https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=JR+Snow&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T23:15:13ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Berek&diff=388229Berek2024-03-21T15:38:24Z<p>JR Snow: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Adaptation}}<br />
{{other infobox<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| name=Berek<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Armenelos]], [[Númenor]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Númenóreans]]<br />
| language=[[Sindarin]] and [[Westron]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=[[Númenor]]<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Horses|Horse]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Brown<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Berek''' was a [[horse]] from [[Armenelos]] in [[Númenor]] that [[Isildur]] personally rode. Berek was invented by [[Amazon Studios]] for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Berek was Isildur's horse and was ridden by him during the [[Udûn (episode)|Battle]] of [[Tirharad]].<br />
<br />
After the disappearance of Isildur after the eruption of [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]], Berek refused to allow [[Elendil]] to handle him and was let loose, dashing off across the fields in search of Isildur.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Berek'' contains the [[Sindarin]] root ''[[BERÉK]]''.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Animals from adaptations]]<br />
[[Category:The Rings of Power (TV series) characters]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=BER%C3%89K&diff=388228BERÉK2024-03-21T15:36:26Z<p>JR Snow: moved ref tag off heading</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
'''BERÉK''' is a [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]] without any given signification, except for what can be determined from its derivatives.<ref name=LR>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 352 (root appearing as "BERÉK-")</ref><br />
<br />
==Derivatives==<br />
<br />
*[[Primitive Quendian]]: ''berékā-'' ("wild")<ref name=LR/><br />
**[[Quenya]]: ''verka'' ("wild")<br />
**[[Noldorin|Exilic Noldorin]]: ''[[bregol]]'' ("violent, sudden"); ''breged'' ("violence, suddenness"); ''breitho'' ("break out suddenly")<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:BEREK}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Roots]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=BER%C3%89K&diff=388227BERÉK2024-03-21T15:35:13Z<p>JR Snow: typo</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
'''BERÉK''' is a [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]] without any given signification, except for what can be determined from its derivatives.<ref name=LR>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 352 (root appearing as "BERÉK-")</ref><br />
<br />
==Derivatives<ref name=LR/>==<br />
<br />
*[[Primitive Quendian]]: ''berékā-'' ("wild")<br />
**[[Quenya]]: ''verka'' ("wild")<br />
**[[Noldorin|Exilic Noldorin]]: ''[[bregol]]'' ("violent, sudden"); ''breged'' ("violence, suddenness"); ''breitho'' ("break out suddenly")<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:BEREK}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Roots]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_5&diff=388226Letter 52024-03-21T15:31:18Z<p>JR Snow: rewrite, for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
|#=5<br />
|to=[[Geoffrey Bache Smith|G.B. Smith]]<br />
|date=[[12 August]] [[1916]]<br />
|subject=[[T.C.B.S.]]<br />[[World War I]]<br />
}}{{letter|5}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
[[Geoffrey Bache Smith]] had written a letter to Tolkien and included alongside it letter from fellow [[T.C.B.S.|Barrovian]] [[Christopher Wiseman]]. <br />
<br />
Tolkien reflects on the death of their mutual friend, [[Robert Gilson]] and expresses disagreement with Christopher's interpretation of Rob's greatness. Tolkien believes that the greatness Gilson achieved in death differs from the greatness they envisioned for themselves as members of the T.C.B.S. <br />
<br />
He discusses his struggle to reconcile their aspirations with the reality of Gilson's death and expresses a sense of loss and uncertainty about the future of their group; "I honestly feel that the TCBS has ended – but I am not at all sure that it is not an unreliable feeling that will vanish – like magic perhaps when we come together again.". Tolkien shares his hopes for the continuation of the TCBS's work because of the impact it had on him personally.<br />
<br />
He concludes by acknowledging the difficulty of expressing his thoughts clearly amidst the chaos of war and encourages G.B. Smith to share the letter with Christopher.<br />
<br />
{{letters}}<br />
[[de:Brief 5]]<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Letter 005}}</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=1970&diff=38822419702024-03-21T14:30:33Z<p>JR Snow: We should be using date of letters sent, not received (where known)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{year-header}}<br />
==January==<br />
* '''[[1 January|1]]''' - J.R.R. Tolkien writes [[Letter 315]].<br />
* '''[[7 January|7]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to Michael George Tolkien (7 January 1970)|a letter to his grandson Michael George Tolkien]].<br />
* '''[[15 January|15]]''' - Musician [[Charles Deenen]] is born.<br />
==March==<br />
* '''[[4 March|4]]''' - Actor [[William Keen]] is born.<br />
==April==<br />
* '''[[12 April|12]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to Tom Shippey|a letter to Tom Shippey]].<br />
==June==<br />
* '''[[6 June|6]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 315a]].<br />
==July==<br />
* '''[[18 July|18]]''' - Author and scholar [[Ármann Jakobsson]] is born.<br />
==August==<br />
* '''[[26 August|26]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 315b]].<br />
==September==<br />
* '''[[4 September|4]]-[[7 September|7]]''' - The first [[Mythcon 1|Mythcon]] is held at [[wikipedia:Harvey Mudd College|Harvey Mudd College]].<br />
* '''[[11 September|11]]''' - J.R.R. Tolkien writes [[letter 316]].<br />
==October==<br />
* '''[[31 October|31]]''' - Actor [[Nolan North]] is born.<br />
* '''?''' - The [[Mallorn 1|first issue]] of ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' is published.<br />
==November==<br />
* '''[[1 November|1]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 317]].<br />
* '''[[12 November|12]]''' - Actor [[Craig Parker]] is born.<br />
* '''[[22 November|22]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 318]].<br />
==December==<br />
* '''[[14 December|14]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to W.A.R. Hadley|a letter to W.A.R. Hadley]].<br />
==?==<br />
* '''?''' - The staff of the Oxford English Dictionary compiles an entry for "[[Hobbits|hobbit]]".<br />
* '''?''' - ''[[Tolkien Criticism: An Annotated Checklist]]'' is published.<br />
* '''?''' - [[José Manuel Ferrández Bru]], Spanish writer, is born.<br />
* '''?''' - Producer [[Belén Atienza]] is born.<br />
<br />
{{Years|1967|1968|1969|1970|1971|1972|1973|}}<br />
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=12_April&diff=38822312 April2024-03-21T14:28:30Z<p>JR Snow: added letter to Tom Shippey</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>{{month|April|hide31=yes}}<br />
Events that occurred on {{PAGENAME}}.<br />
==On Earth==<br />
</noinclude><br />
* '''[[1956]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to Mr Earle|a letter to a Mr. Earle]].<br />
* '''[[1958]]''' - Voice actor [[Tony Oliver]] is born.<br />
* '''[[1962]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 237]].<br />
* '''[[1966]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to Mother Mary Anthony|a letter to Mother Mary Anthony]].<br />
* '''[[1966]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to James Ridolfo|a letter to James Ridolfo]].<br />
* '''[[1967]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 295a]].<br />
* '''[[1970]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to Tom Shippey|a letter to Tom Shippey]].<br />
* '''[[1981]]''' - The sixth episode of [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|the 1981 radio series]] of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' is aired on [[BBC|BBC Radio 4]].<br />
* '''[[2024]]''' - [[The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim]] is scheduled to be released in cinemas.<ref name="ReleaseDate2">{{webcite|website=|articleurl=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/lord-of-the-rings-anime-movie-release-date-1235093505/|articlename= "Lord of the Rings Anime Movie Sets 2024 Release Date"|author=Couch Aaron|dated=15 February 2022|accessed=12 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In Arda==<br />
* {{TA|2510}}:<br />
** [[Eorl|Eorl the Young]] and the [[Éothéod]] travel towards the [[Field of Celebrant]].<br />
* {{TA|3018}}:<br />
** [[Samwise Gamgee]] and [[Ted Sandyman]] are in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and gossip about the strange news.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
** At the evening, the weather was clearing after a rain. Samwise returns to [[Hobbiton]], at the same time [[Gandalf]] arrives after a nine-year absence.<ref name=shadow/><br />
**Gandalf warns [[Frodo]] that [[One Ring|his ring]] is dangerous, mentions [[Sauron]] to him, but says no more until the morning.<ref name=shadow/><br />
{{references}}<br />
<noinclude>[[Category:Dates|103]]<br />
[[de:12. April]]<br />
[[fi:12. huhtikuuta]]<br />
</noinclude></div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=13_April&diff=38822213 April2024-03-21T14:27:10Z<p>JR Snow: Link to letter</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>{{month|April|hide31=yes}}<br />
Events that occurred on {{PAGENAME}}.<br />
==On Earth==<br />
</noinclude><br />
* '''[[1902]]''' - Voice actor [[Godfrey Kenton]] is born.<br />
* '''[[1937]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 12]].<br />
* '''[[1944]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 60]].<br />
* '''[[1970]]''' - [[Tom Shippey]] receives a [[Letter to Tom Shippey|letter]] from [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] after giving a speech at a Tolkien-themed convention.<br />
* '''[[2000]]''' - Another edition of ''[[Tolkien: The Illustrated Encyclopedia]]'' is published.<br />
* '''[[2005]]''' - German translator [[Wolfgang Krege]] dies.<br />
<br />
==In Arda==<br />
* {{TA|2510}}:<br />
** [[Eorl|Eorl the Young]] and the [[Éothéod]] travel towards the [[Field of Celebrant]].<br />
* {{TA|3018}}:<br />
** In the morning [[Gandalf]] examines [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]]'s Ring and determines from its inscription that it is [[the One Ring]]. He tells [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] of the [[The One Ring#History|Ring's history]] and Frodo volunteers to leave [[the Shire]] in order to secure the Ring.<br />
**[[Samwise Gamgee]] is caught by Gandalf eavesdropping, and is (happily) obliged to accompany Frodo.<br />
<noinclude><br />
[[Category:Dates|104]]<br />
[[de:13. April]]<br />
[[fi:13. huhtikuuta]]<br />
</noinclude></div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tom_Shippey&diff=388221Tom Shippey2024-03-21T14:26:22Z<p>JR Snow: Link to letter + category letter receivers</p>
<hr />
<div>{{author infobox<br />
| image=[[File:Tom Shippey.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=Thomas Alan Shippey<br />
| born=[[9 September]] [[1943]]<br />
| died=<br />
| education=[[Oxford University]]<br />
| occupation=Academic<br/>Author<br/>Philologist<br />
| location=<br />
| website=<br />
}}<br />
'''Thomas Alan Shippey''', Ph.D. ([[9 September]], [[1943]]) is one of the most well known scholars on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], as well as fantasy and science fiction in general. He describes himself as a "Tolkien polemicist".<ref>Email from Tom Shippey (as of 17 February 2012) to [[User:Morgan]].</ref><br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
===Youth===<br />
Thomas Alan Shippey was born to the engineer Ernest Shippey and his wife Christina Emily Kjelgaard in [[Wikipedia:Calcutta|Calcutta]], [[Wikipedia:British Raj|British India]], where his father worked as a bridge builder. He spent the first several years of his life there.<ref name="hanley">Paul Hanley, [http://media.www.unewsonline.com/media/storage/paper953/news/2008/02/08/News/Let-Us.Introduce.You.To.Thomas.Shippey.Ph.d-3198399.shtml ''Let us introduce you to ... Thomas Shippey, Ph.D.''] </ref> When his father came back from the bridge, he transferred Shippey to a strict boarding school in Scotland, where he attended at [[King Edward's School]] in [[Birmingham]] from 1954 to 1960.<ref name="Preface">Tom Shippey, ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'', Preface to the Third Edition</ref> <br />
<br />
Here he was introduced to science fiction, and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', which was lent to him when he was 14 years old.<ref name="white">Claire E. White, [http://www.writerswrite.com/journal/mar02/shippey.htm ''Talking Tolkien With Thomas Shippey]''</ref> Shippey quickly developed an affinity for [[Old English]], Old Norse, German and Latin (like Tolkien) and playing rugby (like Tolkien), and he was able to afford ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' when he won a school contest.<ref name="hanley"/><br />
<br />
===Academic career===<br />
Shippey did not immediately pursue an academic career after graduation, as the British economy in the early 1960s did not offer much work. Not until the mid-sixties did he enroll in [[Cambridge]].<ref name="white"/> His first academic work on Tolkien was from late 1969 or early 1970. Shippey, a junior lecturer at the University of Birmingham, was asked to speak at a Tolkien day organised by a student association. That lecture, "Tolkien as philologist", would form Shippey's view of Tolkien - a philologist - for years to come. Unbeknownst to him, [[Joy Hill]], the private secretary of Tolkien, was in the audience. After the lecture, she asked him for the script, for Tolkien to read. Tolkien wrote a [[Letter to Tom Shippey|letter]] to Shippey on [[13 April|April 13]], [[1970]], with what first seemed like a formal reply.<ref name="Preface"/><br />
<br />
The first meeting between Shippey and Tolkien took place in [[1972]]. [[Norman Davis]], successor of Tolkien at the Merton Chair of English Language, invited Shippey over for dinner. Shippey, then a Fellow of [[Oxford University|St. John's College]], taught Old and Middle English with Tolkien's syllabus, and his meeting with Tolkien at the dinner left him full of professional piety.<ref name="Preface"/><br />
<br />
After Tolkien's death, Shippey's admiration only grew. His first printed essay, "Creation from Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''", was much of an elaboration of his 1970 lecture. In 1979, he was elected to the Chair of English Language and Medieval English Literature at the [[Leeds University|University of Leeds]], a former position of Tolkien. He published his first book, the famed ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'', in [[1982]]. At this time, Shippey shifted from the view of Tolkien as a philologist to a view of a post-war writer, or what he called "traumatised authors", like [[wikipedia:Kurt Vonnegut|Vonnegut]] and [[wikipedia:William Golding|Golding]].<ref name="Preface"/><br />
<br />
After 14 years at Leeds, Shippey moved to the [[wikipedia:Saint Louis University|Saint Louis University]], where he was elected to the Walter J. Ong Chair of Humanities. Here, he could focus in teaching, research and publishing, rather than administrative work. He currently still holds this chair.<ref name="hanley"/><br />
<br />
===Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings===<br />
Being considered the foremost expert on Tolkien, Shippey appeared in several documentaries surrounding [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]. He also assisted the dialect coaches<ref name="white"/> and is personally thanked in the closing credits.<ref name="imdb">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0794142/ Tom Shippey] at [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb]</ref> He later recollected his experiences: <br />
{{quote|The funny thing about interviews is you never know which bits they're going to pick. It always feels as if they sit you down, shine bright lights in your eyes, and ask you questions till you say something really silly, and that's the bit they choose. At least they didn't waterboard me. But it was good fun, and I'd cheerfully do it again.|Tom Shippey<ref>[http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/885-Tom_Shippey_chat_session.php Transcript of chat session with Pr. Tom Shippey during The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun Online Release Party (09.05.09)] at [[Pieter Collier|TolkienLibrary]]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
===Amazon's Rings of Power===<br />
He worked as a Tolkien scholar for the Amazon's [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]] series in the beginning of it's production, but he parted his ways with the project in [[2020]] for undisclosed reasons.<ref>{{webcite|author=Collier Jennings|articleurl=https://www.cbr.com/report-tom-shippey-out-at-amazon-lord-of-the-rings/|articlename=REPORT: Amazon's Lord of the Rings Parts Ways With Tolkien Scholar Tom Shippey|dated=16 April 2020|website=cbr.com|accessed=31 October 2022}}</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Parallels==<br />
Many commenters have noticed many parallels between his life and Tolkien's:<br />
* Both Shippey and Tolkien were born in a colony.<br />
* Both Shippey and Tolkien moved to [[Birmingham]] at a young age.<br />
* Both Shippey and Tolkien pursued an academic career in [[Oxford]] and [[Leeds]].<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
The list below is extensive, but not complete.<br />
===Books===<br />
* [[1982]]: ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]'' (first edition) <br />
* [[1992]]: ''The Road to Middle-earth'' (second edition)<br />
* [[2001]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]'' <br />
* [[2003]]: ''The Road to Middle-earth'' (third edition) <br />
* [[2007]]: ''[[Roots and Branches|Roots and Branches: Selected Papers on Tolkien]]''<br />
<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[1975]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Scholar and Storyteller|J.R.R. Tolkien, Scholar and Story-Teller: Essays in Memoriam]]''<br />
** "Creation from Philology in ''The Lord of the Rings''"<br />
* [[1980]]: ''[[Amon Hen 45]]''<br />
** "A Wose by any Other Name"<br />
* [[1988]]: ''[[Arda 1984/1985|Arda 1984]]''<br />
** "Commentary and translation of ''The Clerkes Compleinte'' by J.R.R. Tolkien"<br />
* [[1989]]: ''[[Amon Hen 100]]''<br />
** "Tolkien's Academic Reputation Now"<br />
* [[1991]]: ''[[Leaves from the Tree: J.R.R. Tolkien's Shorter Fiction]]''<br />
** "Tolkien and ''The Homecoming of Beohrtnoth''"<br />
* [[1991]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''<br />
** "Heroes and Heroism: Tolkien's Problems, Tolkien's Solutions"<br />
* [[1992]]: ''[[Arda (annual)|Arda]]'' 1987<br />
** "Long Evolution: ''The History of Middle-earth'' and Its Merits"<br />
* [[1993]]: ''[[Scholarship and Fantasy: The Tolkien Phenomenon]]''<br />
** "Tolkien as a Post-War Writer" (originally lecture)<br />
* [[1994]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]'' <br />
** "Noblesse Oblige: Images of Class in Tolkien"<br />
* [[1995]]: ''[[Proceedings of the J.R.R. Tolkien Centenary Conference]]''<br />
** "Tolkien as a Post-War Writer" (reprinted)<br />
** "Tolkien and the Gawain-poet" <br />
* [[1995]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]'' <br />
** "Tolkien and the West Midlands: The Roots of Romance"' <br />
* [[1997]]: ''[[Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees|Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees - Volume 1]]''<br />
** "Inspiration and Invention, or Where Tolkien Got Stuck" [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1980]<br />
** "...I thought of the incident of Zeebrugge which nobody wrote about at all..." [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1983]<br />
* [[1998]]: ''[[Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees|Digging Potatoes, Growing Trees - Volume 2]]''<br />
** "What have these people got in common? One thing... they had all been shot at" [Speech at the Tolkien Society's Annual Dinner 1991]<br />
* [[2000]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances]]''<br />
** "Orcs, Wraiths, Wights: Tolkien's Images of Evil"<br />
* [[2000]]: ''Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century''<br />
** "The Undeveloped Image: Anglo-Saxon in Popular Consciousness from Turner to Tolkien"<br />
* [[2000]]: "[[J.R.R. Tolkien (Modern Critical Views)]]"<br />
** "Lit. and Lang."<br />
* [[2000]]: ''[[The Ways of Creative Mythologies]]''<br />
** "Grimm, Grundtwig, Tolkien: Nationalisms and the Invention of Mythologies"<br />
* [[2001]]: ''Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts'' 12/2 <br />
** "Allegory versus Bounce: Tolkien's ''Smith of Wootton Major''" (with [[Verlyn Flieger]])<br />
* [[2001]]: ''[[Lembas (journal)|Lembas]]'' 100<br />
** "The Versions of ''The Hoard''"<br />
* [[2002]]: [[The Best of Amon Hen|''The Best of Amon Hen'' Part 2]]<br />
** "Tolkien's Academic Reputation Now"<br />
* [[2002]]: ''The Daily Telegraph'' ([[2 January|January 2]])<br />
** "Why the Critics Must Recognize ''Lord of the Rings'' as a Classic"<br />
* [[2002]]: ''[[A Tolkien Compass]]''<br />
** Foreword to the Third Edition<br />
* [[2002]]: ''[[wikipedia:World Literature Today|World Literature Today]]'' 77/2<br />
** "From Page to Screen" <br />
* [[2003]]: [[Christian History 78|''Chistian History'', Issue 78]]<br />
** "A Feeling for Language"<br />
* [[2003]]: ''[[The People's Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien]]''<br />
** Foreword<br />
* [[2004]]: ''[[Unquendor|Lembas Extra]]''<br />
** "Indexing and Poetry in The Lord of the Rings"<br />
* [[2004]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader]]''<br />
** "Tolkien and the Appeal of the Pagan: ''Edda'' and ''Kalevala''"<br />
* [[2004]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 1]]''<br />
**"Light-elves, Dark-elves, and Others: Tolkien's Elvish Problem"<br />
**"J.R.R. Tolkien, A Checklist" (with [[Douglas A. Anderson]])<br />
* [[2005]]: ''[[Understanding The Lord of the Rings]]''<br />
** "Another Road to Middle-earth: Jackson's Movie Trilogy"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'', entries: <br />
** "Alliterative Verse by Tolkien" <br />
** "Tom Buchan, John (1875-1940)" <br />
** "Cruces in Medieval Literature" <br />
** "[[C.S. Lewis|Lewis, C.S.]] (1898-1963)" <br />
** "Literature, Twentieth Century: Influence of Tolkien" <br />
** "Mythology, Germanic"<br />
** "New Glossary of the Dialect of the Huddersfield District, A"<br />
** "Old Norse Language" <br />
** "Owl and the Nightingale, The" <br />
** "Poems by Tolkien in Other Languages" <br />
** "Poems by Tolkien: [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]"<br />
** "Poems by Tolkien: Uncollected"<br />
** "Scholars of Medieval Literature, Influence of"<br />
** "Ylfe, Álfar, [[Elves]]"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder]]''<br />
** "History in Words: Tolkien's Ruling Passion"<br />
* [[2007]]: ''[[Myth and Magic: Art according to the Inklings]]''<br />
** "New Learning and New Ignorance: Magia, Goeteia, and the Inklings"<br />
* [[2007]]: ''[[Silver Leaves]]'' 1<br />
** "Tolkien Connections"<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' 45<br />
** "Encyclopedia of Ignorance", guest editorial<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]''<br />
** Foreword<br />
*[[2008]]: ''[[The Ring Goes Ever On: Proceedings of the Tolkien 2005 Conference]]''<br />
<!--** "Tolkien and the War"--><br />
**"Wisdom and Wise Sayings in ''The Lord of the Rings''"<br />
* [[2009]]: ''[[Beowulf and the Dragon]]''<br />
** Foreword<br />
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]<br />
** "A question of source" (review of ''[[The Epic Realm of Tolkien]]'')<br />
* [[2011]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]''<br />
** "Introduction: Why Source Criticism?"<br />
*[[2011]]: [[Lembas Extra 2011|''Lembas Extra'' 2011]]<br />
** "The Ancestors of the Hobbits, Strange Creatures in English Folklore"<br />
* [[2012]]: [[Amon Hen 235|''Amon Hen'' 235]]<br />
** "Professor Moorman Again"<br />
*[[2013]]: ''El Señor de los Anillos: del libro a la pantalla''<br />
** Foreword<br />
* [[2013]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: the Forest and the City]]''<br />
** "Goths and Roman in Tolkien's Imagination"<br />
*[[2013]]: ''[[Tolkien's Poetry]]''<br />
** "Tolkien's Development as a Writer of Alliterative Poetry in Modern English"<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[From Peterborough to Faëry]]''<br />
** "Jack Vance: Il ottimo fabbro"<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[Tolkien and Philosophy]]''<br />
**"Tolkien between Philosophy and Philology" (with Franco Manni)<br />
* [[2014]]: [[Mallorn 55|''Mallorn'' 55]]:<br />
** "Reconstructing the Politics of the Dark Age"<br />
* [[2016]]: ''[[Laughter in Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "Foreword"<br />
* [[2016]]: [[Mallorn 57|''Mallorn'' 57]]:<br />
** "The Curious Case of Denethor and the Palantír, Once More"<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Pagan Saints in Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "Afterword"<br />
* [[2018]]: [[Amon Hen 272|''Amon Hen'' 272]]<br />
** "Tolkien and the literature of the Fourth Age" (with Leonardo Mantovani, Valérie Morisi and Simone Ronchi)<br />
* [[2018]]: ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]''<br />
** "Tolkien and 'that noble northern spirit'"<br />
* [[2019]]: ''[[Tolkien and the Classics]]''<br />
** "William Morris and Tolkien: Some Unexpected Connections"<br />
* [[2022]]: ''[[The Great Tales Never End]]<br />
** "King Sheave and The Lost Road"<br />
<br />
===Lectures/Talks===<br />
* [[1970]]: ''Tolkien as Philologist'' ([[wikipedia:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]])<br />
* [[1993]]: ''Tolkien as a Post-War Writer'' ([[wikipedia:University of Turku|University of Turku]])<br />
* [[2002]]: ''Tolkien and Iceland: The Philology of Envy'' ([[wikipedia:University of Iceland|University of Iceland]], [http://www.hi.is/Apps/WebObjects/HI.woa/wa/dp?detail=1004508&name=nordals_en_greinar_og_erindi read here])<br />
* [[2002]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien: The Man Behind The Lord of the Rings'' (covention, [[wikipedia:Arizona State University|Arizona State University]])<br />
**"Trees, Chainsaws, and the Visions of Paradise in J.R.R. Tolkien" (in [[2003]] also in [[wikipedia:Cleveland State University|Cleveland State University]])<br />
* [[2004]]: ''Adapting Middle-Earth: Tolkien, the Books, and the Movies'' ([[wikipedia:Northern Illinois University|Northern Illinois University]])<br />
* [[2004]]: ''From Page to Screen: Problems Tolkien Set for Jackson'' ([[wikipedia:Hope College|Hope College]], [[wikipedia:University of Victoria|University of Victoria]])<br />
* [[2004]]: ''History in Words, Tolkien's Ruling Passion'' ([[Marquette University]])<br />
* [[2005]]: ''Wisdom and the Wise in The Lord of the Rings'' ([[wikipedia:Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University|Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]])<br />
* [[2005]]: ''[[Tolkien 2005]]'' (convention, [[wikipedia:Aston University|Aston University]])<br />
** "Tolkien and the War"<br />
** "Wisdom and Wise Sayings in ''The Lord of the Rings''"<br />
* [[2006]]: ''Narnia and Middle-Earth: Seventy Years on and Still Accelerating'' ([[wikipedia:Marymount University|Marymount University]])<br />
* [[2007]]: ''Filming the Lord of the Rings: How Peter Jackson Coped with J.R.R. Tolkien'' ([[wikipedia:Bates College|Bates College]])<br />
* [[2008]]: ''C.S. Lewis, the Inklings, and the Call to Christian Community'' (conference, [[Diana Glyer|Azusa Pacific University]])<br />
** "The two Images, Discarded and Rejected?"<br />
* [[2017]]: ''J.R.R. Tolkien's Beowulf'' ([[Signum University]], available on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPBt05KUfzg&ab_channel=SignumUniversity YouTube])<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Tolkien 2019]] (convention)<br />
** ''"Heirs of Tolkien? The Major Contenders"'' (available on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzyFMSfMvNQ&ab_channel=TheTolkienSociety YouTube])<br />
* [[2019]]: [[Tolkien Thing]] [[2019]] (convention)<br />
** "''Tolkiens Erben''" (German version of ''"Heirs of Tolkien? The Major Contenders"'', available at [https://www.tolkcast.de/episode/018-das-interview-mit-tom-shippey tolkcast.de])<br />
<br />
<br />
===Reviews===<br />
* [[1977]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement'' <br />
** ([[13 May|May 13]]): "The Foolhardy Philologist" (review of ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'' by [[Humphrey Carpenter]])<br />
* [[1977]]: ''Oxford Mail''<br />
** ([[15 September|September 15]]): "Silmarillion: The Oddest Tolkien Yet" (review of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'')<br />
* [[1978]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''<br />
** "Return Trip" (review of ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth]]''<br />
* [[1979]]: ''[[Mallorn (journal)|Mallorn]]'' 13<br />
** "An Introduction to Elvish" (review of ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' by [[Jim Allan]])<br />
* [[1980]]: ''Notes and Queries'' 225<br />
** (December): "Tolkien's Art" (review of ''[[Tolkien's Art: A Mythology for England]]'' by [[Jane Chance]]'')<br />
* [[1981]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement'' <br />
** ([[28 August|August 28]]): "A Philologist in Purgatory" (review of ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'')<br />
* [[1982]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement'' <br />
** ([[26 November|November 26]]): "Blunt Belligerence" (review of ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'')<br />
* [[1995]]: ''The Library'' <br />
** (March issue): "J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography" (review of ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography]]'' by [[Wayne G. Hammond]])<br />
* [[2001]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''<br />
** ([[21 December|December 21]]): "Temptations for All Time" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'')<br />
* [[2002]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''<br />
** ([[20 December|December 20]]): "The Plot Unravels" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'')<br />
* [[2004]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''<br />
** ([[9 January|January 9]]): "Not Worn Lightly" (review of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'') <br />
* [[2004]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''<br />
** ([[20 February|February 20]]) "An Enchanted Front" (review of ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]]'' by [[John Garth]])<br />
* [[2005]]: ''[[wikipedia:Archaeology (magazine)|Archeology]]'' 58/2<br />
** "Excavating Middle-earth" (review of ''[[The Real Middle Earth]]'' by [[Brian Bates]])<br />
* [[2005]]: ''The New York Review of Science Fiction'' (March issue)<br />
** Review of ''[[The Science of Middle-earth (2004 book)|The Science of Middle-earth]]'' by [[Henry Gee]]<br />
** Review of ''[[The Real Middle Earth]]'' by [[Brian Bates]]<br />
* [[2007]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 4]]''<br />
** Review of ''[[The Roots of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Robert S. Blackham]]<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 5]]''<br />
** Review of ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'' by [[John D. Rateliff]]<br />
* [[2008]]: ''[[Aiglos (journal)|Aiglos]]'' #9<br />
** Review of ''[[The Roots of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'' by [[Robert S. Blackham]] (translated into Polish [[Agnieszka Sylwanowicz]]) <br />
* [[2009]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement'', May 6, 2009<br />
**"[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/article6232731.ece Tolkien out-Wagners Wagner]" - review of ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]''<br />
* [[2010]]: [[Mallorn 49|''Mallorn'' 49]]<br />
** "A question of source" (review of ''[[The Epic Realm of Tolkien]]'')<br />
* [[2013]]: ''The Times Literary Supplement''<br />
** "[http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1278838.ece Tolkien's King Arthur]" - review of ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]''<br />
<br />
===Documentaries===<br />
* [[1992]]: ''[[Tolkien Remembered]]'' - Himself<br />
* [[1996]]: ''[[J.R.R.T.: A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' - Himself<br />
* [[1998]]: ''[[An Awfully Big Adventure: J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' - Himself<br />
* [[2001]]: ''[[Beyond the Movie: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' - Himself<br />
* [[2002]]: ''[[Page to Screen: The Lord of the Rings]]'' - Himself<br />
* [[2003]]: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Origins of Middle-Earth]]'' - Himself<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[1984]] - '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]]''', Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, ''[[The Road to Middle-earth]]''<br />
* [[2001]] - '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]]''', Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]'' <br />
* [[2001]] - '''[http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/2001.html World Fantasy Award]''', Special Award Professional, ''J.R.R. Tolkien:Author of the Century''<br />
* [[2004]] - '''[[The One Ring Celebration|TORn Award]]''', Best Tolkien based Lecture presented at an Academic Function, ''History in Words, Tolkien's Ruling Passion''<br />
* [[2006]] - '''[[The One Ring Celebration|TORn Award]]''', Best Lecture/Paper<br />
* [[2008]] - '''[[Mythopoeic Society|Mythopoeic Award]]''', Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for General Myth and Fantasy Studies, ''The Shadow-Walkers: Jacob Grimm’s Mythology of the Monstrous'' (editor)<br />
* [[2015]] - '''[[Tolkien Society Awards| Tolkien Society Award]]: Outstanding Contribution'''<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.slu.edu/x23819.xml Tom Shippey profile at Saint Louis University]<br />
* [http://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/tolkien-book-to-jackson-script-medium-and-message Tolkien Book to Jackson Script: The Medium and the Message]<br />
* [https://www.academia.edu/7882540/Tom_Shippey_on_J.R.R._Tolkien_A_Checklist_through_mid-2014 Tom Shippey on J.R.R. Tolkien: A Checklist through mid-2014] by [[Douglas A. Anderson]]<br />
* <br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shippey, Tom}}<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:British people]]<br />
[[Category:JRRTE contributors]]<br />
[[Category:Letter receivers]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
[[de:Tom Shippey]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Letter_to_Tom_Shippey&diff=388220Talk:Letter to Tom Shippey2024-03-21T14:24:38Z<p>JR Snow: /* Move page */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>== Move page ==<br />
<br />
This page should be moved to [[Letter to Tom Shippey (12 April 1970)]], but I do not know how to do the smaller font in a title for the dates in brackets. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 14:24, 21 March 2024 (UTC)</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mark_Atherton&diff=388219Mark Atherton2024-03-21T11:08:45Z<p>JR Snow: __NOTOC__</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mark Atherton''' is lecturer in English Language and Literature at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{webcite|author=University of Oxford|articleurl=https://www.english.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-mark-atherton|articlename=Dr Mark Atherton, Faculty of English|dated=2018|website=University of Oxford|accessed=21 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected bibliography==<br />
===Articles===<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[A Companion to J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', entry<br />
**"Tolkien and Old English"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[Mallorn 55|''Mallorn'' 55]]:<br />
** "'Seeing a Picture Before Us': Tolkien's commentary in [[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary|his translation of ''Beowulf'']]"<br />
===Books===<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[There and Back Again: J.R.R. Tolkien and the Origins of The Hobbit]]''<br />
===Lectures===<br />
*[[2024]]: ''The Arkenstone and the Ring: wilful objects in Tolkien's The Hobbit'' ([[Oxford University]], available on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvOvGdhHgfs Youtube])<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atherton, Mark}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:British people]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
__NOTOC__</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mark_Atherton&diff=388216Mark Atherton2024-03-21T08:14:34Z<p>JR Snow: added lecture and ref</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Mark Atherton''' is lecturer in English Language and Literature at the [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{webcite|author=University of Oxford|articleurl=https://www.english.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-mark-atherton|articlename=Dr Mark Atherton, Faculty of English|dated=2018|website=University of Oxford|accessed=21 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected bibliography==<br />
===Articles===<br />
*[[2014]]: ''[[A Companion to J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', entry<br />
**"Tolkien and Old English"<br />
* [[2014]]: [[Mallorn 55|''Mallorn'' 55]]:<br />
** "'Seeing a Picture Before Us': Tolkien's commentary in [[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary|his translation of ''Beowulf'']]"<br />
===Books===<br />
*[[2012]]: ''[[There and Back Again: J.R.R. Tolkien and the Origins of The Hobbit]]''<br />
===Lectures===<br />
*[[2024]]: ''The Arkenstone and the Ring: wilful objects in Tolkien's The Hobbit'' ([[Oxford University]], available on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvOvGdhHgfs Youtube])<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atherton, Mark}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:British people]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letters_not_published_in_The_Letters_of_J.R.R._Tolkien&diff=388073Letters not published in The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien2024-03-18T10:01:18Z<p>JR Snow: redundant section now that the Revised and Expanded edition has been released</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Letters|[[Letters (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' is a large collection of letters of [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]], but it is far from complete. Below are some letters that did not make it into the collection, or only partially.<br />
<br />
== Individual letters ==<br />
===1890s===<br />
*[[Letter to Arthur Tolkien|14 February 1896, to Arthur Tolkien]]<br />
<br />
===1900s===<br />
*[[Letter to Father Francis Morgan|8 August 1904, to Father Francis Morgan]]<br />
<br />
===1910s===<br />
<br />
*[[Letter to Edith Bratt (3 January 1913)|3 January 1913, to Edith Bratt]]<br />
*[[Letter to Edith Bratt (1 February 1913)|1 February 1913, to Edith Bratt]]<br />
*[[Letter to the War Office|2 January 1917, to the War Office]]<br />
<br />
===1920s===<br />
*[[Letter to Joseph Wright|26 January 1925, to Joseph Wright]]<br />
*[[Letter to Cyril Brett|2 February 1925, to Cyril Brett]] <br />
*[[Letter to Mr Ashton|12 June 1925, to Mr. Ashton]]<br />
*[[Letter to H.F.B. Brett-Smith (22 July 1925)|22 July 1925, to H.F.B. Brett-Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to H.F.B. Brett-Smith (8 August 1925)|8 August 1925, to H.F.B. Brett-Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to Willard G. Harding (25 June 1926)|25 June 1926, to Willard G. Harding]]<br />
*[[Letter to Willard G. Harding (21 October 1926)|21 October 1926, to Willard G. Harding]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ronald Ashton|12 March 1927, to Ronald Ashton]]<br />
*[[Letter to E.V. Gordon (2 January 1929)|2 January 1929, to E.V. Gordon]]<br />
<br />
===1930s===<br />
*[[A Philologist on Esperanto|1932, ''A Philologist on Esperanto'']]<br />
*[[Letter to A.F. Colborn (27 May 1932)|27 May 1932, to A.F. Colborn]]<br />
*[[Letter to Kenneth Sisam (16 March 1933)|16 March 1933, to Kenneth Sisam]]<br />
*[[Letter to R.W. Chambers|21 December 1933, to R.W. Chambers]]<br />
*[[Letter to G.H. Cowling|23 December 1934, to G.H. Cowling]]<br />
*[[Letter to Aurelius Pompen|27 September 1936, to Aurelius Pompen]]<br />
*[[Letter to Charles Furth (25 April 1937)|25 April 1937, to Charles Furth]]<br />
*[[Letter to Lionel Salt| 31 May 1937, to Lionel Salt]]<br />
*[[Letter to George Allen and Unwin|7 September 1937, to George Allen & Unwin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Simonne d'Ardenne (21 September 1937)|21 September 1937, to Simonne d'Ardenne]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jane Neave (22 September 1937)|22 September 1937, to Jane Neave]]<br />
*[[Letter to G.E. Selby (14 December 1937)|14-15 December 1937, to G.E. Selby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Arthur Ransome|15 December 1937, to Arthur Ransome]]<br />
*[[Letter to Charles Furth (19 December 1937)|19 December 1937, to Charles Furth]] (see also [[Letter 20]])<br />
*[[Letter to Kenneth Sisam (28 May 1938)|28 May 1938, to Kenneth Sisam]]<br />
*[[Letter to A.F. Colborn (21 July 1938)|21 July 1938, to A.F. Colborn]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ida Gordon (31 July 1938)|31 July 1938, to Ida Gordon]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ida Gordon (11 August 1938)|11 August 1938, to Ida Gordon]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ida Gordon (19 August 1938)|19 August 1938, to Ida Gordon]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ida Gordon (26 September 1938)|26 September 1938, to Ida Gordon]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Kilbride|24 December 1938, to Miss Kilbride]].<br />
<br />
===1940s===<br />
<br />
*[[Letter to John Kettle|15 March 1942, to John Kettle]]<br />
*[[Letter to Leila Keane and Pat Kirke (3 August 1943)|3 August 1943, to Leila Keane and Pat Kirke]]<br />
*[[Letter to J.L.N. O'Loughlin (29 January 1943)|29 January 1943, to J.L.N. O'Loughlin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Leila Keene and Pat Kirke|3 August 1943, to Leila Keene and Pat Kirke]]<br />
*[[Letter to Charles Williams| November 1943, to Charles Williams]]<br />
*[[Letter to Leila Keane and Patricia Kirke (9 January 1945)|9 January 1945, to Leila Keane and Patricia Kirke]]<br />
*[[The Name Coventry|10-11 February 1945, to the ''Catholic Herald'' ("The Name Coventry")]]<br />
*[[Letter to Maegraith|2 June 1945, to Maegraith]]<br />
*[[Letter to G.E. Selby (7 July 1946)|7 July 1946, to G.E. Selby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (2 August 1946)|2 August 1946, to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski]]<br />
*[[Letter to A.W. Riddle (10 January 1947)|10 January 1947, to A.W. Riddle]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jennifer Brookes-Smith (26 September 1947)|26 September 1947, to Jennifer Brookes-Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rosemary (30 September 1947)|30 September 1947, to Rosemary]]<br />
*[[Letter to A.W. Riddle (2 October 1947)|2 October 1947, to A.W. Riddle]]<br />
*[[Letter to Claude Jenkins (11 October 1947)|11 October 1947 to Claude Jenkins]]<br />
*[[Letter to Claude Jenkins (December 1947)|December 1947 to Claude Jenkins]]<br />
*[[Letter to Malcolm Knox| 17 December 1947, to Malcolm Knox]]<br />
*[[Letter to J.L.N. O'Loughlin (18 January 1948)|18 January 1948, to J.L.N. O'Loughlin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rosemary (18 January 1948)|18 January 1948, to Rosemary]]<br />
*[[Letter to J.L.N. O'Loughlin (7 January 1949)|7 January 1949, to J.L.N. O'Loughlin]]<br />
*[[Cardinal Mindszenty|28 January 1949, to the editor of ''The Times'']]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Turnbull (11 March 1949)|11 March 1949, to Miss Turnbull]]<br />
*[[Letter to Pauline Baynes|4 June 1949, to Pauline Baynes]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss How|12 November 1949, to Miss How]]<br />
*[[Letter to Robert Havard (28 November 1949)|28 November 1949, to Robert Havard]]<br />
*[[Letter to Pauline Baynes (20 December 1949)|20 December 1949, to Pauline Baynes]]<br />
*[[Letter to Pauline Baynes (25 December 1949)|25 December 1949, to Pauline Baynes]]<br />
*[[Letter to Pauline Baynes (31 December 1949)|31 December 1949, to Pauline Baynes]]<br />
<br />
===1950s===<br />
*[[Letter to Florence Tolkien (30 March 1951)|30 March 1951, to Florence Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to Milton Waldman|1951, to Milton Waldman]] (see also [[Letter 131]])<br />
*[[Letter to Iona and Peter Opie|25 November 1951, to Iona and Peter Opie]]<br />
*[[Letter to George and Moira Sayer (7 August 1952)|7 August 1952, to George and Moira Sayer]]<br />
*[[Letter to Moira Sayer (10 August 1952)|10 August 1952, Moira Sayer]]<br />
*[[Letter to George Sayer (24 June 1953)|24 June 1953, to George Sayer]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ronald Eames|15 August 1953, to Ronald Eames]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rayner Unwin (28 December 1953)|28 December 1953, to Rayner Unwin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Liège University (29 January 1954)|29 January 1954, to the Liège University]]<br />
*[[Letter to W.N. Beard (23 February 1954)|23 February 1954, to W.N. Beard]]<br />
*[[Letter to Stanley Unwin|30 April 1954, to Stanley Unwin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Henry Willink|17 May 1954, to Henry Willink]]<br />
*[[Letter to W.N. Beard (26 May 1954)|26 May 1954, to W.N. Beard]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nevill Coghill|21 August 1954, to Nevill Coghill]]<br />
*[[Letter to Liège University (9 September 1954)|9 September 1954, to the Liège University]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Cheesman|13 October 1954, to Mr. Cheesman]]<br />
*[[Letter to Liège University (18 October 1954)|18 October 1954, to the Liège University]]<br />
*[[Letter to Robert Burchfield (6 November 1954)|6 November 1954, to Robert Burchfield]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rayner Heppenstall (17 November 1954)|17 November 1954, to Rayner Heppenstall]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rayner Heppenstall (1-2 December 1954)|1-2 December 1954, to Rayner Heppenstall]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rayner Heppenstall (13 December 1954)|13 December 1954, to Rayner Heppenstall]]<br />
*[[Letter to David Masson (1955)|1955, to David Masson]]<br />
*[[Letter to August Closs|1955, to August Closs]] (two letters)<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/31/5731.htm|articlename=London University: Institute of Germanic and Romance Studies: Closs/Priebsch Family Papers|dated=|website=[http://www.aim25.ac.uk/index.stm Archives in London and the M25 area]|accessed=19 July 2012}}</ref><br />
*[[Letter to G.E. Selby (1955/6)|c. 1955/6, to G.E. Selby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Derrick Parnum|2 March 1955, to Mr Derrick Parnum]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Turnbull (2 May 1955)|2 May 1955, to Miss Turnbull]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rayner Unwin (12 May 1955)|12 May 1955, to Rayner Unwin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Turnbull (19 May 1955)|19 May 1955, to Miss Turnbull]]<br />
*[[Letter to Deirdre Levinson (13 June 1955)|13 June 1955, to Deirdre Levinson]]<br />
*[[Letter to W.N. Beard (5 July 1955)|5 July 1955, to W.N. Beard]]<br />
*[[Letter to unknown recipient (26 July 1955)|26 July 1955, to unknown recipient]]<br />
*[[Letter to Richard L. Sturch (27 July 1955)|27 July 1955, to Richard L. Sturch]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs Dixey|28 July 1955, to Mrs Dixey]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jennifer Brookes-Smith (28 July 1955)|28 July 1955, to Jennifer Brookes-Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to John Roberts|22 August 1955, to John Roberts]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs Souch|September 1955, to Mr(s?) Souch]]<br />
*[[Letter to Elizabeth Jennings|2 December 1955, to Elizabeth Jennings]]<br />
*[[Letter to Naomi Mitchison (8 December 1955)|8 December 1955, to Naomi Mitchison]] (see also [[Letter 176]])<br />
*[[Letter to David Masson (12 December 1955)|12 December 1955, to David Masson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Capan|16 December 1955, to Mr. Capan]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs. Rachael Feichtmeir| 21 December 1955, to Mrs. Rachael Feichtmeir]]<br />
*[[Letter to unknown recipient (1956)|1956, to unknown fan]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Polet|1 January 1956, to Mr Polet]]<br />
*[[Letter to Doris Elizabeth Sykes (28 January 1956)|28 January 1956, to Doris Elizabeth Sykes]]<br />
*[[Letter to Peter Alford (14 January 1956)|14 January 1956, to Peter Alford]]<br />
*[[Letter to Peter Alford (February 1956)|Mid-February 1956, to Peter Alford]]<br />
*[[Letter to Peter Alford (1956-58)|1956-58, to Peter Alford]]<br />
*[[Letter to William Galbraith|8 March 1956, to William Galbraith]]<br />
*[[Letter to E. Rasdall|21 March 1956, to E. Rasdall]]<br />
*[[Letter to Patricia Kirke (28 March 1956)|28 March 1956, to Patricia Kirke]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Earle|12 April 1956, to Mr. Earle]]<br />
*[[Letter to H. Cotton Minchin (16 April 1956)|16 April 1956, to H. Cotton Minchin ]] (see also [[Letter 187]])<br />
*[[Letter to Deirdre Levinson (28 April 1956)|28 April 1956, to Deirdre Levinson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Patricia Henderson (2 July 1956)| 2 July 1956, to Patricia Henderson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Doris Elizabeth Sykes (July 1956)|Early July 1956, to Doris Elizabeth Sykes]]<br />
*[[Letter to Terence Tiller|19 September 1956, to Terence Tiller]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Britten (5 November 1956)|5 November 1956, to Mr. Britten]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Britten (11 November 1956)|11 November 1956, to Mr. Britten]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Stanley-Smith (22 November 1956)|22 November 1956, to Miss Stanley-Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to Anthony Roberts|8 December 1956, to Anthony Roberts]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Britten (16 December 1956)|16 December 1956, to Mr. Britten]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Stanley-Smith (19 December 1956)|19 December 1956, to Miss Stanley-Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to Deirdre Levinson (20 December 1956)|20 December 1956, to Deirdre Levinson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Patricia Kirke (24 December 1956)|24 December 1956, to Patricia Kirke]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Hayward|9 April 1957, to Mr Hayward]]<br />
*[[Letter to Charles (3 May 1957)|3 May 1957, to Charles Blackwood]]<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/antiques-roadshow-guest-lord-of-the-rings-letter-10-k-100009935.html|articlename='Antiques Roadshow' guest stunned to find single-sheet 'Lord Of The Rings' letter is worth £10k|dated=26 April 2021|website=[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/ uk.news.yahoo.com]|accessed=28 January 2023}}</ref><ref><br />
{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.tolkienguide.com/guide/letters/288|articlename=|dated=|website=[https://www.tolkienguide.com Tolkien Collector's Guide]|accessed=28 January 2023}}<br />
</ref><br />
*[[Letter to William Ready (9 June 1957)|9 June 1957, to William Ready]].<br />
*[[Letter to Jerome W. Archer (9 June 1957)|9 June 1957, to <br />
Jerome W. Archer]].<br />
*[[Letter to Deirdre Levinson (26 June 1957)|26 June 1957, to Deirdre Levinson]]<br />
*[[Letters to Jerome W. Archer|5 August 1957, to Jerome W. Archer, Director of Libraries at Marquette University]]<br />
*[[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (9/10 November 1957)|9/10 November 1957, to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski]]<br />
*[[Letter to Herbert Schiro|17 November 1957, to Dr. Herbert Schiro]]<br />
*[[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (17 November 1957)|17 November 1957, to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski]]<br />
*[[Letters to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (1958)|1958, to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (two letters)]]<br />
*[[Letter to Michael George Tolkien (10 January 1958)|10 January 1958, to Michael George Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to Wordsworth (17 February 1958)| 17 February 1958, to Wordsworth]]<br />
*[[Letter to Voorhoeve & Dietrich (18 March 1958)|18 March 1958, to Voorhoeve & Dietrich]]<br />
*[[Letter to Peter Alford (2 April 1958)|2 April 1958, to Peter Alford]]<br />
*[[Letter to an unknown Dutchman|3 April 1958, to an unknown Dutchman]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nancy Smith (27 May 1958)|27 May 1958, to Nancy Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rhona Beare (14 October 1958)|14 October 1958, to Rhona Beare]]<br />
*[[Letter to Misses E. Jones and J. Taylor|20 October 1958, to Misses E. Taylor and J. Taylor]]<br />
*[[Letter 213#Publication history|25 October 1958, to Deborah Webster]]<br />
*[[Letter to L.M. Cutts|26 October 1958, to Mrs L.M. Cutts]] <br />
*[[Letter to William Ready (February 1959)|February 1959, to William Ready]]<br />
*[[Letter to William Ready (5 March 1959)|5 March 1959, to William Ready]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Robinson|26 May 1959, to Miss Robinson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Naomi Mitchison|8 November 1959, to Naomi Mitchison]]<br />
*[[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (December 1959)|December 1959, to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski]]<br />
<br />
===1960s===<br />
<br />
*[[Letters to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (unknown date)|196?, to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski]]<br />
*[[Letter to Dorothy|196?, to Dorothy]]<br />
*[[Letters to Dorothy Wood|1960-1973, to Dorothy Wood]]<br />
*[[Letter to Michael Blashka|Late 1960s, to Michael Blashka]]<br />
*[[Letter to Elizabeth Jones|13 January 1960, to Elizabeth Jones]] (''per procurationem'')<br />
*[[Letter to the editor of Triode|April 1960, to the editor of ''Triode'']]<br />
*[[Letter to H.W. Donner|7 July 1960, to H.W. Donner]]<br />
*[[Letter to George Lewis Hersch|30 August 1960, to George Lewis Hersch]]<br />
*[[Letter to Christopher Fettes|1961, to Christopher Fettes]]<br />
*[[Letter to Madam Ossendrijver (5 January 1961)|5 January 1961, to Ossendrijver]] (see also [[Letter 227]])<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Hart|9 May 1961, to Mr. Hart]]<br />
*[[Letter to Lars Gustafsson|18 May 1961, to Lars Gustafsson]] <br />
*[[Letter to Rayner Unwin (23 May 1961)|23 May 1961, to Rayner Unwin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jan Broberg|1 June 1961, to Jan Broberg]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rhona Beare (8 June 1961)|8 June 1961, to Rhona Beare]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Gilmore (3 July 1961)|3 July 1961, to Mr. Gilmore]]<br />
*[[Letter to Paul Barnetson|13 November 1961, to Paul Barnetson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jane Neave (15 November 1961)|15 November 1961, to Jane Neave]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs. Pauline Gasch (6 December 1961)|6 December 1961, to Mrs. Pauline Gasch]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Perry|29 December 1961, to Miss Perry]]<br />
*[[Letter to Cor Blok|1 February 1962, to Cor Blok]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr.Sutton|12 March 1962, to Mr. Sutton]]<br />
*[[Letter to Alina Dadlez (20 July 1962)|20 July 1962, to Alina Dadlez]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs. Pauline Gasch (1 August 1962)|1 August 1962, to Mrs. Pauline Gasch]]<br />
*[[Letter to Alina Dadlez (19 September 1962)|19 September 1962, to Alina Dadlez]]<br />
*[[Letter to H. Cotton Minchin (14 November 1962)|14 November 1962, to Captain H. Cotton Minchin]]<br />
*[[Letter to T.P. Dunning|1963, to T.P. Dunning]]<br />
*[[Letter to Julie Cape|17 February 1963, to Miss Julie Cape]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs Gill| 21 February 1963, to Mrs Gill]]<br />
*[[Letter to "My Dear People"|6 April 1963, to People]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr and Mrs Kloos|18 April-6 May 1963, to Mr. and Mrs. Kloos]] <br />
*[[Letter to Eileen Elgar (September 1963)|22 September-c. 3 October 1963, to Eileen Elgar]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs Munby|21 October 1963, to Mrs Munby]]<br />
*[[Letter to George Sayer (28 November 1963)|28 November 1963, to George Sayer]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jared C. Lobdell|December 1963, to Jared C. Lobdell]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Clark|4 December 1963, to Miss Clark]]<br />
*[[Letter to Madam Ossendrijver (6 December 1963)|6 December 1963, to Ossendrijver]]<br />
*[[Letter to Baronne A. Baeyens|c. 16 December 1963, to Baronne A. Baeyens]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jonathan Hepworth|18 December 1963, to Jonathan Hepworth and his father]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nancy Smith (Christmas 1963)|Christmas 1963, to Nancy Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to the Royal Society of Literature|10 January 1964, to the Royal Society of Literature]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs A. Mountfield|17 January 1964, to Mrs. A. Mountfield]]<br />
*[[Letter to Justin Arundale|18 January 1964, to Justin Arundale]]<br />
*[[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (20–26 January 1964)|20-26 January 1964, to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski]]<br />
*[[Letter to Eileen Elgar (5 March 1964)|5 March 1964, to Eileen Elgar]]<br />
*[[Letter to R.W. Reynolds’ daughter (6 March 1964)|6 March 1964, to R.W. Reynolds’ daughter]]<br />
*[[Letter to Colin Bailey|13 May 1964, to Colin Bailey]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jane T. Sibley|30 May 1964, to J. Sibley]]<br />
*[[Letter to Sue Parman|6 June 1964, to Sue Parman]]<br />
*[[Letter to W.R. Matthews|13-15 June 1964, to Mr. W.R. Matthews]]<br />
*[[Letter to Alan White|10 July 1964, to Alan White]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss J.L. Curry|15 July 1964, to Miss J.L. Curry]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jared C. Lobdell (31 July 1964)|31 July 1964, to Jared C. Lobdell]]<br />
*[[Letter to Carole Ward|10 August 1964, to Miss Carole Ward]]<br />
*[[Letter to L. Sprague de Camp|30 August 1964, to L. Sprague de Camp]]<br />
*[[Letter to Clyde S. Kilby (11 November 1964)|11 November 1964, to Clyde S. Kilby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ingeborg Korff|31 December 1964, to Miss Ingeborg Korff]]<br />
*[[Letter to Michael George Tolkien (6 January 1965)|6 January 1965, to Michael George Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to Joan O. Falconer|24 January 1965, to Joan O. Falconer]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (20 May 1965)|20 May 1965, to Nan C. Scott]] <br />
*[[The Antioch Review Winter 2015|20 May 1965, to Sue Parman]]<br />
*[[Letter to unknown recipient (28 May 1965)|28 May 1965, to unknown reader]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (7 June 1965)|7 June 1965, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Austin Olney|7 June 1965, to Austin Olney]]<br />
*[[Letter to The Librarian at Marquette|3 August 1965, to The Librarian at Marquette]]<br />
*[[Letter to Paula Coston (26 August 1965)|26 August 1965, to Paula Coston]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (14 September 1965)|14 September 1965, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Michael George Tolkien (16 September 1965)|16 September 1965, to Michael George Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to Sterling E. Lanier (29 September 1965)|29 September 1965. to Sterling E. Lanier]]<br />
*[[Letter to Agatha Carew Hunt|4 October 1965, to Agatha Carew Hunt]]<br />
*[[Letter to Timothy J. Wheeler (20 October 1965)|20 October 1965, to Timothy J. Wheeler]]<br />
*[[Letter to Clyde S. Kilby (20 October 1965)|20 October 1965, to Clyde S. Kilby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (25 Ocotber 1965)|25 October 1965, to Nan C. Scott]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Cowan|28 October 1965, to Mr Cowan]]<br />
*[[Letter to Michael George Tolkien (30 October 1965)|30 October 1965, to Michael George Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to J.L.N. O'Loughlin (30 October 1965)|30 October 1965, to J.L.N. O'Loughlin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Lancashire|3 December 1965, to Mr Lancashire]]<br />
*[[Letter to G.S. Rigby Jr.|6 December 1965, to G.S. Rigby Jr.]]<br />
*[[Letter to William McCullam|9 December 1965, to William McCullam]]<br />
*[[Letter to Jane Dixon|9 December 1965, to Jane Dixon]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss Jaworski|9 December 1965, to Miss Jaworski]]<br />
*[[Letter to Christine Jones|9 December 1965, to Christine Jones]]<br />
*[[Letter to Clyde S. Kilby (18 December 1965)|18 December 1965, to Clyde S. Kilby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Charles Calleja|1966, to Charles Calleja]]<br />
*[[Letter to Roger Shaw|7 January 1966, to Roger Shaw]]<br />
*[[Letter to Timothy J. Wheeler (10 January 1966)|10 January 1966, to Timothy J. Wheeler]]<br />
*[[Letter to Sterling E. Lanier (10 January 1966)|10 January 1966. to Sterling E. Lanier]]<br />
*[[Letter to David Hicks|12 January 1966, to David Hicks]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald A. Wollheim|10 February 1966, to Donald A. Wollheim]]<br />
*[[Letter to Sterling E. Lanier (14 February 1966)|14 February 1966. to Sterling E. Lanier]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (23 February 1966)|23 February 1966, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rod Jellema|1966, to Rod Jellema]]<br />
*[[Letter to Roger Verhulst (9 March 1966)|9 March 1966, to Roger Verhulst]]<br />
*[[Letter to John Bush (12 March 1966)|12 March 1966, to John Bush]] <br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (17 March 1966)|17 March 1966, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (21 March 1966)|21 March 1966, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to George Sayer (21 March 1966)|21 March 1966, to George Sayer]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (28 March 1966)|28 March 1966, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Roger Verhulst (8 April 1966)|8 April 1966, to Roger Verhulst]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mother Mary Anthony|12 April 1966, to Mother Mary Anthony]]<br />
*[[Letter to James Ridolfo|12 April 1966, to James Ridolfo]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (19 April 1966)|19 April 1966, to Nan C. Scott]] <br />
*[[Letter to Rayner Unwin (25 April 1966)|25 April 1966, to Rayner Unwin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Roger Verhulst (3 May 1966)|3 May 1966, to Roger Verhulst]]<br />
*[[Letter to Martin M. Snapp|6 May 1966, to Martin M. Snapp, Jr.]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (9 May 1966)|9 May 1966, to Nan C. Scott]] <br />
*[[Letter to Mr Walker|11 May 1966, to Mr. Walker]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nancy Smith (30 May 1966)|30 May 1966, to Nancy Smith]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (30 May 1966)|30 May 1966, to Nan C. Scott]] <br />
*[[Letter to Royston F. Porthouse|1 June 1966, to Royston F. Porthouse]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Wordsworth (6 June 1966)|6 June 1966, to Mr. Wordsworth]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (18 July 1966)|18 July 1966, to Nan C. Scott]] <br />
*[[Letter to Michael George Tolkien (29 July 1966)|29 July 1966, to Michael George Tolkien]] (see also [[Letter 289]])<br />
*[[Letter to Max Rouslin|29 July 1966, to Max Rouslin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Clyde S. Kilby (1 August 1966)|1 August 1966, to Clyde S. Kilby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Timothy J. Wheeler (1 August 1966)|1 August 1966, to Timothy J. Wheeler]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rose MacNamara|12 September 1966, to Rose MacNamara]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (October 1966)|October 1966, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Kenneth I. Rasmussen, Jr.|12 October 1966, to Kenneth I. Rasmussen, Jr.]]<br />
*[[Letter to a Primary School in Acocks Green|17 October 1966, to a Primary School in Acocks Green]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (18 November 1966)|18 November 1966, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Harry C. Bauer|24 November 1966, to Harry C. Bauer]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (28 November 1966)|28 November 1966, to Nan C. Scott]] <br />
*[[Letter to Father Hugh Maycock|14 December 1966, to Father Hugh Maycock]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (15 December 1966)|15 December 1966, to Nan C. Scott]] <br />
*[[Letter to James S. Marsh (29 December 1966)| 29 December 1966, to James S. Marsh]]<br />
*[[Letter to Otto B. Lindhardt|2 January 1967, to Otto B. Lindhardt]]<br />
*[[Letter to Peyton Moss|2 January 1967, to Peyton Moss]]<br />
*[[Letter to Joy Hill (5 January 1967)|5 January 1967, to Joy Hill]]<br />
*[[Letter to C.N. Manlove|8 February 1967, to C.N. Manlove]]<br />
*[[Letter to David L. Sands|8 February 1967, to David L. Sands]] <br />
*[[Letter to Hans-Jörg Modlmayr (1 March 1967)|1 March 1967, to Hans-Jörg Modlmayr]]<br />
*[[Letter to Hans-Jörg Modlmayr (16 March 1967)|16 March 1967, to Hans-Jörg Modlmayr]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (21 March 1967)|21 March 1967, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Humphrey Carpenter|21 March 1967, to Humphrey Carpenter]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (22 March 1967)|22 March 1967, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss M. Felver (29 March 1967)|29 March 1967, to Miss M. Felver]]<br />
*[[Letter to J.D. Gilbert|17 April 1967, to J.D. Gilbert]]<br />
*[[Letter to John Leyerle|28 April 1967, to John Leyerle]]<br />
*[[Letter to Oscar Morland|9 May 1967, to Oscar Morland]]<br />
*[[Letter to Sister M. Anne|14 June 1967, to Sister M. Anne]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (19 June 1967)|19 June 1967, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Joukes|28 August 1967, to Mr Joukes]]<br />
*[[Letter to Elsie Honeybourne (18 September 1967)|18 September 1967, to Elsie Honeybourne]]<br />
*[[Letter to Roger Verhulst (4 December 1967)|4 December 1967, to Roger Verhulst]]<br />
*[[Letter to Hans-Jörg Modlmayr (7 December 1967)|7 December 1967, to Hans-Jörg Modlmayr]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rosfrith Murray|14 December 1967, to Rosfrith Murray]]<br />
*[[Letter to Elsie Honeybourne (21 December 1967)|21 December 1967, to Elsie Honeybourne]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donald Swann (30 December 1967)|30 December 1967, to Donald Swann]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr David Masson|1968 to Mr David Masson]]<ref name=PEMasson>{{PE|17}}, p. 40</ref><br />
*[[Letter to Ken Jackson (4 January 1968)|4 January 1968, to Ken Jackson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Clyde S. Kilby (7 January 1968)|7 January 1968, to Clyde S. Kilby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ken Jackson (29 January 1968)|29 January 1968, to Ken Jackson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Nan C. Scott (29 January March 1968)|29 January 1968, to Nan C. Scott]] <br />
*[[Letter to Leslie Megahey|1968 to Leslie Megahey]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Wordsworth (27 February 1968)|27 February 1968, to Mr. Wordsworth]]<br />
*[[Letter to Miss E. Byrne (1 March 1968)|1 March 1968, to Miss E. Byrne]]<br />
*[[Letter to Alan F. Beck|6 March 1968, to Alan F. Beck]]<br />
*[[Letter to Dick Plotz (8 April 1968)|8 April 1968 to Dick Plotz]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mary Fairburn (May 1968)|May 1968, to Mary Fairburn]]<br />
*[[Letter to George Burke Johnston|24 May 1968, to George Burke Johnston]]<br />
*[[Letter to Clyde S. Kilby (4 June 1968)|4 June 1968, to Clyde S. Kilby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Ingrid Pridgeon|August 1968, to Ingrid Pridgeon]]<br />
*[[Letter to Robert Havard|2 August 1968, to Robert Havard]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mary Fairburn (4 September 1968)|4 September 1968, to Mary Fairburn]]<br />
*[[Letter to Billy Callahan|29 September 1968, to Billy Callahan]]<br />
*[[Letter to Margaret Carroux|29 September 1968, to Margaret Carroux]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mary Fairburn (10 October 1968)|10 October 1968, to Mary Fairburn]]<br />
*[[Letter to Niall Hoskin|16 October 1968, to Niall Hoskin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mary Fairburn (4 November 1968)|4 November 1968, to Mary Fairburn]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Wordsworth (16 November 1968)|16 November 1968 to Mr. Wordsworth]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs Parke (December 1968)|December 1968, to Mrs Parke]]<br />
*[[Letter to Maria Mroczkowska|1969, to Maria Mroczkowska]]<br />
*[[Letter to Bridget MacKenzie (3 January 1969)|3 January 1969, to Bridget MacKenzie]]<br />
*[[Letter to Niall, David and Catherine Mcall|3 January 1969, to Niall, David and Catherine Mcall]] <br />
*[[Letter to Paula Coston (6 January 1969)|6 January 1969, to Paula Coston]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Cooper (18 February 1969)| 18 February 1969, to Mr. Cooper]]<ref>[https://www.rrauction.com/auctions/lot-detail/347516506680331-j-r-r-tolkien-typed-letter-signed/?cat=0]</ref><br />
*[[Letter to Amy Ronald (15 March 1969)|15 March 1969, to Amy Ronald]]<br />
*[[Letter to Amy Ronald (20 March 1969)|20 March 1969, to Amy Ronald]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs Mroczkowska (10 April 1969)|10 April 1969, to Mrs Mroczkowska]]<br />
*[[Letter to Anthony D. Howlett|28 May 1969, to Anthony D. Howlett]]<br />
*[[Letter to Joy Hill (June 1969)|June 1969, to Joy Hill]]<br />
*[[Letter to Paul Bibire|30 June 1969, to Paul Bibire]]<br />
*[[Letter to Christopher Tolkien (31 July 1969)|31 July 1969, to Christopher Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Burrows|1 August 1969, to Mr Burrows]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs. Pauline Gasch (28 August 1969)|28 August 1969, to Mrs. Pauline Gasch]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs. Pauline Gasch (1 October 1969)|1 October 1969, to Mrs. Pauline Gasch]]<br />
*[[Letter to Leslie Holloway|Early November 1969, to Leslie Holloway]]<br />
<br />
===1970s===<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Wood|Late summer or autumn 1970, to a Mr. Wood]]<br />
*[[Letter to Michael George Tolkien (7 January 1970)|7 January 1970, to Michael George Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to Tom Shippey|12 April 1970, to Tom Shippey]]<br />
*[[Letter 316|11 September 1970, to Robert Burchfield]], (largest part published as [[Letter 316]])<br />
*[[Letter to W.A.R. Hadley|14 December 1970 to W.A.R. Hadley]]<br />
*[[Letter to Hilary Tolkien|1971, to Hilary Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to Randy Trimmer|7 April 1971, to Randy Trimmer]]<br />
*[[Letter to Dorothy Wood (26 May 1971)|26 May 1971, to Dorothy Wood]]<br />
*[[Letter to Brian Miller|21 June 1971, to Brian Miller]]<br />
*[[Letter to Talbot D'Alessandro|17 July 1971, to Talbot D'Alessandro]]<br />
*[[Letter to Joy Hill (28 October 1971)|28 October 1971, to Joy Hill]]<br />
*[[Letter to Fay Darrington (16 November 1971)|16 November 1971, to Fay Darrington]]<br />
*[[Letter to George and Moira Sayer (11 December 1971)|11 December 1971, to George and Moira Sayer]]<br />
*[[Letter to Eileen Elgar (24 December 1971)|24 December 1971, to Eileen Elgar]]<br />
*[[Letter to Joy Hill (26 December 1971)|26 December 1971, to Joy Hill]]<br />
*[[Letter to W.B. Crouch|28 December 1971, to W.B. Crouch]]<br />
*[[Letter to Sterling E. Lanier (24 January 1972)|24 January 1972. to Sterling E. Lanier]]<br />
*[[Letter to Michael George Tolkien (30 January 1972)|30 January 1972, to Michael George Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Letter to Dorothy Wood (2 February 1972)|2 February 1972, to Dorothy Wood]]<br />
*[[Letter to Edmund R. Meskys (2 February 1972)|2 February 1972, to Edmund R. Meskys]]<br />
*[[Letter to Vera Chapman and the Tolkien Society|6 February 1972, to Vera Chapman and the Tolkien Society]]<br />
*[[Letter to Fay Darrington (16 February 1972)|16 February 1972, to Fay Darrington]]<br />
*[[Letter to Eva Heilborn|19 April 1972, to Eva Heilborn]] (''per procurationem'')<br />
*[[Letter to Mrs Robertson|28 April 1972, to Mrs Robertson]]<br />
*[[Letter to Donna Sadlier|1 May 1972, to Donna Sadlier]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Wordsworth (14 May 1972)|14 May 1972, to Mr. Wordsworth]]<br />
*[[Letter to Robert Burchfield (11 June 1972)|11 June 1972, to Robert Burchfield]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Wordsworth (26 September 1972)|26 September 1972, to Mr. Wordsworth]]<br />
*[[Letter to Rayner Unwin (12 October 1972)|12 October 1972, to Rayner Unwin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Sterling E. Lanier (21 November 1972)|21 November 1972. to Sterling E. Lanier]]<br />
*[[Letter to Edmund R. Meskys (23 November 1972)|23 November 1972, to Edmund R. Meskys]]<br />
*[[Letter to N.J. Kyle|17 January 1973, to N.J. Kyle]] (''per procurationem'')<br />
*[[Letter to Patrick Hunt|25 January 1973, to Patrick Hunt]]<br />
*[[Letter to Stefan Petterson|26 February 1973, to Stefan Petterson]] (''per procurationem'')<br />
*[[Letter to Sterling E. Lanier (9 February 1973)|9 February 1973. to Sterling E. Lanier]]<br />
*[[Letter to Dr. Denis Tolhurst|20 April 1973, to Dr. Denis Tolhurst]]<br />
*[[Letter to John Higgins|20 April 1973, to John Higgins]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr. Wordsworth (20 May 1973)|20 May 1973, to Mr. Wordsworth]]<br />
*[[Letter to Philip Brown|30 May 1973, to Philip Brown]]<br />
*[[Letter to James A.H. Murray|5 June 1973, to James A.H. Murray]]<br />
*[[Letter to Elena Jeronimides|14 June 1973, to Elena Jeronimides]]<br />
*[[Letter to Mr Tolkin|14 June 1973, to Mr Tolkin]]<br />
*[[Letter to Bruce Charlton|14 June 1973, to Bruce Charlton]] (''per procurationem'')<br />
*[[Letter to Norman Power|8 July 1973, to Canon Norman Power]]<br />
*[[Letter to Campbell|28 July 1973, to Campbell]]<br />
*[[Letter to Glyn Daniel|25 August 1973, to Glyn Daniel]]<br />
<br />
===Unknown year===<br />
*[[Letter to Simonne d'Ardenne (unknown date)|19?? to Simonne d'Ardenne]]<br />
*[[Letter to Clyde S. Kilby (unknown date)|19?? to Clyde S. Kilby]]<br />
*[[Letter to Richard Lupoff|19?? to Richard Lupoff]]<br />
*[[Letter to Bruce Mitchell|19?? to Bruce Mitchell]]<br />
*19?? to an unknown reader (draft; topic: [[Sindarin]] and [[Quenya]])<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 127</ref><br />
*[[Letter to Leslie Underwood|19?? to Leslie Underwood]]<br />
<br />
==Unexposed collections and rumours==<br />
<br />
=== Correspondence between Tolkien and Sigurður Nordal ===<br />
<br />
A couple of letters from Tolkien to [[wikipedia:WP:Sigurður Nordal|Sigurður Nordal]], writer and Professor of Icelandic Language and Literature, are kept at the National and University Library of Iceland.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Beregond, Anders Stenström]]|articleurl=http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com/2020/11/19/5-december-2019/|articlename=5 december 2019|dated=19 November 2020|website=[http://tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com Tolkienseminariet.wordpress.com]|accessed=19 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Correspondence between Tolkien and R.W. Burchfield ===<br />
<br />
During the years [[1953]]-[[1972|72]], Tolkien corresponded with [[R.W. Burchfield]]. The collection of letters is kept at the [[Bodleian Library]]:<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/single-items/guardbooks/engc7284.html|articlename=Guard-book of miscellaneous items, 19th-20th cent.|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley Bodleian.ox.ac.uk]|accessed=19 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Correspondence between J.R.R. Tolkien and R.W. Burchfield, 1953-72. / '''Shelfmark:''' MS. Eng. c. 7284, fols. 1-16. / '''Extent:''' 16 leaves. / Comprises ten manuscript, and typescript letters, and one copy letter from Tolkien to Burchfield, relating to Burchfield's attendance at tutorials, his search for housing in Oxford, his application for funding for his research, his search for an academic post, his congratulations on the publication of The Fellowship of the Ring, an extension for his work on 'Ormulum', and Tolkien's edition of Ancrene Wisse: The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle, and one letter from Burchfield to Tolkien relating to the printing of Ancrene Wisse. Also a description of the letters by Elizabeth Burchfield, widow of R.W. Burchfield. / '''Acquisition:''' Bequest of R.W. Burchfield, per Elizabeth Burchfield, Dec. 2004.}}<br />
<br />
===Correspondence between Tolkien and Pablo Martínez del Río===<br />
<br />
[[José Manuel Ferrández Bru]] has noted that a collection of Tolkien's letters to [[Wikipedia:Martínez del Río|Pablo Martínez del Río]], whose younger cousins Tolkien took to vacation in Paris in [[1913]], has been donated to the [http://www.cehm.com.mx/BaseCatalogo/catalogo.htm Centro de Estudios de Historia de México of Condumex]. As of 2011, Ferrández Bru wrote that Tolkien's letters unfortunately "are mixed with huge numbers of other documents" and that it will take years before they have been catalogued and available for research.<ref>José Manuel Ferrández Bru, "'Wingless fluttering'": Some Personal Connections in Tolkien's Formative Years", in {{TS|8}}, pp. 63-4 (note 21)</ref><br />
<br />
===Correspondence between Tolkien and Sterling E. Lanier===<br />
<br />
In an article in [[Locus 149|''Locus'' #149]] ([[1973]]), the science fiction author [[Wikipedia:Sterling E. Lanier|Sterling E. Lanier]] mentions his correspondence with Tolkien, consisting of a "dozen or so" letters. [[John D. Rateliff]] has provided the following quote from Lanier's article:<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John D. Rateliff]]|articleurl=http://sacnoths.blogspot.se/2012/07/new-arrivals-2nd-of-2.html|articlename=The New Arrivals (2nd of 2)|dated=8 July 2012|website=[http://sacnoths.blogspot.com/ Sacnoth's Scriptorium]|accessed=9 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|His last great legacy to the world, the ''Silmarillion'', has been saved. He wrote me years ago, that it was done in verse! He seemed puzzled in a mild way, that at the time, no publisher seemed interested in it. I recall asking what he was doing for a comic or light element, since no Hobbits existed this early. He agreed this was a problem, but felt it could be solved. I can't wait."}}<br />
<br />
=== Correspondence between Tolkien and Joni Mitchell ===<br />
<br />
In the mid-sixties, singer-songwriter [[Wikipedia:Joni Mitchell|Joni Mitchell]] became a "[[Tolkien fandom|fan]]" of Tolkien,<ref>Anne Karppinen, ''The Songs of Joni Mitchell: Gender, Performance and Agency'', pp. 52-3</ref> after being introduced to his works by her husband Chuck. The couple set up a publishing and recording business for their material related to Middle-earth, and they wrote Tolkien "letters and got his permission to use names from his books for our bits of business". The correspdondence between Tolkien and Joni and Chuck Mitchell apparently took place no sooner than [[1965]] and not later than [[1969]].<ref>{{webcite|author=Chuck Mitchell|articleurl=http://jonimitchell.com/library/view.cfm?id=1892|articlename=History of Gandalf Publishing|dated=9 June 2008|website=[http://jonimitchell.com/ jonimitchell.com]|accessed=14 March 2017}}</ref> It is unknown if Tolkien answered their letters in person or if the replies were written by a representative. A letter of admiration from Joni Mitchell to Tolkien will be published in ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'' ([[2018]]).<ref>{{webcite|author=Tom Tivnan|articleurl=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/bodleian-library-unearths-new-tolkien-507701|articlename=Bodleian Library unearths new Tolkien|dated=14 March 2017|website=[http://www.thebookseller.com/ www.thebookseller.com]|accessed=14 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Letters to The Society===<br />
<br />
A collection of Tolkien's letters to [[The Society]] is kept at the [[Bodleian Library]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/society/society.html|articlename=Catalogue of papers of The Society, University of Oxford|dated=|website=[http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/bodley Bodleian Library]|accessed=16 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Letters to Simonne d'Ardenne ===<br />
<br />
[[John Tolkien|John]] and [[Priscilla Tolkien]] mention briefly in ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]'' that [[Simonne d'Ardenne]]: ''"was especially close to Priscilla, up until her death in 1986. She entrusted to Priscilla a great bundle of letters she had received from J.R.R.T. over a period of forty years."'' (p.68). This large collection of letters seems never to have reached a publication.<br />
<br />
===Letters to the Hogans===<br />
<br />
In the article "Tolkien's time in 'Erin'" (in anticipation of the publication of the Irish translation of ''The Hobbit''), published in ''The Irish Times'' on 17 March 2012, Dr. Tom Hogan mentions that Tolkien:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|stayed many times in our house on visits to Ireland. These visits started in the 1950s. He came to Ireland for a couple of weeks each year acting as an external examiner of English in UCD. He worked alongside my late father Jeremiah who was professor of English there at the time. A number of letters from Tolkien to us are in my possession.}}<br />
<br />
No dates of individual letters are provided, but Hogan quotes from several letters in the article.<ref>{{webcite|author=Tom Hogan|articleurl=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/letters/2012/0317/1224313474042.html|articlename=Tolkien's time in 'Erin'|dated=17 March 2012|website=[http://www.irishtimes.com/ IrishTimes.com]|accessed=19 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== The Tea Towel Letter ===<br />
<br />
The web site ''Tolkien Collector's Guide'' has an article (on a rare tea towel) with a reference from a supposedly unpublished letter. The background is that George Allen and Unwin in 1971 commissioned the towel, featuring a map by Pauline Baynes, on the occasion of a celebration. The author of the article says: "[...] it is clear Tolkien was there, since I read in an (unpublished) letter he himself had received such a teatowel at the 'party' or 'meeting' and was very happy with it."<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/wiwimod/index.php?page=Tea+Towel|articlename=Tea Towel|dated=17 September 2008|website=Guide|accessed=14 June 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Wheelbarrows at Dawn===<br />
<br />
Similarly to what was done in the ''[[Black & White Ogre Country|Black & White Ogre Country: The Lost Tales of Hilary Tolkien]]'', glimpses of the correspondence between J.R.R. Tolkien and his brother [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary]] were supposed to be published in late 2010 in ''[[Wheelbarrows at Dawn|Wheelbarrows at Dawn: Memories of Hilary Tolkien]]''. However, the publication of the latter book was cancelled, and the letters remain unpublished (as of November 2010).<br />
<br />
In early 2015, Hilary Tolkien's "archive of family letters, family photographs & ephemera" was put up for sale, "including 15 unseen long letters by JRR Tolkien himself".<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=15&post_id=14661|articlename=The Wonders of...|dated=27 January 2015|website=Guide|accessed=30 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Hoaxes ==<br />
<br />
=== The Letters, Part II ===<br />
<br />
Throughout the early issues of ''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]'', there was reference to "The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien part II", but it was revealed to be a joke.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
=== Dr. Higgins and possible eBay frauds ===<br />
<br />
The forum of the website ''Tolkien Collector's Guide'' contains discussions (in which [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] have taken part) on a circulation on eBay of fraudulent Tolkien letters. Among these are said to be letters adressed to a "Dr. Higgins". Many of these contested letters are typewritten, with a signature by J.R.R. Tolkien in blue ink. The forger, Alan Formhals, was found guilty at Southampton Crown Court in 2012.<ref>[http://www.tolkienguide.com/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=1160&forum=18&post_id=5605#forumpost5605 Another Tolkien eBay Letter] at [http://www.tolkienguide.com/ TolkienGuide.com] (accessed 29 November 2011)</ref><ref name="Alan Formhals">{{webcite|author=Stephanie Linning|articleurl=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2749319/Fraudster-forged-signatures-Winston-Churchill-Elizabeth-I-Oliver-Cromwell-Pablo-Picasso-scam-33-000-collectors.html|articlename=Fraudster forged signatures of Winston Churchill, Elizabeth I, Oliver Cromwell and Pablo Picasso to scam more than £33,000 out of collectors|website=[http://www.dailymail.co.uk Mail Online]|dated=9 September 2014|accessed=25 June 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
*[[:Category:Images of letters by J.R.R. Tolkien|Images of letters by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
*[[Locus 1]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://www.tolkienguide.com/guide/letters/ List of Tolkien Letters] on Tolkien Collector's Guide<br />
*[https://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/Mss/JRRT/JRRT-series7.php Collections of Tolkien writings/letters] at Marquette University<br />
*[http://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/376715v Tolkien-Gordon Collection]<br />
*[http://www.wheaton.edu/~/media/Files/Centers-and-Institutes/Wade-Center/RR-Docs/Letter-Collections/JRRT_Papers.pdf Marion E. Wade Center collection of Tolkien letters] (broken link)<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Letters not published in ''The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien''}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:{{PAGENAME}}}}<br />
[[Category:Lists]]<br />
[[Category:Unpublished material]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Varda&diff=388072Varda2024-03-18T09:47:17Z<p>JR Snow: refs added for Virgin Mary suggestions</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Disambig-more|Elbereth|[[Elbereth (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{valar infobox<br />
| name=Varda<br />
| image=[[File:NOLANOS - La Dama de las Estrellas.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="La Dama de las Estrellas" by [[:Category:Images by NOLANOS|NOLANOS]]<br />
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈvarda ˌelenˈtaːri]}}<br />
| othernames=''Elbereth Gilthoniel'' ([[Sindarin|S]])</br>''Avradî'' ([[Adûnaic|A]])<br />
| titles=Queen of the [[Valar]], Queen of the Stars, Lady of the Stars<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Ilmarin]], [[Taniquetil]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Ilmarë]]<br />
| language=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=[[Manwë]]<br />
| gender=Female<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|There Bredhil the Blessed&nbsp;&nbsp;the bluemantled,<br>the Lady of the heights&nbsp;&nbsp;as lovely as the snow<br>in lights gleaming,&nbsp;&nbsp;of the legions of the stars,<br>the cold immortal&nbsp;&nbsp;Queen of mountains,<br>too fair and terrible&nbsp;&nbsp;too far and high<br>for mortal eyes,&nbsp;&nbsp;in Manwë's court...|[[The Flight of the Noldoli from Valinor]], vv. 45-50}}<br />
<br />
'''Varda Elentári''', known in [[Sindarin]] as '''Elbereth Gilthoniel''', was a [[Valar|Valië]], one of the [[Aratar]], the wife of [[Manwë]] and Queen of the Valar. <br />
<br />
==Attributes==<br />
Varda knew all the regions of [[Eä]] and rejoiced in light. She was said to be too beautiful for words, as within her face radiated the light of [[Ilúvatar]]. [[Elves]] loved and revered her most of all the Valar because she created the stars, which the Elves beheld when they first awoke. They called upon her in their hours of deepest darkness.<ref name=vala/> She appeared in shining white ''[[fana]]'' in visions to the Elves of [[Middle-earth]], and thus was called [[Fanuilos]] (Snow-white).<ref name=AElbereth>{{RGEO|7}}, p. 66</ref> <br />
<br />
Her handmaiden was [[Ilmarë]], a Chief of the [[Maiar]].<ref>{{S|IIc}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Before the [[Music of the Ainur]], Varda saw [[Melkor]]'s mind, and despised him. Melkor feared and hated Varda the most out of all the Valar. In the beginning, Melkor had been unable to control light, which Varda was most associated with. When Manwë [[First War|contested]] with him for [[Arda]], Varda came from the deeps of Eä to his side.<ref name=vala>{{S|IIb}}</ref><br />
[[File:Jerrel Salvatierra - Varda, Lady of the Stars.jpg|left|thumb|''Varda, Lady of the Stars'' by [[:Category:Images by Jerrel Salvatierra|Jerrel Salvatierra]]]]<br />
During the [[Spring of Arda]], she filled the [[Two Lamps]] with light. After their destruction at the hands of Melkor, Varda and the rest of the Ainur forsook the outer lands and removed to Aman.<ref>{{S|1}}</ref><br />
<br />
She resided with Manwë in [[Ilmarin]] and aided him in the rule of Arda. With her, Manwë saw beyond all eyes, through mist and darkness, and with him, Varda heard all voices from every corner of the world.<ref name=vala/> In [[Valinor]], she kept the dews of the [[Two Trees]] in [[Wells of Varda|her Wells]]. When the Valar felt that the [[Awakening of the Elves]] was near, [[Mandos]] foretold that the Elves would see the stars first and how they would always look to Varda in reverence. Then Varda gazed the darkness in Middle-earth from Taniquetil and began the greatest work made by the Valar since their coming into Arda: taking the dew from the vats of [[Telperion]], she created new and brighter stars. She set many individual [[stars]], but also [[constellations]], the [[Sickle of the Valar]] among them. A long time took this labours, and once they were finished, the Elves awoke in Middle-earth and they beheld first the stars which Varda had made. For this, Varda was the Vala most loved and revered by the Elves.<ref name=Captivity>{{S|Captivity}}</ref><br />
[[File:Šárka Škorpíková - Vessels.jpg|thumb|''Vessels'' by [[:Category:Images by Šárka Škorpíková|Šárka Škorpíková]]]]<br />
She also hallowed the [[Silmarils]] of [[Fëanor]] when he created them, so that any being or creature of evil could never handle them without being burned.<ref>{{S|7}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After the [[Darkening of Valinor]], Varda was tasked once again with filling the world with a new light. Therefore she took the remaining flower of [[Telperion]] and the fruit of [[Laurelin]] and placed them in vessels made by [[Aulë]]. Varda bequeathed to them such light and power that they outshone the ancient stars. In doing so, she established the courses of the [[Sun]] and [[Moon]]. Initially she purposed the Sun and the Moon to be in the sky together, but [[Irmo]] and [[Estë]] pointed out that she had deprived the world of night-time and the stars, which was still necessary for rest and sleep. Therefore Varda changed her counsel and altered the courses of the Sun so that it should spend a certain time hidden, allowing for the stars to be seen again.<ref>{{S|Sun}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the decree of Manwë that [[Hiding of Valinor|Valinor was to be hidden]], Varda lifted her hands, palms eastward in a gesture of rejection, and summoned the vast mists and shadows that made it impossible for any living thing to find again the way westward to the shores of Valinor.<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 175}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the end of the [[First Age]], she placed [[Eärendil]] as a [[Star of Eärendil|star]] in the sky.<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Middle-earth]], she was revered by the Elves who called her name and sung hymns to her (such as the [[Elven Hymn to Elbereth]]) and perhaps answered to prayers, even to [[Samwise Gamgee]].<ref>{{TT|Lair}}</ref> The very mention of her name was said to be deadly to evil spirits, such as when Frodo uttered the name in the presence of the Morgul Lord.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Varda'' is a [[Quenya]] name of [[Valarin]] origin meaning "Sublime",<ref>{{WJ|AD1}}, p. 402</ref> "Exalted"<ref name=Namarie>{{RGEO|5}}, p. 61</ref> or "Lofty".<ref>{{L|211}}, p. 282</ref> It comes from [[Primitive Quendian]] ''baradâ'', from the [[root]] [[BARAT|BARAD]], being actually a honorific title used as a name.<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, pp. 22, 65</ref><br />
<br />
In the early [[Qenya]], ''Varda'' comes from the same root as ''vard-'' ("rule, govern") or ''varni'' ("queen").<ref name=Varda>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Varda"</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
*'''''Elbereth''''' her usual [[Sindarin]] name, being more or less equivalent to '''''Elentári''''' ("Star-Queen") in Quenya.<ref name=AElbereth>{{RGEO|7}}, p. 66</ref> ''Elbereth'' derives from Primitive Quendian *''[[elen]]-barathî'', being notable that ''[[bereth]]'' means "spouse", used for one who is "queen" of a king.<ref name=Elbereth>{{PE|Eldarin}}, pp. 22-23</ref><br />
*'''''Tintallë''''', given to her after she kindled new brighter stars with the dew of Telperion, meaning "Star-kindler"<ref name=Captivity></ref> or "she that causes sparkling, kindles lights".<ref name=Namarie></ref> Its cognates were '''''Gilthoniel''''' in Sindarin<ref name=Elbereth></ref> and '''''Gimilnitîr''''' in [[Adûnaic]].<ref name=Adunaic>{{SD|3vi5}}, p. 428</ref><br />
*'''''Fanuilos''''', another Sindarin title, which is inadequately rendered as "Snow-white"<ref name=AElbereth>{{RGEO|7}}, p. 66</ref> or "Everwhite".<ref>{{L|211}}, p. 278</ref> Being a combination of ''[[fan]]'' ("white cloud, shape, vision") + ''Uilos'' (the Sindarin name for [[Oiolossë]]) would more precisely mean "Figure (bright and majestic) upon Uilos".<ref>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 26</ref><br />
*'''''Avradî''''', her name in [[Adûnaic]].<ref name=Adunaic></ref><br />
*'''''Airë Tári''''', Quenya title for "Holy Queen".<ref name=Shibb>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, pp. 363-364, note 45</ref><br />
*'''''Hîr Annûn''''',<ref>{{LB|4}}, p. 354</ref> another Sindarin title, which is unglossed, but it clearly means "Lady of the West".<ref>{{HM|GS}}, p. 211</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| MEL | | MAN |~| VAR | |MEL=[[Melkor]]|MAN=[[Manwë]]|VAR='''VARDA'''}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
===The Book of Lost Tales===<br />
In the earliest version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', she is called ''Varda'' in [[Qenya]], and '''''Bridhil''''' in [[Gnomish]].<ref name=Varda/> Her main title "Queen of Stars" is rendered in Qenya as '''''Tinwetári''''', while its [[Gnomish]] cognates were '''''Tinturwin''''', '''''Timbridhil''''', '''''Gailbridh(n)ir'''''.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Tinwetári"</ref> She is also called '''''Súlimi''''' as the wife of Manwë Súlimo, while both together are called '''''[[Wanwavoisi]]'''''.<ref>{{LT1|Appendix}}, entry "Súlimo"</ref><br />
<br />
In narrative she is referred as Varda '''the Beautiful'''. She became the wife of Manwë, the Lord of the [[Gods]], and they had two [[Valarindi|children]]: [[Úrion]] and [[Erinti]].<ref>{{LT1|II}}, pp. 58-59</ref> During the [[Music of the Ainur]], she was the one who thought most on white and silver [[light]], and on stars. When she and Manwë entered the new world, they arose with wings of power that they gathered to travel through [[Vaitya]], [[Ilwë]] and [[Vilna]], the three airs. With them came many [[spirits]] of the airs that loved them, the [[Mánir]] and the [[Súruli]]. In those first days there were dispersed lights flowing through all the airs, and while she was playing in the sky, Varda set a few stars. When [[Aulë]] and [[Melko]] began making [[Two Lamps|two lamps]] to illuminate all the regions of the world, Manwë and Varda gathered a vast amount of the light, and kindled the lamps with it. After the lamps were destroyed and the Valar built their realm, Varda proposed to gather all the light that remained in the airs and spilled in the earth to make a beacon upon [[Taniquetil]], but instead the light was gathered in two cauldrons: [[Kulullin and Silindrin]]. To help [[Palúrien]] to make the [[Two Trees of Valinor]], two holes were opened next to the cauldrons and there were buried many magical things brought by the Valar, Varda contributing with a small star in the silver pit.<ref>{{LT1|III}}, pp. 65-66, 69-71</ref><br />
<br />
Years later, when Manwë informed her that the [[Awakening of the Elves|Elves had awoken]], Varda rose joyfully and went to [[Valmar]], where Aulë was working with a basin full of light from the silver cauldron. Hearing the news, the Vala struck his hammer, creating silver sparks. Then Varda took the sparks and mixed them with the light of the basin and molten silver. With this, she flew to the sky and set a lot of new stars of great glory and slumbering power, like [[Morwinyon]]. Later, during the council of the Valar, she supported the idea of the [[Eldar]] coming to Valinor, as she always had the greatest love for them.<ref>{{LT1|V}}, pp. 113-114, 117</ref><br />
[[File:Lída Holubová - Varda.jpg|thumb|''Varda'' by [[:Category:Images by Lída Holubová|Lída Holubová]]]]<br />
<br />
===Later versions===<br />
In his last conceptions for his legendarium, [[Tolkien]] considered that the solar system was already created when the Valar entered into Eä. Their power would be limited to [[Arda]] and therefore the Stars would not be of their concern. In this version Varda did not create the Stars, at least not in general, but her concern acquires a new dimension, as she is the keeper of the [[Light of Valinor|Primeval Light]].<ref name=Light>{{MR|P5II}}, pp. 375-377, 380-381</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Therefore Ilúvatar, at the entering of the Valar into Eä, added a theme to the [[Music of the Ainur|Great Song]] which was not in it at the first Singing, and he called one of the Ainur to him. Now this was that Spirit which afterwards became Varda (and taking female form became the spouse of Manwë). To Varda Ilúvatar said: 'I will give unto thee a parting gift. Thou shalt take into Eä a light that is holy, coming new from Me, unsullied by the thought and lust of Melkor, and with thee it shall enter into Eä, and be in Eä, but not of Eä.' Wherefore Varda is the most holy and revered of all the Valar, and those that name the light of Varda name the love of Eä that Eru has, and they are afraid, less only to the name of the One.}}<br />
<br />
Later, after the [[First War]], Varda gave Ari ([[Arien]]) a portion of the blessed light to inhabit the Sun, but the Maia is ravished by Melkor and the blessed light was lost.<ref name=Light></ref> However, the original light of the Sun and Moon had been used to kindle the Two Trees.<ref>{{MR|P5V}}, p. 390</ref><br />
<br />
Although Varda did not create the Stars, it is said that she designed the patterns of the main constellations as prophetic signs for the [[Children of Ilúvatar]]. However, she is still called "Star-kindler", for she made a great dome above Valinor to protect the airs from the spirits of Melkor. This dome was a ''[[Nur-menel]]'' (lesser firmament), a simulacrum of the true firmament (''[[Tarmenel]]''), and had very bright stars.<ref>{{MR|P5}}, "[Text] III" and "[Text] IV", pp. 385-388</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
The Valar, being divine beings below the ultimate Creator, [[Ilúvatar]], are thought of as being the [[Middle-earth]] equivalent of angels;<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> it has therefore been suggested that Varda, in her role as the most loved and prayed-to Vala, may be an equivalent of the Virgin Mary in Tolkien's own Catholic faith.<ref>{{webcite|author=Lawrence Yuen|articleurl=https://themythpilgrim.com/2020/12/16/mary-in-lotr/|articlename=15: Mary in Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings|dated=16 December 2020|website=The Myth Pilgrim|accessed=18 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Joseph Tuttle|articleurl=https://voyagecomics.com/2021/11/12/is-tolkiens-varda-the-best-representation-of-mary-in-middle-earth/#:~:text=In%20Tolkien%27s%20legendarium%2C%20she%20is,the%20text%20of%20The%20Silmarillion.|articlename=Is Tolkien’s “Varda” the best representation of Mary in Middle-Earth?|dated=12 November 2021|website=Voyage Comics (Blog)|accessed=18 March 2024}}</ref> Another suggestion is the goddess of wisdom, [[Wikipedia:Sophia (wisdom)|Sophia]], also associated with the stars.<ref>Rose Thomas, "Is Varda the Wisdom of Eru?", in ''[[Amon Hen 245|''Amon Hen'' 245]]'', pp. 15-16</ref><br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{Ainur}}<br />
[[Category:Aratar]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Qenya names]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Aman]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Valar]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Varda]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/ainur/valar/aratar/varda]]<br />
[[fi:Varda]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=12_August&diff=38775212 August2024-03-17T08:55:20Z<p>JR Snow: Letter 5 is 1916 not 1915</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>{{month|August}}<br />
Events that occurred on {{PAGENAME}}<br />
==On Earth==<br />
</noinclude><br />
* '''[[1911]]''' - Voice actor [[Felix Felton]] is born.<br />
* '''[[1916]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 5]].<br />
* '''[[1944]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 78]].<br />
* '''[[1955]]''' - During the holiday trip to Italy, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] and his daughter [[Priscilla Tolkien|Priscilla]] attend High Mass at the [[Wikipedia:Basilica di Santa Chiara|Basilica di Santa Chiara in Assisi]].<br />
* '''[[1959]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 216]].<br />
* '''[[1978]]''' - [[Mythcon 9]] in [[wikipedia:West Sacramento, California|West Sacramento]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].<br />
* '''[[1983]]''' - [[Mythcon 14]] at [[wikipedia:Scripps College|Scripps College]] in [[wikipedia:Claremont, California|Claremont]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].<br />
* '''[[1984]]''' - [[Mythcon 15]] at [[wikipedia:Mills College|Mills College]] in [[wikipedia:Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[wikipedia:California|California]].<br />
* '''[[2004]]''' - Voice actor [[Peter Woodthorpe]] dies.<br />
* '''[[2005]]''' - [[The Tolkien Society]]'s [[Tolkien 2005]] conference in [[wikipedia:Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[wikipedia:England|England]].<br />
* '''[[2011]]''' - [http://omentielva.com/ Omentielva Cantea] - 4th International Conference on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s Invented Languages in [[wikipedia:Valencia|Valencia]], [[wikipedia:Spain|Spain]].<br />
* '''[[2017]]''' - [[Omentielva|Omentielva Otsea]] - the Seventh International Conference on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s Invented Languages at [[wikipedia:California State University, East Bay|California State University, East Bay]].<br />
<br />
==In Arda==<br />
* {{TA|3018}}:<br />
** {{Cal Prison-Gandalf}}<br />
** {{Cal Travel-Boromir}}<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
[[Category:Dates|225]]<br />
[[fi:12. elokuuta]]<br />
</noinclude></div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=1916&diff=38775119162024-03-17T08:53:18Z<p>JR Snow: Space missing</p>
<hr />
<div>{{year-header}}<br />
==Early==<br />
* '''?''' - Being a linguist, Tolkien decides to specialise in signalling, and learns Morse code.<br />
==March==<br />
* '''[[2 March|2]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[Letter 4]].<br />
* '''[[16 March|16]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] receives his degree at the [[University of Oxford]].<br />
* '''[[22 March|22]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] marries [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]].<br />
<br />
==April==<br />
* '''[[29 April|29]]''' - [[William Squire]], who would play [[Gandalf]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]], is born.<br />
==June==<br />
* '''[[2 June|2]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] receives orders to report in Folkestone, and prepare for embarking. <br />
* '''[[4 June|4]]''' - Tolkien leaves for France.<br />
* '''[[27 June|27]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] leaves [[wikipedia:Étaples|Étaples]], and goes to the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme front]].<br />
*'''?''' - Tolkien might have written the poem ''[[Habbanan beneath the Stars]]''.<br />
==July==<br />
* '''[[1 July|1]]''' - One of the bloodiest battles in recent history, the [[Battle of the Somme]], starts. [[Robert Gilson]] is hit by a shell at La Boiselle on the first day; one of the first of the 360,000 British casualties of that battle.<br />
* '''[[14 July|14]]''' - Tolkien's C-company is sent into action at the Somme front.<br />
* '''[[22 July|22]]''' - [[Ralph Payton|Ralph "the Baby" Payton]], one of the [[T.C.B.S.]], is killed [[World War I|in action]].<br />
<br />
==August==<br />
* '''[[12 August|12]]''' - Tolkien writes [[Letter 5]].<br />
* '''[[19 August|19]]''' - Tolkien and [[Geoffrey Bache Smith|G.B. Smith]] meet at Acheux.<br />
==September==<br />
* '''[[13 September|13]]-[[24 September|24]]''' - Revises the poem [[The Mermaid's Flute]] and composes [[Consolatrix Afflictorium]], and [[Stella Vespertina]]<br />
* '''[[19 September|19]]''' - [[Terence Tiller]], writer of the [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|1955 radio series of ''The Lord of the Rings]]'', is born.<br />
<br />
==October==<br />
* '''[[26 October|26]]''' - While in reserve, [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s battalion is inspected by [[wikipedia:Douglas Haig|Sir Doulgas Haig]], the British commander at the [[Battle of the Somme]].<br />
* '''[[27 October|27]]''' - Tolkien is struck by "pyrexia of unknown origin": [[wikipedia:trench fever|trench fever]].<br />
==November==<br />
* '''[[8 November|8]]''' - Tolkien is repatriated, and is sent to a hospital in [[Birmingham]].<br />
* '''[[22 November|22]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] signs [[War Office form 22 November 1916|a form for the War Office]], confirming his return to England from France due to trench fever.<br />
* '''[[29 November|29]]''' - [[Geoffrey Bache Smith|G.B. Smith]] is hit by shrapnel, and wounded on his right arm and thigh.<br />
==December==<br />
* '''[[3 December|3]]''' - G.B. Smith dies of gas-gangrene in his wounds. The news doesn't reach Tolkien until the 16th.<br />
* '''[[16 December|16]]-[[25 December|25]]''' - Tolkien recovers, and he and Edith visit Great Haywood.<br />
* '''[[28 December|28]]''' - [[Noel Johnson]], who would play [[Éomer]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]], is born.<br />
== ? ==<br />
*'''?''' Canon [[Norman Power]], an acquaintance of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], is born.<br />
{{Years|1913|1914|1915|1916|1917|1918|1919|}} <br />
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_2&diff=387750Letter 22024-03-17T08:51:57Z<p>JR Snow: Style.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
|#=2<br />
|to=[[Edith Bratt]]<br />
|date=[[27 November]] [[1914]]<br />
|subject=''[[Éalá Éarendel Engla Beorhtast|The Voyage of Éarendel the Evening Star]]''<br />
}}<br />
{{letter|2}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Tolkien writes that he had a somewhat boring day drilling and attending classes (as part of the Officer's Training Corps). However, at a meeting of an Essasy Club: "''There was a bad paper but an interesting discussion. It was also composition meeting and I read '[[Éalá Éarendel Engla Beorhtast|Earendel]]' which was well criticised.''[[Category:Letters to Edith Tolkien]]<br />
{{letters}}<br />
[[de:Brief 2]]<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Letter 002}}<br />
[[Category:Letters to Edith Tolkien]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=1914&diff=38774919142024-03-17T08:44:02Z<p>JR Snow: /* November */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{year-header}}<br />
==Early==<br />
* '''?''' - [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]] converts to Catholicism and becomes engaged to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].<br />
==January==<br />
* '''[[6 January|6]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] begins working on ''[[The Book of Ishness]]''.<br />
* '''[[10 January|10]]''' - Scholar [[Angus McIntosh]], pupil and friend of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], is born.<br />
* '''[[30 January|30]]''' - The [[Chequers Clubbe]], founded by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], is given permission to organize dinners.<br />
* '''?''' - ''[[Rules of the Exeter College Essay Club]]'', signed by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], is printed.<br />
==February==<br />
* '''[[14 February|14]]''' - Translator [[Britt G. Hallqvist]] is born.<br />
==June==<br />
* '''[[1 June|1]]''' - [[George Sayer]], friend of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], is born.<br />
*'''[[18 June|18]]''' - The [[Chequers Clubbe]], founded by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], meet to have dinner.<br />
==August==<br />
* '''[[4 August|4]]''' - The British Empire declares [[World War I|war]] on Germany, following tension and conflict on the mainland in July. [[Allen and Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]'s offices are opened in London by [[Stanley Unwin]].<br />
* '''[[9 August|9]]''' - Artist [[Tove Jansson]] is born.<br />
* '''?''' - [[Hilary Tolkien]] joins the army as a bugler. <br />
* '''?''' - [[Geoffrey Bache Smith]] and [[Robert Gilson]] join the army. [[Christopher Wiseman]] joins the navy instead.<br />
<br />
==September==<br />
* '''[[16 September|16]]''' - Author and librarian [[William Ready]] is born.<br />
* '''[[24 September|24]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes ''[[The Voyage of Eärendel the Evening Star]]''.<br />
<br />
==October==<br />
* '''[[1 October|1]]''' - [[Donald A. Wollheim]] is born.<br />
*'''?''' - Tolkien, still undergraduate, is training at the Officer's Training Corps. He writes [[Letter 1]] to his fiancée [[Edith Bratt]].<br />
<br />
==November==<br />
* '''[[November 27|27]]''' - Tolkien writes [[Letter 2]].<br />
<br />
==December==<br />
* '''[[22 December|22]]''' - Tolkien writes [[Ferrum et Sanguis: 1914]].<br />
* '''[[25 December|25]]''' - The [[T.C.B.S.]] meet in London.<br />
<br />
==?==<br />
* '''Spring''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] is awarded the Skeat Prize for English by the [[University of Oxford#Exeter College|Exeter College]]. He spends the £5 prize money on buying [[List of books in Tolkien's library|four books]].<br />
* '''?''' - Artist [[Horus Engels]] is born.<br />
<br />
{{Years|1911|1912|1913|1914|1915|1916|1917|}}<br />
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=1960&diff=38774819602024-03-17T08:39:36Z<p>JR Snow: Letter 222a > 222b</p>
<hr />
<div>{{year-header}}<br />
==January==<br />
* '''[[13 January|13]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] sends [[Letter to Elizabeth Jones|a letter to Elizabeth Jones]].<br />
==February==<br />
* '''[[9 February|9]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 222a]].<br />
* '''[[12 February|12]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 222b]].<br />
* '''[[29 February|29]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 222c]].<br />
==March==<br />
* '''[[1 March|1]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 222d]].<br />
* '''[[17 March|17]]''' - [[Jef Murray]] is born.<br />
==April==<br />
* '''[[4 April|4]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 222e]].<br />
* '''[[4 April|4]]''' - [[Hugo Weaving]], who would play [[Elrond]] in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]], is born.<br />
==May==<br />
* '''[[5 May|5]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 222f]].<br />
* '''?''' - [[Triode 18|''Triode'' 18]], including [[Letter to the editor of Triode|a letter by J.R.R. Tolkien]], is published.<br />
==July==<br />
* '''[[7 July|7]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] writes [[Letter to H.W. Donner|a letter]] to [[H.W. Donner]]. <br />
* '''[[9 July|9]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] has a formal dinner in [[Cambridge]].<br />
* '''[[31 July|31]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 223]].<br />
==September==<br />
* '''[[4 September|4]]''' - [[The Fellowship of the Ring (fangroup)|The Fellowship of the Ring]] becomes formally constituted.<br />
* '''[[12 September|12]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 224]].<br />
* '''[[23 September|23]]''' - [[Jason Carter]], who would voice [[Glorfindel]] in ''[[EA's The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king|The Rise of the Witch-king]]'', is born.<br />
==October==<br />
* '''[[25 October|25]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] seeks to publish "[[The End of Bovadium]]".<br />
==December==<br />
* '''[[10 December|10]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 225]].<br />
* '''[[31 December|31]]''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 226]].<br />
==?==<br />
* '''?''' - [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] writes [[letter 222a]].<br />
* '''?''' - [[I.L. Gordon]] publishes an edition of the [[Old English]] poem ''[[The Seafarer (I.L. Gordon)|The Seafarer]]'', to which [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] contributed.<br />
* '''?''' - ''[[The Four Loves]]'', a book by [[C.S. Lewis]] with a reference to [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], is published.<br />
* '''?''' - Actor [[Peter Hambleton]] is born.<br />
<br />
{{Years|1957|1958|1959|1960|1961|1962|1963|}}<br />
[[Category:Years (real-world)]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:JR_Snow&diff=387747User talk:JR Snow2024-03-17T08:26:59Z<p>JR Snow: /* Letters in 1960 */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Welcome|realName=James Snow|name=JR Snow}}<br />
<br />
-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 15:14, 3 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Rings of Power cast roles ==<br />
<br />
I saw you added Tyra and Oren to the cast list, but has this been officially confirmed? Is there a source? Also, are these the real namse of the characters or the code names used by Amazon? Thanks. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 18:02, 11 February 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Hello Oromë. No, there has been no official confirmation, only the Deadline articles in late 2019. <br />
:I feel that until we know otherwise that there is no harm in listing them as such, especially as they are already mentioned in the same page further down. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] 18:17, 11 February 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==England redlinks==<br />
<br />
Do we really want to delete all the links to [[England]]? Seems to me that would be an important and valuable article to have, as England was not just Tolkien’s home but a crucial part of his inspiration for creating his mythology. --[[User:Pachyderminator|Pachyderminator]] 15:29, 13 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I do understand but articles such as [[Middle-earth#Inspiration|Middle-earth]] already contain that information and I don’t believe it needs repeating in a page for England. This page was also deleted by Admins a few years ago for being unnecessary. <br />
:I removed the red links today as it appeared that this had simply not been done at the time of the page deletion.<br />
:If you feel that a page for England has merit on it’s own, independent of other articles (and one is subsequently created) I’d be happy to undo my edits. -[[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] 15:42, 13 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I don't know. The [[Middle-earth]] and [[Legendarium]] articles don't go into enough detail on this - e.g. they don't mention what [[Letter 131]] says about the idea of a mythology "dedicated to England." Perhaps that should just go into those articles rather than a separate one, but still, England is important for much of Tolkien's work outside the legendarium as well: he seems to have seen Beowulf as a quintessentially "English" work in "The Monsters and the Critics," and ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' is a very English setting.<br />
<br />
::I think an independent article would have merit if it had some substance on the importance of England in Tolkien's work as a whole. But I'm not committing to writing this article myself in the immediate future. --[[User:Pachyderminator|Pachyderminator]] 04:55, 14 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::I tried writing an article one time about what I thought were the main inspirations of Tolkien's work. However, I found it suprisingly hard to actually write, and I think a lot of what could be written in such an article would just be repeating things that are better written on individual articles. An "England" article could probably be written, but a lot of things like saying the Shire is in the location of Oxford or Hengrist and Horsa being descendants of Elfwine are probably better in their relevant articles. Even things like England's importance to works outside Middle-earth seem like they could go on existing pages. [[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 11:46, 14 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Your edit on Rohan ==<br />
<br />
Hi, I noticed you removed that sentence in [[Rohan]] I don't think I noticed before. Well I think the shrinking borders referred to are Gondor's. By the time of the WotR, Gondor had shrunk that much and was just three times the size of Rohan. [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 18:55, 1 February 2024 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Ah, you may well be right there, that makes much more sense. In which case it seems an unnecessary inclusion on the Rohan page anyway. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 20:51, 1 February 2024 (UTC)<br />
==Letters in 1960==<br />
Hi, the letters in 1960 were all off by one (e.g. 122b instead of 122a. I've fixed this however there is a letter 122a that is listed as written on an unknown date which was actually written on 9 Feb. I thought maybe this was another case of the wrong letter being listed but I didn't see any others from that year it might have referred to. Hopefully you can clear this up. {{user:Éowyn/sig}} 21:47, 16 March 2024 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I've also removed Letter 310a from [[1969]] and Letter 332a from [[1972]]. {{user:Éowyn/sig}} 22:42, 16 March 2024 (UTC)<br />
::I had noticed these changes and was confused how I got those dates wrong; as it turns out the document I referred to for these dates was one that TolkienGuide.com created pre-release. see here:<br />
::https://www.tolkienguide.com/guide/books/images/49/TCG%20Guide%20to%20Carpenters%20Revised%20Tolkien%20Letters%20Changes%202023-11-09.pdf<br />
::Now that I own the book I see that it had wrong dates and letters that don’t even exist (there is no letter 332a in the revised edition). Thank you for the corrections. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 07:57, 17 March 2024 (UTC)<br />
::It looks like they’ve updated the pdf on their website, but I have the earlier version saved locally which includes multiple errors.<br />
::I’m going to have to double check everything I did… [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 08:26, 17 March 2024 (UTC)</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:JR_Snow&diff=387746User talk:JR Snow2024-03-17T07:57:17Z<p>JR Snow: /* Letters in 1960 */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Welcome|realName=James Snow|name=JR Snow}}<br />
<br />
-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 15:14, 3 June 2019 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Rings of Power cast roles ==<br />
<br />
I saw you added Tyra and Oren to the cast list, but has this been officially confirmed? Is there a source? Also, are these the real namse of the characters or the code names used by Amazon? Thanks. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 18:02, 11 February 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Hello Oromë. No, there has been no official confirmation, only the Deadline articles in late 2019. <br />
:I feel that until we know otherwise that there is no harm in listing them as such, especially as they are already mentioned in the same page further down. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] 18:17, 11 February 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==England redlinks==<br />
<br />
Do we really want to delete all the links to [[England]]? Seems to me that would be an important and valuable article to have, as England was not just Tolkien’s home but a crucial part of his inspiration for creating his mythology. --[[User:Pachyderminator|Pachyderminator]] 15:29, 13 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
:I do understand but articles such as [[Middle-earth#Inspiration|Middle-earth]] already contain that information and I don’t believe it needs repeating in a page for England. This page was also deleted by Admins a few years ago for being unnecessary. <br />
:I removed the red links today as it appeared that this had simply not been done at the time of the page deletion.<br />
:If you feel that a page for England has merit on it’s own, independent of other articles (and one is subsequently created) I’d be happy to undo my edits. -[[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] 15:42, 13 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I don't know. The [[Middle-earth]] and [[Legendarium]] articles don't go into enough detail on this - e.g. they don't mention what [[Letter 131]] says about the idea of a mythology "dedicated to England." Perhaps that should just go into those articles rather than a separate one, but still, England is important for much of Tolkien's work outside the legendarium as well: he seems to have seen Beowulf as a quintessentially "English" work in "The Monsters and the Critics," and ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' is a very English setting.<br />
<br />
::I think an independent article would have merit if it had some substance on the importance of England in Tolkien's work as a whole. But I'm not committing to writing this article myself in the immediate future. --[[User:Pachyderminator|Pachyderminator]] 04:55, 14 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::I tried writing an article one time about what I thought were the main inspirations of Tolkien's work. However, I found it suprisingly hard to actually write, and I think a lot of what could be written in such an article would just be repeating things that are better written on individual articles. An "England" article could probably be written, but a lot of things like saying the Shire is in the location of Oxford or Hengrist and Horsa being descendants of Elfwine are probably better in their relevant articles. Even things like England's importance to works outside Middle-earth seem like they could go on existing pages. [[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 11:46, 14 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Your edit on Rohan ==<br />
<br />
Hi, I noticed you removed that sentence in [[Rohan]] I don't think I noticed before. Well I think the shrinking borders referred to are Gondor's. By the time of the WotR, Gondor had shrunk that much and was just three times the size of Rohan. [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 18:55, 1 February 2024 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Ah, you may well be right there, that makes much more sense. In which case it seems an unnecessary inclusion on the Rohan page anyway. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 20:51, 1 February 2024 (UTC)<br />
==Letters in 1960==<br />
Hi, the letters in 1960 were all off by one (e.g. 122b instead of 122a. I've fixed this however there is a letter 122a that is listed as written on an unknown date which was actually written on 9 Feb. I thought maybe this was another case of the wrong letter being listed but I didn't see any others from that year it might have referred to. Hopefully you can clear this up. {{user:Éowyn/sig}} 21:47, 16 March 2024 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I've also removed Letter 310a from [[1969]] and Letter 332a from [[1972]]. {{user:Éowyn/sig}} 22:42, 16 March 2024 (UTC)<br />
::I had noticed these changes and was confused how I got those dates wrong; as it turns out the document I referred to for these dates was one that TolkienGuide.com created pre-release. see here:<br />
::https://www.tolkienguide.com/guide/books/images/49/TCG%20Guide%20to%20Carpenters%20Revised%20Tolkien%20Letters%20Changes%202023-11-09.pdf<br />
::Now that I own the book I see that it had wrong dates and letters that don’t even exist (there is no letter 332a in the revised edition). Thank you for the corrections. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 07:57, 17 March 2024 (UTC)</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=J.R.R._Tolkien&diff=387461J.R.R. Tolkien2024-03-11T17:08:36Z<p>JR Snow: adding Chronology of Tolkien's writings to 'See also' section</p>
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<div>{{disambig-more|J.R.R. Tolkien|[[J.R.R. Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Tolkien|[[Tolkien (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{Sources}}<br />
{{author infobox<br />
| image=[[File:D.W. Luebbert - Tolkien Daydreams.jpg|275px]]<br />
| name=J.R.R. Tolkien<br />
| born=[[3 January]], [[1892]]<br />
| died=[[2 September]], [[1973]]<br>(aged 81 years)<br />
| education=[[University of Oxford]]<br />
| occupation=Academic<br/>Author<br/>Philologist<br>Poet<br />
| location=[[Wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]<br />
| website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com Tolkien: The official site of the Tolkien Estate]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien''', [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], ([[3 January]], [[1892]] – [[2 September]], [[1973]]) was a philologist and writer, best known as the author of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and its sequel ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. He worked as reader and professor in English language at the [[University of Leeds]] from [[1920]] to [[1925]]; as professor of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] language at the [[University of Oxford]] from [[1925]] to [[1945]]; and of English language and literature from [[1945]] until his retirement in [[1959]]. Tolkien was a close friend of [[C.S. Lewis]], and a member of the [[Inklings]], a literary discussion group to which both Lewis and [[Owen Barfield]] belonged.<br />
<br />
Tolkien created a ''[[legendarium]]'', a fictional mythology about the remote past of Earth, of which [[Middle-earth]] in particular is the main stage. Parts of his legendarium are ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' and ''[[The History of Middle-earth|The History of Middle-earth series]]'' (published by his son, [[Christopher Tolkien]], posthumously) revealed Tolkien's lifelong work on that same legendarium, a process which he called "[[sub-creation]]". Tolkien's other published works include philological essays, modern adaptations of medieval literature and rendering of stories originally told to his children but not directly related to the legendarium.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
===Family ancestry===<br />
{{Seealso|Tolkien Family}}<br />
Many of Tolkien's paternal ancestors were craftsmen. According to Tolkien's own understanding, the Tolkien family had its roots in Saxony (present-day Germany), but had been living in England since the 18th century, becoming "quickly and intensely English (not British)".<ref>{{L|165}}</ref> Tolkien believed that the ''Tolkien'' is the anglicised form of ''Tollkiehn'' (i.e. German: ''tollkühn'', "foolhardy", the etymological English calque would be "dull-keen", a literal translation of "oxymoron").<ref>{{L|324}}</ref> Research by linguist [[Ryszard Derdziński]] suggests that the name is of Low Prussian origin and probably means "son/descendant of Tolk".<ref>[[Ryszard Derdziński]], Z Prus do Anglii. Saga rodziny J. R. R. Tolkiena</ref> Tolkien was dismissive of this theory.<ref>{{L|349}}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Childhood ===<br />
[[File:1984 Commemorative Plaque.JPG|thumb|left|[[Plaques and Memorials|Plaque commemorating]] J.R.R. Tolkien's birthplace in President Steyn Avenue, [[Bloemfontein]].]]<br />
Tolkien was born on [[January 3|3 January]], [[1892]], in [[Bloemfontein]] in the [[Orange Free State]] (now the Free State province of South Africa) to [[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]] ([[1857]] – [[1896]]), an English bank manager, and his wife [[Mabel Tolkien|Mabel, ''née'' Suffield]] ([[1870]] – [[1904]]). Tolkien had one sibling, his younger brother, [[Hilary Tolkien|Hilary Arthur Reuel]], who was born on [[February 17|17 February]], [[1894]]. He was addressed by his family as “Ronald” as it has no history of use in the Tolkien family.<ref name=BII/><br />
<br />
While living in Africa he was bitten by a large 'baboon spider', and this echoes in his stories. However, Tolkien said that he did not develop a particular fear of spiders after this event, and, when he was older, recalled picking small spiders up and putting them outside.<ref name=L163/><br />
<br />
When he was three, Tolkien went to England with his mother and brother on what was intended to be a lengthy family visit. His father, however, died in South Africa of a severe brain haemorrhage before he could join them. This left the family without an income, so Tolkien's mother took him to live with her parents in [[Birmingham]], England. Soon after in [[1896]], they moved to [[Sarehole]] (now in Hall Green), then a Worcestershire village, later annexed to Birmingham. He enjoyed exploring [[Sarehole Mill]] and Moseley Bog and the Clent Hills and Lickey Hills, which would later inspire scenes in his books along with other Worcestershire towns and villages such as Bromsgrove, Alcester and Alvechurch and places such as his aunt's farm of Bag End, the name of which would be used in his fiction.<ref name=BII/><br />
<br />
[[File:Ronald and Hilary Tolkien.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Ronald and Hilary Tolkien in 1905]]<br />
<br />
Mabel tutored her two sons, and Ronald, as he was known in the family, was a keen pupil. She taught him a great deal of botany, and she awoke in her son the enjoyment of the look and feel of plants. Young Tolkien liked to draw landscapes and trees. But his favourite lessons were those concerning languages, and his mother taught him the rudiments of Latin very early. He could read by the age of four, and could write fluently soon afterwards. He attended St. Philip's school and quickly outpaced his classmates so his mother pulled him out and enrolled him in [[King Edward's School]]<ref name=BII>{{B|II}}</ref>, Birmingham and, while a student there, helped "line the route" for the coronation parade of King George V, being posted just outside the gates of Buckingham Palace. He later attended Exeter College, Oxford.<br />
<br />
His mother converted to Roman Catholicism in [[1900]], despite vehement protests by her Baptist family. She died of diabetes in [[1904]], when Tolkien was twelve, at Fern Cottage, Rednal, which they were then renting. For the rest of his life, Tolkien felt that she had become a martyr for her faith; this had a profound effect on his own Catholic beliefs.<ref name=BII/> Tolkien's devout faith was significant in the conversion of C.S. Lewis to Anglicanism.<br />
<br />
During his subsequent orphanhood he was brought up by Father [[Francis Xavier Morgan]] of the [[Birmingham Oratory]], in the Edgbaston area of Birmingham. He lived there in the shadow of Perrott's Folly and the Victorian tower of Edgbaston waterworks, which may have influenced the images of the dark towers within his works. Another strong influence was the romantic medievalist paintings of Edward Burne-Jones and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery has a large and world-renowned collection of works and has had it put on free public display from around [[1908]].<br />
<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - 1911.jpg|left|thumb|150px|J.R.R. Tolkien in 1911]]<br />
<br />
===Youth===<br />
Tolkien met and fell in love with [[Edith Tolkien|Edith Mary Bratt]], three years his senior, at the age of sixteen. Father Francis forbade him from meeting, talking, or even corresponding with her until he was twenty-one. He obeyed this prohibition to the letter.<ref>{{L|43}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[1911]], while they were at King Edward's School, Birmingham, Tolkien and three friends, [[Robert Gilson]], [[Geoffrey Bache Smith]] and [[Christopher Wiseman]], formed a semi-secret society which they called "the [[T.C.B.S.]]", the initials standing for "Tea Club and Barrovian Society", alluding to their fondness of drinking tea in Barrow's Stores near the school and, illegally, in the school library. After leaving school, the members stayed in touch, and on [[25 December]], [[1914]], they held a "Council" in London, at Wiseman's home. For Tolkien, the result of this meeting was a strong dedication to writing poetry.<br />
<br />
In the summer of 1911, Tolkien went on holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollects vividly in a 1968 letter, noting that Bilbo's journey across the [[Misty Mountains]] ("including the glissade down the slithering stones into the pine woods") is directly based on his adventures as their party of twelve hiked from Interlaken to Lauterbrunnen, and on to camp in the moraines beyond Mürren. Fifty-seven years later, Tolkien remembers his regret at leaving the view of the eternal snows of Jungfrau and Silberhorn ("the Silvertine ([[Celebdil]]) of my dreams"). They went across the Kleine Scheidegg on to Grindelwald and across the Grosse Scheidegg to Meiringen. They continued across the Grimsel Pass and through the upper Valais to Brig, and on to the Aletsch glacier and Zermatt.<ref>{{L|306}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Tolkien - 1916 (colorized).jpg|right|thumb|Tolkien in 1916, wearing his British Army uniform in a photograph from the middle years of WWI]]<br />
<br />
On the evening of his twenty-first birthday ([[1913]]), Tolkien wrote to Edith a declaration of his love and asked her to marry him. She replied saying that she was already engaged, but had done so because she had believed Tolkien had forgotten her. The two met up and beneath a railway viaduct renewed their love, with Edith returning her ring and choosing to marry Tolkien instead. A condition of their engagement was that she was to convert to Catholicism for him. They were engaged in Birmingham, in January [[1913]].<br />
<br />
With his childhood love of landscape, he visited Cornwall in [[1914]] and he was said to be deeply impressed by the singular Cornish coastline and sea. <br />
<br />
By late 1914, his final year at the [[University of Oxford]], he joined the Officer's Training Corps.<ref>{{L|1}}</ref> After his graduation (Exeter College, [[Oxford]]) with a first-class degree in English language in [[1915]], Tolkien joined the British Army effort in [[World War I]].<br />
In late '15 he received military training at Rugeley Camp in Staffordshire<ref>{{L|3}}</ref> and served as a second lieutenant in the eleventh battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers. <br />
<br />
Tolkien married Edith in Warwick, England, on [[22 March]], [[1916]] before leaving for the War. His battalion was moved to France in [[1916]], where Tolkien served as a communications officer during the Battle of the Somme, until he came down with trench fever on [[October 27|27 October]], and was moved back to England on [[November 8|8 November]]. Many of his fellow servicemen, as well as many of his closest friends, were killed in the war. During his recovery in a cottage in [[Great Haywood]], Staffordshire, England, he began to work on what he called ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', beginning with ''[[The Fall of Gondolin (chapter)|The Fall of Gondolin]]''. Throughout [[1917]] and [[1918]] his illness kept recurring, but he had recovered enough to do home service at various camps, and was promoted to lieutenant. When he was stationed at Thirtle Bridge, East Yorkshire, one day he and Edith went walking in the woods at nearby Roos, and Edith began to dance for him in a clearing thick with hemlock plants in bloom. This incident inspired the account of the meeting of [[Beren]] and [[Lúthien]],<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Bill Cater]]|articleurl=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4726863/We-talked-of-love-death-and-fairy-tales.html|articlename=We talked of love, death and fairy tales|dated=4 December 2001|website=|accessed=13 January 2024}}</ref> and Tolkien considered Edith his Lúthien.<ref>{{L|340}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien and Edith had four children: [[John Tolkien|John Francis Reuel]] ([[16 November]], [[1917]] - [[22 January]], [[2003]]), [[Michael Tolkien|Michael Hilary Reuel]] ([[22 October]], [[1920]] - [[27 February]], [[1984]]), [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher John Reuel]] ([[21 November]], [[1924]] - [[16 January]], [[2020]]) and [[Priscilla Tolkien|Priscilla Anne Reuel]] ([[18 June]], [[1929]] - [[28 February]], [[2022]]).<br />
<br />
===Leeds and Oxford===<br />
Tolkien's first civilian job after World War I was at the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', working on words starting with the letter W.<ref>Peter M. Gilliver, At the Wordface: J.R.R. Tolkien's Work on the Oxford English Dictionary, [https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol21/iss2/ Mythlore, volume 21, issue 2]</ref> He later said of that "I learned more in those two years than in any other equal period of my life".<ref name=Interlude/> In [[1920]] he took up a post as Reader in English language at the [[University of Leeds]],<ref name="L7">{{L|7}}</ref> and in [[1924]] was made a professor there.<ref name="Interlude">{{B|III}}, "Oxford Interlude"</ref> The start was rough: though Gordon found Tolkien a room in Leeds,<ref>{{L|46}}</ref> Edith and young John still lived in [[Oxford]]. In weekends, Tolkien would go to his family - now expanded with the birth of Michael. Not until [[1921]] did Tolkien get full housing for his family, first at [[5 Holly Bank]]<ref name="Chronology1921">{{CG|C}}, "1921"</ref> and then at [[11 St. Mark's Terrace]].<ref name="Venture">[[Humphrey Carpenter]], ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]'', "Northern venture"</ref> They later moved to [[2 Darnley Road]].<br />
<br />
Since [[1920]], Tolkien dedicated his time, even vacations, to finding extra work to supplement his family's income, especially for doctor bills<ref group="note">[[Christopher Tolkien]] suffered from a heart ailment.</ref> and educate his children. He "stole" some free time for himself and his personal hobby of writing his own mythology.<ref name="l17" /> <br />
<br />
W. A. Craigie resigned from the post of [[Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon]] at the Oxford English School, and Tolkien wrote a letter expressing his desire to return there<ref name="L7" /> which he did in [[1925]].<br />
<br />
Tolkien assisted Sir Mortimer Wheeler in the unearthing of a Roman Asclepieion at Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, in [[1928]]. During his time at Pembroke, Tolkien wrote ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and the first two volumes of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. <br />
===''The Hobbit''===<br />
It was during his time as Professor of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] at [[Pembroke College]], in the late 1920s, that he semi-randomly scribbled the words "In a hole in the ground, there lived a hobbit" on the back of a School Certificate paper that he was marking. These words evolved into a story like the ones he was making up for his children. He did not go any further than that at the time, although in the following years he drew up [[Thrór's map]].<ref name="L163">{{L|163}}</ref><br />
<br />
The tale itself he wrote in the early 1930s. It was mostly enjoyed by his eldest son [[John Tolkien|John]] (13) than the younger ones. His peers at Oxford also "forced" him to lend copies to read.<ref name="l15">{{L|15}}</ref> Eventually he lent it to the Reverend Mother Superior of Cherwell Edge and to his former pupil [[Elaine Griffiths]] who was staying in the Cherwell Edge girl's hostel, and it was seen by her student, Susan Dagnall, who worked in [[Allen and Unwin]]. It was the 10-year old son of Sir [[Stanley Unwin]], [[Rayner Unwin|Rayner]], who wrote such an enthusiastic review of the book.<ref name=L294>{{L|294}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The [[1936]] lecture "[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]" had a lasting influence on ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' research.<ref>Patrick Ringwalk, ''The Times of Bede: Studies in Early English Christian Society and its Historian''</ref><br />
<br />
By [[January]] of [[1937]] Tolkien was corresponding with Allen and Unwin (who also showed interest in ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'').<ref>{{L|9}}</ref> Around the time ''The Hobbit'' was published ([[1937]]) Tolkien suffered from an ailment and had to use crutches, the only time he was free from examining work.<ref name="l105">{{L|105}}</ref><br />
<br />
===''Lord of the Rings''===<br />
{{seealso|The Lord of the Rings#Writing process}}<br />
The success of ''The Hobbit'' and a request for its sequel, was an opportunity to combine his personal desire for writing, and financial needs, and agreed on writing a sequel.<ref name="l17">{{L|17}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In the turn of [[1939]], and in the midst of writing the ''Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien faced financial stress and was obliged to do exams and lectures: his son, Michael was preparing for university, and Christopher, being home-schooled for health reasons, wanted to go to school.<ref name=L35/> In the summer of that year, while gardening, Tolkien fell and suffered a concussion which required stitches; he was unwell for some time<ref name="rc">{{HM|RC}}</ref>{{rp|p. 21}} and this, along with his fatigue, worries, obligations, Edith's illness, his loss of his chief assistant and understudy, prevented him from continuing his writing, including a [[Beowulf and the Finnsburg Fragment|foreword to ''Beowulf'']] as had promised.<ref name=L35/> At the outbreak of WWII, his academic duties increased.<ref>{{FR|Foreword}}</ref> Juggling between work, "Civil Defence" and writing in intervals, he doubted that, because of the War, completing the book had any use.<ref>{{L|47}}</ref> Failing to progress during Christmas vacations, he resumed only [[1944|two years later]]. It was the enthusiasm of his friends and Christopher (to whom he was sending copies by mail to South Africa) who encouraged him to continue.<ref name="rc" />{{rp|p. 25}}<br />
<br />
In [[1945]], he moved to [[Merton College]], Oxford, becoming the Merton Professor of English Language and Literature, in which post he remained until his retirement in [[1959]]. <br />
In [[1946]] he faced fatigue from academic work and an illness, and although he recovered, and was free from examining work, he had to deal with a "mountain of neglects".<ref name="l105" /><br />
<br />
Tolkien spent the late summer (August-September) of [[1948]], at the home of Michael at Payables Farm, Woodcote. As Michael and his family were on holidays, Tolkien found the time and quiet he needed to finish ''Lord of the Rings'', close to a decade after the first sketches.<ref name="rc" />{{rp|p. 27}}<br />
<br />
After a disagreement with [[Allen and Unwin]] concerning "The Silmarillion", and failing to reach an agreement with [[Collins]], he settled the dispute with the Unwins. He reported to [[Rayner Unwin]] that he had been unwell (having recovered from "a terrible bout" of fibrositis and neuritis of the arm) burdened and downhearted. In the prospect of a nearing retirement of poverty, during which he would work as an examiner to survive, and the rising paper costs, he had modified his views ("Better something than nothing!").<ref>{{L|133}}</ref> Tolkien readily agreed to the 'profit-sharing' arrangement, where Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 32</ref> Between [[1953]] and [[1955]] Tolkien worked closely with Allen & Unwin on production of ''The Lord of the Rings'', agreeing on the division of volumes, their titles, correcting proofs that arrived at intervals, complete and correct artwork, the maps and the dust-jacket designs.<ref name="rc" />{{rp|p. 34}}<br />
===Later life and recognition===<br />
During the 1950s, Tolkien spent many of his long academic holidays at the home of his son John Francis in Stoke-on-Trent. <br />
<br />
In [[1959]] Tolkien went to compulsory retirement, which he found "both distressing, and extremely laborious", especially with the less than desirable pension.<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (December 1959)]]</ref> For him, [[1963]] was a "dreadful year", including the death of C.S. Lewis ([[22 November]]), an illness that prevented Tolkien and Edith from celebrating Christmas, and after that, [[Faith Faulconbridge]] leaving Christopher; Tolkien expressed "fear they have left their allegiance to our Mother [the Church]".<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (20–26 January 1964)]]</ref> In the 1960s he complained about the effects of old age, and other difficulties and anxieties, some of which were caused by his own family.<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letters to Przemyslaw Mroczkowski (unknown date)]]</ref> <br />
<br />
By the time of his retirement, Tolkien increasingly turned into a figure of public attention and literary fame. The sale of his books was so profitable that Tolkien regretted he had not taken early retirement. While at first he wrote enthusiastic answers to reader inquiries, he became more and more suspicious of emerging [[Tolkien fandom]], especially among the hippie movement in the USA. <br />
<br />
Fan attention became so intense that, with [[Joy Hill]]'s suggestion,<ref>{{L|287}}</ref> Tolkien had to take his phone number out of the public directory,{{fact}} and eventually he and Edith moved to [[Woodridings]] in Branksome, Poole near [[Bournemouth]] to escape his fame in [[Oxford]].<ref name="TL838" /> In June [[1968]], while preparing to move house, Tolkien fell down a set of stairs and had to stay in an [[Oxford]] hospital, leaving behind his obligations. He was expected to use crutches for all summer.<ref>{{L|305}}</ref> The couple lived in Poole until Edith's death in [[November]] [[1971]].<ref name="TL838">{{webcite|author=Pieter Collier|articleurl=http://www.tolkienlibrary.com/press/838-Own_a_Piece_of_Tolkien_History.php|articlename=Here is your chance to own a piece of Tolkien history|dated=9 July 2008|website=[[TolkienLibrary.com]]|accessed=}}</ref> The widowed professor moved back to Oxford, 21 Merton Street in March 1972.<ref>{{webcite|author=Rodney Legg|articleurl=http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2009/11/tolkien-in-bournemouth-and-dorset/|articlename=Tolkien in Bournemouth and Dorset|dated=November 2009|website=Dorset Life|accessed=}}</ref><ref>{{L|333}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[W.H. Auden]] was a frequent correspondent and long-time friend of Tolkien's, initiated by Auden's fascination with ''The Lord of the Rings'': Auden was among the most prominent early critics to praise the work. Tolkien wrote in a 1971 letter,{{blockquote|I am [...] very deeply in Auden's debt in recent years. His support of me and interest in my work has been one of my chief encouragements. He gave me very good reviews, notices and letters from the beginning when it was by no means a popular thing to do. He was, in fact, sneered at for it.|[[Letter 327]]}}<br />
[[File:Jrrt_1972_tree.jpg|thumb|180px|The last known photograph of Tolkien, taken 9 August 1973, next to one of his favourite trees (a ''Pinus nigra'') in the Botanic Garden, Oxford]]<br />
<br />
In a [[1972]] letter he deplores having become a cult-figure, but admits that<br />
{{Blockquote|even the nose of a very modest idol (younger than [[Wikipedia:Chu-Bu_and_Sheemish|Chu-Bu and not much older than Sheemish]]) cannot remain entirely untickled by the sweet smell of incense!|[[Letter 336]]}} <br />
<br />
Tolkien was awarded a [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] ("Commander of the British Empire") by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace on [[March 28|28 March]], 1972.<br />
<br />
[[File:Tolkiengrave.jpg|thumb|The grave of J.R.R. and Edith Tolkien]]<br />
Edith Tolkien died on [[29 November|28 November]], [[1971]], at the age of eighty-two, and Tolkien had the name ''Lúthien'' engraved on the stone at [[Wolvercote Cemetery]], Oxford. When Tolkien died 21 months later of pneumonia on [[2 September]], [[1973]], at the age of 81, he was buried in the same grave, with ''Beren'' added to his name, so that the engraving now reads: <br />
:''Edith Mary Tolkien, Lúthien, 1889 – 1971''<br />
:''John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Beren, 1892 – 1973''<br />
<br />
Posthumously named after Tolkien are the Tolkien Road in Eastbourne, East Sussex, and the asteroid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2675_Tolkien 2675 Tolkien]. Tolkien Way in Stoke-On-Trent is named after J.R.R.'s son [[John Tolkien|Father John Francis Tolkien]], who used to be the priest in charge at the nearby Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Angels and St. Peter in Chains.<br />
<br />
==Appearance==<br />
The early images of J.R.R. Tolkien in school and university show a serious young man, average height, slender, clean-shaven, and with his hair parted in the middle. <br />
<br />
At school he was considered too light for the rugby team, and in order to join he tried to make it up with ferocity during the game, and eventually he was accepted.<ref>{{L|16}}</ref><br />
<br />
By [[1916]] Tolkien had joined the army he had changed to a more conventional haircut, as well as a moustache for a short period of time. <br />
<br />
[[Richard Plotz]], who visited Tolkien in 1966, described him as<br />
{{Blockquote|...a medium-sized man ... [who] looks much younger than his seventy-four years. Like one of his creations, the Hobbits, he is a bit fat in the stomach ...|"J.R.R. Tolkien Talks about the Discovery of Middle-earth, the Origins of Elvish", ''[[Seventeen]]'' (January [[1967]]), p. 92}}<br />
<br />
In a letter on [[8 February]], [[1967]], to interviewers Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, Tolkien stated that he was not "tall, or strongly built. I now measure 5 ft 8 1/2, and am slightly built, with notably small hands. For most of my life I have been very thin and underweight. Since my early sixties I have become 'tubby'. Not unusual in men who took their exercise in games and swimming, when opportunities for these things cease".<ref name=L294/> In "[[The Man Who Understands Hobbits]]" (''[[Daily Telegraph Magazine]]'', [[22 March]] [[1968]]), the Plimmers also noted that Tolkien had 'grey eyes, firm tanned skin, silvery hair and quick decisive speech'.<ref>{{webcite|author=Charlotte and Denis Plimmer|articleurl=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/04/19/jrr-tolkien-film-my-books-its-easier-to-film-the-odyssey/|articlename=JRR Tolkien: 'Film my books? It's easier to film The Odyssey'|dated=19 April 2016|website=Telegraph|accessed=26 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
During Tolkien's time at King Edward's School he was noted for his choice in coloured socks.<ref>{{L|58}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Clyde S. Kilby]], who spent some time with Tolkien in the summer of [[1966]], noted that he "was always neatly dressed from necktie to shoes. One of his favourite suits was a herringbone with which he wore a green corduroy vest [waistcoat]. Always there was a vest, and nearly always a sport coat. He did not mind wearing a very broad necktie which in those days was out of style".<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and the Silmarillion]]'' ([[1976]]), p. 24</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien had a particular liking for decorative waistcoats: he told one correspondent that he had "one or two choice embroidered specimens, which I sometimes wear when required to make a speech, as I find they so fascinate the eyes of the audience that they do not notice if my dentures become a little loose with excitements of rhetoric"<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Nancy Smith (Christmas 1963)]]</ref><br />
<br />
Interviewers have noted that Tolkien almost clung to his smoking pipe, cradling it in his hand, or speaking with it in his mouth, sometimes making him difficult to understand. One of these, Richard Plotz, wrote that Tolkien "took out a pipe as he entered his study, and all during the interview he held it clenched in his teeth, lighting and relighting it, talking through it; he never removed it from his mouth for more than five seconds" ('J.R.R. Tolkien Talks...', p. 92).<br />
<br />
==Character, personality, views==<br />
{{seealso|Christianity}}<br />
Tolkien attempted to describe himself for [[Deborah Webster]]:<br />
{{quote|I am in fact a Hobbit (in all but size). I like gardens, trees and unmechanized farmlands; I [[smoking|smoke]] a pipe, and like good plain food (unrefrigerated), but detest French cooking; I like, and even dare to wear in these dull days, ornamental waistcoats. I am fond of [[mushrooms]] (out of a field); have a very simple sense of humour (which even my appreciative critics find tiresome); I go to bed late and get up late (when possible). I do not travel much. I love Wales (what is left of it, when mines, and the even more ghastly sea-side reasons, have done their worst), and especially the [[Welsh]] language. But I have not in fact been in W. for a long time (except for crossing it on the way to Ireland). I go frequently to Ireland (Eire: Southern Ireland) being fond of it and of (most of) its people; but the Irish language I find wholly unattractive.|[[Letter 213]]}}<br />
<br />
Tolkien had an intense dislike for the side effects of industrialization, which he considered a devouring of the English countryside. For most of his adult life he eschewed automobiles, preferring to ride a bicycle. This attitude is perceptible in some parts of his work, such as the forced industrialization of [[The Shire]] in ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
<br />
In retrospect, Tolkien claimed that from the age of seven or eight, two interests dominated his subsequent perception of everything: [[elves]] and [[orcs]].<ref group="note">It is not clear what he meant by this; possibly he understood the world as a struggle between people and elements who create beauty and do good; and those people or forces who defile and destroy nature or the "elves's" works.</ref> Throughout his life he collected every detail related to it, which, along with the "[[Atlantis]] complex" dream, was the embryo of his [[Legendarium]].<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Maria Mroczkowska]]</ref><br />
<br />
Jesting on the name of [[Puffin Books]], Tolkien said he disliked penguins and puffins for eating other birds's eggs.<ref>{{L|225}}</ref> He considered that Siamese [[cats]] "belong to the fauna of Mordor"<ref>{{L|219}}</ref> He also disliked [[spiders]]<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; [[Letter to Richard Lupoff]]</ref> although not that much as to kill them. He refused that this has anything to do with being bitten by a tarantula as a toddler.<ref name=L163/><br />
<br />
Tolkien boasted of himself to be "a world-class [[wiktionary:niggler|niggler]]".<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 43, quoting a letter of [[Christopher Tolkien]]</ref> He wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' laboriously, preoccupied with detail, consistency and careful consideration of every word.<ref>{{L|199}}</ref><ref name=L35>{{L|35}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien was insecure and lacked confidence in his own work, even when he was assured that it had value for others.<ref>{{L|282}}</ref> Father [[Robert Murray]], Tolkien's personal friend, considered the professor "a complex and depressed man" and his work "projects his very depressed view of the universe".<ref>[[Richard C. West]], "A Letter from Father Murray", [[Tolkien Studies 16]], pp. 135-6</ref> Some analysts consider Tolkien's personality as an Assertive Mediator (INFP).<ref{{webcite|articleurl=https://www.16personalities.com/articles/jrr-tolkien-creator-of-words-and-worlds-the-lord-of-the-rings-personality-series|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien: Creator of Words and Worlds (The Lord of the Rings Personality Series)|website=[http://16personalities.com 16personalities]|author=Alycia|accessed=14 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Politically, Tolkien was a peaceful anarchist apolitical stance.<ref>[[Patrick Curry]], ''Defending Middle-Earth: Tolkien: Myth and Modernity'', p. 47</ref><br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
==Writing==<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - TLOTR covers original design.jpg|thumb|[[The Lord of the Rings/Original dust-jacket designs|Cover design]] for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'' by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
<br />
Beginning with ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', written while recuperating from illness during World War I, Tolkien devised several themes that were reused in successive drafts of his legendarium. The two most prominent stories, the tales of [[Beren and Lúthien]] and that of [[Túrin]], were carried forward into long narrative poems (published in ''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]''). Tolkien wrote a brief summary of the mythology these poems were intended to represent, and that summary eventually evolved into "[[The Silmarillion]]", an epic history that Tolkien started three times but never published. The story of this continuous redrafting is told in the posthumous series ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. From around [[1936]], he began to extend this framework to include the tale of ''[[The Fall of Númenor (chapter)|The Fall of Númenor]]'', which was inspired by the legend of [[Atlantis]].<br />
<br />
Tolkien was strongly influenced by Anglo-Saxon literature, Germanic and [[Norse mythology|Norse mythologies]], Finnish mythology, the Bible, and Greek mythology. The works most often cited as sources for Tolkien's stories include ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'', the ''[[Kalevala]]'', the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', the ''[[Volsunga saga]]'' and the ''[[Hervarar saga]]''. Tolkien himself acknowledged Homer, Oedipus, and the ''Kalevala'' as influences or sources for some of his stories and ideas. His borrowings also came from numerous [[Middle English]] works and poems. A major philosophical influence on his writing is King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of ''Boethius''' ''Consolation of Philosophy'' known as the ''Lays of Boethius''. Characters in ''The Lord of the Rings'', such as [[Frodo]], [[Treebeard]] and [[Elrond]] make noticeably Boethian remarks.<br />
<br />
In addition to his [[Mythopoeia|mythological compositions]], Tolkien enjoyed inventing fantasy stories to entertain his children. He wrote annual Christmas letters from Father Christmas for them, building up a series of short stories (later compiled and published as ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'').<ref>{{HM|LFC}}</ref> Other stories included ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', ''[[Roverandom]]'',<ref>{{HM|R}}</ref> ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'',<ref>{{HM|SWM}}</ref>''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''</ref> and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''. ''Roverandom'' and ''Smith of Wootton Major'', like ''The Hobbit'', borrowed ideas from his legendarium. ''Leaf by Niggle'' appears to be an autobiographical work, where a "very small man", [[Niggle]], keeps painting leaves until finally he ends up with a tree.<ref>{{HM|TL}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien never expected his fictional stories to become popular, but he was persuaded by a former student to publish a book he had written for his own children called ''The Hobbit'' in 1937. However, the book attracted adult readers as well, and it became popular enough for the publisher, [[George Allen & Unwin]], to ask Tolkien to work on a sequel.<br />
<br />
Even though he felt uninspired on the topic, this request prompted Tolkien to begin what would become his most famous work: the epic three-volume novel ''The Lord of the Rings'' (published 1954–55). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and appendices for ''The Lord of the Rings'', during which time he received the constant support of the [[Inklings]], in particular his closest friend C.S. Lewis, the author of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]''. Both ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' are set against the background of "The Silmarillion", but in a time long after it.<br />
<br />
Tolkien at first intended ''The Lord of the Rings'' as a children's tale like ''The Hobbit'', but it quickly grew darker and more serious in the writing. Though a direct sequel to ''The Hobbit'', it addressed an older audience, drawing on the immense back story of Beleriand that Tolkien had constructed in previous years, and which eventually saw posthumous publication in ''The Silmarillion'' and other volumes. Tolkien's influence weighs heavily on the fantasy genre that grew after the success of ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
<br />
Tolkien continued to work on the history of Middle-earth until his death. His son Christopher, with some assistance from fantasy writer [[Guy Gavriel Kay]], organised some of this material into one volume, published as ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' in [[1977]]. In [[1980]], Christopher Tolkien followed this with a collection of more fragmentary material under the title ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', and in subsequent years he published a massive amount of background material on the creation of Middle-earth in the twelve volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. All these posthumous works contain unfinished, abandoned, alternative and outright contradictory accounts, since they were always a work in progress, and Tolkien only rarely settled on a definitive version for any of the stories. There is not even complete consistency to be found between ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', the two most closely related works, because Tolkien was never able to fully integrate all their traditions into each other. He commented in 1965, while editing ''The Hobbit'' for a third edition, that he would have preferred to completely rewrite the entire book.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
The John P. Raynor, S.J., Library at [[Marquette University]] in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, preserves many of Tolkien's original manuscripts, notes and letters; other original material survives at Oxford's [[Bodleian Library]]. Marquette has the manuscripts and proofs of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit'', and other manuscripts, including ''Farmer Giles of Ham'', while the Bodleian holds "The Silmarillion" papers and Tolkien's academic work.<br />
<br />
''The Lord of the Rings'' became immensely popular in the 1960s and has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and reader surveys. In the 2003 "Big Read" survey conducted by the BBC, ''The Lord of the Rings'' was found to be the "Nation's Best-loved Book".<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml|articlename=The Big Read|dated=|website=[https://www.bbc.com/?scrlybrkr=b21a79f2 BBC]|accessed=30 January 2024}}</ref> Australians voted ''The Lord of the Rings'' "My Favourite Book" in a 2004 survey conducted by the Australian ABC. In a 1999 poll of Amazon.com customers, ''The Lord of the Rings'' was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium". In 2002 Tolkien was voted the ninety-second "greatest Briton" in a poll conducted by the BBC,<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.geni.com/projects/100-Greatest-Britons-BBC-Poll-2002/15375|articlename=100 Greatest Britons (BBC Poll, 2002)|dated=|website=|accessed=30 January 2024}}</ref> and in 2004 he was voted thirty-fifth in the SABC3's Great South Africans,{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/540539|articlename=SABC3's Great South Africans|dated=|website=|accessed=30 January 2024}} the only person to appear in both lists. His popularity is not limited just to the English-speaking world: in a 2004 poll inspired by the UK's "Big Read" survey, about 250,000 Germans found ''The Lord of the Rings'' (''Der Herr der Ringe'') to be their favourite work of literature.<br />
<br />
==Languages==<br />
Both Tolkien's academic career and his literary production are inseparable from his love of language and philology. <br />
<br />
His mother taught him the rudiments of [[Latin]] very early. He could read by the age of four, and could write fluently soon afterwards. <br />
<br />
In the early 1900s he was introduced to a secret "code" created by his Incledon cousins, called [[Animalic]] replacing words with animal-names. Soon after, with [[Mary Incledon|Mary]] they created [[Nevbosh]], a more sophisticated language, with Tolkien contributing to the vocabulary and influencing the spelling.<ref>{{HM|MC}}, p. 133</ref> <br />
<br />
In [[1909]] he wrote the ''[[Book of the Foxrook]]'' in a notebook, with notes in Esperanto,<ref name="Seven">[[Arden R. Smith]], [[Patrick H. Wynne|Patrick Wynne]], "Tolkien and Esperanto", in [[SEVEN 17|''SEVEN'', Volume 17]], p. 29</ref> describing ''[[Privata Kodo Skauta]]'' ("Private Scout Code").<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Arden R. Smith]]|articleurl=http://www.tolkienestate.com/en/learning/languages-and-writing-systems/writing-systems.html|articlename=Writing Systems|dated=|website=[http://www.tolkienestate.com/ tolkienestate.com]|accessed=27 December 2016}}</ref> "''consisting of a [[runes|rune]]-like phonetic alphabet and a sizable number of ideographic symbols''".<ref name="Seven" /> In the 1910s he composed [[Naffarin]], a private language,<ref>{{HM|MC}}, p. 141</ref> <br />
<br />
He specialised in Greek philology in college, and in 1915 graduated Exeter College with a first-class degree in English language with Old Icelandic as special subject. By the time of his military training in [[1915]] he was working on a "mad hobby": a "nonsense fairy language"<ref>{{L|4}}</ref> which would become his "elvenlatin",<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> the first seed of his legendarium.<br />
<br />
He worked for the ''[[Wikipedia:Oxford English Dictionary]]'' from 1918. In 1920, he went to Leeds as Reader in English Language, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of linguistics from five to twenty and even formed a "[[Viking Club]]". He gave courses in [[Old English]] heroic verse, history of English, various Old English and Middle English texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory [[Germanic]] philology, [[Gothic]], Old Icelandic, and Medieval [[Welsh]]. In [[1925]], aged 33, Tolkien applied for the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professorship of Anglo-Saxon.<ref name=L7/> He also made an appearance at SSC Highschool.<br />
<br />
Privately, Tolkien was attracted to "things of racial and linguistic significance", and he entertained notions of an inherited taste of language, which he termed the "native tongue" as opposed to "cradle tongue" in his 1955 lecture ''[[English and Welsh]]'', which is crucial to his understanding of race and language. He considered west-midland Middle English his own "native tongue", and, as he wrote to W.H. Auden in 1955, "I am a West-midlander by blood (and took to early west-midland Middle English as a known tongue as soon as I set eyes on it)".<ref name=L163/><br />
<br />
Parallel to Tolkien's professional work as a philologist, and sometimes overshadowing this work, to the effect that his academic output remained rather thin, was his affection for the construction of artificial languages. The best developed of these are [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]], the etymological connection between which are at the core of much of Tolkien's legendarium. Language and grammar for Tolkien were a matter of aesthetics and euphony, and Quenya in particular was designed from "phonæsthetic" considerations. It was intended as an "Elvenlatin", and was phonologically based on Latin, with ingredients from Finnish and Greek.<ref>{{L|144}}</ref> A notable addition came in late 1945 with [[Adûnaic]], a language of a "faintly Semitic flavour",<ref>{{SD|2cn}}</ref> connected with Tolkien's Atlantis myth, which by ''The Notion Club Papers'' ties directly into his ideas about inheritability of language, and via the "[[Second Age]]" and the [[Eärendil]] myth was grounded in the legendarium, thereby providing a link of Tolkien's 20th-century "real primary world" with the mythical past of his Middle-earth.<br />
<br />
Tolkien considered languages inseparable from the mythology associated with them, and he consequently took a dim view of auxiliary languages. In [[1930]] a congress of Esperantists were told as much by him, in his lecture ''[[A Secret Vice]]'', "Your language construction will breed a mythology",<ref>'''J.R.R. Tolkien'''; ''[[A Secret Vice]]''</ref> but by 1956 he concluded that "Volapük, Esperanto, Ido, Novial, &c &c are dead, far deader than ancient unused languages, because their authors never invented any Esperanto legends".<ref>{{L|180}}</ref><br />
<br />
The popularity of Tolkien's books has had a small but lasting effect on the use of language in fantasy literature in particular, and even on mainstream dictionaries, which today commonly accept Tolkien's revival of the spellings ''dwarves'' and ''elvish'' (instead of ''dwarfs'' and ''elfish''), which had not been in use since the mid-1800s and earlier. Other terms he has coined, like legendarium and [[eucatastrophe]], are mainly used in connection with Tolkien's work.<br />
<br />
==Works inspired by Tolkien==<br />
In a 1951 letter to [[Milton Waldman]], Tolkien writes about his intentions to create a "body of more or less connected legend", of which:<br />
{{Blockquote|The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama.|[[Letter 131]]}}<br />
<br />
The hands and minds of many artists have indeed been inspired by Tolkien's legends. Personally known to him were [[Pauline Baynes]] (Tolkien's favourite illustrator of ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'' and ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'') and [[Donald Swann]] (who set the music to ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]''). Queen [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark Margrethe II of Denmark] created illustrations for ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the early 1970s. She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity to the style of his own drawings.<br />
<br />
But Tolkien was not fond of all the artistic representations of his works that were produced in his lifetime and was sometimes harshly disapproving.<br />
<br />
In 1946, he rejected suggestions for illustrations by [[Horus Engels]] for the German edition of The ''Hobbit'' as ''"too Disnified"'',<br />
{{Blockquote|Bilbo with a dribbling nose, and Gandalf as a figure of vulgar fun rather than the Odinic wanderer that I think of.|[[Letter 107]]}}<br />
<br />
He was sceptical of the emerging [[Tolkien fandom|fandom]] in the United States, and in 1954 he returned proposals for the dust jackets of the American edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'':<br />
{{Blockquote|Thank you for sending me the projected 'blurbs', which I return. The Americans are not as a rule at all amenable to criticism or correction; but I think their effort is so poor that I feel constrained to make some effort to improve it.|[[Letter 144]]}}<br />
<br />
And in [[1958]], in an irritated reaction to a proposed movie adaptation of ''The Lord of the Rings'' by Morton Grady Zimmerman:<br />
{{Blockquote|I would ask them to make an effort of imagination sufficient to understand the irritation (and on occasion the resentment) of an author, who finds, increasingly as he proceeds, his work treated as it would seem carelessly in general, in places recklessly, and with no evident signs of any appreciation of what it is all about.|[[Letter 207]]}}<br />
<br />
He went on to criticise the script scene by scene ("yet one more scene of screams and rather meaningless slashings"). But Tolkien was in principle open to the idea of a movie adaptation. He sold the film, stage and merchandise rights of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' to [[United Artists]] in 1969, while, guided by scepticism towards future productions, he forbade Disney should ever be involved:<br />
{{Blockquote|It might be advisable [...] to let the Americans do what seems good to them — as long as it was possible [...] to veto anything from or influenced by the Disney studios (for all whose works I have a heartfelt loathing).|[[Letter 13]]}}<br />
<br />
United Artists never made a film, though at least [[John Boorman]] was planning to make a film in the early seventies. It would have been a live-action film, which apparently would have been much more to Tolkien's liking than an animated film. In 1976 the rights were sold to [[Saul Zaentz]], who in turn formed Tolkien Enterprises, now named [[Middle-earth Enterprises]], a division of its company, and the first movie adaptation (an animated rotoscoping film) of ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' appeared only after Tolkien's death (in 1978, directed by [[Ralph Bakshi]]). The screenplay was written by the fantasy writer [[Peter S. Beagle]]. This first adaptation, however, only contained the first half of the story that is ''The Lord of the Rings''. In 1977 an animated TV production of ''[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|The Hobbit]]'' was made by [[Rankin/Bass]], and in 1980 the company produced an animated film titled ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]'', which covered some of the portion of ''The Lord of the Rings'' that Bakshi was unable to complete. In 2001-3 ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' was filmed in full and as a live-action film as a ''trilogy of films'' by [[Peter Jackson]]. A decade later, Jackson proceeded with ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|The Hobbit]]'', envisioned as a prequel trilogy.<br />
<br />
In 2019 it was produced and released by [[The Walt Disney Company|Fox Searchlight Pictures]] a [[Tolkien (film)|film]] about the life of J.R.R. Tolkien in his youth, with Tolkien himself being portrayed by [[Nicholas Hoult]] and Harry Gilby.<br />
<br />
==Bibliography ==<br />
:''For a complete list of all of Tolkien's published writings, see '''[[Index:Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien|Writings by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'''.''<br />
<br />
===Fictional and poetic works ===<br />
* 1936 ''[[Songs for the Philologists]]'', with [[E.V. Gordon]] (only very few copies now exist)<br />
*1937 ''[[The Hobbit]], or There and Back Again''<br />
*1945 ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''<br />
*1945 ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'' (published in ''Welsh Review'')<br />
*1949 ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''<br />
*1953 ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]] Beorhthelm's Son'' (published with the essay ''[[Ofermod]]'')<br />
*1954-1955 ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''<ol type="I"><li>''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' (1954)</li><li>''[[The Two Towers]]'' (1954) </li><li>''[[The Return of the King]]'' (1955)</li></ol><br />
*1962 ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]] and Other Verses from the Red Book''<br />
*1964 ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (a collection of writings)<br />
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''<br />
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (essay)<br />
* 1966 ''[[The Tolkien Reader]]'' (a collection of writings, published only in the US)<br />
*1967 ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''<br />
*1967 ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'', with [[Donald Swann]] <br />
**[[Bilbo's Last Song]] (included in 1978 edition)<br />
<br />
===Academic works===<br />
* 1922 ''[[A Middle English Vocabulary]]''<br />
*1925 ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (book)|Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]'', with [[E.V. Gordon]]<br />
*1925 ''[[Some Contributions to Middle-English Lexicography]]''<br />
*1925 ''[[The Devil's Coach-Horses]]''<br />
*1929 ''[[Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad]]''<br />
* 1932 ''[[The Name 'Nodens']]'' (published in ''[[Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman, and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire|Report on the Excavation in Lydney Park]]'')<br />
*1932-1934 ''[[Sigelwara Land]]'' parts I and II<br />
*1934 ''[[Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale]]''<br />
*1936 ''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]'' (lecture on ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' criticism)<br />
*1939 ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (essay on Tolkien's philosophy on fantasy)<br />
* 1939 ''[[The Reeve's Tale (version)|The Reeve's Tale: Version Prepared for Recitation at the 'Summer Diversions'<nowiki/>]]''<br />
*1944 ''[[Sir Orfeo (booklet)|Sir Orfeo]]'' (translation of a Middle English poem)<br />
* 1953 ''[[Ofermod]]'' (published with the poem ''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]]'')<br />
* 1953 ''[[Middle English 'Losenger' (essay)|Middle English 'Losenger'<nowiki/>]]''<br />
*1962 ''[[Ancrene Wisse]]''<br />
*1963 ''[[English and Welsh]]''<br />
*1966 ''[[The Jerusalem Bible]]'' (contributing translator and lexicographer)<br />
<br />
===Posthumous publications===<br />
====1975—1990====<br />
*1975 ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl and Sir Orfeo]]'', ed. [[Christopher Tolkien]]<br />
* 1976 ''[[Letters from Father Christmas]]'', ed. [[Baillie Tolkien]]<br />
*1977 ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*1980 ''[[Unfinished Tales]] of Númenor and Middle-earth'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*1980 ''[[Poems and Stories]]'' (a collection of stories)<br />
**''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''<br />
**''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]] Beorhthelm's Son''<br />
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''<br />
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''<br />
**''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''<br />
**''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''<br />
*1981 ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', eds. Christopher Tolkien, [[Humphrey Carpenter]]<br />
*1982 ''[[The Old English Exodus]]'' (translation of an Old English poem, only limited copies were printed)<br />
*1982 ''[[Finn and Hengest]]: The Fragment and the Episode'', ed. [[Alan Bliss]]<br />
*1982 ''[[Mr. Bliss]]''<br />
* 1983 ''[[The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien (a collection of linguistic essays and lectures)<br />
**''[[Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics]]''<br />
**''[[On Translating Beowulf]]''<br />
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''<br />
**''[[A Secret Vice]]''<br />
**''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''<br />
**''[[English and Welsh]]''<br />
**[[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford|Valedictory Address]]'' to the University of Oxford''<br />
*1983–1996 ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<ol type="I"><li>''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' (1983)</li><li>''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'' (1984)</li><li>''[[The Lays of Beleriand]]'' (1985)</li><li>''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'' (1986)</li><li>''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'' (1987)</li><li>''[[The Return of the Shadow]]'' (The History of ''TLotR'' vol. 1) (1988)</li><li>''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'' (The History of ''TLotR'' vol. 2) (1989) </li><li>''[[The War of the Ring]]'' (The History of ''TLotR'' vol. 3) (1990) </li><li>''[[Sauron Defeated]]'' (The History of ''TLotR'' vol. 4) (1992)</li><li>''[[Morgoth's Ring]]'' (The Later Silmarillion vol. 1) (1993)</li><li>''[[The War of the Jewels]]'' (The Later Silmarillion vol. 2) (1994)</li><li>''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'' (1996)</li></ol><br />
**''[[The History of Middle-earth Index|Index]]'' (2002)<br />
*1985 ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's Letters to Rhona Beare]]'' (only limited copies were printed)<br />
<br />
====1990—today====<br />
* 1990 ''[[Bilbo's Last Song]]''<br />
* 1997 ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' (a collection of stories and poems)<br />
**''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''<br />
**''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]''<br />
**''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''<br />
**''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]''<br />
**''[[Roverandom]]'' (included in 2008 edition)<br />
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' (included in 2008 edition)<br />
*1998 ''[[Roverandom]]'', eds. [[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]]<br />
* 1999 ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull<br />
*2001 ''[[Tree and Leaf]]'' (a collection of writings)<br />
**''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' and ''[[Leaf by Niggle]]''<br />
**''[[Mythopoeia]]'' (included in 1988 edition)<br />
**''[[The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]] Beorhthelm's Son'' (newly included)<br />
*2002 ''[[Beowulf and the Critics]]'', ed. [[Michael D.C. Drout]] (a lecture series)<br />
*2003 ''[[The Annotated Hobbit]]: Revised and Expanded Edition'', ed. [[Douglas A. Anderson]]<br />
**containing ''[[The Dragon's Visit]]'', among other writings (newly included)<br />
* 2005 ''[[Smith of Wootton Major]]'', ed. [[Verlyn Flieger]]<br />
*2007 ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'', ed. [[John D. Rateliff]]<br />
*2007 ''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*2008 ''[[Tolkien On Fairy-stories]]'', eds. Verlyn Flieger, Douglas A. Anderson (an extended edition of the ''[[On Fairy-stories|essay]]'')<br />
*2009 ''[[The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*2013 ''[[The Fall of Arthur]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*2014 ''[[Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary]], together with Sellic Spell'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*2014 ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]] and Other Verses from the Red Book'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull <br />
**containing ''[[Once upon a Time]]'', among other writings (newly included)<br />
*2015 ''[[The Story of Kullervo]]'', ed. Verlyn Flieger<br />
* 2016 ''[[A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]'', eds. [[Dimitra Fimi]], [[Andrew Higgins]] (an extended edition of the ''[[A Secret Vice|lecture]]'')<br />
*2016 ''[[The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun]]'', ed. Verlyn Flieger<br />
*2017 ''[[Beren and Lúthien]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*2018 ''[[The Fall of Gondolin]]'', ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*2021 ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', ed. [[Carl F. Hostetter]]<br />
*2022 ''[[The Fall of Númenor]]'', ed. [[Brian Sibley]]<br />
*2023 ''[[The Battle of Maldon: together with The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth]]'', ed. [[Peter Grybauskas]]<br />
<br />
===Artwork=== <br />
*1979 ''[[Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' ed. Christopher Tolkien<br />
*1992 ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Life and Legend]]'' ed. Judith Priestman<br />
*1995 ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull<br />
* 2011 ''[[The Art of The Hobbit]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull<br />
*2015 ''[[The Art of The Lord of the Rings]]'', eds. Wayne G. Hammond, Christina Scull<br />
*2018 ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', ed. Catherine McIlwaine<br />
*2018 ''[[Tolkien: Treasures ]]'', ed. Catherine McIlwaine<br />
*2022 ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: The Art of the Manuscript]]'', eds. William M. Fliss, Sarah C. Schaefer<br />
<br />
===Audio recordings===<br />
''Note: for a detailed listing of all recordings of Tolkien, see [[Index:Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien|Audio recordings of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' <br />
* 1967 ''[[Poems and Songs of Middle Earth]]'', Caedmon TC 1231<br />
*1975 ''J.R.R. Tolkien Reads and Sings his ''The Hobbit'' & ''The Lord of the Rings'', Caedmon TC 1477, TC 1478 (based on an [[1952 tape recording|August, 1952 recording]] by [[George Sayer]])''<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
This list contains awards or recognitions given to J.R.R. Tolkien, it does not include awards given to his individual publications.<br />
*D. Lit., in University College, Dublin (1954)<br />
*Commander of Order of the British Empire (1972)<br />
*Doctorate of Letters by Oxford University (1972)<br />
*6th "best postwar British writer" (The Times, 2008) [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3127837.ece]<br />
<br />
One year after his death, Tolkien was the inaugural winner of the [[1974]] ''[[Wikipedia:Gandalf Award|Gandalf Grand Master Award]]'' for life achievement in fantasy writing (the award itself named after his creation, [[Gandalf]]). In [[1978]] ''The Silmarillion'' won the first of the two ''Gandalf Award for Book-Length Fantasy''.<br />
<br />
==Names and pseudonyms==<br />
[[File:JRRT.jpeg|thumb|JRRT's monogram]]<br />
In a letter to written by Arthur Tolkien his family after Tolkien's birth he describes the inspiration behind Tolkien's name:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|"The boy’s first name will be ‘John’ after its grandfather, probably John Ronald Reuel altogether. Mab wants to call it Ronald and I want to keep up John and Reuel." Ronald had no familial precedent but Reuel was Arthur's middle name.<ref name="BII" />|}}<br />
<br />
*''Luttro'' - [[Esperanto]] word for "otter", possibly referring to himself, in his private ''[[Book of the Foxrook]]'' ([[1909]]); possibly an allusion to [[Animalic]]<ref>{{HM|SV}}, p. 40-1 [note 19];</ref><br />
*''[[Arcastar]]'' - [[Quenya]] rention of ''Tolkien'' used in ''[[Tolkien in Oxford]]'', of unclear meaning.<br />
*''Eisphorides Acribus Polyglotteus, orator Graecorum'' - Tag name in the annual Latin debates during studies at Oxford.<ref>[[John Garth]], ''[[Tolkien and the Great War]], "Part One: The immortal four", p. 19''</ref><br />
*''[[Fisiologus]]'' - Signature of a [[Adventures in Unnatural History and Medieval Metres, being the Freaks of Fisiologus|poem]] published in ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine]]'' (1927).<br />
*''J.'' - Signature of a [[From the many-willow'd margin of the immemorial Thames|poem]] published in ''[[The Stapeldon Magazine]]'' (1913).<br />
*''John'' - <ref name="Amy">{{L|309}}</ref><br />
*''JRsquared'' - <ref name="Amy"/><br />
*''Kingston Bagpuize''- Signature of a [[Progress in Bimble Town|poem]] published in the ''[[Oxford Magazine]]'' (1931).<br />
*''Rægnold Hrædmóding'' - [[Old English]] rendition of Tolkien's name, used to sign the poem ''[[For W.H.A.]]'' (1967).<br />
*''Ronald'' - Name for Tolkien's near kin, which he treated with respect and refused to be abbreviated or tagged with.<ref name="Amy"/><br />
*''Ruginwaldus Dwalakôneis'' - "Gothicizied" version of Tolkien's name.<ref>{{L|272}}</ref><br />
*''[[Tollers]]'' - His name among the [[Inklings]].<br />
*''[[N.N.]]'' - Signature of a [[The Clerkes Compleinte|poem]] published in ''[[The Gryphon, Vol.4 No.3|The Gryphon]]'' (1922), an abbreviation of ''[[wikipedia:Nomen Nescio|Nomen Nescio]]''.<br />
*''Oxymore'' - Signature of the poem ''[[Knocking at the Door]]'', written c.1927 and published in ''The Oxford Magazine'' (1937).<br />
<br />
==Family Tree==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | MS |y| ART | | | | | | | | | | | |MS=[[Mabel Suffield]]|ART=[[Arthur Tolkien|Arthur Reuel Tolkien]]}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | EDB |y| JRR | | HART |~| MM | | | | | | | |JRR=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]|EDB=[[Edith Tolkien|Edith Bratt]]|HART=[[Hilary Tolkien]]|MM=[[Magdalen Matthews]]}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | JOT | | MIT | |CHT | | PRT |JOT=[[John Tolkien]]|MIT=[[Michael Tolkien]]|CHT=[[Christopher Tolkien]]|PRT=[[Priscilla Tolkien]]}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==See also== <br />
*[[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
*[[:Category:Images of J.R.R. Tolkien|Images of J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien/Quotations|J.R.R. Tolkien Quotes]]<br />
*[[J.R.R. Tolkien Timeline]]<br />
*[[Chronology of Tolkien's writings]]<br />
*[[Legendarium]]<br />
*[[Plaques and Memorials]]<br />
*[[Index:Unpublished material|Unpublished material]]<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
A small selection of books about Tolkien and his works:<br />
* Anderson, Douglas A., Michael D. C. Drout and Verlyn Flieger (founder eds.). ''[[Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review]]''<br />
*Carpenter, Humphrey (1979). ''[[The Inklings (book)|The Inklings: C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and Their Friends]]'' ISBN 0395276284<br />
*Chance, Jane (ed.) (2003). ''[[Tolkien the Medievalist]]'', London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28944-0<br />
*Chance, Jane (ed.) (2004). ''[[Tolkien and the Invention of Myth]], a Reader'', Louisville: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-813-12301-1<br />
*Duriez, Colin and Porter, David (2001). ''[[The Inklings Handbook]]: The Lives, Thought and Writings of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and Their Friends''. ISBN 1902694139<br />
*Duriez, Colin (2003). ''[[Tolkien and C.S. Lewis]]: The Gift of Friendship''. , ISBN 1587680262<br />
*Flieger, Verlyn and Carl F. Hostetter (eds.) (2000). [[Tolkien's Legendarium|''Tolkien's'' Legendarium'': Essays on'' The History of Middle Earth]], Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30530-7. DDC 823.912. LC PR6039.<br />
*O'Neill, Timothy R. (1979). ''[[The Individuated Hobbit]]: Jung, Tolkien and the Archetypes of Middle-earth'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-28208-X<br />
*Pearce, Joseph (1999). ''[[Tolkien: A Celebration]]'', London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 000-628120-6<br />
*Pearce, Joseph (1998). ''[[Tolkien: Man and Myth]]'', London: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 000-274018-4<br />
*Shippey, T. A. (2000). ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]]'', Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-12764-X, ISBN 0-618-25759-4 (pbk)<br />
*Shippey, T. A. (2004). '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31766 Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892–1973)]', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br />
*Tolkien, John & Priscilla (1992). ''[[The Tolkien Family Album]]'', London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-26-110239-7<br />
*White, Michael (2003). ''Tolkien: A Biography'', New American Library. ISBN 0451212428<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.tolkiensociety.org/author/biography/ J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch]<br />
*{{WP|J.R.R. Tolkien}}<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
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{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=Position created<br />
| list=President of [[The Tolkien Society]]<br />
| dates=[[27 June]] [[1972]] - ''In perpetuo''<br />
| next=None; perpetual title<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{Inklings}}<br />
{{languages}}<br />
{{tolkiensociety}}<br />
{{IllustratorsHobbit}}<br />
{{IllustratorsLOTR}}<br />
{{IllustratorsSilmarillion}}<br />
{{IllustratorsCalendars}}<br />
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkien, J.R.R.}}<br />
[[Category:Authors]]<br />
[[Category:Artists]]<br />
[[Category:Cartographers]]<br />
[[Category:British people]]<br />
[[Category:Inklings]]<br />
[[Category:Linguists]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]<br />
[[Category:T.C.B.S.]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Family]]<br />
[[Category:Tolkien Society members]]<br />
[[de:J._R._R._Tolkien]]<br />
[[fr:tolkien:bio]]<br />
[[fi:J.R.R. Tolkien]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tolkien%27s_World_(by_Randel_Helms)&diff=387415Tolkien's World (by Randel Helms)2024-03-11T15:17:48Z<p>JR Snow: /* Table of Contents */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Tolkien's World|[[Tolkien's World (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
<br />
{{book<br />
|title=Tolkien's World<br />
|image=[[Image:tolkiens_world.jpg|225 px]]<br />
|author=[[Randel Helms]]<br />
|isbn=9780395184905<br />
|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]<br />
|date=[[1974]]<br />
|format=Hardcover<br />
|pages=167<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
'''Tolkien's World''' is a [[1974]] book by [[Randel Helms]].<br />
<br />
==Editions==<br />
<br />
Detailed information about the different editions.<ref>[[Åke Bertenstam|Bertenstam, Åke]]: ''[http://www.forodrim.org/bibliography/tolklist.html A Chronological Bibliography of Books About Tolkien]''</ref><br />
<br />
*[[1974]]: ''Tolkien's World''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xi, [4], 167 pp. 21 × 14 cm. ISBN 0-395-18490-8. Jacket photograph by Gwendolyn Stewart.<br />
*[[1974]]: British edition, slightly shortened: London: Thames and Hudson. 160 pp. 21 × 14.5 cm. ISBN 0-500-01114-1: £2.95 (1975 reprint)<br />
*[[1976]]: ''Myth, Magic and Meaning in Tolkien's World''. British paperback edition: St Albans: Panther. 142 pp. 18 cm. ISBN 0-586-04365-9 (pbk)<br />
<br />
==Back cover==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s magical world of [[Middle-earth]] - a land inhabited by [[pipe-weed|tobacco]]-smoking, ale-brewing, [[Hobbits|Halfling]] superheroes, eon-old [[Elves|Elven]] kings, chanting time-travellers, messianic [[Istari|wizards]] and satanic [[Sauron|war-lords]] - remains unparalleled in its scope and vision and unsurpassed in its appeal and fascination for countless millions of people of all ages the world over.<br />
<br />
Now, in this long-awaited study, Professor Helms shows how the master story-teller succeeded in combining a scholarly knowledge of traditional mythological literature with an imaginative genius to create fantasy epics of universal significance.<br />
<br />
==Table of Contents==<br />
* Tolkien's World: An Introduction<br />
# "I Desired Dragons": The development of a theory of fantasy<br />
# Tolkien's Leaf: ''The Hobbit'' and the discovery of a world<br />
# The Hobbit as Swain: A world of myth<br />
# Frodo Anti-[[wikipedia:Faust|Faust]]: ''The Lord of the Rings'' as contemporary mythology<br />
# Tolkien's World: The structure and aesthetic of ''The Lord of the Rings''<br />
# The Myth Allegorized: Tolkien's minor prose<br />
# Last Gleanings from the Red Book: Scholarly parody in ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil''<br />
* Afterword<br />
* Notes<br />
* Index<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Scholarly books]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Letter_36b&diff=387414Letter 36b2024-03-11T15:17:10Z<p>JR Snow: Created page with "{{letter infobox |#=36b |to=Philip Unwin |date=15 September 1939 |subject=Publication of Beowulf translation and a sequel to ''The Hobbit''. }}{{letterExtended|36b}} ==Summary== Philip Unwin had written to Tolkien advising him that it may be wise to delay the work on Beowulf due to the paper shortages caused by the outbreak of war in Europe. Tolkien responds by suggesting that schools will likely continue to function as norm..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{letter infobox<br />
|#=36b<br />
|to=Philip Unwin<br />
|date=[[15 September]] [[1939]]<br />
|subject=Publication of [[Beowulf]] translation and a sequel to ''[[The Hobbit]]''.<br />
}}{{letterExtended|36b}}<br />
==Summary==<br />
Philip Unwin had written to Tolkien advising him that it may be wise to delay the work on Beowulf due to the paper shortages caused by the outbreak of [[Wikipedia:World War II|war in Europe]]. Tolkien responds by suggesting that schools will likely continue to function as normal for some time and so there may still be a demand, though a reduced one.<br />
<br />
Tolkien apologies for not having updated Philip sooner regarding his interest in a sequel to ''The Hobbit'' and even says "I do not suppose this any longer interests you" before stating that he has actually written three quarters of the story already.<br />
He then mentions that he has not had much time this year due to illness and injury; having received a concussion from an accident whilst working on "the land".<br />
<br />
{{letters}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Letter 036b}}</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online&diff=387413The Lord of the Rings Online2024-03-11T14:53:55Z<p>JR Snow: {{cleanup}} tag removed - originally added by Mith in 2015 and since much improved</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|The Lord of the Rings|[[The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{video game infobox<br />
| image=[[Image:LOTRO logo.png|250px]]<br />
| name=The Lord of the Rings Online<br />
| developer=[[Turbine|Turbine, Inc.]] (2007-2016)<br />
[[Standing Stone Games]] (2016-Present)<br />
|publisher=[[Midway Games]] (2007-2010)<br />
[[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] (2010-2016)<br />
[[Daybreak Game Company]] (2016-Present)<br />
| platform=Microsoft Windows, OS X (Beta)<br />
| releasedate=April 24, [[2007]]<br />
| genre=MMORPG<br />
| modes=<br />
| rating=<br />
| distribution=<br />
}}<br />
<!--Add the following sections: Crafting, Economy & Currency, Social (Kinships), Hobbies (Fishing), Housing, Special packs, Festivals, Game Music, Music system, Instances & Raids, Skills & Traits, Quests & Tasks, Reputation and Deeds-->'''''The Lord of the Rings Online''''' (commonly abbreviated to '''LOTRO''' or '''LotRO''') is an MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game) for PC and OS X that takes place in the world of [[Arda]] during the time of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]].'' It was originally branded as '''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar''', but with later updates, that subtitle was dropped. <br />
<br />
The players take on the role of adventurers of the [[Free peoples|Free Peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]]. The events of the game are concurrent with the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' but most of the game revolves around events that occurred elsewhere or in the wake of events in the books. The game draws inspiration from people, places and events only mentioned in the books, combining these with original concepts to expand on parts of Middle-earth Tolkien did not. The main quest series of the game, known as Epic Quests, are divided into volumes, books and chapters, emulating the structure of ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
<br />
There have been many expansions to the original game, including: Mines of Moria (2008), Siege of Mirkwood (2009), Rise of Isengard (2011), Riders of Rohan (2012), Helm's Deep (2013) Mordor (2017), Minas Morgul (2019), Fate of Gundabad (2021) and Before the Shadow (2022) with regular updates, adjustments, and "mini-expansions" in between.<br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
{{rewrite}}<br />
<!--This is a copy of wikipedia's article. Rewrite and expansion is needed, especially on post-2007 updates--><br />
Development of ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' began in 1998, when [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra]] started work on a game called ''Middle-earth Online''. Following [[Vivendi|Vivendi Universal Games]]' takeover of Sierra in 1999, the game's production was shared with [[Turbine]]. Turbine secured the rights of the entire game in March 2004,<ref>[http://www.videogamer.com/news/turbine_spin_into_action_to_secure_tolkien_license.html Turbine spin into action to secure Tolkien license - VideoGamer.com]</ref> and it was renamed to ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. It was originally subscription-based, but later became free-to-play with optional paid subscription and microtransactions.<br />
<br />
A closed beta was announced on [[8 September]], [[2006]]. An open beta began on [[30 March]], [[2007]], and was open to all who pre-ordered the game's Founders Club edition. In April [[2007]], the beta opened to the public. In 2010, the monetization model of the game changed to allow a free-to-play experience. Subscribers were given benefits for their patronage, while all players could access the game for free, but with certain limitations. In 2016, development of the game was handed off to a new spin-off company formed specifically to maintain LOTRO and 'Dungeons & Dragons Online'.This company is named [[Standing Stone Games]].<br />
<br />
As an online game, development continues with regular enhancements, additions, and changes to mechanics and game systems.<br />
<br />
<!--Check everything.--><br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
===Player characters===<br />
''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings Online player character classes]]''<br />
<br />
Like many RPGs, ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' has a system of character classes and levels. Each character chooses a race and a class on character creation, this cannot be changed. Players are able to play as any of the [[Free Peoples]] - [[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]], [[Hobbits]], [[Beornings]], [[Stout-axe]] Dwarves, or [[High Elves]]. Male or female characters can be created, except in the case of Dwarves. As per Tolkien, Dwarf-women are very rare and seldom leave their mountain halls, though the addition of Stout-axe dwarves as a playable race in 2019 allowed players to create dwarf-women. There is no difference in appearance male and female Stout-axes. There are eleven classes: Beorning, Brawler, Burglar, Captain, Champion, Guardian, Hunter, Lore-master, Minstrel, Rune-keeper, and Warden.<br />
<br />
Customization of the character's abilities can be done by changing equipment and traits. As of the [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Helm.27s Deep Expansion|Helm's Deep expansion]], class traits work on a tree system, with each class having three "trait trees" where traits can be selected with earned points and unlocking enough traits in a particular tree allows higher-level traits to be selected and applies additional bonus. In addition to class traits are racial traits, such as Men being able to slot a trait to do additional damage with swords or Hobbits being able to slot a trait that allows them to throw a stone, and virtue traits which boost the character's stats.<br />
<br />
Levels are significant, with much lower level enemies being extremely easy to defeat and much higher level enemies being nearly impossible to defeat. Each region has enemies and quests with a range of levels usually consecutive to those of an adjacent region. Quests over five levels above the character's level are inaccessible. In addition to being able to complete quest and defeat enemies in more locations, characters gain access to additional equipment, skills, traits and instances as they level up. Levels are increased by gaining experience, which is earned by completing quests and instances, defeating enemies of an appropriate level, and crafting.<br />
<br />
===World===<br />
''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is an "open-world" game in which most locations that have been released can be freely accessed on an open landscape (although some places, such as Moria, require certain quests to be completed first.) The game world is split into "lands", large areas of Middle-Earth. As of Update 21, the four lands in the game are [[Eriador]], [[Rhovanion]], [[Gondor]], and [[Mordor]]. Each land is in turn divided into regions, e.g. [[Bree-land]] in Eriador, and each region contains areas, e.g. [[Andrath]] within Bree-land.<br />
<br />
Although most of the land is available to all for exploration, most regions require non-VIPs to purchase a quest pack to access quests, deeds and instances associated with that region. A few regions, such as East and West Rohan, require expansion packs to be purchased to unlock content, even for VIPs. Each region is generally seen as it was in a certain time in the War of the Ring, for example Lothlórien is visited by the player at the same time as the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] rested there, and [[Pelargir]] just after [[Aragorn]] liberated the city from the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].<br />
<br />
Reddit users /u/lallapalalable and /u/exploderator estimated the total size of the map at no more than 250 square km (97 square miles) in 2017, making it one of the largest game maps ever made.<ref>{{webcite|author=/u/lallapalalable|articleurl=http://www.reddit.com/r/lotro/comments/60j1ul/been_trying_to_calculate_the_area_of_the_map/|articlename=Been trying to calculate the area of the map|dated=20 March 2017|website=Reddit|accessed=29 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Quests===<br />
Much of the game's completable content is in the form of quests. Quests consist of a series of objectives, often including speaking with NPCs, defeating certain enemies, and recovering certain items from the ground or from defeated enemies. Most quests have a small number of objectives but may unlock additional quests upon completion to form a quest chain. Quests are usually started by started by speaking with a particular Non-Player Character (NPC), indicated with a ring icon above the NPC's head. The forms of ring icons and what they indicate are as follows:<br />
<br />
*Gold ring with blue aura: the NPC has a quest that is approximately appropriate for the character's level.<br />
*Gold ring with blue aura and fiery inscription: the NPC must be spoken with to advance the quest.<br />
*Bright gold ring: the NPC has an Epic quest available.<br />
*Gold ring with orange flames: the NPC must be spoken to to advance the Epic quest.<br />
*Blue ring and quill: the NPC has a comment about an active quest, speaking to the NPC will not advance the quest but may give additional information.<br />
*Gold ring with hourglass: the NPC has a quest with a cooldown, the player must wait for the cooldown to expire before accepting the quest.<br />
*Silver ring: the NPC has a quest that is too high level for the player to accept at that level.<br />
*Transparent grey ring: the NPC has a "trivial" quest, one far below the player's level.<br />
*Gold ring with anvil: the NPC has a crafting quest, and involves the crafting system in some way.<br />
*Gold ring with sword: The NPC has an allegiance quest; quests that are unique to the Mordor Expansion.*Gold ring with map: The NPC has a missions quest; quests that are unique to Missions-related quests.<br />
<br />
Some quests are started by obtaining unique items dropped from specific enemies. The [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Riders of Rohan Expansion|Riders of Rohan expansion]] introduced auto-bestowed quests, which bring up a quest prompt when the player defeats a specific type of enemy or finds a certain location. Such enemies are marked with ring icons similarly to how NPC quest givers are. Players have the option of accepting these quests automatically or choosing to manually accept or decline each prompt. Most landscape quests can only be completed once, some special landscape quests and most instance quests can be completed once a day any number of times, and a few landscape quests can be repeated at any time up to a certain number of times.<br />
<br />
Quests are categorized according to what area, instance or other section they are associated with. Of note are the Epic Quests, a series that tells the main storyline of the game. In imitation of [[The Lord of the Rings|the Lord of the Rings book]], the epic quests are divided into Volumes, which are divided into Books which in turn are divided into Chapters. Each Chapter is usually an individual quest. Epic Quests bring the player through the landscape but are considered apart from it, therefore most Epic Quests are available to all players regardless of whether or not any quest packs are unlocked. A notable exception is the end of Volume III: Allies of the King, which requires purchase of the Helm's Deep expansion to complete. The Black Book of Mordor, the new main storyline for quests after the Epic Books, has eight chapters, all spanning various areas in Middle Earth including [[Mordor]], the Strongholds of the North, the [[Iron Hills]], and the [[Ered Mithrin]].<br />
<br />
===Deeds===<br />
Deeds are non-repeatable achievements recorded on an interface window called the Deed Log. Common deed objectives include completing a certain number of quests in a particular area or region (Quest Deeds), defeating a certain number of enemies of a specific type in a particular region (Slayer Deeds), discovering specified locations (Explorer Deeds), and reaching the next tier of reputation with a faction. Most Deeds award Turbine points. Deeds in a particular region usually award reputation in that region's faction. Deeds also commonly reward marks, virtues, and titles.<br />
<br />
===Instances===<br />
Instances are locations in the game separated from the open landscape, not accessible through normal travel. Instances can take place in either separate versions of the locations available on the landscape (for example, Pelargir while Aragorn's host retakes it from the corsairs) or in locations not accessible anywhere else (such as Dale). Most instances are private instances, that is, only one player or group of players can enter it and it closes when they complete it, while public instances can be joined at any time by any number of separate players. They are often repeatable, with ones associated with landscape quests being replayable through a Reflecting Pool in the associated region and others accessible through the Instance Finder window. Most private instances have associated quests automatically bestowed upon entering the instance and cancelled upon exiting.<br />
<br />
===Fellowships and Kinships===<br />
Most open landscape content and associated instances are designed to be completable by a solo player, while some locations in the game and Instance Finder instances are meant for a team of players. A group of players with a maximum size of six is known as a fellowship. For larger groups, a raid of up to four fellowships can be formed, for a maximum group size of 24 players. Players are free to group on the open landscape and in public instances, but private instances have a limit on how many players may enter.<br />
<br />
Players can found and join lasting organizations known as Kinships in the game. Players in a kinship can communicate in their own kinship chat channel to socialize and plan events with their fellow members.<br />
<br />
===Monster Play===<br />
The game is primarily Player vs. Environment (PvE), with most combat being player characters against computer controlled enemies found throughout the landscape and instances. However in the [[Ettenmoors]] region, players can participate in Player vs. Monster Player battles (PvMP). Players can create Monster characters that only have access to PvMP areas where they battle standard characters, who fight on the side of the Free Peoples. Each monster player class is limited to a specific race. The monster classes are the Blackarrow (Uruk), Defiler (Orc), Reaver (Orc), Stalker (Warg), Warleader (Uruk), and Weaver (Spider) As of [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath|Update 16.2]] a new PvMP area, set in Osgiliath before Boromir's journey to Rivendell and accessed via a banner in the Ettenmoors, was released.<br />
<br />
<!--Need elaboration on the below and info on Legendary Items, Mounted Combat and other special systems.--><br />
<br />
Towns and settlements provide Vendors where players can purchase or repair their armour, weapons, and supplies. Towns also often include Mailboxes, Auction Halls, Class Trainers, Forge-masters, Relic-masters, and Stable-masters who allow swift travel between regions.<br />
<br />
The player interface allows other aspects of gameplay such as Character screens, Quest and Deed Logs, a Social Panel where players can interact, and a Crafting panel where players use skills to craft new items.<br />
<br />
==Releases, updates, and expansions==<br />
===Shadows of Angmar===<br />
<!--Move to expansion-->:{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar}}<br />
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar|Shadows of Angmar]]'' was released on [[24 April]], [[2007]]. It included books 1 through 8 of Epic Volume I: Shadows of Angmar. Approximately once every two months a major free update was added to ''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar''. Each update added a new book to the volume.<br />
<br />
====Book 9: Shores of Evendim====<br />
The first free content update was released on 14 June, 2007.<ref>[http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=3611&pagename=home&search=yes&keyword=Book%209 Book 9: Shores of Evendim Release Date Announced]</ref><br />
<br />
Updates included:<br />
*A new region - [[Evendim]] - is added, including locations like [[Annúminas]].<ref name="book9">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/news/pressreleases/136-book-9-shores-of-evendim-release-date-announced|articlename=Book 9: Shores of Evendim Release Date Announced!|dated=5 June 2007|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
*The epic story is expanded with book 9, Shores of Evendim<ref name="book9"/><br />
*100 new quests are added.<ref name="book9"/><br />
*A 24-player raid is added, ''Battle for Helegrod''.<ref name="book9"/><br />
*Nine new monsters are added.<ref name="book9"/><br />
*New Collectible armour sets are added.<ref name="book9"/><br />
*Updates to the music system.<ref name="book9"/><br />
<br />
====Book 10: The City of Kings====<br />
The second free-content update was released on 21 August, 2007 in North America and on 24 August, 2007 in Europe.<ref>| [http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=3949&pagename=home&search=yes&keyword=Book%209 Codemasters Online and Turbine unveil Book 10: The City of the Kings]</ref><br />
<br />
Updates included:<br />
*Continuation of the Story Line. <br />
*Legendary Play – Players can now use Destiny Points to play as a Ranger of the North or as a Troll.<br />
*Critter Play – Players can now explore Middle-earth from a different viewpoint as a chicken.<br />
*New Reputation and Bartering Systems – The Reputation system enables players to earn positive and negative standing with different races and groups in Middle-earth based on both monster kills and quest completions. The Bartering system allows players to trade trophies earned in battle for rewards, such as armour sets or mounts.<br />
*Over 100 new Quests.<br />
*More customizable user interface.<br />
<br />
====Book 11: Prisoner of the Free Peoples====<br />
The third free-content update was released on 24 October, 2007 in North America<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/article/430 Turbine and Codemasters Online Gaming to Unveil Book 11: Defenders of Eriador for The Lord of the Rings Online]</ref> and 25 October in Europe.<ref>[http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=4661&articletype=News Codemasters Online and Turbine to unveil Book 11: Defenders of Eriador]</ref><br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_11_Official complete release notes]):<br />
*Continuation of the Epic Story arc, including 13 quests.<br />
*Player housing – players will be able to customize their houses with items such as furniture and doormats. <br />
*Second raid called "The Rift" – 12-player raid in which players encounter a [[Balrogs|Balrog]] for the first time. Turbine has stressed that this is not the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog from Khazad-dûm]].<ref>[http://lotro.tentonhammer.com/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=287 Book 11 Preview: The Balrogs are Coming]</ref><br />
*Two new areas – Tâl Bruinen in the Trollshaws, where [[Gollum]] will be introduced for the first time, and Goblin-town in the [[Misty Mountains]], featured in ''The Hobbit''.<br />
*More than 100 new quests.<br />
<br />
====Book 12: The Ashen Wastes====<br />
The fourth free content update was released on 13 February, 2008 in North America; and 14 February, 2008 in Europe.<br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_12_Official complete release notes]):<br />
*Continuation of the Story Line. <br />
*Character customization - Increased character customization "ranging from haircuts, to some (possible) additions to the trait-system." In addition, the Outfit system, along with special social clothing designed just for it, will be introduced where a second or third set of clothing can be slotted and displayed while retaining the statistical bonuses of the currently equipped items.<ref>[http://lotro.stratics.com/content/hoclog/hoc10.php Lord of the Rings Online: House of Commons ]</ref><br />
*The Delving of Frór - A new Monster Play PVE (and PVMP under certain circumstances) area was introduced: An expanse of caves and catacombs located beneath the Ettenmoors.<br />
*The Great Angmar Revamp - A revamp of the most high-level region of the game's current 9 PvE regions. The revamp included the reworking of many quests, areas and other changes, such as new horse routes.<br />
*Barbershop - You can customize the look of your avatar in-game with around 50 new haircuts and second set of details.<br />
*Updates to the Burglar, Guardian, and Champion classes.<br />
<br />
====Book 13: Doom of the Last-King====<br />
The fifth free content update was released on 24 April, 2008 in North America and on 1 May, 2008 in Europe.<br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_13_Official complete release notes]):<br />
*A new playable map area: the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]].<br />
*Players being able to see the ocean for the first time, confirmed as the Ice Bay of Forochel in recent developer chats.<br />
*Fishing - the first of a new system in ''Lord of the Rings Online'', called 'hobbies'.<br />
*New PVMP Monster Healing Class - Orc Defiler.<br />
*Looking For Fellowship- and Quest-panel improvements.<br />
<br />
====Book 14: The Ring-forges of Eregion====<br />
The sixth free content update was released on 22 July, 2008 in North America. It was released on 24 July, 2008 in Europe.<br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_14_Official complete release notes]):<br />
*Climax of the "Shadows of Angmar" storyline.<br />
*Added selected sections of [[Eregion]] (Region leading towards the Gates of Moria).<br />
*Epic Quest events that will allow interaction between players regardless of server.<br />
*Prelude quests for and leading up to the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'' expansion, which would have updates leading to Lothlórien, Fangorn, Rhovanion and Rohan.<br />
<br />
====Book 15: Daughter of Strife====<br />
The seventh free content update was released on 18 November, 2008. This update was released in tandem with the Mines of Moria expansion for players who did not purchase the expansion release.<br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Category:Epic_-_Vol._I,_Book_15:_Daughter_of_Strife_Quests Epic - Vol. I, Book 15: Daughter of Strife Quests epic]):<br />
*Conclusion of the "Shadows of Angmar" storyline.<br />
*Added the zone of Eregion expanding on the selected sections from Book 14. The zone does not include the Hollin Gate leading to the Black Pool.<br />
*Added UI enhancements<br />
<br />
===Mines of Moria Expansion===<br />
{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria}}<br />
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'' was released on [[18 November]], [[2008]]. It included Vol. II books 1 through 6 of the epic quest line. Like ''Shadows of Angmar'', ''Mines of Moria'' continued to regularly release updates. Updates were less frequent than Shadows of Angmar. <br />
<br />
====Book 7: Leaves of Lórien====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Leaves of Lórien.png|thumb|300px]]<br />
Book 7 was released on [[17 March]] [[2009]]. This update included:<br />
* Continuation of the Epic Storyline in Book 7, Leaves of Lórien.<ref name="book7">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/book-spotlights/342-vol2book7|articlename=Volume II: Book 7: Leaves of Lórien Spotlight|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
* Expansion of the Lothlórien Area, including [[Caras Galadhon]].<ref name="book7"/><br />
* A new raid, named ''Strange Happenings'', has been added.<ref name="book7"/><br />
* The [[Galadhrim]] are added as a new reputation faction.<ref name="book7"/><br />
* Crafting instances enable players to gather resources.<ref name="book7"/><br />
* The Ered Luin Introduction and, on lesser scale, the Bree-land Introduction are revamped.<ref name="book7"/><br />
* Several new Monster Play emotes are added.<ref name="book7"/><br />
<br />
====Book 8: Scourge of Khazad-dum====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Scourge of Khazad-Dûm.png|thumb|300px]]Book 8 was released on 23 June, 2009. This update included:<br />
*Book 8, Scourge of Khazad-dûm, continues the epic story.<ref name="book8">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/book-spotlights/421-vol2-book8|articlename=Volume II: Book 8: Scourge of Khazad-dûm|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
* A radiance-gated multi-boss, 12-man raid - named ''Dar Narbugud'' is added.<ref name="book8"/><br />
* One 6-man instance is added: ''The Halls of Crafting''.<ref name="book8"/><br />
* Two 3-man instances are added:<br />
** ''Lumul-nar''<ref name="book8"/><br />
** ''Nala-dum''<ref name="book8"/><br />
* Continuation of the revamp of the Bree-land Introduction.<ref name="book8"/><br />
* The Crafting system has been revived.<ref name="book8"/><br />
<br />
===Siege of Mirkwood Expansion===<br />
<!--Move to expansion?-->:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood]]''<br />
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood|Siege of Mirkwood]]'' was released on 1 December, 2009 in North America and 3 December, 2009 in Europe. Unlike the second expansion this edition was only available via a web-based download. It included Book 9 and the epilogue of Volume II: Mines of Moria. <br />
<br />
Kate Paiz, Executive Producer for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'', released a letter on 22 October, 2010 stating that updates will be more frequent but will not always be accompanied with a new book continuing the epic story.<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/866-producers-letter-october-2010 Producer's Letter, October-2010] lotro.com, Dev Diaries</ref><br />
<br />
====Book 1: Oath of the Rangers====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Oath of the Rangers.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
Book 1 was released on [[1 March]], [[2010]].<ref> [https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?320404 Volume III: Allies of the King has arrived!]</ref><br />
<br />
Updates include ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Volume_3_Allies_of_the_King_Official complete release notes]):<br />
* The beginning of Volume III in the epic storyline.<br />
* The ability to solo the Volume I epic storyline.<br />
* A duo mode for most skirmishes.<br />
<br />
====Book 2: Ride of the Grey Company====<br />
Book 2 was released on [[10 September]], [[2010]] in North America. ([[8 September]], [[2010]] for subscribers). It was delayed in Europe because of contractual reasons and was finally released on [[2 November]], almost two months after North America.<ref>[http://massively.joystiq.com/ Massively], [http://massively.joystiq.com/2010/10/29/v-e-me-day-lotro-europe-announces-launch-date-for-free-to-play/ V-E-ME Day: LotRO Europe announces launch date for free-to-play], dated [[29 October]], [[2010]] (accessed [[11 November]], [[2011]])</ref><br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Volume_3_Book_2_Official complete release notes]):<br />
<br />
* New region: [[Enedwaith]].<br />
* ''Lord of the Rings Online'' Free to Play subscription.<br />
* Book 2 in the Volume III epic storyline.<br />
* Scalable instances.<br />
* Improvements to the vault, and a new wardrobe system for cosmetic items.<br />
* Updates to the Captain class.<br />
* The LOTRO store, where players may purchase convenience items. Points either earned through gameplay, through the VIP program or by being purchased.<br />
* The introduction of Lua Scripting.<br />
* DirectX 11 support.<br />
* Ranger session play.<br />
<br />
====Update 1: Journey to Winter-Home====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 1 Journey to Winter-Home.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
In 2010, LOTRO altered its monetization model and became "free-to-play." The first post Free-to-play update was released in November 2010. Due to changes to how updates work this did not contain an epic book.<br />
<br />
Updates included: <br />
* A Barter Wallet for skirmish marks and anniversary tokens.<br />
* Opening of Moria, Lothlorien, Mirkwood and Enedwaith to free-to-play players. Volume II and Volume III will also be available, as well the legendary item system, and the level 65 level cap all to free-to-play players.<br />
* Vault improvements.<br />
* Tasks: a new quest type for all levels.<br />
* Improved reputation mounts.<br />
* Updates to the Lore-master and Rune-keeper classes.<br />
* Ered Luin starting area revamp.<br />
<br />
====Update 2: Echoes of the Dead====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 2 Echoes of the Dead.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
The first update of 2011 was released on [[21 March]] in the United States and [[24 March]] for Europe.<br />
<br />
Updates included:<br />
* Two 3-man's, two 6-man's, and a 12-person raid were added for level 65 players.<br />
* A special item required to craft a First Age weapon which drops from the above raid.<br />
* Radiance was removed.<br />
* Legendary Items were updated.<br />
* Character panel and cosmetic system were revamped.<br />
* The Minstrel, Hunter and Burglar classes were updated.<br />
* Volume III Book 3: Echoes of the Dead was added.<br />
* Volume II was revamped and made soloable, including three instances which have been converted to skirmishes.<br />
* Improvements to the PvP starter tutorial.<br />
* [[Evendim]] was revamped, with [[Annúminas]] being scaled down to level 40.<br />
<br />
====Update 3: Lost Legends of Eriador====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 3 Lost Legends of Eriador.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
''Lost Legends of Eriador'' was the third update. It was released on [[23 May]], [[2011]] and included: ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Update_3,_Lost_Legends_of_Eriador,_Official complete release notes]):<br />
<br />
* Two new 3-man scalable instances starting mid-game.<br />
* Two new skirmishes.<br />
<br />
===Rise of Isengard Expansion===<br />
{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard}}<br />
The third expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is entitled ''Rise of Isengard''. The expansion was made available on 27 September, 2011 and only as a digital download.<ref>[http://isengard.lotro.com/ The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard Official Homepage]</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 5: Armies of Isengard====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 5 Armies of Isengard.png|220px|thumb]]''Armies of Isengard'' was the first update published after the release of ''The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard''. It was released on [[12 December]] [[2011]] and included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Update_5,_Armies_of_Isengard,_Official complete release notes]):<br />
<br />
* Four new instances and a 12-man raid in and around [[Isengard]].<br />
* Book 5: The Prince of Rohan of '''Volume III: Allies of the King''' is released.<br />
* A new Instance finder, to form groups more easily.<br />
* Barter currencies of skirmishes, classic and instances are unified.<br />
* Changes to Reputation items.<br />
<br />
====Update 6: Shores of the Great River====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 6 The Great River.png|220px|thumb]]''Shores of the Great River'' is the sixth update and was released on [[12 March]] [[2012]].<ref name="Update6&Riders"> {{webcite|author=Justin Olivetti|articleurl=http://massively.joystiq.com/2012/01/25/riding-into-rohan-lotro-maps-out-2012/|articlename=Riding into Rohan: LotRO maps out in 2012|dated=25 January 2012|website=Massively|accessed=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Update6">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/game-manual/1775-update-6-great-river|articlename=Update 6 Great River|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
*A new region, the [[Anduin|The Great River]], was added, featuring seven new areas - including Parth Celebrant - in the upper [[Anduin]]. <ref name="Update6"/><br />
*Mists of Anduin, Book 6 of Volume III, was released, in which the player seeks the wisdom of [[Galadriel]] about troubling dreams and fights [[Easterlings]], Brigands and an ancient enemy of Rohan.<ref name="Update6"/><br />
*The ability to summon skirmish warriors outside skirmishes.<ref name="Update6"/><br />
*Updates to the Instance finder.<ref name="Update6"/><br />
*Currency-change in Monster Play: "Destiny" will be replaced with "Commendations". Commendations will be available for both Freeps and Creeps.<ref name="MP Currency change">{{webcite|author=Jaret Pruett|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/1776-update-6-commendations-developer-diary|articlename=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/1776-update-6-commendations-developer-diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 7: Shades of the Past====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 7 Shades of the Past.png|thumb|220px]]''Shades of the Past'' is the seventh update<ref name="Update 7">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/1966|articlename=Update 7|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=12 May 2012}}</ref> and was released on 14 May, 2012.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
*Continuation of the aforementioned currency-change.<ref name="MP Currency change"/><br />
*A new skirmish, "Storm on Methedras."<ref name="Update 7"/><br />
*Revamp of the Fornost instance and Moria region.<ref name="Update 7"/><br />
<br />
===Riders of Rohan Expansion===<br />
:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan]]''<br />
The fourth expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is named ''Riders of Rohan''. The expansion was released on October 15, 2012. <ref name="Turbine">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/news/pressreleases/1736-warner-bros-interactive-entertainment-and-turbine-unveil-the-lord-of-the-rings-online-riders-of-rohan|articlename=WARNER BROS. INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT AND TURBINE UNVEIL THE LORD OF THE RINGS ONLINE™: RIDERS OF ROHAN™|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=30 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 9: Against the Shadow====<br />
''Against the Shadow'' is the ninth update and was released 17 December, 2012. <ref name="Update 9">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tentonhammer.com/lotro/news/lotro-update-9-coming-december-17th|articlename=LOTROs Update 9 Coming December 17th|dated=|website=www.tentonhammer.com|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Three new three man instances.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-riders-rohan-instance-cluster-part-i|articlename=Riders of Rohan Instance Cluster, Part I|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Scaling of Dol Guldur instances.<br />
*Completion of Moria revamp.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-revisiting-mines-moria-part-ii|articlename=Developer Diary: Revisiting the Mines of Moria, Part II|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Ability to quickly travel to turn in quests.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-travel-quest-location-behind-scenes|articlename=Update 9 - Travel To Quest Location: Behind the Scenes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Update to the Yule Festival.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-yule-festival|articlename=Update 9 - Yule Festival|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Combat revisions.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-combat-revisions|articlename=Update 9 - Combat Revisions|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 10: Against the Shadow, Part II====<br />
''Against the Shadow, Part II'' is the tenth update and was released 6 March, 2013.<br />
<br />
*One six man instance and three twelve man raids.<ref name="Update 10">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-instance-cluster-developer-diary|articlename=Update 10 - Instance Cluster Developer Diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*In Their Absence instance scaling.<ref name="Update 10"/><br />
*Mithril Coins, a new currency used for special services.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-mithril-coin-qa|articlename=Update 10 Mithril Coin Q&A|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Agility made Wardens' primary stat.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-warden-stat-change-agility-wardens|articlename=Update 10: Warden Stat Change – Agility Wardens!|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Changes to critical defense.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-critical-defence-revision|articlename=Update 10 - Critical Defence Revision|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Unification of currency for scaling instances.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-seals-and-medallion-conversion|articlename=Update 10 - Seals and Medallion Conversion Diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 11: Treachery of the White Hand====<br />
''Treachery of the White Hand'' is the eleventh update and was released 13 May, 2013. <ref name="Update 11">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?511377-Update-11-Treachery-of-the-White-Hand-Release-Notes-Official|articlename=Update 11: Treachery of the White Hand Release Notes - Official|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
*A new region, Wildermore, located on the previously-inaccessible plateau in the north of East Rohan.<ref name="Update 11"/><br />
*Book 10: Snows of Wildermore of '''Volume III: Allies of the King''' is released.<ref name="Update 11"/><br />
*Updates to mounted combat.<ref name="Update 11"/><br />
*Hobbit presents, daily free random items with the ability to unlock more rolls with mithril coins.<ref name="Update 11"/><br />
*Lalia's Market, a shop where cosmetic clothing and dyes can be purchased with mithril coins.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/lalias-market|articlename=Lalia’s Market Now Open in Bree-town!|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Helm's Deep Expansion===<br />
:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm's Deep]]''<br />
The fourth expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is named ''Helm's Deep''. The expansion was released on 20 November, 2013. <ref name="TenTonHammer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.tentonhammer.com/lotro/news/turbine-temporarily-delays-lotro-helms-deep-launch|articlename=Updated: Turbine Temporarily Delays LOTROs Helms Deep Launch|dated=|website=www.tentonhammer.com|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref> After the Helm's Deep expansion, Turbine has discontinued for three years paid expansions in favor of quarterly updates with content free to VIPs. <ref name="Looking Ahead to 2014">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?535422-A-letter-from-Executive-Producer-Kate-Paiz-Looking-Ahead-to-2014|articlename=A letter from Executive Producer Kate Paiz - Looking Ahead to 2014|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 13: The Breaking of Isengard====<br />
''The Breaking of Isengard'' is the thirteenth update and was released [[14 April]], [[2014]]. <ref name="Update 13">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?546315-Update-13-The-Breaking-of-Isengard-%E2%80%93-Official-release-Notes|articlename=Update 13: The Breaking of Isengard – Official release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Release of a new landscape consisting of post-[[Battle of Isengard]] Nan Curunir as well as the Entwood<ref name="Update 13"/>, an area consisting of the south-western part of Fangorn.<br />
*The fourteenth and final book of Epic Volume III: Allies of the King, The Waters of Isengard.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/dev-diary-%E2%80%93-update-13-quest-notes|articlename=Dev Diary – Update 13 Quest Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Misty Mountains, North Downs and Trollshaws region revamps.<ref name="Update 13"/><br />
*Resizable inventory bags.<ref name="Update 13"/><br />
*Level scaling from level 20 up for players in the Ettenmoors and temporary Ettenmoors passes for free-to-play purchasable with Mithril Coins.<ref name="Update 13"/><br />
<br />
====Update 14: Paths of the Dead====<br />
''Paths of the Dead'' is the fourteenth update and was released [[14 July]], [[2014]].<ref name="Update 14">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?552272-Update-14-Paths-of-the-Dead-Release-Notes-amp-Known-Issues|articlename=Update 14: Paths of the Dead - Release Notes & Known Issues |dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
*Release of the West Gondor region, consisting of the areas the [[Paths of the Dead]], the [[Blackroot Vale]], [[Lamedon]], the Havens of [[Belfalas]], and [[Dol Amroth]]. <ref name="Update 14"/><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/u14|articlename=Update 14: Paths of the Dead Now Available|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*A new Epic series,<ref name="Update 14"/> Volume IV: The Strength of Sauron, beginning with Book 1: The Road to Gondor.<br />
*The Essence System, allowing specially slotted armors to be fitted with a variety of Essences for customizable stats.<ref name="Update 14"/>.<br />
*Level cap increase to 100.<ref name="Update 14"/><br />
*The [[Dead Marshes]] region was added later in the minor Update 14.2, released September 15 2014. This area included a Session Play featuring Frodo, Samwise, and Gollum's passage through the marshes, casting the player character as Sam.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?555920-Update-14-2-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 14.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 15: Gondor Aflame====<br />
''Gondor Aflame''<ref name="U15 Announcement">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/u15|articlename=Update 15: Gondor Aflame Now Available|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref> is the fifteeth update and was released 4 November, 2014. <ref name="Update 15">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=hhttps://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?558300-Update-15-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 15 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
*The region of Central Gondor, consisting of [[Ringló Vale]], [[Dor-en-Ernil]], [[Lebennin]] and [[Pelargir]].<ref name="U15 Announcement"/><ref name="Update 15"/><br />
*Beorning race and class.<ref name="U15 Announcement"/><ref name="Update 15"/><br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 2: The Dawnless Day.<ref name="Update 15"/><br />
*A new Epic Battle, Retaking Pelargir.<ref name="Update 15"/> Initially only available in solo/duo mode, a full fellowship version was released in 4 February, 2015 with Update 15.2.<ref name="Update 15.2">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?&postid=7312886|articlename=Update 15.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Roving Threats, a new type of open landscape group content.<ref name="Update 15"/> Additional Roving Threats were added to other regions of the game beginning with Update 15.2<ref name="Update 15.2"/><br />
<br />
====Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath====<br />
''Ashes of Osgiliath'' is the sixteenth update and was released [[1 May]], [[2015]].<ref name="Update 16">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?568045-Update-16-Ashes-of-Osgiliath-%E2%80%93-Official-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath – Official Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
*The region of Eastern Gondor, consisting of Upper Lebennin, Lossarnach, South Ithilien and Osgiliath.<ref name="Update 16"/><br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 3: Voices of the Past.<ref name="Update 16"/><br />
*Cosmetic weapons and shields, more Roving Threats, and new PvMP map set in Osgiliath were released with Update 16.2 on 17 July, 2015. A new quest series of weekly episodic content, following the adventures of the Hobbit Bingo Boffin, was begun the Wednesday after the update, on 22 July.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?572512-Update-16-2-Release-Notes&p=7404279#post7404279|articlename=Update 16.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 17: The Siege of Minas Tirith====<br />
''The Siege of Minas Tirith'' is the seventeenth update and was released [[27 October]], [[2015]].<br />
<br />
*The region of Old Anórien, including [[Minas Tirith]], the [[Pelennor Fields]], and Talath Anor.<br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 4: Siege of the White City<br />
*New crafting tier, hidden cosmetic weapon toggle.<br />
*New Epic Battles: Defence of Minas Tirith, Hammer of the Underworld.<br />
<br />
====Update 18: The Battle of Pelennor Fields====<br />
''The Battle of Pelennor fields'' is the eighteenth update and was released [[11 April]] [[2016]].<br />
<br />
*The region of Far Anórien, including [[Drúadan Forest|Taur Drúadan]], [[Warning beacons of Gondor|Beacon hills]], and the Pelennor Fields during the battle.<br />
*Instance cluster including two 3-man instances (The Quays of the Harlond, The Blood of the Black Serpent), one 6-man instance (The Silent Street) and a 12-man raid (Throne of the Dread Terror).<br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 5: The Ride of the Rohirrim and Book 6: The Battle of Pelennor Fields.<br />
<br />
====Update 19: March of the King====<br />
''March of the King'' is the nineteenth update and was released [[14 October]], [[2016]].<br />
<br />
*The region March of the King, including [[North Ithilien]], after battle Minas Tirith, after battle Osgiliath, and after battle Pelennor Fields.<br />
*Flora barter system to exchange new gear for flowers.<br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 7: March of the King.<br />
<br />
====Update 20: Battle of the Black Gate====<br />
''Battle of the Black Gate'' is the twentieth update and was released [[21 March]], [[2017]].<br />
<br />
*The region The Wastes, including Noman-lands, [[Slag-hills]] and [[Dagorlad]] which surround the [[Black Gate]].<br />
*New reputation items to exchange for armour.<br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 8: Battle of the Black Gate.<br />
<br />
===Mordor Expansion===<br />
''Mordor'' is the sixth expansion, and the twenty-first update, released on [[2 August]], [[2017]].<br />
<br />
*The region Plateau of [[Gorgoroth]] includes five different areas, [[Udûn]], Dor Amarth, Lhingris, Talath Urui, and Agarnaith.<br />
*The conclusion of the Epic Questline (and Volume 4), with Book 9.<br />
*A new series of quests, the "Black Book of Mordor", becomes the main storyline after the conclusion of the Epic Quests. There are four chapters introduced in this update.<br />
*The Allegiance System is introduced, players can pledge to one of four factions to gain greater rewards in [[Mordor]]. They are the Kingdom of [[Gondor]], the Court of [[Lothlórien]], [[Durin's Folk]], and the Hobbits of the Company.<br />
*A new instance cluster is introduced, featuring a 3-man instance (The Court of Seregost), a 6-man instance (The Dungeons of Naerband), and a 12-man raid (The Abyss of Mordath).<br />
<br />
====Update 22: Legacy of the Necromancer====<br />
''Legacy of the Necromancer'' is the twenty-second update, released on [[6 March]], [[2018]].<br />
<br />
*The new region "[[Eryn Lasgalen]] and the Dale-lands" (otherwise known as the "Strongholds of the North" or "Northern Mirkwood"), features the Forest of Eryn Lasgalen (including the [[Halls of the Elven-king]] (known as Felegoth), The Dale-lands (featuring iconic locations such as The [[Long Lake]], [[Lake-town]], [[Dale]], and [[Ravenhill]]), and [[Erebor]], the Lonely Mountain.<br />
*Three new reputation factions are introduced; the "Elves of Felegoth", the "Men of Dale", and the "Dwarves of Erebor".<br />
*The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new region.<br />
<br />
====Update 23: Where Dragons Dwell====<br />
''Where Dragons Dwell'' is the twenty-third update, released on [[9 October]], [[2018]].<br />
<br />
* The new area "The Dwarf-holds", consists of two areas; The [[Iron Hills]], and [[Ered Mithrin]]. An expanded area of [[Erebor]] is also opened.<br />
* A new instance cluster is introduced, featuring two 3-man instances (Caverns of Thrumfall and Glimmerdeep), a six-man instance (Thikil-gundu), and a 12-man raid (The Anvil of Winterstith).<br />
* The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new areas.<br />
<br />
====Update 24: Vales of Anduin====<br />
''Vales of Anduin'' is the twenty-fourth update, released on [[4 June]], [[2019]].<br />
* A new region, the [[Vales of Anduin]] was released, containing several key locations such as the Beorninghus ([[Beorn's Hall]]), The [[Carrock]], the [[Eagle's Eyrie]], the [[Gladden Fields]], [[Rhosgobel]], and various settlements of the [[Woodmen]].<br />
* Update 24.2 brought the "Gladdenmere" sub-region to the Vales, along with a single six-man instance, "The Depths of Kidzul-kalah.<br />
* The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new area, in addition to a "Prelude" to the Minas Morgul Expansion.<br />
<br />
===Minas Morgul Expansion===<br />
''Minas Morgul'' is the seventh expansion, and the twenty-fifth update, released on [[5 November]], [[2019]].<br />
<br />
*The expansion consists of two new areas, "Mordor Besieged" consists of the upper half of [[Gorgoroth]] during the final stages of the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] in the Second Age, and the [[Morgul Vale]], which consists of the areas between [[Ithilien]] to the west, and Gorgoroth to the east. The city of [[Minas Morgul]] is also available for exploration.<br />
*A new playable race, the "Stout-axe dwarves", became available.<br />
*New Crafting updates, including a new tier to crafting guilds.<br />
*A new instance cluster taking place in the Morgul Vale, with four three-man instances, three six-man instances, and a raid, the Remmorchant, featuring battling with [[Shelob]] in [[Torech Ungol]].<br />
*A new level cap of 130 is introduced.<br />
<br />
====Update 26: Mists of Wilderland====<br />
''Mists of Wilderland'' is the the twenty-sixth update, released on [[23 April]], [[2020]].<br />
* A new region, the Wells of Langflood was released, featuring the upper-lands of the [[Vales of Anduin]], and the merging of the [[Greylin]] and [[Langwell]] rivers into the Anduin. In addition, there is the [[beorning]] settlement of Limlok, the [[stoor]] village of Lyndelby, and the ruins of [[Framsburg]], once the capital of the [[Eotheod]].<br />
* A new reputation faction, the "Protectors of Wilderland", situated in Limlok was introduced.<br />
* A brand new epic questline, "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" is introduced to follow the Black Book of Mordor, and follows Prince Durin's efforts in leading the united dwarves to retake [[Mount Gundabad]] from the orcs who dwell there. Two initial chapters were released.<br />
<br />
====Update 27: The Great Wedding====<br />
''The Great Wedding'' is the twenty-seventh update, released on [[30 June]], [[2020]].<br />
* A new area, [[Minas Tirith]] (Midsummer), was introduced, situated after the destruction of the [[One Ring]], situated around the wedding of King [[Aragorn Elessar]] and [[Arwen Undomiel]].<br />
* The [[Midsummer]] Festival was introduced, based in Midsummer Minas Tirith, featuring all new quests, items and deeds for players. In addition, the Summer and Farmer's Faire festivals were merged to make way for the Midsummer Festival.<br />
* The Epic Questline continues with Volume V- The Peace of Middle-earth, in it's first book.<br />
<br />
====Update 28: War of the Three Peaks====<br />
''War of the Three Peaks'' is the eighth update, also called a "mini-expansion", released on [[20 October]], [[2020]].<br />
* A new area, Elderslade, is introduced, and features the lands north of the Wells of Langflood and west of the [[Ered Mithrin]], situated before the very gates of [[Mount Gundabad]].<br />
* The Missions mechanic was introduced, allowing players of any level over 20 to aid Durin's war-effort, and gain rewards through one of two new reputation factions: The Gabil'akka.<br />
* "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" continues with two new chapters, featuring the Battle of Elderslade, and the challenging of Gorgar the Ruthless, Lord of Gundabad, and son of [[Bolg]].<br />
<br />
====Update 29: The Wildwood====<br />
''The Wildwood'' was released on [[27 March]], [[2021]].<br />
* The Wildwood, a new zone, was released as part of the Bree-land starting at level 45. Includes new quests along with two reputation factions.<br />
* New Missions were added for The Wildwood.<br />
* The Bree-land map was updated accordingly.<br />
<br />
====Update 30: Blood of Azog====<br />
''Blood of Azog'' was released on [[8 June]], [[2021]].<br />
* New Missions for new dwarf factions were released.<br />
* "The Legacy of Durin" storyline continued with a flashback to [[Battle of Azanulbizar]]. The flashback is told by Hersegg, granddaughter of one of the heroes of that battle.<br />
* The Fall of Khazad-dûm raid was also released with new gear to be earned. In this instance, players help the dwarves of Moria in TA 1981 in their final stand against Durin's Bane.<br />
* This is the final content update before the next major expansion, ''Fate of Gundabad'', released on November 10th, 2021.<br />
<br />
=====Update 30.3=====<br />
''Update 30.3'' was released on [[13 October]], [[2021]].<br />
* This update did not contain any new quest content for the game, but did release several significant features leading up to The Fate of Gundabad expansion, along with smaller quality of life changes.<br />
* The Brawler class was introduced to the game.<br />
* A fully revamped Legendary Item system released publicly after many months of beta testing<br />
* The housing system saw an update that removed the size signifiers for housing items, making it easier to customise player housing<br />
<br />
===Fate of Gundabad Expansion===<br />
''Fate of Gundabad'', the ninth expansion and thirty-first update, was released on [[10 November]], [[2021]].<br />
<br />
* The expansion adds the new "Gundabad" region, which consists of seven distinct areas; five of which are located under the mountain itself and two others are outside, to the north of it.<br />
* "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" storyline is conluded with seven new chapters taking place inside Gundabad.<br />
* The new instance cluster includes two three-man instances and one six-man instance.<br />
* A new level cap of 140 is introduced, and new Missions are added within Gundabad.<br />
<br />
====Update 32: Rangers and Ruins====<br />
''Rangers and Ruins'' was released on [[16 February]], [[2022]].<br />
<br />
* A new raid, "The Hiddenhoard of Abnankâra", was released, featuring Prince Durin's final confrontation with Hrímil Frost-heart within the ancient treasury of the Greymaul Rebellion.<br />
* A new premium housing area in the Abodes of [[Erebor]] was released, located within one of the last of [[Smaug|Smaug's]] treasure hoards.<br />
* A new sub-region, the [[Angle (Eriador)|Angle of Mitheithel]] was released, filled with elven ruins, and the outposts of the [[Rangers of the North]].<br />
* The new 'Legendary Item Rewards Track' was introduced to compliment the new Legendary Item System. Players use their item XP to gain special rewards to help increase the power of their items.<br />
<br />
====Update 33: The Yondershire====<br />
''The Yondershire'' was released on [[20 April]], [[2022]].<br />
* This update was released alongside the 15 year celebration of ''Lord of the Rings Online''. This event runs from the 20th of April up until 12th of May.<br />
* A new sub-region, "The Yondershire", was released, connecting the [[Ered Luin]] directly to the rest of Middle-earth for the first time. Hobbit villages such as [[Nobottle]], [[Tighfield]], [[Gamwich]], and [[Long Cleeve]] are also featured.<br />
* All content including and prior to the Helm's Deep Expansion, including the Rune-keeper, Warden, and Beorning classes, as well as the High Elf race were made free and available to all players.<br />
<br />
====Update 34: Before the Shadow====<br />
''Before the Shadow'', the thirty-fourth update, also called a mini-expansion, was released on [[15 November]], [[2022]].<br />
* The expansion adds 2 new regions: [[Swanfleet]] and [[Cardolan]], each consisting of 6 areas. In Swanfleet you find [[Stoor]]-villages and on it's border lies the ruined city of [[Tharbad]]. In Cardolan, on the other side of Tharbad, there are ruins of Arnor. <br />
* With this update comes a 6-player instance: Sarch Vorn, the Black Grave and a new skirmish: The Doom of [[Ost-in-Edhil|Caras Gelebren]]. A new difficulty system for the Missions, called ''Delvings'', was also added.<br />
* In the expanion is included a new starter experience, starting in Swanfleet, with a new Epic Quest line, guided by [[Boromir]], who is seeking [[Rivendell]].<br />
<br />
====Update 35: Return to Carn Dûm====<br />
''Return to Carn Dûm'' was released on [[22 March]], [[2023]].<br />
<br />
* Multiple instances have been added in [[Carn Dûm]]: 2 small fellowships and one full fellowship instance. A Raid is also planned. <br />
* There was a big power and damage revamp.<br />
* The [[Last Homely House]] had a complete makeover.<br />
====Update 36: Gondor Renewed====<br />
''Gondor Renewed'' was released on [[31 May]], [[2023]].<br />
<br />
* A new region, called the ''King's Gondor'', was added. This is [[Gondor]] after the crowning of [[Aragorn II]]. <br />
* A new storyline, called ''The Song of Waves and Wind'', was added. In this story you have to help Gondor to recover after the War of the Ring.<br />
* A new landscape difficulty, called ''The Paths of the Valour'' is aviable.<br />
<br />
==Added elements and deviations from the book==<br />
<!--Info about "Big T" and "Little T"-->''The Lord of the Rings Online'' does not only follow the story as told in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but also tells original stories about events happening during the same time period as the War of the Ring. These chiefly involve player characters following the trail of the members of the Fellowship and other main characters from the text. As such, there are a number of elements that do not appear in any of the published works. This includes characters, lineages, objects and locations. A selection of these are described below.<br />
<br />
===Major original characters===<br />
* '''[[Amarthiel]]''' served the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] during his first reign over [[Angmar]]<ref>In the game the Witch-king reigned over Angmar again shortly before the [[War of the Ring]].</ref> and wore the [[lesser rings|lesser ring]] Narchuil. She was slain by Narmeleth at the [[Battle of Fornost]] and her soul wandered [[Middle-earth]] for over a thousand years. She managed to possess Narmeleth and disguised herself as Sara Oakheart. She eventually revealed herself after the defeat of [[Mordirith]] by Golodir and becomes the Regent of Angmar.<br />
<br />
* '''[[Andraste]]''' was a female [[Men|Man]] who served the [[Witch-king]].<br />
* '''[[Jon Brackenbrook]]''' was a [[Men|Man]] who was captain of [[Archet]].<br />
* '''Ronald Dwale''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] from Dwalling. He was an author and a member of the Inklings, that meets in the [[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]. He was based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] himself.<br />
* '''[[Éogan]]''' was the second in command of the [[Blackwolds]] and took over leadership of the group after William Skunkwood's death.<br />
*'''Gorgar the Ruthless''' was another descendant of Azog who led the Orcs of Gundabad against the Gabil'akka during the War of Three Peaks.<br />
*'''Gorothul''' was a Black Numenorean sorcerer high in the ranks of [[Dol Guldur]].<br />
* '''The Huntsman''' was a spirit found in [[Enedwaith]] who took the shape of a large man with horns of a stag. Many players thought this was [[Oromë]]. The developers confirmed that it wasn't Oromë but a [[Maiar|Maia]] of Oromë.<ref>[https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?359604-big-D-small-d&p=4996860&highlight=#post4996860 big D, small d] [[Jonathan Rudder]], lotro.com forums</ref><br />
* '''Ivar the Bloodhand''' was a Gaunt-lord from the [[First Age]].<br />
*'''Karazgar''' was one of the Gúrzyul seeking to claim power in Mordor after Sauron's defeat.<br />
*'''Mazog''' was a descendant of [[Azog]] and leader of the Orcs of Moria.<br />
* '''[[Mordirith]]''' was the Steward of Angmar.<br />
* '''Narmeleth''' was an elf maiden of [[Rivendell]] and daughter of Laerdan. She slew [[Amarthiel]] during the [[Battle of Fornost]] and became possessed by her soul over a thousand years later.<br />
* '''Mundo Sackville-Baggins''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] who was mistakenly identified as having the ring.<br />
* '''William Skunkwood''' was the leader of the [[Blackwolds]].<br />
* '''[[Skorgrím Dourhand]]''' was a dwarf and leader of the [[Dourhands]]. He was slain during the Battle of Edhelion. His corpse was used as a vehicle by Ivar the Bloodhand who possessed it with a fell spirit to trick the Dourhands to ally themselves with the forces of [[Angmar]].<br />
* '''[[Sambrog]]''' was the Wight-lord of the [[Barrow-downs]].<br />
<br />
===Original Groups===<br />
* '''The [[Blackwolds]]''' were a group of [[Men|Mannish]] brigands from [[Bree-land]].<br />
* '''The [[Dourhands]]''' was a clan of dwarves aligned with the forces of [[Angmar]]. They were the dwarves that stayed behind to rebuild the Dwarven Halls in the [[Blue Mountains]] which were destroyed during the [[War of Wrath]].<br />
*The '''Gúrzyul''' were powerful Black Númenoreans who served near the top of the chain of command in Mordor.<br />
* The '''[[Inklings]]''' are a group of [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]-authors who discuss literature. They meet each other in the [[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]. Prominent members are [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Ronald Dwale]], [[Owen Barfield|Owen Farfield]], [[Charles Williams|Carlo Williams]], and [[C.S. Lewis|Jack Lewisdown]]. The group and members are based on the real [[Inklings]].<br />
*The '''Iron Garrison''' was a group of Longbeard Dwarves that sought to find [[Balin]] and retake the Mines of Moria.<br />
*The '''Stout-axes''' were a House of Dwarves lost to slavery in Mordor. They were eventually freed after the demise of Sauron.<br />
*The '''Warriors Three''' were a trio of Rohirrim adventure seekers.<br />
*The '''Zhelruka''' were an eastern House of Dwarves who migrated westward after the War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Original Objects===<br />
* '''Narchuil''' was one of the [[lesser rings]] forged by the elven-smiths during the [[Second Age]].<br />
* '''Zigilburk''' was a legendary [[mithril]] axe discovered in Moria by the Iron Garrison.<br />
* The '''Vandassari''' were a set of stones brought from [[Númenor]] to Middle-earth. These are the Oath-stones with the power to hold those who swear upon them to their promises, such as the Stone of [[Erech]].<br />
* The '''Black Book of Mordor''' was a mysterious text discovered in the Iron Hills.<br />
<br />
===Original Locations===<br />
* '''Agamaur''' was a vast swamp of the [[Lone-lands]]. It was a site of a major battle between [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]. To the west were the ruins of Ost Guruth, a fortress of [[Arnor]] claimed by the nomadic Eglain. To the east lay the ruins of Garth Agarwen, a fortress of Rhudaur ruled by [[Hill-men]] loyal to the mysterious Red Maid.<br />
* '''[[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]''' was an inn in [[Michel Delving]].<br />
* '''[[Esteldin]]''' was a ruin of Arnor in the [[North Downs]]. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]], it was used as a base of operations by the [[Rangers of the North]].<br />
*'''Falathlorn''' was a green and beautiful region of the [[Ered Luin]] favored by the Elves. It contained the Elvish havens of [[Duillond]] and [[Celondim]]. Not far from this region were the chilly Low-lands, site of the Dwarvish cities [[Gondamon]] and [[Kheledûl]].<br />
*'''Galtrev''' was one of the largest towns of [[Dunland]], the nominal capitol of the country.<br />
*'''Lhanuch''' was a chief village among the [[Dunlendings]] of [[Enedwaith]].<br />
*'''Luntil's Ferry''' was a secret crossing of the River Anduin in [[Lossarnach]].<br />
*'''Maur Tulhau''' was a [[Stoors|Stoorish]] Hobbit village in [[Enedwaith]] located in the forbidding Gloomgens. It was an remnant of the time when the Stoors lived in this region before most of their number moved north to [[The Shire]].<br />
*'''Nar's Peak''' was a cleft along one of the spurs of the [[Misty Mountains]]. Thorin and some other exiles of [[Erebor]] dwelt for a time.<br />
* '''[[Othrongroth]]''' was the oldest and largest Edain mound in the [[Barrow-downs]].<br />
* '''Stangard''' was a [[Rohirrim]] settlement near the Great River [[Anduin]]. Its inhabitants were mostly exiles sent to protect [[Rohan]]'s outer borders.<br />
* '''[[Tinnudir]]''' was an island in [[Lake Evendim]]. It was used as a headquarters by a group of Rangers called the Wardens of [[Annúminas]], protectors of the ancient capitol of Arnor.<br />
*'''Wildermore''' was a small plateau in the northern portion of [[Eastemnet]]. It suffered an unnatural winter due to the machinations of Saruman.<br />
*'''Woodsedge''' was one of the main towns of the [[Woodmen]] living in the Vales of [[Anduin]] at the edge of [[Mirkwood]].<br />
<br />
==Active Worlds==<br />
*[US]Arkenstone (Unofficial Oceanic)<br />
*[EU]Belegaer [DE-RP]<br />
*[US]Brandywine <br />
*[US]Crickhollow <br />
*[EU]Evernight [UK]<br />
*[US]Gladden<br />
*[EU]Gwaihir [DE]<br />
*[US]Landroval [EN-RE]<br />
*[EU]Laurelin [UK-RP]<br />
*[EU]Sirannon [FR] <br />
*Anor [Legendary]<br />
*Shadowfax [Legendary] <br />
*Treebeard [Legendary]<br />
<br />
==European servers==<br />
The European servers were originally created and hosted by [[Codemasters]], but on [[1 June]] [[2011]] LOTRO Europe was taken over by Turbine, who are based in the Easter U.S. This arrangement continued with Standing Stone Games who currently host the European servers.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.casualstrolltomordor.com/2011/04/turbines-lotro-service-goes-global/|articlename=Turbine's LOTRO Service Goes Global|dated=24 April 2011|website=A Casual Stroll to Mordor|accessed=2 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
European servers are further distinguished by other languages, French and German in particular.<br />
<br />
==Legendary Servers==<br />
'''Legendary servers''' are special worlds with a progressive level cap. The first legendary server, Anor, was launched in 2018, while Ithil was opened shortly thereafter to accommodate congestion. Due to inactivity, Ithil was eventually closed in 2021.<br />
<br />
In fall of 2021, two new Legendary servers were announced. Both would follow the previous legendary model, by starting at the original level cap of 50 and slowly expanding from there, but each had its own take on progression. The Shadowfax server gave players 50% more experience points than the standard servers, while Treebeard slowed experience point gain y 70%. Each server would also receive expansions at a different pace, with Shadowfax gaining expansions more quickly than Treebeard.<br />
<br />
==Roleplay Servers==<br />
To encourage players who wish to enjoy the game as their characters, some servers have been designated RP as roleplaying servers. In these worlds, it is expected that most players will interact together as the characters they have made, imagining themselves as actually being in Middle-earth. As a special case Landroval is designated RE, roleplay encouraged.<br />
<br />
==Closed Worlds==<br />
Over time, due to shifting player populations, worlds have been consolidated. Players transfer their characters to a new world and the old server is then closed. Below is a list of closed worlds.<br />
*[RU] Fornost <br />
*[RU] Mirkwood <br />
*[RU] Aglarond <br />
*[US] Vilya <br />
*[EU] Maiar [DE]<br />
*[US] Firefoot <br />
*[US] Meneldor <br />
*[US] Windfola <br />
*[EU] Morthond [DE] <br />
*[EU] Gilrain [UK]<br />
*[US] Nimrodel <br />
*[EU] Withywindle [UK] <br />
*[EU] Vanyar [DE] <br />
*[US] Dwarrowdelf <br />
*[US] Riddermark<br />
*[EU] Anduin [DE] <br />
*[EU] Estel [FR-RP] <br />
*[EU] Eldar <br />
*[US] Imladris <br />
*[US] Silverlode<br />
*[US] Elendilmir (Oceanic) <br />
*[EU] Snowbourn [UK] <br />
*Ithil [Legendary]<br />
<br />
==License==<br />
For ''The Lord of the Rings Online'', [[Turbine]] (and subsequently [[Standing Stone Games]]) has licensed the rights to the content and lore of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As a result neither Turbine, nor Standing Stone Games, does not have license rights to the [[New Line Cinema]] film series by [[Peter Jackson]], nor ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' books, or other posthumous works that were published recently, such us ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''.<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<!--More info of post-2007-->''The Lord of the Rings Online'' has been received very positively thus far, as reviews continue to appear since the game's initial release.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/middleearthonline Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar, The - Review] metacritic.com</ref><br />
<br />
GameDaily awarded the game 9/10, praising its rich, fantasy-themed universe, well-integrated trait and title system, and a story that remains true to the works of Tolkien. Yahoo! Video Games wrote a review with few negative mentions, awarding the game a score of 4/5,<ref>[http://videogames.yahoo.com/gamereview?cid=1990963744&tab=reviews&page=0&eid=513259 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] Yahoo! Games</ref> while ''Computer and Video Games'' called the game an essential purchase for ''Lord of the Rings'' fans, scoring the game a 9.2/10.<ref>[http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=161846&skip=yes PC Review: Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] ''Computer and Video Games''</ref> Eurogamer scored the game a 9.0/10, calling it tough to resist.<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=75657 Review - Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] Eurogamer</ref> Gamespy gave it 4.5/5 stars, claiming the game "opened up Middle-Earth to the masses" but commented negatively on its weak PvP content,<ref>[http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/lord-of-the-rings-online-shadows-of-angmar/785884p1.html The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] GameSpy</ref> while GameTrailers awarded it 8.5/10,<ref>[http://www.gametrailers.com/gamepage.php?id=754 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] Game Trailers</ref> citing its interesting tweaks to the MMO genre. IGN.com ranked it a similar 8.6/10, praising it for its solid experience, though criticizing it for its lack of major improvements to the genre.<ref>[http://pc.ign.com/articles/787/787942p3.html The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] IGN</ref> GamerNode.com awarded the game an 8.8/10, calling it the best MMO launch experience since ''Ultima Online''.<ref>[http://www.gamernode.com/PC/Reviews/2848-Lord-of-the-Rings-Online-Review/index.html Lord of the Rings Online] GamerNode</ref> The ''New York Times'' called the game "a major achievement of interactive storytelling, the first game truly worthy of the ‘Lord of the Rings' franchise and a must-play for just about anyone with an interest in Tolkien or the future of online entertainment."<ref>[http://lotro.turbine.com/article/356 Lord of the Rings Online Press Release] Lord of the Rings Online</ref> In a GameSpot review, the product was awarded an 8.3/10, praising its appealing polish and intriguing Monster Play feature.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/rpg/middleearthonline/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=topten&tag=topten;all;score;5 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar for PC Review] GameSpot</ref> Gamepro.com's review gave it an overall 4.25/5, pointing out how engaging the epic quests are, as well as how faithful to the novels the game managed to stay.<ref>[http://gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/112000.shtml Review: The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar for PC] Gamepro</ref> GameSpy declared ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' 'Game of the Month' for May 2007.<ref>[http://uk.gamespy.com/articles/795/795353p2.html Game of the Month: May 2007] GameSpy</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
In August 2007, Codemasters announced that ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' had received five Golden Joystick Awards nominations for the five applicable categories for the game,<ref>[http://newsrss.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6925679.stm Music and vice top games awards] BBC News</ref> and in October 2007 that it had won the "PC Game of the Year" at these awards.<ref>[http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7693&Itemid=2 Gears Wins Big at Game Awards] Next-Generation</ref> and again won the same award on October 2008. In December 2007, GameSpy awarded ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' 6th place in the top 10 PC games of 2007.<ref>[http://goty.gamespy.com/2007/pc/6.html GameSpy's Game of the Year 2007] GameSpy</ref> On December 18, Turbine announced it had also won the GameSpy MMO of the Year award.<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/article/476 LOTRO Wins Top Honors from Gamespy!] Lord of the Rings Online</ref> In January 2009, mmorpg.com awarded Turbine both MMORPG studio of the year 2008<ref>[http://www.mmorpg.com/gamelist.cfm/game/45/feature/2574/Best-MMO-Studio-of-2008-Winner MMORPG.com Best MMO Studo of 2008] mmorpg.com</ref>, and MMO Expansion of the Year for ''Mines of Moria''.<ref>[http://www.mmorpg.com/gamelist.cfm/game/45/feature/2579 MMORPG.com Best Expansion of 2008] mmorpg.com</ref><br />
<br />
==Subscription model==<br />
<!--More on F2P-->[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Free to Play.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
In North America, players who pre-ordered the game were offered a special founder's offer, a lifetime subscription for $199 or reduced cost of $9.99 per month. Standard monthly fee is $14.99 with three, six, twelve month, and lifetime discounts available. European players had a similar program from Codemasters. <br />
<br />
A Holiday subscription was available in December of 2007 and January of 2008 for $9.99/month for a 3 month commitment. A one year anniversary addition includes a $9.99/month subscription or a $199.99 Lifetime subscription, which was again offered during the lead up to the release of Mines of Moria.<br />
<br />
Warner Bros. announced on June 4, 2010 that Lord of the Rings Online will offer a free-to-play model starting in the fall of 2010.<ref>[http://turbine.com/news/105-warner-bros-interactive-entertainment-announces-the-lord-of-the-rings-online-to-adopt-global-free-to-play-model.html Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Announces The Lord of the Rings Online™ to Adopt Global Free-to-Play Model] Turbine, Inc</ref> On August 18, 2010, Warner Bros. announced that the free-to-play model would go live on September 10, 2010. On October 21, 2010, [[Codemasters]] announced that a preview of Free-to-Play would be available in Europe on October 25, 2010.<ref>[http://community.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=10839&pagename=news&type=news The Lord of the Rings Online Europe Preview Event]</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* '''[http://lotro.com Official website]'''<br />
** '''[http://forums.lotro.com/ LOTRO Community Forums]''': The official ''Lord of the Rings Online'' forums<br />
* '''[http://lotro-wiki.com LoTRO-Wiki]''': The most complete source of information for the game<br />
* '''[http://lotroplayers.com LoTRO Players]''': Long-running news site and podcast<br />
* '''[http://www.dadislotroguides.com Dadi's LOTRO Guides]''': Useful guides for various game systems.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{lotro}}<br />
{{Videogames}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings Online}}<br />
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings Online| ]]<br />
[[Category:Open world games]]<br />
[[Category:Role playing games]]<br />
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Turbine games]]<br />
[[Category:Warner Bros. Interactive games]]<br />
[[Category:Daybreak Game Company games]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online&diff=387412The Lord of the Rings Online2024-03-11T14:44:59Z<p>JR Snow: erroneous =</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{disambig-more|The Lord of the Rings|[[The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{video game infobox<br />
| image=[[Image:LOTRO logo.png|250px]]<br />
| name=The Lord of the Rings Online<br />
| developer=[[Turbine|Turbine, Inc.]] (2007-2016)<br />
[[Standing Stone Games]] (2016-Present)<br />
|publisher=[[Midway Games]] (2007-2010)<br />
[[Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment]] (2010-2016)<br />
[[Daybreak Game Company]] (2016-Present)<br />
| platform=Microsoft Windows, OS X (Beta)<br />
| releasedate=April 24, [[2007]]<br />
| genre=MMORPG<br />
| modes=<br />
| rating=<br />
| distribution=<br />
}}<br />
<!--Add the following sections: Crafting, Economy & Currency, Social (Kinships), Hobbies (Fishing), Housing, Special packs, Festivals, Game Music, Music system, Instances & Raids, Skills & Traits, Quests & Tasks, Reputation and Deeds-->'''''The Lord of the Rings Online''''' (commonly abbreviated to '''LOTRO''' or '''LotRO''') is an MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game) for PC and OS X that takes place in the world of [[Arda]] during the time of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]].'' It was originally branded as '''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar''', but with later updates, that subtitle was dropped. <br />
<br />
The players take on the role of adventurers of the [[Free peoples|Free Peoples]] of [[Middle-earth]]. The events of the game are concurrent with the events of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' but most of the game revolves around events that occurred elsewhere or in the wake of events in the books. The game draws inspiration from people, places and events only mentioned in the books, combining these with original concepts to expand on parts of Middle-earth Tolkien did not. The main quest series of the game, known as Epic Quests, are divided into volumes, books and chapters, emulating the structure of ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
<br />
There have been many expansions to the original game, including: Mines of Moria (2008), Siege of Mirkwood (2009), Rise of Isengard (2011), Riders of Rohan (2012), Helm's Deep (2013) Mordor (2017), Minas Morgul (2019), Fate of Gundabad (2021) and Before the Shadow (2022) with regular updates, adjustments, and "mini-expansions" in between.<br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
{{rewrite}}<br />
<!--This is a copy of wikipedia's article. Rewrite and expansion is needed, especially on post-2007 updates--><br />
Development of ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' began in 1998, when [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra]] started work on a game called ''Middle-earth Online''. Following [[Vivendi|Vivendi Universal Games]]' takeover of Sierra in 1999, the game's production was shared with [[Turbine]]. Turbine secured the rights of the entire game in March 2004,<ref>[http://www.videogamer.com/news/turbine_spin_into_action_to_secure_tolkien_license.html Turbine spin into action to secure Tolkien license - VideoGamer.com]</ref> and it was renamed to ''The Lord of the Rings Online''. It was originally subscription-based, but later became free-to-play with optional paid subscription and microtransactions.<br />
<br />
A closed beta was announced on [[8 September]], [[2006]]. An open beta began on [[30 March]], [[2007]], and was open to all who pre-ordered the game's Founders Club edition. In April [[2007]], the beta opened to the public. In 2010, the monetization model of the game changed to allow a free-to-play experience. Subscribers were given benefits for their patronage, while all players could access the game for free, but with certain limitations. In 2016, development of the game was handed off to a new spin-off company formed specifically to maintain LOTRO and 'Dungeons & Dragons Online'.This company is named [[Standing Stone Games]].<br />
<br />
As an online game, development continues with regular enhancements, additions, and changes to mechanics and game systems.<br />
<br />
<!--Check everything.--><br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
===Player characters===<br />
''Main article: [[The Lord of the Rings Online player character classes]]''<br />
<br />
Like many RPGs, ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' has a system of character classes and levels. Each character chooses a race and a class on character creation, this cannot be changed. Players are able to play as any of the [[Free Peoples]] - [[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]], [[Hobbits]], [[Beornings]], [[Stout-axe]] Dwarves, or [[High Elves]]. Male or female characters can be created, except in the case of Dwarves. As per Tolkien, Dwarf-women are very rare and seldom leave their mountain halls, though the addition of Stout-axe dwarves as a playable race in 2019 allowed players to create dwarf-women. There is no difference in appearance male and female Stout-axes. There are eleven classes: Beorning, Brawler, Burglar, Captain, Champion, Guardian, Hunter, Lore-master, Minstrel, Rune-keeper, and Warden.<br />
<br />
Customization of the character's abilities can be done by changing equipment and traits. As of the [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Helm.27s Deep Expansion|Helm's Deep expansion]], class traits work on a tree system, with each class having three "trait trees" where traits can be selected with earned points and unlocking enough traits in a particular tree allows higher-level traits to be selected and applies additional bonus. In addition to class traits are racial traits, such as Men being able to slot a trait to do additional damage with swords or Hobbits being able to slot a trait that allows them to throw a stone, and virtue traits which boost the character's stats.<br />
<br />
Levels are significant, with much lower level enemies being extremely easy to defeat and much higher level enemies being nearly impossible to defeat. Each region has enemies and quests with a range of levels usually consecutive to those of an adjacent region. Quests over five levels above the character's level are inaccessible. In addition to being able to complete quest and defeat enemies in more locations, characters gain access to additional equipment, skills, traits and instances as they level up. Levels are increased by gaining experience, which is earned by completing quests and instances, defeating enemies of an appropriate level, and crafting.<br />
<br />
===World===<br />
''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is an "open-world" game in which most locations that have been released can be freely accessed on an open landscape (although some places, such as Moria, require certain quests to be completed first.) The game world is split into "lands", large areas of Middle-Earth. As of Update 21, the four lands in the game are [[Eriador]], [[Rhovanion]], [[Gondor]], and [[Mordor]]. Each land is in turn divided into regions, e.g. [[Bree-land]] in Eriador, and each region contains areas, e.g. [[Andrath]] within Bree-land.<br />
<br />
Although most of the land is available to all for exploration, most regions require non-VIPs to purchase a quest pack to access quests, deeds and instances associated with that region. A few regions, such as East and West Rohan, require expansion packs to be purchased to unlock content, even for VIPs. Each region is generally seen as it was in a certain time in the War of the Ring, for example Lothlórien is visited by the player at the same time as the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] rested there, and [[Pelargir]] just after [[Aragorn]] liberated the city from the [[Corsairs of Umbar]].<br />
<br />
Reddit users /u/lallapalalable and /u/exploderator estimated the total size of the map at no more than 250 square km (97 square miles) in 2017, making it one of the largest game maps ever made.<ref>{{webcite|author=/u/lallapalalable|articleurl=http://www.reddit.com/r/lotro/comments/60j1ul/been_trying_to_calculate_the_area_of_the_map/|articlename=Been trying to calculate the area of the map|dated=20 March 2017|website=Reddit|accessed=29 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Quests===<br />
Much of the game's completable content is in the form of quests. Quests consist of a series of objectives, often including speaking with NPCs, defeating certain enemies, and recovering certain items from the ground or from defeated enemies. Most quests have a small number of objectives but may unlock additional quests upon completion to form a quest chain. Quests are usually started by started by speaking with a particular Non-Player Character (NPC), indicated with a ring icon above the NPC's head. The forms of ring icons and what they indicate are as follows:<br />
<br />
*Gold ring with blue aura: the NPC has a quest that is approximately appropriate for the character's level.<br />
*Gold ring with blue aura and fiery inscription: the NPC must be spoken with to advance the quest.<br />
*Bright gold ring: the NPC has an Epic quest available.<br />
*Gold ring with orange flames: the NPC must be spoken to to advance the Epic quest.<br />
*Blue ring and quill: the NPC has a comment about an active quest, speaking to the NPC will not advance the quest but may give additional information.<br />
*Gold ring with hourglass: the NPC has a quest with a cooldown, the player must wait for the cooldown to expire before accepting the quest.<br />
*Silver ring: the NPC has a quest that is too high level for the player to accept at that level.<br />
*Transparent grey ring: the NPC has a "trivial" quest, one far below the player's level.<br />
*Gold ring with anvil: the NPC has a crafting quest, and involves the crafting system in some way.<br />
*Gold ring with sword: The NPC has an allegiance quest; quests that are unique to the Mordor Expansion.*Gold ring with map: The NPC has a missions quest; quests that are unique to Missions-related quests.<br />
<br />
Some quests are started by obtaining unique items dropped from specific enemies. The [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Riders of Rohan Expansion|Riders of Rohan expansion]] introduced auto-bestowed quests, which bring up a quest prompt when the player defeats a specific type of enemy or finds a certain location. Such enemies are marked with ring icons similarly to how NPC quest givers are. Players have the option of accepting these quests automatically or choosing to manually accept or decline each prompt. Most landscape quests can only be completed once, some special landscape quests and most instance quests can be completed once a day any number of times, and a few landscape quests can be repeated at any time up to a certain number of times.<br />
<br />
Quests are categorized according to what area, instance or other section they are associated with. Of note are the Epic Quests, a series that tells the main storyline of the game. In imitation of [[The Lord of the Rings|the Lord of the Rings book]], the epic quests are divided into Volumes, which are divided into Books which in turn are divided into Chapters. Each Chapter is usually an individual quest. Epic Quests bring the player through the landscape but are considered apart from it, therefore most Epic Quests are available to all players regardless of whether or not any quest packs are unlocked. A notable exception is the end of Volume III: Allies of the King, which requires purchase of the Helm's Deep expansion to complete. The Black Book of Mordor, the new main storyline for quests after the Epic Books, has eight chapters, all spanning various areas in Middle Earth including [[Mordor]], the Strongholds of the North, the [[Iron Hills]], and the [[Ered Mithrin]].<br />
<br />
===Deeds===<br />
Deeds are non-repeatable achievements recorded on an interface window called the Deed Log. Common deed objectives include completing a certain number of quests in a particular area or region (Quest Deeds), defeating a certain number of enemies of a specific type in a particular region (Slayer Deeds), discovering specified locations (Explorer Deeds), and reaching the next tier of reputation with a faction. Most Deeds award Turbine points. Deeds in a particular region usually award reputation in that region's faction. Deeds also commonly reward marks, virtues, and titles.<br />
<br />
===Instances===<br />
Instances are locations in the game separated from the open landscape, not accessible through normal travel. Instances can take place in either separate versions of the locations available on the landscape (for example, Pelargir while Aragorn's host retakes it from the corsairs) or in locations not accessible anywhere else (such as Dale). Most instances are private instances, that is, only one player or group of players can enter it and it closes when they complete it, while public instances can be joined at any time by any number of separate players. They are often repeatable, with ones associated with landscape quests being replayable through a Reflecting Pool in the associated region and others accessible through the Instance Finder window. Most private instances have associated quests automatically bestowed upon entering the instance and cancelled upon exiting.<br />
<br />
===Fellowships and Kinships===<br />
Most open landscape content and associated instances are designed to be completable by a solo player, while some locations in the game and Instance Finder instances are meant for a team of players. A group of players with a maximum size of six is known as a fellowship. For larger groups, a raid of up to four fellowships can be formed, for a maximum group size of 24 players. Players are free to group on the open landscape and in public instances, but private instances have a limit on how many players may enter.<br />
<br />
Players can found and join lasting organizations known as Kinships in the game. Players in a kinship can communicate in their own kinship chat channel to socialize and plan events with their fellow members.<br />
<br />
===Monster Play===<br />
The game is primarily Player vs. Environment (PvE), with most combat being player characters against computer controlled enemies found throughout the landscape and instances. However in the [[Ettenmoors]] region, players can participate in Player vs. Monster Player battles (PvMP). Players can create Monster characters that only have access to PvMP areas where they battle standard characters, who fight on the side of the Free Peoples. Each monster player class is limited to a specific race. The monster classes are the Blackarrow (Uruk), Defiler (Orc), Reaver (Orc), Stalker (Warg), Warleader (Uruk), and Weaver (Spider) As of [[The Lord of the Rings Online#Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath|Update 16.2]] a new PvMP area, set in Osgiliath before Boromir's journey to Rivendell and accessed via a banner in the Ettenmoors, was released.<br />
<br />
<!--Need elaboration on the below and info on Legendary Items, Mounted Combat and other special systems.--><br />
<br />
Towns and settlements provide Vendors where players can purchase or repair their armour, weapons, and supplies. Towns also often include Mailboxes, Auction Halls, Class Trainers, Forge-masters, Relic-masters, and Stable-masters who allow swift travel between regions.<br />
<br />
The player interface allows other aspects of gameplay such as Character screens, Quest and Deed Logs, a Social Panel where players can interact, and a Crafting panel where players use skills to craft new items.<br />
<br />
==Releases, updates, and expansions==<br />
===Shadows of Angmar===<br />
<!--Move to expansion-->:{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar}}<br />
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar|Shadows of Angmar]]'' was released on [[24 April]], [[2007]]. It included books 1 through 8 of Epic Volume I: Shadows of Angmar. Approximately once every two months a major free update was added to ''The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar''. Each update added a new book to the volume.<br />
<br />
====Book 9: Shores of Evendim====<br />
The first free content update was released on 14 June, 2007.<ref>[http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=3611&pagename=home&search=yes&keyword=Book%209 Book 9: Shores of Evendim Release Date Announced]</ref><br />
<br />
Updates included:<br />
*A new region - [[Evendim]] - is added, including locations like [[Annúminas]].<ref name="book9">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/news/pressreleases/136-book-9-shores-of-evendim-release-date-announced|articlename=Book 9: Shores of Evendim Release Date Announced!|dated=5 June 2007|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
*The epic story is expanded with book 9, Shores of Evendim<ref name="book9"/><br />
*100 new quests are added.<ref name="book9"/><br />
*A 24-player raid is added, ''Battle for Helegrod''.<ref name="book9"/><br />
*Nine new monsters are added.<ref name="book9"/><br />
*New Collectible armour sets are added.<ref name="book9"/><br />
*Updates to the music system.<ref name="book9"/><br />
<br />
====Book 10: The City of Kings====<br />
The second free-content update was released on 21 August, 2007 in North America and on 24 August, 2007 in Europe.<ref>| [http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=3949&pagename=home&search=yes&keyword=Book%209 Codemasters Online and Turbine unveil Book 10: The City of the Kings]</ref><br />
<br />
Updates included:<br />
*Continuation of the Story Line. <br />
*Legendary Play – Players can now use Destiny Points to play as a Ranger of the North or as a Troll.<br />
*Critter Play – Players can now explore Middle-earth from a different viewpoint as a chicken.<br />
*New Reputation and Bartering Systems – The Reputation system enables players to earn positive and negative standing with different races and groups in Middle-earth based on both monster kills and quest completions. The Bartering system allows players to trade trophies earned in battle for rewards, such as armour sets or mounts.<br />
*Over 100 new Quests.<br />
*More customizable user interface.<br />
<br />
====Book 11: Prisoner of the Free Peoples====<br />
<br />
The third free-content update was released on 24 October, 2007 in North America<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/article/430 Turbine and Codemasters Online Gaming to Unveil Book 11: Defenders of Eriador for The Lord of the Rings Online]</ref> and 25 October in Europe.<ref>[http://www.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=4661&articletype=News Codemasters Online and Turbine to unveil Book 11: Defenders of Eriador]</ref><br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_11_Official complete release notes]):<br />
*Continuation of the Epic Story arc, including 13 quests.<br />
*Player housing – players will be able to customize their houses with items such as furniture and doormats. <br />
*Second raid called "The Rift" – 12-player raid in which players encounter a [[Balrogs|Balrog]] for the first time. Turbine has stressed that this is not the [[Durin's Bane|Balrog from Khazad-dûm]].<ref>[http://lotro.tentonhammer.com/index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=287 Book 11 Preview: The Balrogs are Coming]</ref><br />
*Two new areas – Tâl Bruinen in the Trollshaws, where [[Gollum]] will be introduced for the first time, and Goblin-town in the [[Misty Mountains]], featured in ''The Hobbit''.<br />
*More than 100 new quests.<br />
<br />
====Book 12: The Ashen Wastes====<br />
The fourth free content update was released on 13 February, 2008 in North America; and 14 February, 2008 in Europe.<br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_12_Official complete release notes]):<br />
*Continuation of the Story Line. <br />
*Character customization - Increased character customization "ranging from haircuts, to some (possible) additions to the trait-system." In addition, the Outfit system, along with special social clothing designed just for it, will be introduced where a second or third set of clothing can be slotted and displayed while retaining the statistical bonuses of the currently equipped items.<ref>[http://lotro.stratics.com/content/hoclog/hoc10.php Lord of the Rings Online: House of Commons ]</ref><br />
*The Delving of Frór - A new Monster Play PVE (and PVMP under certain circumstances) area was introduced: An expanse of caves and catacombs located beneath the Ettenmoors.<br />
*The Great Angmar Revamp - A revamp of the most high-level region of the game's current 9 PvE regions. The revamp included the reworking of many quests, areas and other changes, such as new horse routes.<br />
*Barbershop - You can customize the look of your avatar in-game with around 50 new haircuts and second set of details.<br />
*Updates to the Burglar, Guardian, and Champion classes.<br />
<br />
====Book 13: Doom of the Last-King====<br />
<br />
The fifth free content update was released on 24 April, 2008 in North America and on 1 May, 2008 in Europe.<br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_13_Official complete release notes]):<br />
*A new playable map area: the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]].<br />
*Players being able to see the ocean for the first time, confirmed as the Ice Bay of Forochel in recent developer chats.<br />
*Fishing - the first of a new system in ''Lord of the Rings Online'', called 'hobbies'.<br />
*New PVMP Monster Healing Class - Orc Defiler.<br />
*Looking For Fellowship- and Quest-panel improvements.<br />
<br />
====Book 14: The Ring-forges of Eregion====<br />
<br />
The sixth free content update was released on 22 July, 2008 in North America. It was released on 24 July, 2008 in Europe.<br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Book_14_Official complete release notes]):<br />
*Climax of the "Shadows of Angmar" storyline.<br />
*Added selected sections of [[Eregion]] (Region leading towards the Gates of Moria).<br />
*Epic Quest events that will allow interaction between players regardless of server.<br />
*Prelude quests for and leading up to the ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'' expansion, which would have updates leading to Lothlórien, Fangorn, Rhovanion and Rohan.<br />
<br />
====Book 15: Daughter of Strife====<br />
The seventh free content update was released on 18 November, 2008. This update was released in tandem with the Mines of Moria expansion for players who did not purchase the expansion release.<br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Category:Epic_-_Vol._I,_Book_15:_Daughter_of_Strife_Quests Epic - Vol. I, Book 15: Daughter of Strife Quests epic]):<br />
*Conclusion of the "Shadows of Angmar" storyline.<br />
*Added the zone of Eregion expanding on the selected sections from Book 14. The zone does not include the Hollin Gate leading to the Black Pool.<br />
*Added UI enhancements<br />
<br />
===Mines of Moria Expansion===<br />
{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria}}<br />
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria|Mines of Moria]]'' was released on [[18 November]], [[2008]]. It included Vol. II books 1 through 6 of the epic quest line. Like ''Shadows of Angmar'', ''Mines of Moria'' continued to regularly release updates. Updates were less frequent than Shadows of Angmar. <br />
<br />
====Book 7: Leaves of Lórien====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Leaves of Lórien.png|thumb|300px]]<br />
Book 7 was released on [[17 March]] [[2009]]. This update included:<br />
* Continuation of the Epic Storyline in Book 7, Leaves of Lórien.<ref name="book7">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/book-spotlights/342-vol2book7|articlename=Volume II: Book 7: Leaves of Lórien Spotlight|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
* Expansion of the Lothlórien Area, including [[Caras Galadhon]].<ref name="book7"/><br />
* A new raid, named ''Strange Happenings'', has been added.<ref name="book7"/><br />
* The [[Galadhrim]] are added as a new reputation faction.<ref name="book7"/><br />
* Crafting instances enable players to gather resources.<ref name="book7"/><br />
* The Ered Luin Introduction and, on lesser scale, the Bree-land Introduction are revamped.<ref name="book7"/><br />
* Several new Monster Play emotes are added.<ref name="book7"/><br />
<br />
====Book 8: Scourge of Khazad-dum====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Scourge of Khazad-Dûm.png|thumb|300px]]Book 8 was released on 23 June, 2009. This update included:<br />
*Book 8, Scourge of Khazad-dûm, continues the epic story.<ref name="book8">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/book-spotlights/421-vol2-book8|articlename=Volume II: Book 8: Scourge of Khazad-dûm|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
* A radiance-gated multi-boss, 12-man raid - named ''Dar Narbugud'' is added.<ref name="book8"/><br />
* One 6-man instance is added: ''The Halls of Crafting''.<ref name="book8"/><br />
* Two 3-man instances are added:<br />
** ''Lumul-nar''<ref name="book8"/><br />
** ''Nala-dum''<ref name="book8"/><br />
* Continuation of the revamp of the Bree-land Introduction.<ref name="book8"/><br />
* The Crafting system has been revived.<ref name="book8"/><br />
<br />
===Siege of Mirkwood Expansion===<br />
<!--Move to expansion?-->:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood]]''<br />
''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood|Siege of Mirkwood]]'' was released on 1 December, 2009 in North America and 3 December, 2009 in Europe. Unlike the second expansion this edition was only available via a web-based download. It included Book 9 and the epilogue of Volume II: Mines of Moria. <br />
<br />
Kate Paiz, Executive Producer for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'', released a letter on 22 October, 2010 stating that updates will be more frequent but will not always be accompanied with a new book continuing the epic story.<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/866-producers-letter-october-2010 Producer's Letter, October-2010] lotro.com, Dev Diaries</ref><br />
<br />
====Book 1: Oath of the Rangers====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Oath of the Rangers.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
Book 1 was released on [[1 March]], [[2010]].<ref> [https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?320404 Volume III: Allies of the King has arrived!]</ref><br />
<br />
Updates include ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Volume_3_Allies_of_the_King_Official complete release notes]):<br />
* The beginning of Volume III in the epic storyline.<br />
* The ability to solo the Volume I epic storyline.<br />
* A duo mode for most skirmishes.<br />
<br />
====Book 2: Ride of the Grey Company====<br />
Book 2 was released on [[10 September]], [[2010]] in North America. ([[8 September]], [[2010]] for subscribers). It was delayed in Europe because of contractual reasons and was finally released on [[2 November]], almost two months after North America.<ref>[http://massively.joystiq.com/ Massively], [http://massively.joystiq.com/2010/10/29/v-e-me-day-lotro-europe-announces-launch-date-for-free-to-play/ V-E-ME Day: LotRO Europe announces launch date for free-to-play], dated [[29 October]], [[2010]] (accessed [[11 November]], [[2011]])</ref><br />
<br />
Updates included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Release_Notes_Volume_3_Book_2_Official complete release notes]):<br />
<br />
* New region: [[Enedwaith]].<br />
* ''Lord of the Rings Online'' Free to Play subscription.<br />
* Book 2 in the Volume III epic storyline.<br />
* Scalable instances.<br />
* Improvements to the vault, and a new wardrobe system for cosmetic items.<br />
* Updates to the Captain class.<br />
* The LOTRO store, where players may purchase convenience items. Points either earned through gameplay, through the VIP program or by being purchased.<br />
* The introduction of Lua Scripting.<br />
* DirectX 11 support.<br />
* Ranger session play.<br />
<br />
====Update 1: Journey to Winter-Home====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 1 Journey to Winter-Home.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
In 2010, LOTRO altered its monetization model and became "free-to-play." The first post Free-to-play update was released in November 2010. Due to changes to how updates work this did not contain an epic book.=<br />
<br />
Updates included: <br />
* A Barter Wallet for skirmish marks and anniversary tokens.<br />
* Opening of Moria, Lothlorien, Mirkwood and Enedwaith to free-to-play players. Volume II and Volume III will also be available, as well the legendary item system, and the level 65 level cap all to free-to-play players.<br />
* Vault improvements.<br />
* Tasks: a new quest type for all levels.<br />
* Improved reputation mounts.<br />
* Updates to the Lore-master and Rune-keeper classes.<br />
* Ered Luin starting area revamp.<br />
<br />
====Update 2: Echoes of the Dead====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 2 Echoes of the Dead.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
The first update of 2011 was released on [[21 March]] in the United States and [[24 March]] for Europe.<br />
<br />
Updates included:<br />
* Two 3-man's, two 6-man's, and a 12-person raid were added for level 65 players.<br />
* A special item required to craft a First Age weapon which drops from the above raid.<br />
* Radiance was removed.<br />
* Legendary Items were updated.<br />
* Character panel and cosmetic system were revamped.<br />
* The Minstrel, Hunter and Burglar classes were updated.<br />
* Volume III Book 3: Echoes of the Dead was added.<br />
* Volume II was revamped and made soloable, including three instances which have been converted to skirmishes.<br />
* Improvements to the PvP starter tutorial.<br />
* [[Evendim]] was revamped, with [[Annúminas]] being scaled down to level 40.<br />
<br />
====Update 3: Lost Legends of Eriador====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 3 Lost Legends of Eriador.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
''Lost Legends of Eriador'' was the third update. It was released on [[23 May]], [[2011]] and included: ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Update_3,_Lost_Legends_of_Eriador,_Official complete release notes]):=<br />
<br />
* Two new 3-man scalable instances starting mid-game.<br />
* Two new skirmishes.<br />
<br />
===Rise of Isengard Expansion===<br />
{{Main|The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard}}<br />
The third expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is entitled ''Rise of Isengard''. The expansion was made available on 27 September, 2011 and only as a digital download.<ref>[http://isengard.lotro.com/ The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard Official Homepage]</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 5: Armies of Isengard====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 5 Armies of Isengard.png|220px|thumb]]''Armies of Isengard'' was the first update published after the release of ''The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard''. It was released on [[12 December]] [[2011]] and included ([http://lorebook.lotro.com/wiki/Update_5,_Armies_of_Isengard,_Official complete release notes]):<br />
<br />
* Four new instances and a 12-man raid in and around [[Isengard]].<br />
* Book 5: The Prince of Rohan of '''Volume III: Allies of the King''' is released.<br />
* A new Instance finder, to form groups more easily.<br />
* Barter currencies of skirmishes, classic and instances are unified.<br />
* Changes to Reputation items.<br />
<br />
====Update 6: Shores of the Great River====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 6 The Great River.png|220px|thumb]]''Shores of the Great River'' is the sixth update and was released on [[12 March]] [[2012]].<ref name="Update6&Riders"> {{webcite|author=Justin Olivetti|articleurl=http://massively.joystiq.com/2012/01/25/riding-into-rohan-lotro-maps-out-2012/|articlename=Riding into Rohan: LotRO maps out in 2012|dated=25 January 2012|website=Massively|accessed=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Update6">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/game-manual/1775-update-6-great-river|articlename=Update 6 Great River|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
*A new region, the [[Anduin|The Great River]], was added, featuring seven new areas - including Parth Celebrant - in the upper [[Anduin]]. <ref name="Update6"/><br />
*Mists of Anduin, Book 6 of Volume III, was released, in which the player seeks the wisdom of [[Galadriel]] about troubling dreams and fights [[Easterlings]], Brigands and an ancient enemy of Rohan.<ref name="Update6"/><br />
*The ability to summon skirmish warriors outside skirmishes.<ref name="Update6"/><br />
*Updates to the Instance finder.<ref name="Update6"/><br />
*Currency-change in Monster Play: "Destiny" will be replaced with "Commendations". Commendations will be available for both Freeps and Creeps.<ref name="MP Currency change">{{webcite|author=Jaret Pruett|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/1776-update-6-commendations-developer-diary|articlename=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/devdiaries/1776-update-6-commendations-developer-diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=19 February 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 7: Shades of the Past====<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Update 7 Shades of the Past.png|thumb|220px]]''Shades of the Past'' is the seventh update<ref name="Update 7">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/gameinfo/1966|articlename=Update 7|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=12 May 2012}}</ref> and was released on 14 May, 2012.{{fact}}=<br />
<br />
*Continuation of the aforementioned currency-change.<ref name="MP Currency change"/><br />
*A new skirmish, "Storm on Methedras."<ref name="Update 7"/><br />
*Revamp of the Fornost instance and Moria region.<ref name="Update 7"/><br />
<br />
===Riders of Rohan Expansion===<br />
:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan]]''<br />
The fourth expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is named ''Riders of Rohan''. The expansion was released on October 15, 2012. <ref name="Turbine">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/news/pressreleases/1736-warner-bros-interactive-entertainment-and-turbine-unveil-the-lord-of-the-rings-online-riders-of-rohan|articlename=WARNER BROS. INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT AND TURBINE UNVEIL THE LORD OF THE RINGS ONLINE™: RIDERS OF ROHAN™|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=30 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 9: Against the Shadow====<br />
''Against the Shadow'' is the ninth update and was released 17 December, 2012. <ref name="Update 9">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tentonhammer.com/lotro/news/lotro-update-9-coming-december-17th|articlename=LOTROs Update 9 Coming December 17th|dated=|website=www.tentonhammer.com|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=<br />
<br />
*Three new three man instances.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-riders-rohan-instance-cluster-part-i|articlename=Riders of Rohan Instance Cluster, Part I|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Scaling of Dol Guldur instances.<br />
*Completion of Moria revamp.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-revisiting-mines-moria-part-ii|articlename=Developer Diary: Revisiting the Mines of Moria, Part II|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Ability to quickly travel to turn in quests.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-travel-quest-location-behind-scenes|articlename=Update 9 - Travel To Quest Location: Behind the Scenes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Update to the Yule Festival.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-yule-festival|articlename=Update 9 - Yule Festival|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Combat revisions.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-9-combat-revisions|articlename=Update 9 - Combat Revisions|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 10: Against the Shadow, Part II====<br />
''Against the Shadow, Part II'' is the tenth update and was released 6 March, 2013.<br />
<br />
*One six man instance and three twelve man raids.<ref name="Update 10">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-instance-cluster-developer-diary|articlename=Update 10 - Instance Cluster Developer Diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*In Their Absence instance scaling.<ref name="Update 10"/><br />
*Mithril Coins, a new currency used for special services.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-mithril-coin-qa|articlename=Update 10 Mithril Coin Q&A|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Agility made Wardens' primary stat.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-warden-stat-change-agility-wardens|articlename=Update 10: Warden Stat Change – Agility Wardens!|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Changes to critical defense.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-critical-defence-revision|articlename=Update 10 - Critical Defence Revision|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Unification of currency for scaling instances.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/update-10-seals-and-medallion-conversion|articlename=Update 10 - Seals and Medallion Conversion Diary|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 11: Treachery of the White Hand====<br />
''Treachery of the White Hand'' is the eleventh update and was released 13 May, 2013. <ref name="Update 11">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?511377-Update-11-Treachery-of-the-White-Hand-Release-Notes-Official|articlename=Update 11: Treachery of the White Hand Release Notes - Official|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=<br />
<br />
*A new region, Wildermore, located on the previously-inaccessible plateau in the north of East Rohan.<ref name="Update 11"/><br />
*Book 10: Snows of Wildermore of '''Volume III: Allies of the King''' is released.<ref name="Update 11"/><br />
*Updates to mounted combat.<ref name="Update 11"/><br />
*Hobbit presents, daily free random items with the ability to unlock more rolls with mithril coins.<ref name="Update 11"/><br />
*Lalia's Market, a shop where cosmetic clothing and dyes can be purchased with mithril coins.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/lalias-market|articlename=Lalia’s Market Now Open in Bree-town!|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Helm's Deep Expansion===<br />
:''Main article [[The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm's Deep]]''<br />
The fourth expansion for ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' is named ''Helm's Deep''. The expansion was released on 20 November, 2013. <ref name="TenTonHammer">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.tentonhammer.com/lotro/news/turbine-temporarily-delays-lotro-helms-deep-launch|articlename=Updated: Turbine Temporarily Delays LOTROs Helms Deep Launch|dated=|website=www.tentonhammer.com|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref> After the Helm's Deep expansion, Turbine has discontinued for three years paid expansions in favor of quarterly updates with content free to VIPs. <ref name="Looking Ahead to 2014">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?535422-A-letter-from-Executive-Producer-Kate-Paiz-Looking-Ahead-to-2014|articlename=A letter from Executive Producer Kate Paiz - Looking Ahead to 2014|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 13: The Breaking of Isengard====<br />
''The Breaking of Isengard'' is the thirteenth update and was released [[14 April]], [[2014]]. <ref name="Update 13">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?546315-Update-13-The-Breaking-of-Isengard-%E2%80%93-Official-release-Notes|articlename=Update 13: The Breaking of Isengard – Official release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=<br />
<br />
*Release of a new landscape consisting of post-[[Battle of Isengard]] Nan Curunir as well as the Entwood<ref name="Update 13"/>, an area consisting of the south-western part of Fangorn.<br />
*The fourteenth and final book of Epic Volume III: Allies of the King, The Waters of Isengard.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.lotro.com/en/game/articles/dev-diary-%E2%80%93-update-13-quest-notes|articlename=Dev Diary – Update 13 Quest Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Misty Mountains, North Downs and Trollshaws region revamps.<ref name="Update 13"/><br />
*Resizable inventory bags.<ref name="Update 13"/><br />
*Level scaling from level 20 up for players in the Ettenmoors and temporary Ettenmoors passes for free-to-play purchasable with Mithril Coins.<ref name="Update 13"/><br />
<br />
====Update 14: Paths of the Dead====<br />
''Paths of the Dead'' is the fourteenth update and was released [[14 July]], [[2014]].<ref name="Update 14">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?552272-Update-14-Paths-of-the-Dead-Release-Notes-amp-Known-Issues|articlename=Update 14: Paths of the Dead - Release Notes & Known Issues |dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=<br />
<br />
*Release of the West Gondor region, consisting of the areas the [[Paths of the Dead]], the [[Blackroot Vale]], [[Lamedon]], the Havens of [[Belfalas]], and [[Dol Amroth]]. <ref name="Update 14"/><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/u14|articlename=Update 14: Paths of the Dead Now Available|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*A new Epic series,<ref name="Update 14"/> Volume IV: The Strength of Sauron, beginning with Book 1: The Road to Gondor.<br />
*The Essence System, allowing specially slotted armors to be fitted with a variety of Essences for customizable stats.<ref name="Update 14"/>.<br />
*Level cap increase to 100.<ref name="Update 14"/><br />
*The [[Dead Marshes]] region was added later in the minor Update 14.2, released September 15 2014. This area included a Session Play featuring Frodo, Samwise, and Gollum's passage through the marshes, casting the player character as Sam.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?555920-Update-14-2-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 14.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 15: Gondor Aflame====<br />
''Gondor Aflame''<ref name="U15 Announcement">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotro.com/en/u15|articlename=Update 15: Gondor Aflame Now Available|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref> is the fifteeth update and was released 4 November, 2014. <ref name="Update 15">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=hhttps://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?558300-Update-15-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 15 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
*The region of Central Gondor, consisting of [[Ringló Vale]], [[Dor-en-Ernil]], [[Lebennin]] and [[Pelargir]].<ref name="U15 Announcement"/><ref name="Update 15"/><br />
*Beorning race and class.<ref name="U15 Announcement"/><ref name="Update 15"/><br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 2: The Dawnless Day.<ref name="Update 15"/><br />
*A new Epic Battle, Retaking Pelargir.<ref name="Update 15"/> Initially only available in solo/duo mode, a full fellowship version was released in 4 February, 2015 with Update 15.2.<ref name="Update 15.2">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?&postid=7312886|articlename=Update 15.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref><br />
*Roving Threats, a new type of open landscape group content.<ref name="Update 15"/> Additional Roving Threats were added to other regions of the game beginning with Update 15.2<ref name="Update 15.2"/><br />
<br />
====Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath====<br />
''Ashes of Osgiliath'' is the sixteenth update and was released [[1 May]], [[2015]].<ref name="Update 16">{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?568045-Update-16-Ashes-of-Osgiliath-%E2%80%93-Official-Release-Notes|articlename=Update 16: Ashes of Osgiliath – Official Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=27 July 2015}}</ref>=<br />
<br />
*The region of Eastern Gondor, consisting of Upper Lebennin, Lossarnach, South Ithilien and Osgiliath.<ref name="Update 16"/><br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 3: Voices of the Past.<ref name="Update 16"/><br />
*Cosmetic weapons and shields, more Roving Threats, and new PvMP map set in Osgiliath were released with Update 16.2 on 17 July, 2015. A new quest series of weekly episodic content, following the adventures of the Hobbit Bingo Boffin, was begun the Wednesday after the update, on 22 July.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?572512-Update-16-2-Release-Notes&p=7404279#post7404279|articlename=Update 16.2 Release Notes|dated=|website=LOTRO|accessed=28 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Update 17: The Siege of Minas Tirith====<br />
''The Siege of Minas Tirith'' is the seventeenth update and was released [[27 October]], [[2015]].<br />
<br />
*The region of Old Anórien, including [[Minas Tirith]], the [[Pelennor Fields]], and Talath Anor.<br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 4: Siege of the White City<br />
*New crafting tier, hidden cosmetic weapon toggle.<br />
*New Epic Battles: Defence of Minas Tirith, Hammer of the Underworld.<br />
<br />
====Update 18: The Battle of Pelennor Fields====<br />
''The Battle of Pelennor fields'' is the eighteenth update and was released [[11 April]] [[2016]].<br />
<br />
*The region of Far Anórien, including [[Drúadan Forest|Taur Drúadan]], [[Warning beacons of Gondor|Beacon hills]], and the Pelennor Fields during the battle.<br />
*Instance cluster including two 3-man instances (The Quays of the Harlond, The Blood of the Black Serpent), one 6-man instance (The Silent Street) and a 12-man raid (Throne of the Dread Terror).<br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 5: The Ride of the Rohirrim and Book 6: The Battle of Pelennor Fields.<br />
<br />
====Update 19: March of the King====<br />
''March of the King'' is the nineteenth update and was released [[14 October]], [[2016]].<br />
<br />
*The region March of the King, including [[North Ithilien]], after battle Minas Tirith, after battle Osgiliath, and after battle Pelennor Fields.<br />
*Flora barter system to exchange new gear for flowers.<br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 7: March of the King.<br />
<br />
====Update 20: Battle of the Black Gate====<br />
''Battle of the Black Gate'' is the twentieth update and was released [[21 March]], [[2017]].<br />
<br />
*The region The Wastes, including Noman-lands, [[Slag-hills]] and [[Dagorlad]] which surround the [[Black Gate]].<br />
*New reputation items to exchange for armour.<br />
*Epic Volume IV Book 8: Battle of the Black Gate.<br />
<br />
===Mordor Expansion===<br />
''Mordor'' is the sixth expansion, and the twenty-first update, released on [[2 August]], [[2017]].<br />
<br />
*The region Plateau of [[Gorgoroth]] includes five different areas, [[Udûn]], Dor Amarth, Lhingris, Talath Urui, and Agarnaith.<br />
*The conclusion of the Epic Questline (and Volume 4), with Book 9.<br />
*A new series of quests, the "Black Book of Mordor", becomes the main storyline after the conclusion of the Epic Quests. There are four chapters introduced in this update.<br />
*The Allegiance System is introduced, players can pledge to one of four factions to gain greater rewards in [[Mordor]]. They are the Kingdom of [[Gondor]], the Court of [[Lothlórien]], [[Durin's Folk]], and the Hobbits of the Company.<br />
*A new instance cluster is introduced, featuring a 3-man instance (The Court of Seregost), a 6-man instance (The Dungeons of Naerband), and a 12-man raid (The Abyss of Mordath).<br />
<br />
====Update 22: Legacy of the Necromancer====<br />
''Legacy of the Necromancer'' is the twenty-second update, released on [[6 March]], [[2018]].<br />
<br />
*The new region "[[Eryn Lasgalen]] and the Dale-lands" (otherwise known as the "Strongholds of the North" or "Northern Mirkwood"), features the Forest of Eryn Lasgalen (including the [[Halls of the Elven-king]] (known as Felegoth), The Dale-lands (featuring iconic locations such as The [[Long Lake]], [[Lake-town]], [[Dale]], and [[Ravenhill]]), and [[Erebor]], the Lonely Mountain.<br />
*Three new reputation factions are introduced; the "Elves of Felegoth", the "Men of Dale", and the "Dwarves of Erebor".<br />
*The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new region.<br />
<br />
====Update 23: Where Dragons Dwell====<br />
''Where Dragons Dwell'' is the twenty-third update, released on [[9 October]], [[2018]].<br />
<br />
* The new area "The Dwarf-holds", consists of two areas; The [[Iron Hills]], and [[Ered Mithrin]]. An expanded area of [[Erebor]] is also opened.<br />
* A new instance cluster is introduced, featuring two 3-man instances (Caverns of Thrumfall and Glimmerdeep), a six-man instance (Thikil-gundu), and a 12-man raid (The Anvil of Winterstith).<br />
* The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new areas.<br />
<br />
====Update 24: Vales of Anduin====<br />
''Vales of Anduin'' is the twenty-fourth update, released on [[4 June]], [[2019]].<br />
* A new region, the [[Vales of Anduin]] was released, containing several key locations such as the Beorninghus ([[Beorn's Hall]]), The [[Carrock]], the [[Eagle's Eyrie]], the [[Gladden Fields]], [[Rhosgobel]], and various settlements of the [[Woodmen]].<br />
* Update 24.2 brought the "Gladdenmere" sub-region to the Vales, along with a single six-man instance, "The Depths of Kidzul-kalah.<br />
* The Black Book of Mordor continues with two new chapters exploring the new area, in addition to a "Prelude" to the Minas Morgul Expansion.<br />
<br />
===Minas Morgul Expansion===<br />
''Minas Morgul'' is the seventh expansion, and the twenty-fifth update, released on [[5 November]], [[2019]].<br />
<br />
*The expansion consists of two new areas, "Mordor Besieged" consists of the upper half of [[Gorgoroth]] during the final stages of the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] in the Second Age, and the [[Morgul Vale]], which consists of the areas between [[Ithilien]] to the west, and Gorgoroth to the east. The city of [[Minas Morgul]] is also available for exploration.<br />
*A new playable race, the "Stout-axe dwarves", became available.<br />
*New Crafting updates, including a new tier to crafting guilds.<br />
*A new instance cluster taking place in the Morgul Vale, with four three-man instances, three six-man instances, and a raid, the Remmorchant, featuring battling with [[Shelob]] in [[Torech Ungol]].<br />
*A new level cap of 130 is introduced.<br />
<br />
====Update 26: Mists of Wilderland====<br />
''Mists of Wilderland'' is the the twenty-sixth update, released on [[23 April]], [[2020]].<br />
* A new region, the Wells of Langflood was released, featuring the upper-lands of the [[Vales of Anduin]], and the merging of the [[Greylin]] and [[Langwell]] rivers into the Anduin. In addition, there is the [[beorning]] settlement of Limlok, the [[stoor]] village of Lyndelby, and the ruins of [[Framsburg]], once the capital of the [[Eotheod]].<br />
* A new reputation faction, the "Protectors of Wilderland", situated in Limlok was introduced.<br />
* A brand new epic questline, "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" is introduced to follow the Black Book of Mordor, and follows Prince Durin's efforts in leading the united dwarves to retake [[Mount Gundabad]] from the orcs who dwell there. Two initial chapters were released.<br />
<br />
====Update 27: The Great Wedding====<br />
''The Great Wedding'' is the twenty-seventh update, released on [[30 June]], [[2020]].<br />
* A new area, [[Minas Tirith]] (Midsummer), was introduced, situated after the destruction of the [[One Ring]], situated around the wedding of King [[Aragorn Elessar]] and [[Arwen Undomiel]].<br />
* The [[Midsummer]] Festival was introduced, based in Midsummer Minas Tirith, featuring all new quests, items and deeds for players. In addition, the Summer and Farmer's Faire festivals were merged to make way for the Midsummer Festival.<br />
* The Epic Questline continues with Volume V- The Peace of Middle-earth, in it's first book.<br />
<br />
====Update 28: War of the Three Peaks====<br />
''War of the Three Peaks'' is the eighth update, also called a "mini-expansion", released on [[20 October]], [[2020]].<br />
* A new area, Elderslade, is introduced, and features the lands north of the Wells of Langflood and west of the [[Ered Mithrin]], situated before the very gates of [[Mount Gundabad]].<br />
* The Missions mechanic was introduced, allowing players of any level over 20 to aid Durin's war-effort, and gain rewards through one of two new reputation factions: The Gabil'akka.<br />
* "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" continues with two new chapters, featuring the Battle of Elderslade, and the challenging of Gorgar the Ruthless, Lord of Gundabad, and son of [[Bolg]].<br />
<br />
====Update 29: The Wildwood====<br />
''The Wildwood'' was released on [[27 March]], [[2021]].<br />
* The Wildwood, a new zone, was released as part of the Bree-land starting at level 45. Includes new quests along with two reputation factions.<br />
* New Missions were added for The Wildwood.<br />
* The Bree-land map was updated accordingly.<br />
<br />
====Update 30: Blood of Azog====<br />
''Blood of Azog'' was released on [[8 June]], [[2021]].<br />
* New Missions for new dwarf factions were released.<br />
* "The Legacy of Durin" storyline continued with a flashback to [[Battle of Azanulbizar]]. The flashback is told by Hersegg, granddaughter of one of the heroes of that battle.<br />
* The Fall of Khazad-dûm raid was also released with new gear to be earned. In this instance, players help the dwarves of Moria in TA 1981 in their final stand against Durin's Bane.<br />
* This is the final content update before the next major expansion, ''Fate of Gundabad'', released on November 10th, 2021.<br />
<br />
=====Update 30.3=====<br />
''Update 30.3'' was released on [[13 October]], [[2021]].<br />
* This update did not contain any new quest content for the game, but did release several significant features leading up to The Fate of Gundabad expansion, along with smaller quality of life changes.<br />
* The Brawler class was introduced to the game.<br />
* A fully revamped Legendary Item system released publicly after many months of beta testing<br />
* The housing system saw an update that removed the size signifiers for housing items, making it easier to customise player housing<br />
<br />
===Fate of Gundabad Expansion===<br />
''Fate of Gundabad'', the ninth expansion and thirty-first update, was released on [[10 November]], [[2021]].<br />
<br />
* The expansion adds the new "Gundabad" region, which consists of seven distinct areas; five of which are located under the mountain itself and two others are outside, to the north of it.<br />
* "The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves" storyline is conluded with seven new chapters taking place inside Gundabad.<br />
* The new instance cluster includes two three-man instances and one six-man instance.<br />
* A new level cap of 140 is introduced, and new Missions are added within Gundabad.<br />
<br />
====Update 32: Rangers and Ruins====<br />
''Rangers and Ruins'' was released on [[16 February]], [[2022]].<br />
<br />
* A new raid, "The Hiddenhoard of Abnankâra", was released, featuring Prince Durin's final confrontation with Hrímil Frost-heart within the ancient treasury of the Greymaul Rebellion.<br />
* A new premium housing area in the Abodes of [[Erebor]] was released, located within one of the last of [[Smaug|Smaug's]] treasure hoards.<br />
* A new sub-region, the [[Angle (Eriador)|Angle of Mitheithel]] was released, filled with elven ruins, and the outposts of the [[Rangers of the North]].<br />
* The new 'Legendary Item Rewards Track' was introduced to compliment the new Legendary Item System. Players use their item XP to gain special rewards to help increase the power of their items.<br />
<br />
====Update 33: The Yondershire====<br />
''The Yondershire'' was released on [[20 April]], [[2022]].<br />
* This update was released alongside the 15 year celebration of ''Lord of the Rings Online''. This event runs from the 20th of April up until 12th of May.<br />
* A new sub-region, "The Yondershire", was released, connecting the [[Ered Luin]] directly to the rest of Middle-earth for the first time. Hobbit villages such as [[Nobottle]], [[Tighfield]], [[Gamwich]], and [[Long Cleeve]] are also featured.<br />
* All content including and prior to the Helm's Deep Expansion, including the Rune-keeper, Warden, and Beorning classes, as well as the High Elf race were made free and available to all players.<br />
<br />
====Update 34: Before the Shadow====<br />
''Before the Shadow'', the thirty-fourth update, also called a mini-expansion, was released on [[15 November]], [[2022]].<br />
* The expansion adds 2 new regions: [[Swanfleet]] and [[Cardolan]], each consisting of 6 areas. In Swanfleet you find [[Stoor]]-villages and on it's border lies the ruined city of [[Tharbad]]. In Cardolan, on the other side of Tharbad, there are ruins of Arnor. <br />
* With this update comes a 6-player instance: Sarch Vorn, the Black Grave and a new skirmish: The Doom of [[Ost-in-Edhil|Caras Gelebren]]. A new difficulty system for the Missions, called ''Delvings'', was also added.<br />
* In the expanion is included a new starter experience, starting in Swanfleet, with a new Epic Quest line, guided by [[Boromir]], who is seeking [[Rivendell]].<br />
<br />
====Update 35: Return to Carn Dûm====<br />
''Return to Carn Dûm'' was released on [[22 March]], [[2023]].<br />
<br />
* Multiple instances have been added in [[Carn Dûm]]: 2 small fellowships and one full fellowship instance. A Raid is also planned. <br />
* There was a big power and damage revamp.<br />
* The [[Last Homely House]] had a complete makeover.<br />
====Update 36: Gondor Renewed====<br />
''Gondor Renewed'' was released on [[31 May]], [[2023]].<br />
<br />
* A new region, called the ''King's Gondor'', was added. This is [[Gondor]] after the crowning of [[Aragorn II]]. <br />
* A new storyline, called ''The Song of Waves and Wind'', was added. In this story you have to help Gondor to recover after the War of the Ring.<br />
* A new landscape difficulty, called ''The Paths of the Valour'' is aviable.<br />
<br />
==Added elements and deviations from the book==<br />
<!--Info about "Big T" and "Little T"-->''The Lord of the Rings Online'' does not only follow the story as told in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', but also tells original stories about events happening during the same time period as the War of the Ring. These chiefly involve player characters following the trail of the members of the Fellowship and other main characters from the text. As such, there are a number of elements that do not appear in any of the published works. This includes characters, lineages, objects and locations. A selection of these are described below.<br />
<br />
===Major original characters===<br />
* '''[[Amarthiel]]''' served the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]] during his first reign over [[Angmar]]<ref>In the game the Witch-king reigned over Angmar again shortly before the [[War of the Ring]].</ref> and wore the [[lesser rings|lesser ring]] Narchuil. She was slain by Narmeleth at the [[Battle of Fornost]] and her soul wandered [[Middle-earth]] for over a thousand years. She managed to possess Narmeleth and disguised herself as Sara Oakheart. She eventually revealed herself after the defeat of [[Mordirith]] by Golodir and becomes the Regent of Angmar.<br />
<br />
* '''[[Andraste]]''' was a female [[Men|Man]] who served the [[Witch-king]].<br />
<br />
* '''[[Jon Brackenbrook]]''' was a [[Men|Man]] who was captain of [[Archet]].<br />
<br />
* '''Ronald Dwale''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] from Dwalling. He was an author and a member of the Inklings, that meets in the [[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]. He was based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] himself.<br />
<br />
* '''[[Éogan]]''' was the second in command of the [[Blackwolds]] and took over leadership of the group after William Skunkwood's death.<br />
<br />
*'''Gorgar the Ruthless''' was another descendant of Azog who led the Orcs of Gundabad against the Gabil'akka during the War of Three Peaks.<br />
<br />
*'''Gorothul''' was a Black Numenorean sorcerer high in the ranks of [[Dol Guldur]].<br />
<br />
* '''The Huntsman''' was a spirit found in [[Enedwaith]] who took the shape of a large man with horns of a stag. Many players thought this was [[Oromë]]. The developers confirmed that it wasn't Oromë but a [[Maiar|Maia]] of Oromë.<ref>[https://forums-old.lotro.com/forums/showthread.php?359604-big-D-small-d&p=4996860&highlight=#post4996860 big D, small d] [[Jonathan Rudder]], lotro.com forums</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Ivar the Bloodhand''' was a Gaunt-lord from the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
*'''Karazgar''' was one of the Gúrzyul seeking to claim power in Mordor after Sauron's defeat.<br />
<br />
*'''Mazog''' was a descendant of [[Azog]] and leader of the Orcs of Moria.<br />
<br />
* '''[[Mordirith]]''' was the Steward of Angmar.<br />
<br />
* '''Narmeleth''' was an elf maiden of [[Rivendell]] and daughter of Laerdan. She slew [[Amarthiel]] during the [[Battle of Fornost]] and became possessed by her soul over a thousand years later.<br />
<br />
* '''Mundo Sackville-Baggins''' was a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] who was mistakenly identified as having the ring.<br />
<br />
* '''William Skunkwood''' was the leader of the [[Blackwolds]].<br />
<br />
* '''[[Skorgrím Dourhand]]''' was a dwarf and leader of the [[Dourhands]]. He was slain during the Battle of Edhelion. His corpse was used as a vehicle by Ivar the Bloodhand who possessed it with a fell spirit to trick the Dourhands to ally themselves with the forces of [[Angmar]].<br />
<br />
* '''[[Sambrog]]''' was the Wight-lord of the [[Barrow-downs]].<br />
<br />
===Original Groups===<br />
* '''The [[Blackwolds]]''' were a group of [[Men|Mannish]] brigands from [[Bree-land]].<br />
<br />
* '''The [[Dourhands]]''' was a clan of dwarves aligned with the forces of [[Angmar]]. They were the dwarves that stayed behind to rebuild the Dwarven Halls in the [[Blue Mountains]] which were destroyed during the [[War of Wrath]].<br />
<br />
*The '''Gúrzyul''' were powerful Black Númenoreans who served near the top of the chain of command in Mordor.<br />
<br />
* The '''[[Inklings]]''' are a group of [[Hobbits|Hobbit]]-authors who discuss literature. They meet each other in the [[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]. Prominent members are [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Ronald Dwale]], [[Owen Barfield|Owen Farfield]], [[Charles Williams|Carlo Williams]], and [[C.S. Lewis|Jack Lewisdown]]. The group and members are based on the real [[Inklings]].<br />
<br />
*The '''Iron Garrison''' was a group of Longbeard Dwarves that sought to find [[Balin]] and retake the Mines of Moria.<br />
<br />
*The '''Stout-axes''' were a House of Dwarves lost to slavery in Mordor. They were eventually freed after the demise of Sauron.<br />
<br />
*The '''Warriors Three''' were a trio of Rohirrim adventure seekers.<br />
<br />
*The '''Zhelruka''' were an eastern House of Dwarves who migrated westward after the War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Original Objects===<br />
* '''Narchuil''' was one of the [[lesser rings]] forged by the elven-smiths during the [[Second Age]].<br />
<br />
* '''Zigilburk''' was a legendary [[mithril]] axe discovered in Moria by the Iron Garrison.<br />
<br />
* The '''Vandassari''' were a set of stones brought from [[Númenor]] to Middle-earth. These are the Oath-stones with the power to hold those who swear upon them to their promises, such as the Stone of [[Erech]].<br />
<br />
* The '''Black Book of Mordor''' was a mysterious text discovered in the Iron Hills.<br />
<br />
===Original Locations===<br />
* '''Agamaur''' was a vast swamp of the [[Lone-lands]]. It was a site of a major battle between [[Arthedain]], [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]]. To the west were the ruins of Ost Guruth, a fortress of [[Arnor]] claimed by the nomadic Eglain. To the east lay the ruins of Garth Agarwen, a fortress of Rhudaur ruled by [[Hill-men]] loyal to the mysterious Red Maid.<br />
<br />
* '''[[The Eagle and Child|Bird and Baby Inn]]''' was an inn in [[Michel Delving]].<br />
<br />
* '''[[Esteldin]]''' was a ruin of Arnor in the [[North Downs]]. At the time of the [[War of the Ring]], it was used as a base of operations by the [[Rangers of the North]].<br />
<br />
*'''Falathlorn''' was a green and beautiful region of the [[Ered Luin]] favored by the Elves. It contained the Elvish havens of [[Duillond]] and [[Celondim]]. Not far from this region were the chilly Low-lands, site of the Dwarvish cities [[Gondamon]] and [[Kheledûl]].<br />
<br />
*'''Galtrev''' was one of the largest towns of [[Dunland]], the nominal capitol of the country.<br />
<br />
*'''Lhanuch''' was a chief village among the [[Dunlendings]] of [[Enedwaith]].<br />
<br />
*'''Luntil's Ferry''' was a secret crossing of the River Anduin in [[Lossarnach]].<br />
<br />
*'''Maur Tulhau''' was a [[Stoors|Stoorish]] Hobbit village in [[Enedwaith]] located in the forbidding Gloomgens. It was an remnant of the time when the Stoors lived in this region before most of their number moved north to [[The Shire]].<br />
<br />
*'''Nar's Peak''' was a cleft along one of the spurs of the [[Misty Mountains]]. Thorin and some other exiles of [[Erebor]] dwelt for a time.<br />
<br />
* '''[[Othrongroth]]''' was the oldest and largest Edain mound in the [[Barrow-downs]].<br />
<br />
* '''Stangard''' was a [[Rohirrim]] settlement near the Great River [[Anduin]]. Its inhabitants were mostly exiles sent to protect [[Rohan]]'s outer borders.<br />
<br />
* '''[[Tinnudir]]''' was an island in [[Lake Evendim]]. It was used as a headquarters by a group of Rangers called the Wardens of [[Annúminas]], protectors of the ancient capitol of Arnor.<br />
<br />
*'''Wildermore''' was a small plateau in the northern portion of [[Eastemnet]]. It suffered an unnatural winter due to the machinations of Saruman.<br />
<br />
*'''Woodsedge''' was one of the main towns of the [[Woodmen]] living in the Vales of [[Anduin]] at the edge of [[Mirkwood]].<br />
<br />
==Active Worlds==<br />
*[US]Arkenstone (Unofficial Oceanic)<br />
*[EU]Belegaer [DE-RP]<br />
*[US]Brandywine <br />
*[US]Crickhollow <br />
*[EU]Evernight [UK]<br />
*[US]Gladden<br />
*[EU]Gwaihir [DE]<br />
*[US]Landroval [EN-RE]<br />
*[EU]Laurelin [UK-RP]<br />
*[EU]Sirannon [FR] <br />
*Anor [Legendary]<br />
*Shadowfax [Legendary] <br />
*Treebeard [Legendary]<br />
<br />
==European servers==<br />
The European servers were originally created and hosted by [[Codemasters]], but on [[1 June]] [[2011]] LOTRO Europe was taken over by Turbine, who are based in the Easter U.S. This arrangement continued with Standing Stone Games who currently host the European servers.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.casualstrolltomordor.com/2011/04/turbines-lotro-service-goes-global/|articlename=Turbine's LOTRO Service Goes Global|dated=24 April 2011|website=A Casual Stroll to Mordor|accessed=2 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
European servers are further distinguished by other languages, French and German in particular.<br />
<br />
==Legendary Servers==<br />
'''Legendary servers''' are special worlds with a progressive level cap. The first legendary server, Anor, was launched in 2018, while Ithil was opened shortly thereafter to accommodate congestion. Due to inactivity, Ithil was eventually closed in 2021.<br />
<br />
In fall of 2021, two new Legendary servers were announced. Both would follow the previous legendary model, by starting at the original level cap of 50 and slowly expanding from there, but each had its own take on progression. The Shadowfax server gave players 50% more experience points than the standard servers, while Treebeard slowed experience point gain y 70%. Each server would also receive expansions at a different pace, with Shadowfax gaining expansions more quickly than Treebeard.<br />
<br />
==Roleplay Servers==<br />
To encourage players who wish to enjoy the game as their characters, some servers have been designated RP as roleplaying servers. In these worlds, it is expected that most players will interact together as the characters they have made, imagining themselves as actually being in Middle-earth. As a special case Landroval is designated RE, roleplay encouraged.<br />
<br />
==Closed Worlds==<br />
Over time, due to shifting player populations, worlds have been consolidated. Players transfer their characters to a new world and the old server is then closed. Below is a list of closed worlds.<br />
*[RU] Fornost <br />
*[RU] Mirkwood <br />
*[RU] Aglarond <br />
*[US] Vilya <br />
*[EU] Maiar [DE]<br />
*[US] Firefoot <br />
*[US] Meneldor <br />
*[US] Windfola <br />
*[EU] Morthond [DE] <br />
*[EU] Gilrain [UK]<br />
*[US] Nimrodel <br />
*[EU] Withywindle [UK] <br />
*[EU] Vanyar [DE] <br />
*[US] Dwarrowdelf <br />
*[US] Riddermark<br />
*[EU] Anduin [DE] <br />
*[EU] Estel [FR-RP] <br />
*[EU] Eldar <br />
*[US] Imladris <br />
*[US] Silverlode<br />
*[US] Elendilmir (Oceanic) <br />
*[EU] Snowbourn [UK] <br />
*Ithil [Legendary]<br />
<br />
==License==<br />
For ''The Lord of the Rings Online'', [[Turbine]] (and subsequently [[Standing Stone Games]]) has licensed the rights to the content and lore of ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As a result neither Turbine, nor Standing Stone Games, does not have license rights to the [[New Line Cinema]] film series by [[Peter Jackson]], nor ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' books, or other posthumous works that were published recently, such us ''[[The Children of Húrin]]''.<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<!--More info of post-2007-->''The Lord of the Rings Online'' has been received very positively thus far, as reviews continue to appear since the game's initial release.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/middleearthonline Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar, The - Review] metacritic.com</ref><br />
<br />
GameDaily awarded the game 9/10, praising its rich, fantasy-themed universe, well-integrated trait and title system, and a story that remains true to the works of Tolkien. Yahoo! Video Games wrote a review with few negative mentions, awarding the game a score of 4/5,<ref>[http://videogames.yahoo.com/gamereview?cid=1990963744&tab=reviews&page=0&eid=513259 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] Yahoo! Games</ref> while ''Computer and Video Games'' called the game an essential purchase for ''Lord of the Rings'' fans, scoring the game a 9.2/10.<ref>[http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=161846&skip=yes PC Review: Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] ''Computer and Video Games''</ref> Eurogamer scored the game a 9.0/10, calling it tough to resist.<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=75657 Review - Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] Eurogamer</ref> Gamespy gave it 4.5/5 stars, claiming the game "opened up Middle-Earth to the masses" but commented negatively on its weak PvP content,<ref>[http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/lord-of-the-rings-online-shadows-of-angmar/785884p1.html The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] GameSpy</ref> while GameTrailers awarded it 8.5/10,<ref>[http://www.gametrailers.com/gamepage.php?id=754 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar] Game Trailers</ref> citing its interesting tweaks to the MMO genre. IGN.com ranked it a similar 8.6/10, praising it for its solid experience, though criticizing it for its lack of major improvements to the genre.<ref>[http://pc.ign.com/articles/787/787942p3.html The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar Review] IGN</ref> GamerNode.com awarded the game an 8.8/10, calling it the best MMO launch experience since ''Ultima Online''.<ref>[http://www.gamernode.com/PC/Reviews/2848-Lord-of-the-Rings-Online-Review/index.html Lord of the Rings Online] GamerNode</ref> The ''New York Times'' called the game "a major achievement of interactive storytelling, the first game truly worthy of the ‘Lord of the Rings' franchise and a must-play for just about anyone with an interest in Tolkien or the future of online entertainment."<ref>[http://lotro.turbine.com/article/356 Lord of the Rings Online Press Release] Lord of the Rings Online</ref> In a GameSpot review, the product was awarded an 8.3/10, praising its appealing polish and intriguing Monster Play feature.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/rpg/middleearthonline/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=topten&tag=topten;all;score;5 The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar for PC Review] GameSpot</ref> Gamepro.com's review gave it an overall 4.25/5, pointing out how engaging the epic quests are, as well as how faithful to the novels the game managed to stay.<ref>[http://gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/112000.shtml Review: The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar for PC] Gamepro</ref> GameSpy declared ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' 'Game of the Month' for May 2007.<ref>[http://uk.gamespy.com/articles/795/795353p2.html Game of the Month: May 2007] GameSpy</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
In August 2007, Codemasters announced that ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' had received five Golden Joystick Awards nominations for the five applicable categories for the game,<ref>[http://newsrss.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6925679.stm Music and vice top games awards] BBC News</ref> and in October 2007 that it had won the "PC Game of the Year" at these awards.<ref>[http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7693&Itemid=2 Gears Wins Big at Game Awards] Next-Generation</ref> and again won the same award on October 2008. In December 2007, GameSpy awarded ''The Lord of the Rings Online'' 6th place in the top 10 PC games of 2007.<ref>[http://goty.gamespy.com/2007/pc/6.html GameSpy's Game of the Year 2007] GameSpy</ref> On December 18, Turbine announced it had also won the GameSpy MMO of the Year award.<ref>[http://www.lotro.com/article/476 LOTRO Wins Top Honors from Gamespy!] Lord of the Rings Online</ref> In January 2009, mmorpg.com awarded Turbine both MMORPG studio of the year 2008<ref>[http://www.mmorpg.com/gamelist.cfm/game/45/feature/2574/Best-MMO-Studio-of-2008-Winner MMORPG.com Best MMO Studo of 2008] mmorpg.com</ref>, and MMO Expansion of the Year for ''Mines of Moria''.<ref>[http://www.mmorpg.com/gamelist.cfm/game/45/feature/2579 MMORPG.com Best Expansion of 2008] mmorpg.com</ref><br />
<br />
==Subscription model==<br />
<!--More on F2P-->[[File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Free to Play.png|300px|thumb]]<br />
In North America, players who pre-ordered the game were offered a special founder's offer, a lifetime subscription for $199 or reduced cost of $9.99 per month. Standard monthly fee is $14.99 with three, six, twelve month, and lifetime discounts available. European players had a similar program from Codemasters. <br />
<br />
A Holiday subscription was available in December of 2007 and January of 2008 for $9.99/month for a 3 month commitment. A one year anniversary addition includes a $9.99/month subscription or a $199.99 Lifetime subscription, which was again offered during the lead up to the release of Mines of Moria.<br />
<br />
Warner Bros. announced on June 4, 2010 that Lord of the Rings Online will offer a free-to-play model starting in the fall of 2010.<ref>[http://turbine.com/news/105-warner-bros-interactive-entertainment-announces-the-lord-of-the-rings-online-to-adopt-global-free-to-play-model.html Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Announces The Lord of the Rings Online™ to Adopt Global Free-to-Play Model] Turbine, Inc</ref> On August 18, 2010, Warner Bros. announced that the free-to-play model would go live on September 10, 2010. On October 21, 2010, [[Codemasters]] announced that a preview of Free-to-Play would be available in Europe on October 25, 2010.<ref>[http://community.lotro-europe.com/news.php?id=10839&pagename=news&type=news The Lord of the Rings Online Europe Preview Event]</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* '''[http://lotro.com Official website]'''<br />
** '''[http://forums.lotro.com/ LOTRO Community Forums]''': The official ''Lord of the Rings Online'' forums<br />
* '''[http://lotro-wiki.com LoTRO-Wiki]''': The most complete source of information for the game<br />
* '''[http://lotroplayers.com LoTRO Players]''': Long-running news site and podcast<br />
* '''[http://www.dadislotroguides.com Dadi's LOTRO Guides]''': Useful guides for various game systems.<br />
<br />
{{notes}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
{{lotro}}<br />
{{Videogames}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lord of the Rings Online}}<br />
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings Online| ]]<br />
[[Category:Open world games]]<br />
[[Category:Role playing games]]<br />
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Turbine games]]<br />
[[Category:Warner Bros. Interactive games]]<br />
[[Category:Daybreak Game Company games]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William,_Tom,_and_Bert&diff=387411William, Tom, and Bert2024-03-11T14:36:58Z<p>JR Snow: removing unnecessary {{hobbitfilms}}</p>
<hr />
<div>{{evil infobox<br />
| name=William, Tom, and Bert<br />
| image=[[File:Justin_Gerard_-_Bilbo_and_the_Three_Trolls.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bilbo and the Three Trolls" by [[Justin Gerard]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="The Three Trolls"<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, Illustration; [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Three Trolls are turned to Stone.jpg|"The Three Trolls are turned to Stone"]] by J.R.R. Tolkien</ref><br/>"William Huggins" (William)<br/>"Bill" (William)<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{TA|2941}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=Capturing [[Thorin and Company]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Trolls]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
William, Tom, and Bert were a group of trolls that captured [[Bilbo Baggins]] and the [[Thorin and Company|dwarves]] during the [[Quest of Erebor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
They lived in a [[Troll's cave|cave]] in the [[Trollshaws]], west of [[Rivendell]]. In the spring of {{TA|2941}} they had journeyed down out of the hills in search of food, having been led by William to the area. They had already eaten their way through a village or two before stopping for the night in the woods not far from [[East-West Road|Great Road]].<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, p. 70</ref><br />
<br />
The light of the trolls fire was spotted by [[Balin]] who alerted the rest of the company, and on [[Thorin]]s urging it was Bilbo that approached and first encountered the three trolls; they were drinking, eating mutton and bickering.<br />
<br />
Bilbo was captured trying to pickpocket William's purse and when the rest of the company came to investigate what had happened to Bilbo they too were captured. Only Thorin put up a fight, putting out Bert's eye with a flaming branch and then hitting Tom in the face, knocking out a tooth. William still managed to catch Thorin and so the all the dwarves were captured in sacks.<br />
<br />
However, Gandalf had returned unnoticed and throwing his voice caused the trolls to argue amongst themselves for so long that the sun rose and turned all three of them to stone.<br />
<br />
On [[18 October]] {{TA|3018}} Strider and the [[Travellers|four hobbits]] come across the stone statues of the three trolls whilst travelling to Rivendell with [[The One Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Flight}}, p. 205</ref><br />
<br />
==William's "pity"==<br />
The troll William twice states that they ought to let Bilbo go rather than eat him, calling Bilbo a "poor little blighter" which leads to a row with Bert. William's comments are curious as trolls are evil by nature, having been created by [[Morgoth]] in the twilight of the [[Elder Days]]. William, however, is noted to have "already had as much supper as he could hold; also he had had lots of beer."<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an unsent [[Letter 153|letter]] to Christian book shop owner Peter Hastings [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] responds to this subject;<br />
{{blockquote|There is no more 'pity' here than in a beast of prey yawning, or lazily patting a creature it could eat, but does not want to, since it is not hungry. Or indeed than there is in many of men's actions, whose real roots are in satiety, sloth, or a purely non-moral natural softness, though they may dignify them by 'pity's' name.<ref>{{L|153}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* [[Talking purse|William's talking purse]]<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=William, Bert, and Tom in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Trolls.png|[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Tom, Bert and Bill.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Bert, Bill and Tom.jpg|''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Wuluag.jpg|Wûluag in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Tûma.png|Tûma in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Bûrat.png|Bûrat in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'' <br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Bill.png|''"Bill" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Tom.png|''"Tom" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Bert.png|''"Bert" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Tom, Bert and Bill.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''[[1968]]: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The trolls are encountered in the second episode, "Out of the Frying-pan into the Fire". [[Victor Lucas]] plays William, [[Francis de Wolff]] plays Tom and [[Brian Haines]] plays Bert. The scene is taken verbatim from the book.<br />
'''[[1979]]: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The troll's scene is presented without alteration. No actors are credited for the individual parts of the three trolls.<br />
'''[[1982]]: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''<br />
:The three trolls are the first obstacle encountered after leaving Bag End.<br />
'''[[1982]]-[[1997|97]]: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''<br />
:All three trolls are listed as members of the Hugath tribe of Stone Trolls of the Trollshaw and share the same last name; "Huggins". Their real names are given as ''Wûluag Hugath'', ''Tûma'', and ''Bûrat "the Tongue"''.<ref>{{ICE|8004}}</ref><br />
'''[[1989]]: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voices of William, Bert and Tom are provided by Peter Debnár, Vlado Černý and Ivan Gogál.<br />
'''[[1995]]-[[1998|8]]: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:All three trolls are playable both as a Hazard Creature and as a Minion. They are also given the [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]] variant names; ''Wûluag'', ''Tûma'', and ''Bûrat''.<br />
'''[[2001]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:[[Aragorn]] and the Hobbits rest at the petrified trolls after Frodo is stabbed by the [[Witch-king]]. In the Extended Edition, Sam points out to the wounded Frodo that they are "Mr. Bilbo's trolls".<br />
'''[[2003]]: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:William, Tom, and Bert are the first 'bosses' of the game, though they cannot be fought directly; Bilbo has to sneak around the trolls, waiting for them to turn or walk away. <br />
'''[[2007]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The stone statues of all three trolls can be found in the wilderness of the [[Trollshaws]].<br />
'''[[2012]]: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'']]'''<br />
:The three trolls are played by [[Peter Hambleton]], [[William Kircher]] and [[Mark Hadlow]] respectively, via the use of motion capture. In the film it is Tom that catches Bilbo when he mistakenly grabs him while reaching for his handkerchief and blows his nose on him.<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Trolls]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Folcwalda&diff=387410Folcwalda2024-03-11T14:28:51Z<p>JR Snow: #REDIRECT Folcred and Fastred</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Folcred and Fastred]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Old English names]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fastred,_son_of_Folcwine&diff=387409Fastred, son of Folcwine2024-03-11T14:28:43Z<p>JR Snow: #REDIRECT Folcred and Fastred</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Folcred and Fastred]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William_Huggins&diff=387408William Huggins2024-03-11T14:28:06Z<p>JR Snow: #REDIRECT William, Tom, and Bert</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[William, Tom, and Bert]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Bill_Huggins&diff=387407Bill Huggins2024-03-11T14:27:48Z<p>JR Snow: #REDIRECT William, Tom, and Bert</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[William, Tom, and Bert]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Bert&diff=387406Bert2024-03-11T14:26:54Z<p>JR Snow: #REDIRECT William, Tom, and Bert</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[William, Tom, and Bert]]<br />
[[de:Bert]]<br />
[[fi:Bertti]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tom&diff=387405Tom2024-03-11T14:26:47Z<p>JR Snow: #REDIRECT William, Tom, and Bert</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[William, Tom, and Bert]]<br />
[[de:Tom]]<br />
[[fi:Tom]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William&diff=387404William2024-03-11T14:26:41Z<p>JR Snow: #REDIRECT William, Tom, and Bert</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[William, Tom, and Bert]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Bill Huggins]]<br />
[[fi:Viljami (peikko)]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William,_Tom,_and_Bert&diff=387403William, Tom, and Bert2024-03-11T14:25:09Z<p>JR Snow: Finished merge - claim on article removed</p>
<hr />
<div>{{evil infobox<br />
| name=William, Tom, and Bert<br />
| image=[[File:Justin_Gerard_-_Bilbo_and_the_Three_Trolls.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bilbo and the Three Trolls" by [[Justin Gerard]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="The Three Trolls"<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, Illustration; [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Three Trolls are turned to Stone.jpg|"The Three Trolls are turned to Stone"]] by J.R.R. Tolkien</ref><br/>"William Huggins" (William)<br/>"Bill" (William)<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{TA|2941}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=Capturing [[Thorin and Company]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Trolls]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
William, Tom, and Bert were a group of trolls that captured [[Bilbo Baggins]] and the [[Thorin and Company|dwarves]] during the [[Quest of Erebor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
They lived in a [[Troll's cave|cave]] in the [[Trollshaws]], west of [[Rivendell]]. In the spring of {{TA|2941}} they had journeyed down out of the hills in search of food, having been led by William to the area. They had already eaten their way through a village or two before stopping for the night in the woods not far from [[East-West Road|Great Road]].<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, p. 70</ref><br />
<br />
The light of the trolls fire was spotted by [[Balin]] who alerted the rest of the company, and on [[Thorin]]s urging it was Bilbo that approached and first encountered the three trolls; they were drinking, eating mutton and bickering.<br />
<br />
Bilbo was captured trying to pickpocket William's purse and when the rest of the company came to investigate what had happened to Bilbo they too were captured. Only Thorin put up a fight, putting out Bert's eye with a flaming branch and then hitting Tom in the face, knocking out a tooth. William still managed to catch Thorin and so all the dwarves were captured in sacks.<br />
<br />
However, Gandalf had returned unnoticed and throwing his voice caused the trolls to argue amongst themselves for so long that the sun rose and turned all three of them to stone.<br />
<br />
On [[18 October]] {{TA|3018}} Strider and the [[Travellers|four hobbits]] come across the stone statues of the three trolls whilst travelling to Rivendell with [[The One Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Flight}}, p. 205</ref><br />
<br />
==William's "pity"==<br />
The troll William twice states that they ought to let Bilbo go rather than eat him, calling Bilbo a "poor little blighter" which leads to a row with Bert. William's comments are curious as trolls are evil by nature, having been created by [[Morgoth]] in the twilight of the [[Elder Days]]. William, however, is noted to have "already had as much supper as he could hold; also he had had lots of beer."<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an unsent [[Letter 153|letter]] to Christian book shop owner Peter Hastings [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] responds to this subject;<br />
{{blockquote|There is no more 'pity' here than in a beast of prey yawning, or lazily patting a creature it could eat, but does not want to, since it is not hungry. Or indeed than there is in many of men's actions, whose real roots are in satiety, sloth, or a purely non-moral natural softness, though they may dignify them by 'pity's' name.<ref>{{L|153}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* [[Talking purse|William's talking purse]]<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=William, Bert, and Tom in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Trolls.png|[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Tom, Bert and Bill.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Bert, Bill and Tom.jpg|''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Wuluag.jpg|Wûluag in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Tûma.png|Tûma in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Bûrat.png|Bûrat in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'' <br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Bill.png|''"Bill" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Tom.png|''"Tom" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Bert.png|''"Bert" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Tom, Bert and Bill.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''[[1968]]: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The trolls are encountered in the second episode, "Out of the Frying-pan into the Fire". [[Victor Lucas]] plays William, [[Francis de Wolff]] plays Tom and [[Brian Haines]] plays Bert. The scene is taken verbatim from the book.<br />
'''[[1979]]: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The troll's scene is presented without alteration. No actors are credited for the individual parts of the three trolls.<br />
'''[[1982]]: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''<br />
:The three trolls are the first obstacle encountered after leaving Bag End.<br />
'''[[1982]]-[[1997|97]]: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''<br />
:All three trolls are listed as members of the Hugath tribe of Stone Trolls of the Trollshaw and have the same last name; "Huggins". Their real names are given as ''Wûluag Hugath'', ''Tûma'', and ''Bûrat "the Tongue"''.<ref>{{ICE|8004}}</ref><br />
'''[[1989]]: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voices of William, Bert and Tom are provided by Peter Debnár, Vlado Černý and Ivan Gogál.<br />
'''[[1995]]-[[1998|8]]: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:All three trolls are playable both as a Hazard Creature and as a Minion. They are also given the [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]] variant names; ''Wûluag'', ''Tûma'', and ''Bûrat''.<br />
'''[[2001]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:[[Aragorn]] and the Hobbits rest at the petrified trolls after Frodo is stabbed by the [[Witch-king]]. In the Extended Edition, Sam points out to the wounded Frodo that they are "Mr. Bilbo's trolls".<br />
'''[[2003]]: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:William, Tom, and Bert are the first 'bosses' of the game, though they cannot be fought directly; Bilbo has to sneak around the trolls, waiting for them to turn or walk away. <br />
'''[[2007]]: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:The stone statues of all three trolls can be found in the wilderness of the [[Trollshaws]].<br />
'''[[2012]]: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'']]'''<br />
:The three trolls are played by [[Peter Hambleton]], [[William Kircher]] and [[Mark Hadlow]] respectively, via the use of motion capture. In the film it is Tom that catches Bilbo when he mistakenly grabs him while reaching for his handkerchief and blows his nose on him.<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{hobbitfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Trolls]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William,_Tom,_and_Bert&diff=387215William, Tom, and Bert2024-03-09T18:40:04Z<p>JR Snow: /* Portrayal in adaptations */ combined</p>
<hr />
<div>{{claimed|JR_Snow}}<br />
<br />
{{evil infobox<br />
| name=William, Tom, and Bert<br />
| image=[[File:Justin_Gerard_-_Bilbo_and_the_Three_Trolls.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bilbo and the Three Trolls" by [[Justin Gerard]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="The Three Trolls"<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, Illustration; [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Three Trolls are turned to Stone.jpg|"The Three Trolls are turned to Stone"]] by J.R.R. Tolkien</ref><br/>"William Huggins" (William)<br/>"Bill" (William)<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{TA|2941}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=Capturing [[Thorin and Company]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Trolls]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
William, Tom, and Bert were a group of trolls that captured [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Thorin and Company|Dwarves]] during the [[Quest of Erebor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
They lived in a [[Troll's cave|cave]] in the [[Trollshaws]], west of [[Rivendell]]. In the spring of {{TA|2941}} they had journeyed down out of the hills in search of food, having been led by William to the area. They had already eaten their way through a village or two before stopping for the night in the woods not far from [[East-West Road|Great Road]].<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, p. 70</ref><br />
<br />
The light of the trolls fire was spotted by [[Balin]] who alerted the rest of the company, and on [[Thorin]]s urging it was Bilbo that approached and first encountered the three trolls; they were drinking, eating mutton and bickering.<br />
<br />
Bilbo was captured trying to pickpocket William's purse and when the rest of the company came to investigate what had happened to Bilbo they too were captured. Only Thorin put up a fight, putting out Bert's eye with a flaming branch and then hitting Tom in the face, knocking out a tooth. William still managed to catch Thorin and so all the dwarves were captured in sacks.<br />
<br />
However, Gandalf had returned unnoticed and throwing his voice caused the trolls to argue amongst themselves for so long that the sun rose and turned all three of them to stone.<br />
<br />
On [[18 October]] {{TA|3018}} Strider and the [[Travellers|four hobbits]] come across the stone statues of the three trolls whilst travelling to Rivendell with [[The One Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Flight}}, p. 205</ref><br />
<br />
==William's "pity"==<br />
The troll William twice states that they ought to let Bilbo go rather than eat him, calling Bilbo a "poor little blighter" which leads to a row with Bert. William's comments are curious as trolls are evil by nature, having been created by [[Morgoth]] in the twilight of the [[Elder Days]]. William, however, is noted to have "already had as much supper as he could hold; also he had had lots of beer."<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an unsent [[Letter 153|letter]] to Christian book shop owner Peter Hastings [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] responds to this subject;<br />
{{blockquote|There is no more 'pity' here than in a beast of prey yawning, or lazily patting a creature it could eat, but does not want to, since it is not hungry. Or indeed than there is in many of men's actions, whose real roots are in satiety, sloth, or a purely non-moral natural softness, though they may dignify them by 'pity's' name.<ref>{{L|153}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* [[Talking purse|William's talking purse]]<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=William, Bert, and Tom in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Trolls.png|[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Tom, Bert and Bill.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Bert, Bill and Tom.jpg|''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Wuluag.jpg|Wûluag in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Tûma.png|Tûma in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Bûrat.png|Bûrat in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'' <br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Bill.png|''"Bill" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Tom.png|''"Tom" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Bert.png|''"Bert" in the [[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Tom, Bert and Bill.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{references}}</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William,_Tom,_and_Bert&diff=387211William, Tom, and Bert2024-03-09T18:23:42Z<p>JR Snow: Clearer and more concise re Williams’s “pity”</p>
<hr />
<div>{{claimed|JR_Snow}}<br />
<br />
{{evil infobox<br />
| name=William, Tom, and Bert<br />
| image=[[File:Justin_Gerard_-_Bilbo_and_the_Three_Trolls.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bilbo and the Three Trolls" by [[Justin Gerard]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="The Three Trolls"<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, Illustration; [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Three Trolls are turned to Stone.jpg|"The Three Trolls are turned to Stone"]] by J.R.R. Tolkien</ref><br/>"William Huggins" (William)<br/>"Bill" (William)<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{TA|2941}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=Capturing [[Thorin and Company]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Trolls]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
William, Tom, and Bert were a group of trolls that captured [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Thorin and Company|Dwarves]] during the [[Quest of Erebor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
They lived in a [[Troll's cave|cave]] in the [[Trollshaws]], west of [[Rivendell]]. In the spring of {{TA|2941}} they had journeyed down out of the hills in search of food, having been led by William to the area. They had already eaten their way through a village or two before stopping for the night in the woods not far from [[East-West Road|Great Road]].<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, p. 70</ref><br />
<br />
The light of the trolls fire was spotted by [[Balin]] who alerted the rest of the company, and on [[Thorin]]s urging it was Bilbo that approached and first encountered the three trolls; they were drinking, eating mutton and bickering.<br />
<br />
Bilbo was captured trying to pickpocket William's purse and when the rest of the company came to investigate what had happened to Bilbo they too were captured. Only Thorin put up a fight, putting out Bert's eye with a flaming branch and then hitting Tom in the face, knocking out a tooth. William still managed to catch Thorin and so all the dwarves were captured in sacks.<br />
<br />
However, Gandalf had returned unnoticed and throwing his voice caused the trolls to argue amongst themselves for so long that the sun rose and turned all three of them to stone.<br />
<br />
On [[18 October]] {{TA|3018}} Strider and the [[Travellers|four hobbits]] come across the stone statues of the three trolls whilst travelling to Rivendell with [[The One Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Flight}}, p. 205</ref><br />
<br />
==William's "pity"==<br />
The troll William twice states that they ought to let Bilbo go rather than eat him, calling Bilbo a "poor little blighter" which leads to a row with Bert. William's comments are curious as trolls are evil by nature, having been created by [[Morgoth]] in the twilight of the [[Elder Days]]. William, however, is noted to have "already had as much supper as he could hold; also he had had lots of beer."<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an unsent [[Letter 153|letter]] to Christian book shop owner Peter Hastings [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] responds to this subject;<br />
{{blockquote|There is no more 'pity' here than in a beast of prey yawning, or lazily patting a creature it could eat, but does not want to, since it is not hungry. Or indeed than there is in many of men's actions, whose real roots are in satiety, sloth, or a purely non-moral natural softness, though they may dignify them by 'pity's' name.<ref>{{L|153}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* [[Talking purse|William's talking purse]]<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
<br />
{{references}}</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William,_Tom,_and_Bert&diff=387207William, Tom, and Bert2024-03-09T17:29:39Z<p>JR Snow: merging of articles - not yet finished</p>
<hr />
<div>{{claimed|JR_Snow}}<br />
<br />
{{evil infobox<br />
| name=William, Tom, and Bert<br />
| image=[[File:Justin_Gerard_-_Bilbo_and_the_Three_Trolls.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bilbo and the Three Trolls" by [[Justin Gerard]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="The Three Trolls"<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, Illustration; [[:File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Three Trolls are turned to Stone.jpg|"The Three Trolls are turned to Stone"]] by J.R.R. Tolkien</ref><br/>"William Huggins" (William)<br/>"Bill" (William)<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{TA|2941}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=Capturing [[Thorin and Company]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Trolls]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
William, Tom, and Bert were a group of trolls that captured [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[Thorin and Company|Dwarves]] during the [[Quest of Erebor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
They lived in a [[Troll's cave|cave]] in the [[Trollshaws]], west of [[Rivendell]]. In the spring of {{TA|2941}} they had journeyed down out of the hills in search of food, having been led by William to the area. They had already eaten their way through a village or two before stopping for the night in the woods not far from [[East-West Road|Great Road]].<ref>{{H|Mutton}}, p. 70</ref><br />
<br />
The light of the trolls fire was spotted by [[Balin]] who alerted the rest of the company, and on [[Thorin]]s urging it was Bilbo that approached and first encountered the three trolls; they were drinking, eating mutton and bickering.<br />
<br />
Bilbo was captured trying to pickpocket William's purse and when the rest of the company came to investigate what had happened to Bilbo they too were captured. Only Thorin put up a fight, putting out Bert's eye with a flaming branch and then hitting Tom in the face, knocking out a tooth. William still managed to catch Thorin and so all the dwarves were captured in sacks.<br />
<br />
However, Gandalf had returned unnoticed and throwing his voice caused the trolls to argue amongst themselves for so long that the sun rose and turned all three of them to stone.<br />
<br />
On [[18 October]] {{TA|3018}} Strider and the [[Travellers|four hobbits]] come across the stone statues of the three trolls whilst travelling to Rivendell with [[The One Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Flight}}, p. 205</ref><br />
<br />
==William's "pity"==<br />
The troll William twice states that they ought to let Bilbo go rather than eat him, calling Bilbo a "poor little blighter" and this leads to a row with Bert. William's are curious as trolls are evil by nature, having been created by [[Morgoth]] in the twilight of the [[Elder Days]]. William, however, is explained to have "had already had as much supper as he could hold; also he had had lots of beer."<ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><br />
<br />
Peter Hastings, manager of the Newman Bookshop (a [[Christianity|Catholic]] bookshop in [[Oxford]]), wrote to Tolkien expressing these concerns, to which Tolkien responded.<br />
{{quote|I do not say William felt ''pity'' — a word to me of moral and imaginative worth: it is the Pity of Bilbo and later [[Frodo]] that ultimately allows the [[Quest of the Ring|Quest]] to be achieved — and I do not think he showed Pity. I might not (if ''The Hobbit'' had been more carefully written, and my world so much thought about 20 years ago) have used the expression 'poor little blighter', just as I should not have called the troll ''William''. But I discerned no pity even then, and put in a plain caveat. Pity must restrain one from doing something immediately desirable and seemingly advantageous. There is no more 'pity' here than in a beast of prey yawning, or lazily patting a creature it could eat, but does not want to, since it is not hungry. Or indeed than there is in many of men's actions, whose real roots are in satiety, sloth, or a purely non-moral natural softness, though they may dignify them by 'pity's' name.|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>{{L|153}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
* [[Talking purse|William's talking purse]]<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
<br />
{{references}}</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gamling&diff=387206Gamling2024-03-09T16:34:15Z<p>JR Snow: wich > which</p>
<hr />
<div>{{rohirrim infobox<br />
| name=Gamling<br />
| image=[[File:Daniel Govar - Gamling.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Gamling" by [[Daniel Govar]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Gamling the Old<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=Captain<br />
| location=[[Rohan]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Rohanese]] and [[Westron]]<br />
| birth=Late [[Third Age]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=Unnamed child<ref name="Helm">{{TT|Deep}}</ref><br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Gamling''' (late [[Third Age]]) was a man of [[Rohan]], probably [[Erkenbrand]]'s lieutenant,<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 157, entry "Gamling"</ref> and the leader of the garrison of [[Helm's Dike]].<ref name="Helm"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
An old man during the [[War of the Ring]], Gamling was still a commanding presence at the time of the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. During the battle Gamling was the first to realize that [[Orcs]] had penetrated [[Helm's Deep|the Deep]] through its culvert, and he led the counter-attack himself.<br />
<br />
Gamling seems to have been brought up in the western valleys of Rohan; he understood the tongue of [[Dunland]] that was still spoken in those regions.<ref name="Helm"/><br />
<br />
When the [[Deeping Wall]] was taken, Gamling was one of those who retreated into the narrows. When the battle was over Gamling, [[Éomer]], [[Gimli]] and others came forth from the caves.<ref>{{TT|Road}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Gamling is an [[Old English]] name. It is derived from the stem ''gamol'', which means "old", but is only found in Old English in verse-language<ref name="N">{{HM|N}}, entry '''Gamling (the Old)''', p. 758</ref><br />
<br />
Gamling is somewhat anglicized/modernized while genuinely it should be ''Gameling''. It would be one of the words and names that hobbits recognized as similar to [[Hobbitish]] (like ''[[Shadowfax]]'' or ''[[Gríma|Wormtongue]]'').<ref name="N"/><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
Tolkien noted that it is the origin of the surnames Gamlen, Gam(b)lin. It appears in the medieval poem ''The Tale of Gamelin'' (inspiration of Shakespeare's ''[[Wikipedia:As You Like It|As You Like It]]'')<ref name="N"/><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Gamling in adaptations<br />
|width=200<br />
|height=150<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Motion Picture Trilogy - Gamling.jpg|Gamling in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Gamling.jpg|Gamling in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Patrick Barr]] provided the voice of Gamling.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Gamling was played by New Zealand actor [[Bruce Hopkins]]. His role was expanded to that of a lieutenant to [[Théoden]].<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Despite the game's heavy reliance on movie audio tracks, Gamling's speech at the departure from Edoras is not resampled, but dubbed in verbatim by [[Tom Kane]].<br />
<br />
'''2013: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Gamling's role is similar to that he has in the book. He welcomes [[Théoden]]'s host to [[Helm's Deep]], fights on the [[Helm's Dike]] and on the wall of the [[Hornburg]] and after the wall is blown retreats into the [[Glittering Caves]] along with [[Gimli]] and [[Éomer]]. Later, Gamling rides to [[Minas Tirith]] with Theoden's riders and survives the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Rohirrim]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Gamling]]<br />
[[fi:Gamling]]<br />
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/hommes/3a/hommes_du_nord/rohirrim/gamelin]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Eastfold&diff=387205Eastfold2024-03-09T16:33:59Z<p>JR Snow: wich > which</p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Eastfold<br />
| image=<br />
| caption=<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=Eastern [[Rohan]], between the [[Folde]] and the [[Fenmarch]]<br />
| type=Region<br />
| description=<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Rohirrim]]<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Eastfold''' was a region in the east of the realm of [[Rohan]], between the [[Folde]] in the west and the [[Fenmarch]] in the east, the river Entwash in the north and the [[White Mountains]] in the south.<ref name=N>{{HM|N}}, entry '''Folde''', pp. 770-71</ref><ref name=Map>{{RK|Map}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Eastfold was traversed by the [[Great West Road]] parallel to the White Mountains.<ref name=Map/> [[Edoras]], which was located in the ''Folde'' was also the defensive centre of the Eastfold.<ref name=N/><br />
<br />
A similar name, the '''East Dales''', are mentioned when it is told how the [[Rohirrim]] who had fallen in the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] were buried in two mounds; "those of the [[Westfold]] in one and those from the East Dales in another."<ref>{{TT|Road}}, p. 545</ref> It has been suggested that the name is a synonym for Eastfold.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 419</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Westfold was originally part of the realm of [[Gondor]] until in {{TA|2510}} the fief of [[Calenardhon]] was granted to [[Eorl]] the Young by the [[Ruling Steward]] [[Cirion]]. Thereafter the Eastfold was part of Rohan. Initially the guarding and maintenance of the hill [[Halifirien]], which lay east of the [[Mering Stream]] in Gondor, was shared by men from Gondor and men from Rohan.<ref name=Eorl>{{UT|Eorl}}</ref><br />
<br />
When the realm of [[Gondor]] declined and was under threat by the sea and from the East and the people of Rohan increased, the wardens of the hill [[Halifirien]] were exclusively provided by the people of the Eastfold.<ref name=Eorl/><br />
<br />
On March 6 and 7<ref>{{HM|RC}}, citing from the amended time scheme, p. 508</ref> [[Gandalf]] rode with [[Peregrin Took]] through the Eastfold on the road to [[Minas Tirith]].<ref>{{RK|MT}}, p. 747</ref><br />
<br />
On March 11 {{TA|3019}}<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 542</ref> the riders of Rohan led by their King [[Théoden]] travelled with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] through the Eastfold on their way to Minas Tirith.<ref>{{RK|Muster}}, p. 804</ref><br />
<br />
In early August {{TA|3019}}<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 641</ref> the funeral escort of King Théoden passed through the Eastfold on its way to [[Edoras]].<ref>{{RK|Partings}}, p. 976</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Eastfold'' is a name in the language of Rohan. It is a combination of "East" and ''fold'' from [[Old English]] ''folde'' ("earth", "land", "country").<ref name=N/><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Regions of Rohan]]<br />
[[fi:Itälaaksot]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Eucatastrophe&diff=387204Eucatastrophe2024-03-09T16:31:53Z<p>JR Snow: unforseen > unforeseen</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
<br />
'''Eucatastrophe''' is a neologism coined by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] from Greek ''ευ-'' "good" and ''καταστροφή'' "sudden turn".<br />
<br />
In essence, a eucatastrophe is a massive turn in fortune from a seemingly unconquerable situation to an unforeseen victory, usually brought by grace rather than heroic effort. Such a turn is catastrophic in the sense of its breadth and surprise and positive in that a great evil or misfortune is averted. <br />
<br />
==Coining of the term==<br />
In his ''[[On Fairy-Stories]]'' Tolkien described the concept:<br />
<br />
{{quote|But the 'consolation' of fairy-tales has another aspect than the imaginative satisfaction of ancient desires. Far more important is the Consolation of the Happy Ending. Almost I would venture to assert that all complete fairy-stories must have it. At least I would say that Tragedy is the true form of Drama, its highest function; but the opposite is true of Fairy-story. Since we do not appear to possess a word that expresses this opposite — I will call it ''Eucatastrophe''. The ''eucatastrophic'' tale is the true form of fairy-tale, and its highest function.<br>The consolation of fairy-stories, the joy of the happy ending: or more correctly of the good catastrophe, the sudden joyous “turn” (for there is no true end to any fairy-tale): this joy, which is one of the things which fairy-stories can produce supremely well, is not essentially 'escapist', nor 'fugitive'. In its fairy-tale—or otherworld—setting, it is a sudden and miraculous grace: never to be counted on to recur. It does not deny the existence of ''dyscatastrophe'', of sorrow and failure: the possibility of these is necessary to the joy of deliverance; it denies (in the face of much evidence, if you will) universal final defeat and in so far is ''evangelium'', giving a fleeting glimpse of Joy, Joy beyond the walls of the world, poignant as grief.<br>It is the mark of a good fairy-story, of the higher or more complete kind, that however wild its events, however fantastic or terrible the adventures, it can give to child or man that hears it, when the “turn” comes, a catch of the breath, a beat and lifting of the heart, near to (or indeed accompanied by) tears, as keen as that given by any form of literary art, and having a peculiar quality.|''[[On Fairy-Stories]]''}}<br />
<br />
Tolkien would further elaborate on eucatastrophes in [[Letter 89|one of his letters]]:<br />
<br />
{{quote|I coined the word 'eucatastrophe': the sudden happy turn in a story which pierces you with a joy that brings tears (which I argued it is the highest function of fairy-stories to produce). And I was there led to the view that it produces its peculiar effect because it is a sudden glimpse of Truth, your whole nature chained in material cause and effect, the chain of death, feels a sudden relief as if a major limb out of joint had suddenly snapped back. It perceives – if the story has literary 'truth' on the second plane (....) – that this is indeed how things really do work in the Great World for which our nature is made. And I concluded by saying that the Resurrection was the greatest 'eucatastrophe' possible in the greatest Fairy Story – and produces that essential emotion: Christian joy which produces tears because it is qualitatively so like sorrow, because it comes from those places where Joy and Sorrow are at one, reconciled, as selfishness and altruism are lost in Love.|''[[Letter 89]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Within the legendarium==<br />
Tolkien himself made use of the trope of eucatastrophe several times in his own writings. The most famous usage is the final destruction of the [[One Ring]] within [[Mount Doom]]. Frodo was unable to destroy the Ring by his own strength. The Ring is destroyed by the intervention of [[Ilúvatar]] after it is taken from Frodo by [[Gollum]], who Frodo himself spared earlier in the story. Had Gollum not been there, the Ring may only have been destroyed by Frodo casting himself into the fire, if it was destroyed at all.<br />
<br />
The other famous example of a eucatastrophe is the War of Wrath fought on behalf of the Eldar at the end of the [[First Age]]. [[Eärendil]] was able to reach [[Valinor]] and persuade the [[Valar]] to go to war against [[Morgoth]] for the sake of [[Elves]] and [[Men]]. Without the intervention of the Valar, Morgoth would never have been defeated by any mortal strength.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* "[http://forum.barrowdowns.com/showthread.php?t=5865 eucatastrophe: piercing joy that brings tears]" at [http://forum.barrowdowns.com The Barrow Downs]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Concepts]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth&diff=387203The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth2024-03-09T16:30:53Z<p>JR Snow: therefor > therefore</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{disambig-more|The Lord of the Rings|[[The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{disambig-two|the game|the book by [[Fleming Rutledge]]|[[The Battle for Middle-earth (book)]]}}<br />
{{video game infobox<br />
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Battle for Middle-earth box.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=<small>The Lord of the Rings</small><br>The Battle for Middle-earth<br />
| developer=[[Electronic Arts]]<br />
| publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]<br />
| platform=Microsoft Windows<br />
| releasedate=6 December 2004<br />
| genre=Real-time strategy<br />
| modes=<br />
| rating=<br />
| distribution=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth''' is a 2004 real-time strategy video game developed by [[Electronic Arts]], based on the events of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]] and the first entry of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth Anthology|The Battle for Middle Earth]]'' series.<br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
The system works with units of several puppets and in as such more related to the popular 'Total War'-series than to more traditional RTS games like Age of Empires or its predecessor in several ways, The War of the Ring. Still it has many characteristics of a more traditional game, like the 'top down' camera stance, resource gathering system and relatively low number of units on the field. Against this are put some progressive issues in the game, like the single resource type, money, as upposed to the five different resources from Age of Empires or two from The War of the Ring. Also there are two different strategy modes, which shows some Total War-influence, of which one is a strategical overview of the south of the western part of Middle-earth. In this part of the game a player can decide, within certain borders, which areas of Middle-earth one wants to attack with its armies. Each area gives certain different bonusses to your armies, or create corridors along which your armies may pass. The other part of the game is the battlefield mode, when you can build and use your army to defeat the enemy army in one area. This dual system clearly shows some Total War-influence. Another progressive feat of the game is the strategic use of special powers, and bonusses provided by for example your heroes or villains like Gandalf, Aragorn or Saruman. This enhanced version of the system already used in The War of the Ring creates even more strategic possibilities for the player but makes balancing harder: the fast-running and far-shooting Legolas can easily kill and entire very expensive Orc army controlled by a computer player. The last of the progressive features is the limits to which one can build a base: only a limited number of building spaces is available on a map, thus limiting the number of buildings or defenses one may build. This does make balancing better as even the best possibly defended fortress may fall within a few enemy sieges, thus forcing the defender to break out regularly, and, even better, prevent from getting in such a situation, while still not having to fear being destroyed by a single sneaky unit of enemy soldiers who secretly passed your defense units when you were waging a big battle somewhere else on the map, as can happen in The War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Factions===<br />
The game features for factions (two for good, and two for evil):<br />
<br />
*'''''[[Gondor]]'''''<br />
*'''''[[Rohan]]'''''<br />
*'''''[[Mordor]]'''''<br />
*'''''[[Isengard]]'''''<br />
<br />
Each faction has their different types of units and are balanced against each other: Isengard is fairly cheap with focus on technological advancements, Rohan focuses on Riders and Archers, and thus a more strategic command style, Gondor on defense and very strong, but expensive units with possible technological advancements and Mordor on lots and lots of simple, weak masses of units with a few weak units with very strong attacks, and therefore also can benefit from a more strategic command, though sacrificing minions may here be a very acceptable and effective tactic.<br />
<br />
==Game modes==<br />
The game contains 2 main game modes, Solo Play and Multiplayer. Solo Play contains the Campaign Mode and Skirmish Mode, while Multiplayer allows for online and LAN matches. There is also a Battle School Mode, which serves as the game's tutorial and consists of several pre-recorded games and cinematics to show the player the basics on how to play the campaign and skirmish modes.<br />
<br />
===Campaign===<br />
[[File:The Battle for Middle-earth - World Map.png|thumb|left|alt=A world view of Middle-Earth, shown at the start of the campaign mode|World view during Campaign mode]]<br />
The Campaign Mode includes 2 different campaigns, the Good and Evil campaing. On starting a new campaign, the player can choose the difficulty (Easy, Medium or Hard). Each campaing follows the perspective of either the forces of the West (Gondor, Rohan and the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]) or the East (Mordor and Isengard) during the events of the Lord of the Rings.<br />
<br />
Upon choosing a campaign, the player starts on the Living World Map, a sky view of the map of Middle Earth. From here, the player can access each scenario available to start the Battle Mode. On the World Map, the player can check all the territories of Middle-Earth, all armies, as well as where each hero or group of heroes are located. This offers a stategic side to the gameplay, as by measuring the size of the army from the other forces, the player gets a grasp of how strong an upcoming battle can be, and how strong their forces must be in order to stand a chance.<br />
<br />
There are two types of scenarios on each campaign, mandatory and optional. Mandatory scenarios are levels in which the player is forced to play on a specific scenario in order to move forward with the story. These levels tend to represent a important point of the story, such as the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] or the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], to name a few. On the other hand, optional scenarios are levels the player can choose to play or not. These levels tend to be available between each mandatory scenario, with the player being required to pass a minimun amount of levels in order to access the next mandatory level.<br />
<br />
After choosing a scenario and entering Battle Mode, the player must complete a set of objectives in order to win the level. Most objectives go on the line of defeating all opposing forces or surviving a certain amount of time. Once the player finishes a level, they are given rewards according to their perfomance during te battle, which is measured by factors such as number of resources, units created and lost, enemy units defeated, among others. Additionally, each scenario has one or more bonus objectives, which give additional rewards to the player. Rewards range from additional Power Points, to increasing the maximum size of the armies.<br />
<br />
Unlike most RTS games where units trained on each scenario (aside from heroes) are resetted after each level, armies are kept from the moment they were trained all the way until the end of the campaign or if they are killed. Experience, as well as unit upgrades, are also kept, which means an army will increase its strenght the more battles it participated in. This encourages the player to enter as many optional scenarios as possible, as they will require the additional levels to prepare their armies for the final battle.<br />
<br />
====Good campaign====<br />
The Good campaign starts with the Fellowship entering [[Moria]], where they must navigate through the mountain, fighting hordes of goblins. After going all the way to the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]], a [[Durin's Bane|balrog]] appears, and Gandalf alone fights the fallen Maiar. Meanwhile, the army of Rohan (led by [[Éomer]]), is send to defend one of several territories of the region from the armies of Isengard. The story then switches from the Fellowship's journey to Mordor to Éomer's army freeing more territories until the events of the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]] at [[Amon Hen]].<br />
<br />
After Éomer defends two more territories, a group of Rohirrim arrive at the eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]], following a group of Uruk-hai. Sometime after the initial contact, Éomer forces arrive to the skirmish and finish off all the remaining enemies, giving [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], who had been previously captured, a chance to escape to the forest.<br />
<br />
After another skirmish, Gandalf joins Éomer, while another Rohan army lead by [[Théoden|King Théoden]] (who is now accompanied by the [[Three Hunters]] and [[Éowyn]]) goes to Helm's Deep to prepare for the final battle against the forces of Isengard. Here, the forces of Rohan must survive until reinforcement arrive, while receiving aid from groups of Elven archers and Rohan refugees who arrive before the battle. Shortly after the battle and with Isengard armies decimated, the last of Saruman's forces are attacked by Treebeard and a group of Ents.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, on the territories disputed by Gondor and Mordor, [[Faramir]] (momentarily joined by [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]) and his group of [[Rangers of Ithilien|Rangers]] are ambushing some of Sauron's forces, starting small skirmishes throughout the land until Sauron launches an attack at Minas Tirith. While this is happening, Sam has been able to pass through Shelob's Lair, freeing some Gondor soldiers trapped there and starting a small battle on [[Cirith Ungol]]. <br />
<br />
With Sauron's forces pushed back to Mordor, the armies of Gondor and Rohan must pressure Sauron to flush his main forces out of Mordor to give Frodo and Sam a chance to finish their quest. From here, the forces of good can attack and liberate territories with remmants Isengard and Mordor's armies. After defending and freeing some of these territories, Sauron will movilize his forces to the Black Gate, where the Men of the West can choose to keep attacking other territories or go straight to the final battle.<br />
<br />
The final battle takes place [[Battle of the Morannon|at the entrance of the Black Gate]], where both Rohan and Gondor's armies participate. Depending on the stategy, either Gondor of Rohan arrive as the main forces for the battle, with the other army arriving as reinforcement some time later. The armies must survive against the last forces of Sauron long enough to give Frodo and Sam time to arrive at Mount Doom. After a long battle, [[Barad-dûr]] finally falls thanks to the efforts of the ringbearer, signaling the end of the campaign.<br />
<br />
====Evil campaign====<br />
The Evil campaign begins in Isengard, where Saruman starts breeding Uruk-hai to kickstart Sauron's war efforts on the lands of Rohan. After taking out a scouting unit and a small number of ents who attack Isengard upon seeing Saruman chopping down the forest, Saruman moves his forces to Fangorn, in order to attack the [[Entmoot]] and kill Treebeard. <br />
<br />
While Saruman's forces are ravishing the lands of Rohan, [[Lurtz]] is successful on his assault of the Fellowship, defeating most of the heroes, albeit Frodo and Sam manage to escape. With his task complete, Lurtz and the rest of his army start the attack on Rohan's territories. After various skirmishes, (including a successful siege on the city of [[Edoras]]) both armies start their final assault on Helm's Deep. Although the fortress is well defended, and the forces of good receive reinforcements in the form of the few surviving Ents, as well as Éomer forces, Hornburg inevitabily falls, bringing the end of Rohan.<br />
<br />
With Rohan's fall, only Gondor remains as the last bastion against Sauron's will, so the Dark Lord prepares for the last part of the war. For this, he first moves his forces to the region of [[Near Harad]], in order to "convince" the [[Haradrim]] to join his cause, either by offering large rewards or by force. With the size of his army exponentially increase, Sauron begins his assault on the lands of Gondor, while Saruman continues his skirmish on the remaining territories of Rohan not siezed yet. As the fortified city of [[Osgiliath]] falls to the forces of Mordor, the remaining forces of Gondor retreat to Minas Tirith, leaving the rest of the land unprotected from the invasion.<br />
<br />
At the same time, Frodo and Sam arrive to Cirith Ungol, in order to sneak into Mordor. But somehow, Smeagol was able to alert the guards on the post, and a small army is waiting the hobbits there. Alas, even with the help of a considerable number of gondorian soldiers, the heroes fall, and the [[The One Ring|One Ring]] is finally on the hands of its former master. As if it were to sense the full power of Sauron back, a balrog suddenly appears in front of Barad-dûr, increasing the strenght of his army even more.<br />
<br />
Now that the One Ring has been retrieved, the fall of the [[Free peoples|free peoples]] of Middle-Earth is inevitable. The forces of Sauron and Saruman relish the last moments of the war, attacking every land they want until they set their eyes on Minas Tirith. While a small battalion of Rohirrim arrive to Gondor's aid, their forces are simply to small to even cause a dent to Sauron's army. Even the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men of Dunharrow]], commanded by Aragorn, cannot stop the might of Mordor. Finally, after a long battle, the White City falls, and with it, falls all hope for Middle-Earth.<br />
<br />
===Skirmish===<br />
Skirmish mode is the regular battle mode from the campaign, where one can play against the CPU or another player (for Multiplayer mode). This system uses the custom battlemap system, which uses the campaign maps without their specific objectives. The objective is to defeat each enemy player by destroying all of their settlements (castles, camps and outposts).<br />
<br />
For the singleplayer skirmish mode, the game offers a leveling system for each faction, in which the player increases their level by winning against the CPU depending on the difficulty level. This leveling system does not offer any additional features on gameplay, serving only as a way to measure the player's experience using a particular faction.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Role !! Actor<br />
|-<br />
| Orcs, cattle || [[Dee Bradley Baker]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aragorn]] || [[Chris Edgerly]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Éomer]] || Chris Edgerly<br />
|-<br />
| [[Legolas]] || [[Crispin Freeman]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Boromir]] || [[James Horan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gimli]] || [[John Rhys-Davies]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Treebeard]] || [[John Rhys-Davies]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saruman]] || [[Christopher Lee]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gandalf]] || [[Ian McKellen]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Théoden|Theoden]] || [[Phil Proctor]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Éowyn]] || [[Kim Mai Guest]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lurtz]] || [[Isaac C. Singleton Jr.]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
{{VG reviews<br />
| agg1=[http://www.metacritic.com/ Metacritic]<br />
| agg1score=82/100<ref name="Metacritic">[http://www.metacritic.com/ Metacritic], "[https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/ The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth (2004)]" (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
| agg2=[http://www.gamerankings.com GameRankings]<br />
| agg2score=82.27% <ref name="GameRankings">[http://www.gamerankings.com GameRankings], "[https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/918989-the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/index.html The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth for PC] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]]) <small>([https://web.archive.org/web/20191205213145/https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/918989-the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/index.html archived: Wayback Machine])</small></ref><br />
| rev1=[https://www.eurogamer.net/ Eurogamer]<br />
| rev1score=8/10 <ref name="Eurogamer">[http://www.eurogamer.net Eurogamer], "[https://www.eurogamer.net/r-lotrbattleformiddleearth-pc The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-Earth], [[9 May|9]] [[May]] [[2005]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])]</ref><br />
| rev2=[http://www.gamepro.com GamePro]<br />
| rev2score=4.5/5 <ref name="GamePro">[http://www.gamepro.com GamePro], "[http://www.gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/40189.shtml The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth Review for PC on GamePro.com], [[10 December|10]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]]) <small>([https://web.archive.org/web/20191205213145/https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/918989-the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/index.html archived: Wayback Machine])</small></ref><br />
| rev3=[http://www.gamerevolution.com GameRevolution]<br />
| rev3score=7/10 <ref name="GameRevolution">[http://www.gamerevolution.com GameRevolution], "[https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/36024-the-lord-of-the-rings-battle-for-middle-earth-review The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth, The Review], [[1 December|1]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
| rev4=[http://www.gamespot.com GameSpot]<br />
| rev4score=8.4/10 <ref name="GameSpot">[http://www.gamespot.com GameSpot], "[https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth-/1900-6114604/ The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-Earth Review], [[7 December|7]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
| rev5=[http://www.gamespy.com GameSpy]<br />
| rev5score=4/5 <ref name="GameSpy">[http://www.gamespy.com GameSpy], "[http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/570709p1.html GameSpy: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth], [[3 December|3]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]]) <small>([https://web.archive.org/web/20211130121405/http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/570709p1.html archived: Wayback Machine])</small></ref><br />
| rev6=[http://www.ign.com IGN]<br />
| rev6score=8.3/10 <ref name="IGN">[http://www.ign.com IGN], "[https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/12/04/the-lord-of-the-rings-battle-for-middle-earth The Lord of the Rings: Battle for Middle-earth], [[3 December|3]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth received generally positive reviews. Reviewers on [http://www.metacritic.com/ Metacritic] praised both graphic and sound design, specially on the voice acting department, while others noted the overall lack of complexity of the strategy system compared to other RTS games. <ref name="Metacritic reviews">[http://www.metacritic.com Metacritic], "[https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/critic-reviews/?platform=pc The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth (2004) critic reviews]", (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
<br />
The site [https://www.eurogamer.net Eurogamer] compares it to Rome: Total War, praising the use of groups of soldiers per unit, giving the gameplay a sense of grand-scale battles. The reviewer also places a huge emphasis on both the simplicity of the resources system as well as the graphic design of the game, stating that:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Graphically, Battle for Middle-Earth is one of the best looking strategy games out there; it can strain a little when there are too many units on screen, but in general it's an impressive feast for the eyes, with every major location from the movies recreated in loving detail.| [https://www.eurogamer.net/r-lotrbattleformiddleearth-pc Eurogamer]}}<br />
<br />
Sales show this trend, as the game, as of end of 2004, EA reported that The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth had reached the platinum status, meaning that it had sold at least one million copies worldwide, driving the companies overall sales during that period.<ref name="EA Sales Report">[http://www.ea.com Electronic Arts], [http://q4live.s22.clientfiles.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/894350492/files/doc_financials/2005/q3/Earnings_Release.pdf ''Electronic Arts Reports Fiscal Third Quarter Results''] (Redwood Shores (CA)), [[25 January|25]] [[January]] [[2005]] (accessed [[2 January|2]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.eagames.com/official/lordoftherings/thebattleformiddleearth/us/home.jsp Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{Videogames}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle for Middle-earth}}<br />
[[Category:EA Games]]<br />
[[Category:Real-time strategy games]]<br />
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (video game series)]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Die Schlacht um Mittelerde]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Lay_of_Leithian_Canto_VI&diff=387202Lay of Leithian Canto VI2024-03-09T16:30:40Z<p>JR Snow: therefor > therefore</p>
<hr />
<div>{{lolcantos}}[[File:Anke Eißmann - Finrod is reminded of his oath.jpeg|thumb|250px|left|[[Anke Eißmann]] - ''Finrod is reminded of his oath'']]This [[Cantos of the Lay of Leithian|Canto]] of the [[Lay of Leithian]] starts with a description of [[Tirion]] on [[Túna]], here called Tûn. It speaks in short of [[Fëanor]]'s speech and the [[Oath of Fëanor|Oath]], that he and his [[Sons of Fëanor|sons]] spake. It also speeks in brief of the deeds of the [[Noldor]], such as the rescue of [[Maedhros]] by [[Fingon]]. It tells of how [[Barahir]], the father of [[Beren]], aided [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] during the [[Siege of Angband]]. Then how Beren made his way to [[Nargothrond]], asking for Felagund's aid in the Quest for the [[Silmaril]], giving the greatest speech he made in his life about the beauty of [[Lúthien]]. Though Felagund was moved, he feared the power of [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]], who took the Oath and were very influential in Nargothrond, despite his own oath to Barahir. Then the two brothers stood and spoke, and so masterful were their voices that for many years after no elf of Nargothrond went to war for a long time. Therefore the people would not follow Felagund on this quest, and he took with him only ten, giving his crown to [[Orodreth]]. "''Then Celegorm no more would stay,/And Curufin smiled and turned away''".</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth&diff=387201The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth2024-03-09T16:29:54Z<p>JR Snow: succesful > successful</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{disambig-more|The Lord of the Rings|[[The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{disambig-two|the game|the book by [[Fleming Rutledge]]|[[The Battle for Middle-earth (book)]]}}<br />
{{video game infobox<br />
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings- The Battle for Middle-earth box.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=<small>The Lord of the Rings</small><br>The Battle for Middle-earth<br />
| developer=[[Electronic Arts]]<br />
| publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]<br />
| platform=Microsoft Windows<br />
| releasedate=6 December 2004<br />
| genre=Real-time strategy<br />
| modes=<br />
| rating=<br />
| distribution=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth''' is a 2004 real-time strategy video game developed by [[Electronic Arts]], based on the events of [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]] and the first entry of ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth Anthology|The Battle for Middle Earth]]'' series.<br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
The system works with units of several puppets and in as such more related to the popular 'Total War'-series than to more traditional RTS games like Age of Empires or its predecessor in several ways, The War of the Ring. Still it has many characteristics of a more traditional game, like the 'top down' camera stance, resource gathering system and relatively low number of units on the field. Against this are put some progressive issues in the game, like the single resource type, money, as upposed to the five different resources from Age of Empires or two from The War of the Ring. Also there are two different strategy modes, which shows some Total War-influence, of which one is a strategical overview of the south of the western part of Middle-earth. In this part of the game a player can decide, within certain borders, which areas of Middle-earth one wants to attack with its armies. Each area gives certain different bonusses to your armies, or create corridors along which your armies may pass. The other part of the game is the battlefield mode, when you can build and use your army to defeat the enemy army in one area. This dual system clearly shows some Total War-influence. Another progressive feat of the game is the strategic use of special powers, and bonusses provided by for example your heroes or villains like Gandalf, Aragorn or Saruman. This enhanced version of the system already used in The War of the Ring creates even more strategic possibilities for the player but makes balancing harder: the fast-running and far-shooting Legolas can easily kill and entire very expensive Orc army controlled by a computer player. The last of the progressive features is the limits to which one can build a base: only a limited number of building spaces is available on a map, thus limiting the number of buildings or defenses one may build. This does make balancing better as even the best possibly defended fortress may fall within a few enemy sieges, thus forcing the defender to break out regularly, and, even better, prevent from getting in such a situation, while still not having to fear being destroyed by a single sneaky unit of enemy soldiers who secretly passed your defense units when you were waging a big battle somewhere else on the map, as can happen in The War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Factions===<br />
The game features for factions (two for good, and two for evil):<br />
<br />
*'''''[[Gondor]]'''''<br />
*'''''[[Rohan]]'''''<br />
*'''''[[Mordor]]'''''<br />
*'''''[[Isengard]]'''''<br />
<br />
Each faction has their different types of units and are balanced against each other: Isengard is fairly cheap with focus on technological advancements, Rohan focuses on Riders and Archers, and thus a more strategic command style, Gondor on defense and very strong, but expensive units with possible technological advancements and Mordor on lots and lots of simple, weak masses of units with a few weak units with very strong attacks, and therefor also can benefit from a more strategic command, though sacrificing minions may here be a very acceptable and effective tactic.<br />
<br />
==Game modes==<br />
The game contains 2 main game modes, Solo Play and Multiplayer. Solo Play contains the Campaign Mode and Skirmish Mode, while Multiplayer allows for online and LAN matches. There is also a Battle School Mode, which serves as the game's tutorial and consists of several pre-recorded games and cinematics to show the player the basics on how to play the campaign and skirmish modes.<br />
<br />
===Campaign===<br />
[[File:The Battle for Middle-earth - World Map.png|thumb|left|alt=A world view of Middle-Earth, shown at the start of the campaign mode|World view during Campaign mode]]<br />
The Campaign Mode includes 2 different campaigns, the Good and Evil campaing. On starting a new campaign, the player can choose the difficulty (Easy, Medium or Hard). Each campaing follows the perspective of either the forces of the West (Gondor, Rohan and the [[Fellowship of the Ring]]) or the East (Mordor and Isengard) during the events of the Lord of the Rings.<br />
<br />
Upon choosing a campaign, the player starts on the Living World Map, a sky view of the map of Middle Earth. From here, the player can access each scenario available to start the Battle Mode. On the World Map, the player can check all the territories of Middle-Earth, all armies, as well as where each hero or group of heroes are located. This offers a stategic side to the gameplay, as by measuring the size of the army from the other forces, the player gets a grasp of how strong an upcoming battle can be, and how strong their forces must be in order to stand a chance.<br />
<br />
There are two types of scenarios on each campaign, mandatory and optional. Mandatory scenarios are levels in which the player is forced to play on a specific scenario in order to move forward with the story. These levels tend to represent a important point of the story, such as the [[Battle of the Hornburg]] or the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], to name a few. On the other hand, optional scenarios are levels the player can choose to play or not. These levels tend to be available between each mandatory scenario, with the player being required to pass a minimun amount of levels in order to access the next mandatory level.<br />
<br />
After choosing a scenario and entering Battle Mode, the player must complete a set of objectives in order to win the level. Most objectives go on the line of defeating all opposing forces or surviving a certain amount of time. Once the player finishes a level, they are given rewards according to their perfomance during te battle, which is measured by factors such as number of resources, units created and lost, enemy units defeated, among others. Additionally, each scenario has one or more bonus objectives, which give additional rewards to the player. Rewards range from additional Power Points, to increasing the maximum size of the armies.<br />
<br />
Unlike most RTS games where units trained on each scenario (aside from heroes) are resetted after each level, armies are kept from the moment they were trained all the way until the end of the campaign or if they are killed. Experience, as well as unit upgrades, are also kept, which means an army will increase its strenght the more battles it participated in. This encourages the player to enter as many optional scenarios as possible, as they will require the additional levels to prepare their armies for the final battle.<br />
<br />
====Good campaign====<br />
The Good campaign starts with the Fellowship entering [[Moria]], where they must navigate through the mountain, fighting hordes of goblins. After going all the way to the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]], a [[Durin's Bane|balrog]] appears, and Gandalf alone fights the fallen Maiar. Meanwhile, the army of Rohan (led by [[Éomer]]), is send to defend one of several territories of the region from the armies of Isengard. The story then switches from the Fellowship's journey to Mordor to Éomer's army freeing more territories until the events of the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]] at [[Amon Hen]].<br />
<br />
After Éomer defends two more territories, a group of Rohirrim arrive at the eaves of [[Fangorn Forest]], following a group of Uruk-hai. Sometime after the initial contact, Éomer forces arrive to the skirmish and finish off all the remaining enemies, giving [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] and [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]], who had been previously captured, a chance to escape to the forest.<br />
<br />
After another skirmish, Gandalf joins Éomer, while another Rohan army lead by [[Théoden|King Théoden]] (who is now accompanied by the [[Three Hunters]] and [[Éowyn]]) goes to Helm's Deep to prepare for the final battle against the forces of Isengard. Here, the forces of Rohan must survive until reinforcement arrive, while receiving aid from groups of Elven archers and Rohan refugees who arrive before the battle. Shortly after the battle and with Isengard armies decimated, the last of Saruman's forces are attacked by Treebeard and a group of Ents.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, on the territories disputed by Gondor and Mordor, [[Faramir]] (momentarily joined by [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]) and his group of [[Rangers of Ithilien|Rangers]] are ambushing some of Sauron's forces, starting small skirmishes throughout the land until Sauron launches an attack at Minas Tirith. While this is happening, Sam has been able to pass through Shelob's Lair, freeing some Gondor soldiers trapped there and starting a small battle on [[Cirith Ungol]]. <br />
<br />
With Sauron's forces pushed back to Mordor, the armies of Gondor and Rohan must pressure Sauron to flush his main forces out of Mordor to give Frodo and Sam a chance to finish their quest. From here, the forces of good can attack and liberate territories with remmants Isengard and Mordor's armies. After defending and freeing some of these territories, Sauron will movilize his forces to the Black Gate, where the Men of the West can choose to keep attacking other territories or go straight to the final battle.<br />
<br />
The final battle takes place [[Battle of the Morannon|at the entrance of the Black Gate]], where both Rohan and Gondor's armies participate. Depending on the stategy, either Gondor of Rohan arrive as the main forces for the battle, with the other army arriving as reinforcement some time later. The armies must survive against the last forces of Sauron long enough to give Frodo and Sam time to arrive at Mount Doom. After a long battle, [[Barad-dûr]] finally falls thanks to the efforts of the ringbearer, signaling the end of the campaign.<br />
<br />
====Evil campaign====<br />
The Evil campaign begins in Isengard, where Saruman starts breeding Uruk-hai to kickstart Sauron's war efforts on the lands of Rohan. After taking out a scouting unit and a small number of ents who attack Isengard upon seeing Saruman chopping down the forest, Saruman moves his forces to Fangorn, in order to attack the [[Entmoot]] and kill Treebeard. <br />
<br />
While Saruman's forces are ravishing the lands of Rohan, [[Lurtz]] is successful on his assault of the Fellowship, defeating most of the heroes, albeit Frodo and Sam manage to escape. With his task complete, Lurtz and the rest of his army start the attack on Rohan's territories. After various skirmishes, (including a successful siege on the city of [[Edoras]]) both armies start their final assault on Helm's Deep. Although the fortress is well defended, and the forces of good receive reinforcements in the form of the few surviving Ents, as well as Éomer forces, Hornburg inevitabily falls, bringing the end of Rohan.<br />
<br />
With Rohan's fall, only Gondor remains as the last bastion against Sauron's will, so the Dark Lord prepares for the last part of the war. For this, he first moves his forces to the region of [[Near Harad]], in order to "convince" the [[Haradrim]] to join his cause, either by offering large rewards or by force. With the size of his army exponentially increase, Sauron begins his assault on the lands of Gondor, while Saruman continues his skirmish on the remaining territories of Rohan not siezed yet. As the fortified city of [[Osgiliath]] falls to the forces of Mordor, the remaining forces of Gondor retreat to Minas Tirith, leaving the rest of the land unprotected from the invasion.<br />
<br />
At the same time, Frodo and Sam arrive to Cirith Ungol, in order to sneak into Mordor. But somehow, Smeagol was able to alert the guards on the post, and a small army is waiting the hobbits there. Alas, even with the help of a considerable number of gondorian soldiers, the heroes fall, and the [[The One Ring|One Ring]] is finally on the hands of its former master. As if it were to sense the full power of Sauron back, a balrog suddenly appears in front of Barad-dûr, increasing the strenght of his army even more.<br />
<br />
Now that the One Ring has been retrieved, the fall of the [[Free peoples|free peoples]] of Middle-Earth is inevitable. The forces of Sauron and Saruman relish the last moments of the war, attacking every land they want until they set their eyes on Minas Tirith. While a small battalion of Rohirrim arrive to Gondor's aid, their forces are simply to small to even cause a dent to Sauron's army. Even the [[Oathbreakers|Dead Men of Dunharrow]], commanded by Aragorn, cannot stop the might of Mordor. Finally, after a long battle, the White City falls, and with it, falls all hope for Middle-Earth.<br />
<br />
===Skirmish===<br />
Skirmish mode is the regular battle mode from the campaign, where one can play against the CPU or another player (for Multiplayer mode). This system uses the custom battlemap system, which uses the campaign maps without their specific objectives. The objective is to defeat each enemy player by destroying all of their settlements (castles, camps and outposts).<br />
<br />
For the singleplayer skirmish mode, the game offers a leveling system for each faction, in which the player increases their level by winning against the CPU depending on the difficulty level. This leveling system does not offer any additional features on gameplay, serving only as a way to measure the player's experience using a particular faction.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Role !! Actor<br />
|-<br />
| Orcs, cattle || [[Dee Bradley Baker]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aragorn]] || [[Chris Edgerly]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Éomer]] || Chris Edgerly<br />
|-<br />
| [[Legolas]] || [[Crispin Freeman]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Boromir]] || [[James Horan]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gimli]] || [[John Rhys-Davies]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Treebeard]] || [[John Rhys-Davies]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saruman]] || [[Christopher Lee]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gandalf]] || [[Ian McKellen]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Théoden|Theoden]] || [[Phil Proctor]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Éowyn]] || [[Kim Mai Guest]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lurtz]] || [[Isaac C. Singleton Jr.]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
{{VG reviews<br />
| agg1=[http://www.metacritic.com/ Metacritic]<br />
| agg1score=82/100<ref name="Metacritic">[http://www.metacritic.com/ Metacritic], "[https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/ The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth (2004)]" (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
| agg2=[http://www.gamerankings.com GameRankings]<br />
| agg2score=82.27% <ref name="GameRankings">[http://www.gamerankings.com GameRankings], "[https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/918989-the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/index.html The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth for PC] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]]) <small>([https://web.archive.org/web/20191205213145/https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/918989-the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/index.html archived: Wayback Machine])</small></ref><br />
| rev1=[https://www.eurogamer.net/ Eurogamer]<br />
| rev1score=8/10 <ref name="Eurogamer">[http://www.eurogamer.net Eurogamer], "[https://www.eurogamer.net/r-lotrbattleformiddleearth-pc The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-Earth], [[9 May|9]] [[May]] [[2005]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])]</ref><br />
| rev2=[http://www.gamepro.com GamePro]<br />
| rev2score=4.5/5 <ref name="GamePro">[http://www.gamepro.com GamePro], "[http://www.gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/40189.shtml The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth Review for PC on GamePro.com], [[10 December|10]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]]) <small>([https://web.archive.org/web/20191205213145/https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/918989-the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/index.html archived: Wayback Machine])</small></ref><br />
| rev3=[http://www.gamerevolution.com GameRevolution]<br />
| rev3score=7/10 <ref name="GameRevolution">[http://www.gamerevolution.com GameRevolution], "[https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/36024-the-lord-of-the-rings-battle-for-middle-earth-review The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth, The Review], [[1 December|1]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
| rev4=[http://www.gamespot.com GameSpot]<br />
| rev4score=8.4/10 <ref name="GameSpot">[http://www.gamespot.com GameSpot], "[https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth-/1900-6114604/ The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-Earth Review], [[7 December|7]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
| rev5=[http://www.gamespy.com GameSpy]<br />
| rev5score=4/5 <ref name="GameSpy">[http://www.gamespy.com GameSpy], "[http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/570709p1.html GameSpy: The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth], [[3 December|3]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]]) <small>([https://web.archive.org/web/20211130121405/http://pc.gamespy.com/pc/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/570709p1.html archived: Wayback Machine])</small></ref><br />
| rev6=[http://www.ign.com IGN]<br />
| rev6score=8.3/10 <ref name="IGN">[http://www.ign.com IGN], "[https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/12/04/the-lord-of-the-rings-battle-for-middle-earth The Lord of the Rings: Battle for Middle-earth], [[3 December|3]] [[December]] [[2004]] (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth received generally positive reviews. Reviewers on [http://www.metacritic.com/ Metacritic] praised both graphic and sound design, specially on the voice acting department, while others noted the overall lack of complexity of the strategy system compared to other RTS games. <ref name="Metacritic reviews">[http://www.metacritic.com Metacritic], "[https://www.metacritic.com/game/the-lord-of-the-rings-the-battle-for-middle-earth/critic-reviews/?platform=pc The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth (2004) critic reviews]", (accessed [[1 January|1]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
<br />
The site [https://www.eurogamer.net Eurogamer] compares it to Rome: Total War, praising the use of groups of soldiers per unit, giving the gameplay a sense of grand-scale battles. The reviewer also places a huge emphasis on both the simplicity of the resources system as well as the graphic design of the game, stating that:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Graphically, Battle for Middle-Earth is one of the best looking strategy games out there; it can strain a little when there are too many units on screen, but in general it's an impressive feast for the eyes, with every major location from the movies recreated in loving detail.| [https://www.eurogamer.net/r-lotrbattleformiddleearth-pc Eurogamer]}}<br />
<br />
Sales show this trend, as the game, as of end of 2004, EA reported that The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth had reached the platinum status, meaning that it had sold at least one million copies worldwide, driving the companies overall sales during that period.<ref name="EA Sales Report">[http://www.ea.com Electronic Arts], [http://q4live.s22.clientfiles.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/894350492/files/doc_financials/2005/q3/Earnings_Release.pdf ''Electronic Arts Reports Fiscal Third Quarter Results''] (Redwood Shores (CA)), [[25 January|25]] [[January]] [[2005]] (accessed [[2 January|2]] [[January]] [[2024]])</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.eagames.com/official/lordoftherings/thebattleformiddleearth/us/home.jsp Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{Videogames}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle for Middle-earth}}<br />
[[Category:EA Games]]<br />
[[Category:Real-time strategy games]]<br />
[[Category:Microsoft Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth (video game series)]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Die Schlacht um Mittelerde]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=A_Glossary_of_the_Eldarin_Tongues&diff=387200A Glossary of the Eldarin Tongues2024-03-09T16:27:25Z<p>JR Snow: pronounciation > pronunciation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
| title=A Glossary of the Eldarin Tongues<br />
| image=[[Image:A Glossary of the Eldarin Tongues.png|225px]]<br />
| author=[[Jim Allan|James D. Allan]]<br />
| illustrator=A.L. Allan (front cover); [[Paula Marmor]] (back cover)<br />
| publisher=[[Jim Allan|James D. Allan]]<br />
| date=[[1972]]<br />
| format=Booklet<br />
| pages=52<br />
| noisbn=None<br />
}}<br />
'''''A Glossary of the Eldarin Tongues''''' is a reference book to the [[Elvish]] languages in [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s works.<br />
==Contents==<br />
*Introduction<br />
*Abbreviations<br />
*Quenya<br />
**Notes on the Structure of Quenya<br />
**Pronunciation of Quenya<br />
**Quenya Vocabulary<br />
*Sindarin<br />
**Notes on the Structure of Sindarin<br />
**Pronunciation of Sindarin<br />
**Sindarin Vocabulary<br />
*Note Page<br />
*Appendices<br />
**A. Khuzdul<br />
**B. The Black Speech<br />
**C. The Edain-related Tongues<br />
**D. The Writing Systems<br />
*Conversion of the Page References to the Ballantine Edition<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Glossary of the Eldarin Tongues, A}}<br />
[[Category:Linguistic books]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hobbit_(1979_radio_series)&diff=387199The Hobbit (1979 radio series)2024-03-09T16:23:51Z<p>JR Snow: peice > piece</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:The Hobbit (1979 radio series).jpg|thumb|Cover of the set of six cassettes]]<br />
'''The Hobbit''' is a [[1979]] radio series of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', adapted and directed by [[Bob Lewis]] and produced by [[wikipedia:The_Mind%27s_Eye_(publisher)|The Mind's Eye]]. It would reuse most of the cast for their [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|radio series]] of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' of the same year. The music featured in the radio drama were pulled from production music produced by Major Records. Primarily Featuring composer Roger Roger but also contains works from George Chase and Sam Trust. They would use the same music library for their adaptation of Lord of The Rings, some pieces being shared between the two.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| [[Erik Bauersfeld]] || [[Smaug]], [[Bard]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gail Chugg]] || Narrator, [[Gollum]], [[Balin]]<br />
|-<br />
| Pat Franklyn || [[Roac]], [[Thranduil|The Elven King]], [[Bombur]]<br />
|-<br />
| Carl Hague || [[Elrond]]<br />
|-<br />
| Joe Hughes || [[Great Goblin]], [[Beorn]]<br />
|-<br />
| Tom Luce || [[Thorin]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bernard Mayes]] || [[Gandalf]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ray Reinhardt]] || [[Bilbo Baggins]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Composer !! Piece !! Matrix Runout<br />
!Record name and/or number<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || Morning Breezes || TVJ-9141 (E4-QB-3409-1)<br />
|Mood Music - 5217<br />
|- <br />
| Sam Trust || Plague Spot || TJV-95-A<br />
|Production Music - 95<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || Swirling Fog || 5215-A<br />
|Production Music - 51<br />
|- <br />
| Roger Roger || Dreaming Awake || <br />
|58<br />
|-<br />
|George Chase<br />
|Mockery<br />
|<br />
|Mood Music - 98<br />
|-<br />
| George Chase || Black Passage ||<br />
|99<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || Null ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| George Chase || Tenderness Soliloquy ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Sam Trust || Swamp Interim ||TJV-95-A<br />
|Production Music - 95<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || Martians Patrol ||<br />
|59<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || A Mysterious Night ||<br />
|Production Music - 51<br />
|-<br />
| George Chase || A Tale of Woe (Theme) ||<br />
|99<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || Spell of the Unknown ||<br />
|59<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || Dramatic Appasionata ||TVJ-9141 (E4-QB-3409-1)<br />
|Mood Music - 5217 or Production Music - 51<br />
|-<br />
| Sam Trust || Thought ||TJV-95-A<br />
|Production Music - 95<br />
|-<br />
| Sam Trust || Swamp ||TJV-95-A<br />
|Production Music - 95<br />
|-<br />
| Enrico Simonetti || Finale ||<br />
|99<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || Sliding Bridge ||<br />
|58<br />
|-<br />
| Roger Roger || Unknown Danger ||<br />
|58<br />
|-<br />
| George Chase || Tenderness Pastoral ||<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
There are six other songs that have not been identified yet. Null* is piece that has been identified but as far as we can tell only exists online under a different name and edited and manipulated. There are three songs not listed here that seem were made specifically for this adaptation and only exist within the drama itself. The song is [[Far over the misty mountains cold]]. It is based on the poem that Tolkien wrote for the book but in the adaptation it has been edited where some verses are removed entirely or show up later in the play. I said three songs were made for this adaptation, that was one, the other two are little off shoots of [[Far over the misty mountains cold]]. Anything you hear with an Autoharp was written for the play.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.amazon.com/The-Hobbit-Six-Dramatized-Cassettes/dp/B000MDIMAU/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215429838&sr=1-4 Purchase at Amazon]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Hobbit-Abridged-Audiobook-Publisher-HighBridge/dp/B004T4K5AI/ref=sr_1_1crid=29ILN4TC9NFGZ&keywords=highbridge+the+hobbit&qid=1674942405&s=books&sprefix=highbridge+the+hobbit%2Cstripbooks%2C80&sr=1-1 CD Version on Amazon]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/The-Hobbit-J-R-R-Tolkien-audiobook/dp/B000R3OP2Y/ref=sr_1_2?keywords=highbridge+the+hobbit&qid=1674942475&s=books&sr=1-2 mp3 Version on Audable]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Lord-Rings-Hobbit-J-Tolkien/dp/1565117077/ref=sr_1_4?keywords=highbridge+the+hobbit&qid=1674942492&s=books&sr=1-4 Lord of The Rings, The Hobbit CD Box Set On Amazon]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com/Hobbit-Wood-Box-J-R-R-Tolkien/dp/1611749085/ref=sr_1_6?keywords=highbridge+the+hobbit&qid=1674942492&s=books&sr=1-6 Wooden Box CD Version on Amazon]<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Radio adaptations]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gurthang&diff=387198Gurthang2024-03-09T16:22:38Z<p>JR Snow: occuring > occurring</p>
<hr />
<div>{{object infobox<br />
| name=Gurthang<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Túrin Prepares to Take His Life.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Túrin Prepares to Take His Life" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=The Black Thorn of Brethil<br />
| location=[[Nargothrond]], [[Tumhalad]], [[Brodda's hall]], [[Obel Halad|Ephel Brandir]], [[Nen Girith]], and the [[Talbor]]<br />
| owner=[[Túrin]]<br />
| type=Weapon<br />
| appearance=A glowing black blade that could slice through iron; forged from a meteorite<br />
| creator=[[Túrin]] (originally [[Eöl]])<br />
| created=c. {{FA|490}}-{{FA|495|n}}<ref>{{GA|268}}</ref><br />
| createdlocation=[[Nargothrond]]<br />
| destroyer=[[Túrin]]<br />
| destroyed={{FA|499}}<ref>{{GA|349}}</ref><br />
| destroyedlocation=[[Cabed-en-Aras]]<br />
| notablefor=Killing [[Glaurung]]<br/>Túrin's suicide<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Turambar swept Gurthang from its sheath and stabbed with it up above his head, and it seemed to those that looked on that a flame leapt from Turambar's hand many feet into the air. Then they gave a great cry: 'The Black Thorn of Brethil!'|''[[The Children of Húrin]]'', "[[The Coming of Glaurung]]"}}<br />
'''Gurthang''' was the sword of [[Túrin|Túrin Turambar]], reforged from [[Anglachel]] the sword wielded by [[Beleg|Beleg Cúthalion]] when Túrin slew him in a tragic turn of events. <br />
<br />
It was black and shone with a pale fire. With it Túrin performed great deeds but also senseless acts, and it broke when Túrin killed himself upon the sword.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Túrin was led to [[Nargothrond]] by [[Gwindor]] who had aided Beleg in the rescue. Once in Nargothrond Túrin had Anglachel forged anew. He renamed the blade ''Gurthang'', "Iron of Death". The sword was wielded by Túrin throughout his time at Nargothrond as he became a captain and led the [[Elves of Nargothrond]] into open warfare, a tactic they were not well versed in. His increasing fame with Gurthang gave Túrin a new name: ''[[Mormegil]]'' "The Black Sword" of Nargothrond.<ref>{{CH|10}}</ref> Túrin's exploits with the Elves of Nargothrond culminated with the [[Battle of Tumhalad]] which led to the [[Fall of Nargothrond|ruin of Nargothrond]]. There Túrin faced [[Glaurung]] and rose his sword against the dragon, but then he stood still by an enchantment from the dragon's look. Briefly freed, Túrin tried to give stroke against Glaurung's eyes, but the dragon imposed upon him a new enchantment that led him towards [[Dor-lómin]].<ref>{{CH|11}}</ref> While running in despair with his black sword drawn, he was spotted by [[Tuor]] and [[Voronwë]].<ref>{{UT|1}}, pp. 37-38</ref><br />
<br />
Soon later, Gurthang was used by Túrin to slay the [[Easterlings|Easterling]] chief [[Brodda]] in his own [[Brodda's hall|hall]]<ref>{{CH|12}}</ref> and it remained with him when he came to [[Brethil]]. There he was recognized by [[Dorlas]] as the Black Sword, but wishing to be rid of his past, Túrin put Gurthang away, using bows and spears instead.<ref>{{CH|13}}</ref> Only when orcs started to threaten Brethil in numbers did Túrin once again take up Gurthang to repulse them. When [[Glaurung]] came to Brethil pursuing Túrin, a desperate council was held in [[Ephel Brandir]] as to how to deal with the threat. Túrin told the [[Haladin]] of the tale of [[Azaghâl]] Lord of [[Belegost]] and how his knife forced Glaurung to flee, Túrin then declared "''But here is a thorn sharper and longer than the knife of Azaghâl''", and showed them Gurthang. Then the Haladin cried out "''The Black Thorn of Brethil!''"<ref>{{CH|16}}</ref><br />
<br />
Túrin succeeded in slaying Glaurung with Gurthang at [[Cabed-en-Aras]] but fell into a swoon when he wrested it from Glaurung's belly.<ref>{{CH|17}}</ref> He was then told by [[Brandir]] that his wife was in fact his sister [[Nienor]] as recounted by Glaurung, and in a rage, Túrin slew Brandir. Discovering from [[Mablung]] that this was in fact true, Túrin returned to Cabed-en-Aras to commit suicide, addressing Gurthang with courteous words: <br />
<br />
{{blockquote|'Hail Gurthang! No lord or loyalty dost thou know, save the hand that wieldeth thee. From no blood wilt thou shrink. Wilt thou therefore take Túrin Turambar, wilt thou slay me swiftly?' And from the blade rang a cold voice in answer: 'Yea, I will drink thy blood gladly, that so I may forget the blood of Beleg my master, and the blood of Brandir slain unjustly. I will slay thee swiftly.'<ref group=note>Unless one interprets Gurthang's answer as occurring solely within Túrin's mind, there exists only one other item in the [[legendarium]] which shows an ability to speak: the [[talking purse]] of the troll [[William]].</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Túrin cast himself upon Gurthang and the blade broke asunder. It was buried with Túrin beneath the [[Stone of the Hapless]].<ref>{{CH|18}}</ref> <br />
<br />
According to a prophecy, Túrin will use his black sword in the [[Final Battle]] to kill Morgoth definitely.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, p. 333</ref><ref group=note>As can be read in the [[Dagor Dagorath]] article, all the versions of the prophecy include a mention to the black sword.</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Gurthang.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
[[File:Līga Kļaviņa - Turin.jpg|thumb|''Túrin'' by [[:Category:Images by Līga Kļaviņa|Līga Kļaviņa]]]]<br />
''Gurthang'' is [[Sindarin]] for "Iron of Death",<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Gurthang"</ref> from ''[[gurth]]'' ("death") + ''[[ang]]'' ("iron").<ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entries ''[[gurth]]'', ''[[ang]]''</ref><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
In the earliest version of the [[legendarium]] in ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', the black sword appears for first time when Túrin is already among the [[Rodothlim]]. He had not used any sword after killing Beleg, simply using a club, so he asked for a sword to Orodreth. A new one was made for him, "and it was made by [[magic]] to be utterly black save at its edges, and those were shining bright and sharp as but [[Gnome]]-steel may be." It was heavy and had a black sheath. Túrin named it '''''Gurtholfin''''' ("Wand of Death"). It is said that sometimes the sword jumped to Túrin's hands by itself and whispered him dark words. Now Túrin began cleansing the lands of the Rodothlim from any enemy, and became known as the Blacksword, ''Mormagli'' or ''Mormakil'' among the Gnomes.<ref name=Foaloke>{{LT2|II}}</ref>{{rp|83-84}} <br />
<br />
Thereafter, the sword has the same function in the story as in later versions: the failed confrontation with [[Glorund]],<ref name=Foaloke/>{{rp|85}} killing Brodda,<ref name=Foaloke/>{{rp|90}} saving [[Nienóri]],<ref name=Foaloke/>{{rp|99}} and the slaying of Glorund.<ref name=Foaloke/>{{rp|107}}<br />
<br />
The sword had become Turambar's most precious possession, for all things died when touched by it, so he tried to recover it from the dragon's body and passed out because of the poison.<ref name=Foaloke/>{{rp|108}} Later, when Turambar knew the bitter truth, he asked death to the sword, claiming it was the only thing left to him, and Gurtholfin answered it would take any blood gladly. Thus Turambar cast himself upon the sword's point and died. In this version, there is no mention of the sword being broken.<ref name=Foaloke/>{{rp|112}}<br />
<br />
Gurtholfin will also appear in the end of the world, as it is said that "Turambar indeed shall stand beside Fionwë in the [[Great Wrack]], and [[Melko]] and his drakes shall curse the sword of Mormakil".<ref name=Foaloke/>{{rp|116}}<br />
<br />
=== Early etymology ===<br />
The name ''Gurtholfin'' ("Wand of Death") is in [[Gnomish]], from ''gurth(u)'' ("death") + ''olf(in)'' ("branch, wand, stick").<ref>{{LT2|Appendix}}, entry "Gurtholfin"</ref> The first form of the name was ''Gortholfin'', but it was changed during the writing of the narrative.<ref>{{LT2|II}}, "Changes made to names in ''The Tale of Turambar'', p. 119</ref> Its [[Qenya]] cognate was '''''Urdolwen'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 43</ref><br />
<br />
== Inspiration ==<br />
The scene of Túrin's suicide is directly inspired by the death of Kullervo in the ''[[Kalevala]]'', although Tolkien gave more importance to the sword in his story.<ref>[[Richard C. West]], "Túrin's ''Ofermod'': An Old English Theme in the Development of the Story of Túrin", in ''[[Tolkien's Legendarium]]'', ed. [[Verlyn Flieger]] and [[Carl F. Hostetter]], p. 239</ref> After knowing he had committed incest, Kullervo asks his sword to take his guilty flesh:<br />
{{blockquote|The sword [...]<br />answered with this word: "Why<br />should I not eat what I like<br />not eat guilty flesh<br />not drink blood that is to blame?<br />I'll eat even guiltless flesh<br />I'll drink blameless blood".<ref>[[Elias Lönnrot]], ''[[Kalevala|The Kalevala]]'', trans. Keith Bosley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 495</ref>}}<br />
<br />
In the first version of the story in ''The Book of Lost Tales'' (see above), the words are even closer to the source of inspiration, as the black sword answers that it will drink any blood without distinction.<ref name=Foaloke/>{{rp|112}}<br />
<br />
{{references|n}}<br />
{{weapons}}<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[Category:Swords]]<br />
[[de:Gurthang]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:artefacts:armes:gurthang]]<br />
[[fi:Gurthang]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=T.P._Dunning&diff=387197T.P. Dunning2024-03-09T16:22:26Z<p>JR Snow: occuring > occurring</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
'''Thomas Patrick Dunning''' ([[1913]] - [[1973]]) was a scholar of [[Old English|Anglo-Saxon]] at [[Wikipedia:University College Dublin|University College Dublin]], and a former student of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Dunning grew up in Tipperary, Ireland. He was educated at Castleknock College before earning a masters and, in 1939, a doctorate from University College, Dublin. He was also ordained a priest in 1939 in the [[wikipedia:Congregation of the Mission|Congregatio Missionis]]. He was elected a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1954.<ref>"Father Dunning to Speak" in University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's ''The Daily Tar Heel'', Tuesday, April 4, 1967, page 6.</ref><br />
<br />
In October [[1953]] the Applications Committee at [[Merton College]] appointed Tolkien to be Dunning's supervisor for his thesis on early English homiletic literature. Tolkien served in that capacity until early December of 1953 when he was replaced by [[J.A.W. Bennett]], a fellow professor at the college and also a fellow member of [[The Inklings]].<ref>{{CG|C}}, pp. 390, 418.</ref><ref name=Lambe>{{webcite|author=[[Carl F. Hostetter]]|articleurl=https://tolkienlistsearch.herokuapp.com/message/5e9c3605acad32fd587a3a92|articlename=Re: Quenya inscription: "Sí man i·yulmar men enquantuva?" (11.34)|dated=13 May 2013|website=Lambe|accessed=18 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 May 2013, Bloomsbury House in London auctioned off a first edition, autographed, three-volume set of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' with ink ownership inscriptions identifying it as belonging to "T. P. Dunning". Tolkien had inscribed a [[Quenya]] sentence — a variation on a phrase occurring in [[Galadriel's Lament]] — in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'': "''Sí man i·yulmar men enquantuva?''".<ref name=Lambe/> This phrase translates, "Now who shall fill my cup for me?" In the ''[[The Two Towers]]'', Tolkien had inscribed, "Come back to me and say my land is fair" which is a variation of a line from The Ent and Ent-wife Song in "[[Treebeard]]". In the ''[[The Return of the King]], ''Tolkien inscribed, "Sing, be glad all ye children of the West / for your King shall come again" which is a variation of two lines from The Eagle's Song in "[[The Steward and the King]]". According to the auctioneers, these autographed quotations "appear to relate to Dunning's departure for Ireland (a country for which Tolkien's love is well documented) and give an indication of the close friendship between both men." The three-volume set sold for a price of £36,000 (£44,640 with associated fees).<ref>{{webcite|author=Bloomsbury Auctions|articleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604060832/http://www.bloomsburyauctions.com/PDF/36055.pdf|articlename=Lot No. 390, Important Books & Manuscripts - 30th Anniversary Sale (p. 159)|website=Bloomsbury Auction House, London|accessed=}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Bibliography, selected==<br />
===Books===<br />
*[[1969]]: ''[[The Wanderer]]'' (co-editor with [[Alan Bliss|A.J. Bliss]])<br />
===Articles===<br />
* [[1962]]: ''[[English and Medieval Studies Presented to J.R.R. Tolkien on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday]]''<br />
** "God and Man in Troilus and Criseyde"<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Letter to T.P. Dunning]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunning, T.P.}}<br />
[[Category:Academics]]<br />
[[Category:Irish people]]<br />
[[Category:Letter receivers]]<br />
[[Category:People by name]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Angerthas_Moria&diff=387196Angerthas Moria2024-03-09T16:22:13Z<p>JR Snow: occuring > occurring</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{font|[http://www.tolkiendil.com/telechargements/polices/angerthas_et_runes#angerthas_moria Cirth Erebor] by [[Dan Smith]]}}<br />
'''Angerthas Moria''' was a variation of the [[Cirth]] used by the [[Dwarves]] of [[Moria]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
During the [[Second Age]], or maybe its beginning, the [[Dwarves]] became accustomed with [[Angerthas]] of the [[Noldor]] ([[Angerthas Daeron]]) and they modified it to suit [[Khuzdul]], their language. This alphabet was spread further wherever the Dwarves went.<br />
<br />
Centuries later, when the Dwarves colonized [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]], the system was further developed and produced the [[Angerthas Erebor]].<br />
<br />
[[Balin's Colony]] seemed to have used this old system when they reclaimed [[Moria]]. [[Balin's Tomb]] in the [[Chamber of Mazarbul]] had an inscription in that system:<br />
<br />
<center><em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">2calu<br><br />
3SdluSa<br><br />
Sw2c9eVcwc99D6S</em></center><br />
<br />
<center>''[[Balin]] [[Fundin]][[-ul|ul]] [[Uzbad]][[Khazad-dûm|KhazadDûmu]]''</center><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
The Dwarves introduced various new cirth and some unsystematic minor changes to the values. <br />
<br />
The greatest of those changes, which resulted in major reorder, was the switch of the cirth for S and H (<em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">f</em> and <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">.</em>). <br />
<br />
For unknown reasons, the Dwarves also dropped the cirth <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">$</em> (ZH), <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">q</em> (J) and for those sounds they substituted <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">R</em>, <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">T</em>, which the Elves used for the sounds R/RH. <br />
<br />
Subsequently for R, the Dwarves used <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">@</em> which had the value of N by the Elves; then for the sound of N, they chose the certh <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">u</em> which the Elves used for the sound Ñ, useless in Khuzdul. <br />
<br />
They also invented the new certh <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">,</em>, used as an alternative, simplified form of <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">u</em>. Inspired by the visual relation of those two letters, they gave to <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">w</em> the value of Z (used for ''ny'' by the Elves) to relate better with <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">.</em>, which now had the value S.<br />
<br />
We don't know any other cirth abandoned by the Dwarves but much must have been, as there are many that represent sounds not occurring in (at least our published words of) Khuzdul, like ''th, dh, hw'' etc. It is strange also to observe that some of the cirth they introduced represent sounds not occurring in their language, like ''nj, hy, ñ, y-, hy''! Of course, our corpus of Khuzdul is very limited to judge the necessity or not, of these sounds.<br />
<br />
==Table==<br />
{| border="1"<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">1</em><br />
| p<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">8</em><br />
| t<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">#</em><br />
| ch<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">e</em><br />
| c<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">i</em><br />
| kw<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">R</em><br />
| j<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">f</em><br />
| h<br />
|-<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">2</em><br />
| b<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">9</em><br />
| d<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">r</em><br />
| g<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">o</em><br />
| gw<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">T</em><br />
| zh<br />
|-<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">3</em><br />
| f<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">0</em><br />
| th<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">%</em><br />
| sh<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">t</em><br />
| ch<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">p</em><br />
| chw<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">a</em><br />
| l<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">g</em><ref>This certh is said to represent the clear or glottal beginning of a word with an initial vowel. It seems that it is used in words derived from a consonantal base whose first consonant is a glottal stop.</ref><br />
| ‘<br />
|-<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">4</em><br />
| v<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">!</em><br />
| dh<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">y</em><br />
| gh<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">Q</em><br />
| ghw/w<br />
|-<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">5</em><br />
| hw<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">@</em><br />
| r<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">w</em><br />
| z<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">u</em><br />
| n<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">W</em><br />
| ñgw<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">d</em><br />
| nd<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">h</em><br />
| ñ<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">J</em><br />
| nj<br />
|-<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">6</em><br />
| m<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">.</em><br />
| s<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">,</em><br />
| n<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">E</em><br />
| ñw<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">j</em><br />
| ng<br />
|-<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">7</em><br />
| mb<br />
|-<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">l</em><br />
| i<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">;</em><br />
| y-<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">S</em><br />
| u<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">z</em><br />
| e<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">c</em><br />
| a<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">b</em><br />
| o<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">/</em><br />
| (e)<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">V</em><ref>This sign is to denote aspirate ''kh, th'' etc which were frequent in Khuzdul.</ref><br />
| +h<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">A</em><br />
| hy<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">D</em><br />
| ú<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">x</em><br />
| é<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">v</em><br />
| á<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">n</em><br />
| ó<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">Z</em><ref>These cirth where a halved form of <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">z</em>, used for vowels like those in the word ''butter''. When weak they were reduced to a stroke without a stem (<em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">></em>,<em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">?</em>). <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">/</em> represented a schwa sound, an unstressed vowel, while <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">Z</em> a sound similar to the schwa, only in stressed syllables.</ref><br />
| (u)<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">B</em><br />
| &<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">G</em><br />
| y<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">m</em><br />
| œ<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| <em style="font-family: 'Cirth Erebor'; font-style: normal;">F</em><br />
| w<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
<references/><br />
{{languages}}<br />
[[Category:Writing systems]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=A_Secret_Vice&diff=387195A Secret Vice2024-03-09T16:21:59Z<p>JR Snow: occuring > occurring</p>
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<div>'''''A Secret Vice''''' is the title of a lecture written by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] around the autumn of [[1931]].<ref name=RG/> The lecture deals with constructed languages in general, and the relation of a mythology to its language. Tolkien contrasts auxiliary languages (like Esperanto) with artistic languages constructed for aesthetic pleasure.<ref name=MC6>{{MC|6}}</ref><br />
<br />
The title (consisting of a phrase occurring in the lecture) was created by [[Christopher Tolkien]] for the publication of the lecture manuscript in ''[[The Monsters and the Critics]]''.<ref>{{MC|F}}</ref> Tolkien himself referred to the lecture as "A Secret Vice" in a letter.<ref>{{L|294}}</ref> In [[2016]], it was published as an expanded edition book<br />
<br />
In [[2016]], it was published as a separate book ''[[A Secret Vice: Tolkien on Invented Languages]]'', edited by [[Dimitra Fimi]] and [[Andrew Higgins]]. It incorporates the previously unseen drafts and notes, together with a substantial introduction and commentaries.<br />
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==Summary==<br />
Tolkien begins by briefly discussing Esperanto but states that the topic of his lecture rather concerns "secret" languages. As an example of such a language, he first recalls an incident where he overheard a man working on his own "secret grammar" while Tolkien was in the army in the [[World War I|First World War]]. He then continues by mentioning and analysing two constructed languages: the children's play-languages [[Animalic]] and [[Nevbosh]]. The next constructed language discussed is [[Naffarin]], a more advanced, private language "partly overlapping the last stages of ''Nevbosh''". Finally, Tolkien discusses the languages he created for his [[legendarium|mythology]] and gives examples of his [[Elvish]] poetry (with translations in English).<ref name=MC6/><br />
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Included in the lecture are:<br />
*a fragment in [[Nevbosh]]<br />
*a fragment in [[Naffarin]]<br />
*the poem [[Oilima Markirya]] (in [[Qenya]])<ref name=PE16>{{PE|16}}, p. 98</ref><br />
*the poem [[Nieninque]] (in Qenya)<ref name=PE16/><br />
*the poem [[Earendel at the Helm]] (in Qenya)<ref name=PE16/><br />
*a fragment in [[Noldorin]] (beginning with "Dir avosaith a gwaew hinar")<ref name=RG>{{CG|RG}}, pp. 882-3</ref><br />
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==External links==<br />
*"[http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/vice.htm Tolkien's Not-So-Secret Vice]", essay by [[Helge Fauskanger]]<br />
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[[Category:Chapters]]<br />
[[Category:Lectures by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[de:Ein heimliches Laster]]<br />
[[fr:tolkien/biblio/un_vice_secret]]<br />
[[fi:A Secret Vice]]</div>JR Snowhttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Deeping-coomb&diff=387194Deeping-coomb2024-03-09T16:21:33Z<p>JR Snow: occuring > occurring</p>
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<div>The '''Deeping-coomb''' was a deep, well-defended valley in the northern [[White Mountains]] that held [[Helm's Deep]] and the castle of the [[Hornburg]]. The site of an important battle, the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], during the [[War of the Ring]].<ref>{{TT|III7}}</ref><br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name has the sense "the deep valley belonging to the Helm's Deep" to which it led.<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 767 & 768</ref><br />
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''Coomb'' means "deep valley", occurring in English place-names in the forms ''-comb'', ''-cumb'', ''-combe''.<ref name="Nomen"/><br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Combe]], a village of [[Bree]]<br />
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[[Category:Rohan]]<br />
[[Category:Valleys]]<br />
[[de:Klammtal]]<br />
[[fi:Syvänteensola]]</div>JR Snow