uruks, notable are the Angmar Uruks and the Black Uruks from Dol Guldur, all sporting a variety of different appearances. Players can play as Uruks as part of the "Monster Play" game option.<br />
<br />
'''2009: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Conquest]]'':'''<br />
:Uruk-hai appear as enemies during the Battle of Helm's Deep.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''<br />
:Uruks replace the role of the lesser Orcs, making up the force stationed in Mordor.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Olog-hai]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Uruk-hai| ]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[de:Uruk-hai]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/uruk-hai]]<br />
[[fi:Uruk-hai]]</div>134.41.40.118