https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Jasca+Ducato&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T06:47:06ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Ship-kings&diff=31912Ship-kings2006-09-05T19:53:19Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>The title given to the great King [[Tarannon Falastur]] and his three successors: [[Eärnil I]], [[Ciryandil]] and [[Hyarmendacil I]]. The '''Ship-kings''' did much to expand [[Gondor]]'s naval and military might. Between them, they enormously extended the [[South-kingdom]]'s control over the southern lands of [[Middle-earth]], including the lands west of the [[Mouths of Anduin]], and as far south as the [[Haven of Umbar]] and the [[Harad]]. Their influence was such that, at the end of the reign of Hyarmendacil I, Gondor had reached a peak of strength and power that it would never again surpass.<br />
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[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Middle_Earth&diff=31909Middle Earth2006-09-05T19:47:19Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Middle-earth]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fundin&diff=31906Fundin2006-09-05T19:39:06Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* Genealogy */</p>
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<div>'''Fundin''' ([[Third Age]] 2662 – 2799, aged 137) was a [[Dwarf]] of the royal line of [[Durin's folk]], the great-grandson of King [[Náin II]]. He was the son of [[Farin]] and the older brother of [[Gróin]]. <br />
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He was most likely born in [[Lonely Mountain]] and went into exile with his clan after the attack by the [[dragon]] [[Smaug]]. He fathered two sons, [[Balin]] and [[Dwalin]], both of which were members of [[Thorin and Company]] and involved with the [[Quest of Erebor|regaining of Lonely Mountain]]. Fundin was killed beneath the [[East-gate of Moria]] in the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], the final conflict of the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]]. He was part of the first attack wave that took heavy losses and was forced to retreat to a thicket by lake [[Mirrormere]]. He was joined by a number of other Dwarves, including his distant cousin [[Frerin]], but they were ultimately tracked down and slaughtered.<br />
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== Genealogy ==<br />
<code><br />
[[Farin]]<br />
|<br />
-------|-------<br />
| |<br />
| |<br />
'''FUNDIN''' [[Gróin]]<br />
| |<br />
---|--- ---|---<br />
| | | |<br />
| | | |<br />
[[Balin]] [[Dwalin]] [[Óin son of Gróin|Óin]] [[Glóin son of Gróin|Glóin]]<br />
</code><br />
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[[Category:Dwarves]]<br />
[[Category:Characters]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Middle-earth&diff=31860Talk:Middle-earth2006-09-05T09:04:55Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* Region or Realm? */</p>
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<div>I've deleted the reference to the Mediterranean, as 'mediterraneus' in Latin doesn't mean 'Middle-earth', but "midland, inland, remote from the sea". So, ''Mare Mediterraneum'' means 'inland sea'.<br />
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- Earendilyon<br />
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== Major Overhaul ==<br />
<br />
I've deleted much infor from the article, which shouldn't have been in it in the first place. Perhaps some of it could be put in seperate articles, if those aren't written yet. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 02:48, 6 March 2006 (EST)<br />
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:One thing I'm still debating in instances such as this is creating 'sub articles', such as Middle-earth/History or creating a page like Middle-earth History. But I do think separation into more detailed articles is a must. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:44, 6 March 2006 (EST)<br />
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== Two Maps ==<br />
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[[Hyarion]], as it necessary for this article to have two (virtually identical) maps? I'm asking you, 'cause you placed the second one last night. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 01:59, 2 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
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:Virtually identical to the untrained eye! I suppose we could look for some different maps, I was just on my uploading spree and that happened to be one of the images so I threw it in there. I know [[Tolkien Enterprises]] has a thing for maps but I wonder if [[John Howe]]'s violates whatever they dislike about them... --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:36, 2 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
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== Region or Realm? ==<br />
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I think we hardly can call [[Middle-earth]] a Realm. Realm means ''Kingdom'', and M-e never had a King, as far as I can tell. Peoples in it did, and certain parts of it did, but not the whole. So, why change the [[:Category:Regions]] to [[:Category:Realms]]? --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 16:55, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
:If you check the information correctly you will notice i have written <nowiki>[[Category:Realm|*]]</nowiki>. The <nowiki>*</nowiki> donates that is is ''not'' a region or realm but is heavily associated with them. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 16:58, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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::Well, I didn't know that was the meaning of the asterisk. But it isn't seen on the page anyway, only in the source code, so I still think it's incorrect, or (at best) giving an incorrect impression. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:06, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
*It is not incorrect. I know how to use wiki codes! 17:10, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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::In my opinion, the suggestion it gives the reader is incorrect: it suggests that Middle-earth is some kind of Realm, whereas it isn't. The reader doesn't see the asterisk, so doesn't know Middle-earth "is heavily associated with" Realms. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:20, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
:::Well your name doesn't "suggest" alot. I would have to follow the link to find out more, wouldn't I? Clicking on the link and reading would provide adequate explanation. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 17:22, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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A realm, is as Earendilyon said a kingdom not a region as it should be classified as. Dwarf Lord<br />
*Look Gondor is a Realm; Itilien is a Region. iddle-earth has been placed in the Realm category because it is effectievly one large realm. it has been left with a <niwiki>*</nowiki> which donates a uniqueness in the article. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 05:04, 5 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=31780Samwise Gamgee2006-09-04T21:24:56Z<p>Jasca Ducato: added main picture, until we have another one of him</p>
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<div>[[Image:Peter Jackson's Samwise Gamgee.jpg|thumb|[[Sean Astin]] as Samwise Gamgee in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]] trilogy]]<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''' ([[Third Age]] April 6, 2983 – [[Fourth Age]] 61, [[Shire Reckoning]] 1383 – 1482, aged 99 years when he sailed into the [[West]]) was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant who proved to be the most loyal of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]].<br />
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== History ==<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seems to be a simple [[Hobbit]] of plain speech. However, his love for [[Elves]], his gift for poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of (all nurtured by his tutor [[Bilbo Baggins]]) set him apart from the beginning. It is Sam who first introduces the theme of the Elves' sailing from Middle-earth, a subtle foreshadowing of Bilbo and Frodo's final journey across the Sea. He lives with his father, Hamfast Gamgee, known as "[[The Gaffer]]", on [[Bagshot Row]] in the [[Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother is [[Bell Goodchild]]; he has five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]].<br />
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As "punishment" for eavesdropping on [[Gandalf]]'s conversation with [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] regarding the dangers of the [[One Ring]], Sam is made Frodo's first companion on his journey to [[Rivendell]] in the beginning of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Sam saves Frodo's life more than once during the quest to destroy the Ring, and he accompanies him all the way to [[Mount Doom]]. <br />
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After [[Shelob]] attacks and seemingly kills Frodo, Sam takes the Ring, intending to complete the quest. Because he holds the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]]. <br />
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After the War of the Ring, he marries [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] back in the Shire. They have thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigns his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in Fourth Age 7, Sam is elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms.<br />
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After his wife dies in Fourth Age 61, Sam entrusts the [[Red Book of Westmarch|Red Book]] to Elanor and leaves Middle-earth to sail across the Sea and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]], though they would eventually die a mortal death.<br />
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== Name ==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool; Tolkien described why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{quote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration; but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
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It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{quote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
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He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{quote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
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In the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', it is mentioned that the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name is '''Banazîr Galbasi''' (''also spelled Galpsi''). ''Banazîr'' comes from elements meaning "halfwise" or "simple". ''Galbasi'' comes from the name of the village ''Galabas''. The name ''Galabas'' uses the elements ''galab-'', meaning "game", and ''bas-'', corresponding somewhat to "-wich" or "-wick". Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
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== Portrayal in Adaptations ==<br />
[[Image:Rankin-Bass' Samwise Gamgee.jpg|thumb|left|Samwise Gamgee as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]]]<br />
In [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]], released in 1978, [[Michael Scholes]] was the voice for Sam. [[Roddy McDowall]] voiced the character in the 1980 animated short of ''[[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]''. <br />
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In the 1981 BBC radio [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|serial of ''The Lord of the Rings'']], Sam is played by [[William Nighy]]. <br />
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In ''[[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]]. It is not clear whether Astin had heard Nighy's radio performance, but both actors bring very similar characterisations and accents to the role.<br />
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== Commentary ==<br />
Sam Gamgee is by many regarded as the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie.<sup>1</sup> The quest to destroy the Ring only succeeds because of Sam, who repeatedly saves Frodo from disaster (such as rescuing him at [[Cirith Ungol]] and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]). He was one of two Ringbearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
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The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the center of ''The Lord of the Rings''. To the modern reader, it seems archaic, as it is extremely class-oriented. Sam's humbleness and "plain speaking" is frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's "gentility", and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
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[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_%28army%29 batman]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman — he runs errands for Frodo, he cooks, he transports him (or at least carries him) and he carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{quote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
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Compare to the relation between [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote Don Quixote] and his squire [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_Panza Sancho Panza], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
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== Notes ==<br />
# In the long summary-letter sent to Milton Waldman, published in ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'' as #131.<br />
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{{fellowship}}<br />
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[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Middle-earth&diff=31779Talk:Middle-earth2006-09-04T21:22:05Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* Region or Realm? */</p>
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<div>I've deleted the reference to the Mediterranean, as 'mediterraneus' in Latin doesn't mean 'Middle-earth', but "midland, inland, remote from the sea". So, ''Mare Mediterraneum'' means 'inland sea'.<br />
<br />
- Earendilyon<br />
<br />
== Major Overhaul ==<br />
<br />
I've deleted much infor from the article, which shouldn't have been in it in the first place. Perhaps some of it could be put in seperate articles, if those aren't written yet. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 02:48, 6 March 2006 (EST)<br />
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:One thing I'm still debating in instances such as this is creating 'sub articles', such as Middle-earth/History or creating a page like Middle-earth History. But I do think separation into more detailed articles is a must. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:44, 6 March 2006 (EST)<br />
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== Two Maps ==<br />
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[[Hyarion]], as it necessary for this article to have two (virtually identical) maps? I'm asking you, 'cause you placed the second one last night. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 01:59, 2 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
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:Virtually identical to the untrained eye! I suppose we could look for some different maps, I was just on my uploading spree and that happened to be one of the images so I threw it in there. I know [[Tolkien Enterprises]] has a thing for maps but I wonder if [[John Howe]]'s violates whatever they dislike about them... --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:36, 2 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
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== Region or Realm? ==<br />
<br />
I think we hardly can call [[Middle-earth]] a Realm. Realm means ''Kingdom'', and M-e never had a King, as far as I can tell. Peoples in it did, and certain parts of it did, but not the whole. So, why change the [[:Category:Regions]] to [[:Category:Realms]]? --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 16:55, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
:If you check the information correctly you will notice i have written <nowiki>[[Category:Realm|*]]</nowiki>. The <nowiki>*</nowiki> donates that is is ''not'' a region or realm but is heavily associated with them. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 16:58, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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::Well, I didn't know that was the meaning of the asterisk. But it isn't seen on the page anyway, only in the source code, so I still think it's incorrect, or (at best) giving an incorrect impression. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:06, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
*It is not incorrect. I know how to use wiki codes! 17:10, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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::In my opinion, the suggestion it gives the reader is incorrect: it suggests that Middle-earth is some kind of Realm, whereas it isn't. The reader doesn't see the asterisk, so doesn't know Middle-earth "is heavily associated with" Realms. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:20, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
:::Well your name doesn't "suggest" alot. I would have to follow the link to find out more, wouldn't I? Clicking on the link and reading would provide adequate explanation. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 17:22, 4 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jasca_Ducato&diff=31777User talk:Jasca Ducato2006-09-04T21:19:54Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div><div Style="float:center;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;text-align:center;padding:2px;" class="plainlinks toccolours"> '''[http://swfanon.wikia.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Jasca_Ducato&action=edit&section=new Speak to the Dark Lord]!'''</div><br />
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You've been really active and you're doing a great job. By the way, when you move page, the talk page is automatically moved as well. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 15:01, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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== Dates of death of Alatar and Pallando ==<br />
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What's your source for the dates (years) of [[Alatar]]'s and [[Pallando]]'s deaths? --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 16:49, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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:It says on their articles that they joined Saruman on his journey into the East. This is most likely where he was corrupted by [[Sauron]] and chances are Alatar and Pallando didn't cooperate and were executed. It is impossible for this to have ''not'' occured sometime before III 3019. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 16:54, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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::I regard that as conjecture on your part. I don't think the Professor ever wrote anything about their lot/doom in the East, whether or not they were killed or corrupted. I certainly don't think Saruman was already corrupted by Sauron when in the East (no direct contact between the two before Saruman got hold of a Palantir), let alone that Saruman (or Sauron?) "executed" the two Blue Wizards. There's at least no evidence for that in JRRT's writings, as far as I can tell. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:02, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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:::Like i said. I don't know what happened to them ''exactely'', but it says '''on this website'''; and i quote from the Alatar article: ''"Tolkien mentioned that he did not know what happened to them, and that the evil power in the east was likely too great, and they probably succumbed like Saruman and founded evil cults."''. So what i said was not conjecture, Tolkein himself suggested it and although he also said he did not know what had happened, it was he that raised the possibility in the first place. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 17:08, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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::::Well, ''succumbing to'' is something different than ''being executed by'' in my book. There's no info on whether or not they even died, so in my opinion the Infobox cannot give a year of death! (I'm off to bed now, btw, so for further discussion if needed, you'll have to wait.) --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:16, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
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*No further discussion is need. Both articles say '''Unknown, probably before III 3019'''. That should sufice. And like i previously said, i do not know exactely what happend. I even wrote ''"chances are"'', not ''"this happend for definate"''. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 17:19, 4 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Middle-earth&diff=31774Talk:Middle-earth2006-09-04T21:10:15Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* Region or Realm? */</p>
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<div>I've deleted the reference to the Mediterranean, as 'mediterraneus' in Latin doesn't mean 'Middle-earth', but "midland, inland, remote from the sea". So, ''Mare Mediterraneum'' means 'inland sea'.<br />
<br />
- Earendilyon<br />
<br />
== Major Overhaul ==<br />
<br />
I've deleted much infor from the article, which shouldn't have been in it in the first place. Perhaps some of it could be put in seperate articles, if those aren't written yet. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 02:48, 6 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
:One thing I'm still debating in instances such as this is creating 'sub articles', such as Middle-earth/History or creating a page like Middle-earth History. But I do think separation into more detailed articles is a must. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:44, 6 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Two Maps ==<br />
<br />
[[Hyarion]], as it necessary for this article to have two (virtually identical) maps? I'm asking you, 'cause you placed the second one last night. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 01:59, 2 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Virtually identical to the untrained eye! I suppose we could look for some different maps, I was just on my uploading spree and that happened to be one of the images so I threw it in there. I know [[Tolkien Enterprises]] has a thing for maps but I wonder if [[John Howe]]'s violates whatever they dislike about them... --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:36, 2 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Region or Realm? ==<br />
<br />
I think we hardly can call [[Middle-earth]] a Realm. Realm means ''Kingdom'', and M-e never had a King, as far as I can tell. Peoples in it did, and certain parts of it did, but not the whole. So, why change the [[:Category:Regions]] to [[:Category:Realms]]? --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 16:55, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
:If you check the information correctly you will notice i have written <nowiki>[[Category:Realm|*]]</nowiki>. The <nowiki>*</nowiki> donates that is is ''not'' a region or realm but is heavily associated with them. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 16:58, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Well, I didn't know that was the meaning of the asterisk. But it isn't seen on the page anyway, only in the source code, so I still think it's incorrect, or (at best) giving an incorrect impression. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 17:06, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
*It is not incorrect. I know how to use wiki codes! 17:10, 4 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Pallando&diff=31773Pallando2006-09-04T21:09:10Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>{{Istari infobox<br />
| image=<br />
| name=Pallando<br />
| othernames=<br />
| birth= Entered [[Middle-earth]] II 1000<br />
| death= Unknown, probably before III 3018<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| robes=Sea-blue<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
|}}<br />
'''Pallando''' was one of the five [[Wizards]] who came to the northwest of [[Middle-earth]] in the [[Third Age]]; he journeyed into the east with [[Alatar]], and never returned to the western lands.<br />
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{{istari}}<br />
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[[Category:Wizards]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Earendilyon&diff=31772User talk:Earendilyon2006-09-04T21:08:16Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* *bows* */</p>
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<div>Just leaving a 'Hi I'm Earendilyon' note ;)<br />
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As a bit of a Latin fan(atic) I registered because I saw a bad translation of a Latin word (see Arda article and discussion). Otherwise, I've no conmtributions (yet) that I know of. But we'll see.<br />
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- Earendilyon<br />
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== Welcome! ==<br />
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Hey there Earendilyon. Just thought I'd leave a bit of a 'hello' for you. Just saw your edit on the [[Arda]] and [[Middle-earth]] articles, great contribution! It's great to have another Tolkien scholar around to help fix all the errors we have accumulated. You wouldn't happen to be the same Earendilyon from [http://www.minastirith.com MinasTirith.com] by any chance would you? Thanks again for stopping in and we'd love to see you back :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 15:59, 1 February 2006 (EST)<br />
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----<br />
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Hiyah Hyarion!<br />
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Ofcourse, I'm one and the same :) I'm also member at other boards than [http://www.minastirith.com MinasTirith.com] though, but MT is indeed my [[Tolkien]] home base. You may also know me, btw, of my [http://www.geocities.com/dominusanulorum/ Dominus Anulorum] project.<br />
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- Earendilyon<br />
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----<br />
<br />
Ah, very cool! You really need to stop in on the [http://tolkiengateway.net/java/ IRC chat server] we've been trying to get the citizens to chat on there more often but it's going slow. You can find myself, Lord Mithrandir, Ardamir, Halion, and a few other regulars, we've been trying to setup weekly Lore discussions as well. Also forgive the recent site downtime, in the 3+ years we've had the site up that's longest we've been offline and I was just pulling my hair out, oh well at least it's fixed. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 18:31, 4 February 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Spam and Reversions ==<br />
<br />
Thanks for keeping an eye on that spam for me, it comes in everyday and it's become a routine having to remove the filth. They usually edit as anonymous users so I've been tempting to just require anonymous user's edits to be verified by an administrator but I just feel that would take away from the wiki/edit anything instantly aspect.<br />
<br />
If someone has messed up a page beyond recognition a good trick is to click the History tab, and you can see a list of all stages the page has been in, thank goodness the software keeps everything. Then you can click say the last edit by me, and it will show you what the page should look like, before the spam. Then you can just click edit and save and it'll save that older revision over the spam. Sorry I'm terrible at explaining things but hopefully you understand what I mean. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 12:59, 5 February 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
<br />
P.S. Thanks for the help.<br />
<br />
----<br />
I'll see what I can do in that respect. If I don't succeed with this explanation at hand, I'll get in touch :)<br />
<br />
- [[User:Earendilyon|Ear.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
Be careful on [[Talk:Main Page]] when removing the spam because a lot of times the spammer will replace comments on the page with spam, so if we just manually remove the spam we lose the comment(s) that was replaced. The best way is to click the History tab, click the last 'good' edit, click Edit, and then save it. Thanks again for the help :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 11:05, 2 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
Sorry, my mistake. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 04:10, 3 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Minas Tirith Library ==<br />
<br />
One thing I've had in the idea queue is going through [http://www.minastirith.com Minas Tirith's] index topics and library and under 'External Links' on say the [[Balrogs]] article, link to relevant Balrog discussions. The wiki really isn't meant as a forum for debates/discussions so linking to forum discussions would interest people I think. What do you think? Of course we'd utilize other forums after MT but I think it would be a great place to start and give WGW some free traffic. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 19:08, 16 February 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Happy Birthday! ==<br />
<br />
Just thought I'd wish you a happy birthday, luckily I saw the thread on [http://www.minastirith.com Minas Tirith] or I would not have known. As I write in all the birthday cards: Have fun on your birthday...because it could be your last :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 21:51, 16 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
:Thank you very much! I had fun, even though you posted this 2:51 hours after my birthday ended ;) --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 05:27, 17 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
::Hah, well to be fair it was still your birthday where I live :p --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 11:10, 17 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== User boxes ==<br />
<br />
Don't be modest with lore-2, go for a lore-3 :p If you think of any other user box ideas, let me know. I think a "This user prefers evil" with a red/black color scheme, then a good one, then maybe a box for each race, etc. Just things to spice up the user pages and add a bit of fun. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 03:31, 21 April 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:I did indeed doubt a bit between lore-2 and lore-3, but decided on 2, as you also have that on your page ;-) Personally, I don't "prefer evil" but rather the "good side".<br />
:Are you suffering from insomnia, btw? You're always up so late in the night! --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 03:36, 21 April 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Hehe, I never stated you should have an evil user box, it was a just suggestion for the site in general, but your quickness to deny it only proves it more so :p It's not very late here, only 12:44pm. The wiki is quite an addiction, I will admit to that, I would have thought this far into it I would have become bored but my interest seems to increase constantly. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 03:44, 21 April 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== *bows* ==<br />
<br />
Hey there :) had someone from [http://www.theone-boards.net theone-boards.net] stop by the chat today, they said they heard about the encyclopedia from some thread and when I went to the forums and saw your name on the active users list I said to myself, hmm, I think I can take a guess where they heard it from :p Just wanted to give you a big thanks for helping to get the word out there. Your quote makes it all worth it :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 15:57, 6 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
{{quote|About that "dedication champ" mentioned by Durin, the Tolkien Gateway is led by a very driven guy, Hyarion, and also by some other dedicated contributors. IMHO, it has the potential of becoming the best Tolkien encyclopedia out there, and, moreover, hard on its way to make true that potential.|[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]]}}<br />
<br />
::Well, if you've had a look at that particular thread, it's about starting an encyclopedia at [http://www.theone-boards.net theone-boards.net] itself. I wrote a post in it long before I encountered the Gateway, supporting the idea. Since it (still) isn't more than an idea, I mentioned the Gateway before, and yeasterday again. The more people know about it, the better, I figured :-) --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 07:02, 7 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
*Like i said. I don't know what happened to them ''exactely'', but it says '''on this website'''; and i quote from the Alatar article: ''"Tolkien mentioned that he did not know what happened to them, and that the evil power in the east was likely too great, and they probably succumbed like Saruman and founded evil cults."''. So what i said was not conjecture, Tolkein himself suggested it and although he also said he did not know what had happened, it was he that raised the possibility in the first place. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 17:08, 4 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=An%C3%B3rien&diff=31770Anórien2006-09-04T21:05:28Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>'''Anórien''' ([[Sindarin|S]]. 'Sunlending'; 'Land of the West'; [[anor]] = sun, -ien = place name suffix) is a region and fiefdom of [[Gondor]].<br />
<br />
Anórien lay north of [[Minas Tirith]] and the line of the [[White Mountains]], and was the only part of the northern half of the realm, [[Calenardhon]], which was not given to the [[Éothéod]] to become the Kingdom of [[Rohan]].<br />
<br />
Anórien formed a narrow strip of land consisting of the valleys of the [[White Mountains]], and its borders were the [[Mering Stream]] in the west, and the Mouths of the [[Entwash]] in the north. Its eastern border was the border of [[Gondor]] at the [[Anduin]].<br />
<br />
No cities were in Anórien, but following the line of the [[Great Road]] that led through [[Rohan]] to [[Arnor]] were built the [[Warning beacons of Gondor]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gondor&diff=31769Gondor2006-09-04T21:04:19Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>{{kingdom<br />
| image = [[Image:Gondor.png|250px]]<br />
| name = Gondor<br />
| meaning = Land of Stone<br />
| type = Monarchy/Stewardship<br />
| hidep=yes<br />
| headofstate = [[King of Gondor]]/[[Ruling Steward]]<br />
| executive = <br />
| legislative = <br />
| judicial = <br />
| capital = [[Osgiliath]]/[[Minas Tirith]]<br />
| language = [[Westron]]<br />
| location = South of the [[White Mountains]], West of [[Mordor]]<br />
| populous= Mostly [[Men]]<br />
| currency = <br />
| religious = Belief in [[Ilúvatar]]<br />
| holiday = <br />
| anthem = <br />
| formed = the [[Downfall of Númenor]] in III 3319<br />
| established = II 3320<br />
| reorganized = III 3019<br />
| fragmented = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| restored = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.jpg|150px|thumb|left]]<br />
Like [[Arnor]] to the north, Gondor is a human kingdom founded by [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion son of Elendil|Anárion]], the sons of [[Elendil]], after the [[Downfall of Númenor|Downfall]] of [[Númenor]]. It was located to the south of [[Rohan]] and to the west of [[Mordor]], on the [[Bay of Belfalas]]. Its name means "Land of Stone", from [[Sindarin]] '''gond''' (stone) + '''(n)dor''' (land), most likely given to it because of the [[Ered Nimrais]] and other mountain chains in the land (hypothetical [[Quenya]] name '''Ondonórë''').<br />
<br />
=== Early History ===<br />
Before the Downfall of Númenor, Gondor was home to many Númenórean colonists, who either mixed blood with the indigenous [[Middle Men]] if they were friendly, or dispersed them into [[Ras Morthil]], [[Dunland]], and [[Drúadan Forest]]. Gondor, at a latitude comparable to Venice, was a more fertile region than Arnor to the north, and therefore it already had a larger population before the ships of Elendil's sons arrived, including a well-established city, [[Pelargir]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Elendili]] from Númenor proper were given a warm reception upon their arrival by those that had already colonized Middle-earth, including a colonial branch of Númenórean royalty at [[Dor-en-Ernil]]. The colonists north of [[Anduin]] accepted Elendil's claim to kingship over them. South of the Great River, however, the newly exiled Númenóreans did not recognize Elendil's claim.{{Pronounce|Gondor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
<br />
Gondor was being founded after Númenor's population had already split between the Elendili and [[King's Men]], and all of the more southern colonies (such as the [[Haven of Umbar]]) remained enemies of the Elendili. <br />
<br />
The newly founded kingdom of Gondor was then part of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] which overthrew [[Sauron]] for the first time at the very end of the Second Age.<br />
<br />
==== Gondor Prospers ====<br />
After the war Gondor's power and wealth grew steadily (only interrupted by an [[Easterlings|Easterling]] invasion in 492 [[Third Age]]). Its power would continue to grow into the 9th century of the Third Age. While the power of Gondor's sister kingdom [[Arnor]] peaked during the 9th century, when it broke into various successor states, Gondor's greatest glory was yet to come.<br />
<br />
==== Gondor's Golden Age ====<br />
Gondor's power reached its Golden Age under the four "[[Ship-king|Ship-kings]]":<br />
<br />
[[Tarannon Falastur]] r. 840&#8211;913. First of the Ship-Kings, died childless <br />
[[Eärnil I]] r. 913&#8211;936. Nephew of Tarannon <br />
[[Ciryandil]] r. 936&#8211;1015 <br />
[[Hyarmendacil I]] (Ciryaher) r. 1015&#8211;1149. Last of the Ship-Kings. In the reign of the powerful king Hyarmendacil I (c. 12th century T.A.) Gondor reached the height of its power. During Hyarmendacil's reign Gondor's borders reached their furthest extent. The Kingdom extended east to the [[Sea of Rhûn]], south to the nearest lands of the [[Haradrim]], as far north as [[Mirkwood]] and west towards the borders of [[Arnor]].<br />
<br />
Such was Gondor's wealth during the period that men from other lands would say in envy: "In Gondor precious stones are but pebbles for the children to play with." Gondor would also enjoy several centuries of peace due to its military might.<br />
<br />
=== The Decline of Gondor ===<br />
But after his reign decadence spread under the kings of Gondor and a long period of decline began (although Gondor experienced several revivals). Three great calamities struck Gondor during the second millennium of the Third Age, which are held to be the chief reasons for its decline: the [[Kin-strife]], the [[Great Plague]], and the invasion of the [[Wainriders]] (a tribe of Easterlings). <br />
<br />
==== The Kin-strife ====<br />
In the 15th century a great civil war named the Kin-strife tore the nation apart. The current King Eldacar was of mixed blood: his mother was of the Northmen. Popular displeasure at this led to the overthrow of King Eldacar by Castamir, the admiral of all of Gondor's naval forces who possessed some royal blood. Eldacar's son was slain, and he fled north. Castamir was afterwards known as [[Castamir|Castamir the Usurper]]. During his ten year rule he proved to be very cruel, and because of his love of his old fleet, he lavished attention on the coastal regions while the interior provinces were ignored and left to rot. Eldacar then returned with an army of his Northman kinsmen, and they were joined by armies of Gondorians from interior provinces such as Anórien. [[Osgiliath]] was devastated during this conflict, its great bridge destroyed and its ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' lost. Eldacar slew Castamir and reclaimed his throne, but Castamir's sons and their forces were besieged in Pelargir, the great port of Gondor. They eventually retreated to Umbar, where they joined with the Corsairs, and troubled Gondor for many years, until their descendants died out. <br />
<br />
==== The Great Plague ====<br />
Later, the [[Great Plague]] struck and the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] died. This Plague was no localized event: the Plague swept through all of Middle-earth, reaching the successor states of Arnor and the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]] in the North. King [[Tarondor]] found a sapling of the White Tree, and moved the capital from Osgiliath to [[Minas Anor]], the City of Anárion. During this time, Gondor was so depopulated that the fortifications guarding against the re-entry of evil into Mordor were abandoned. It is believed that had the Haradrim or Easterlings been capable of attacking Gondor at this time, it would have fallen. However, the Plague left Gondor's enemies in no better condition than Gondor itself, and neither side was capable of mounting new offensives.<br />
<br />
==== The Invasion of the Wainriders ====<br />
Following the sapping of Gondor's strength by the plague, the Wainrider invasions devastated Gondor, and the conflict lasted for well over a century. The Wainriders destroyed the Northern Army of Gondor, but survivors linked up with the victorious Southern Army of Gondor, led by a general named Eärnil, and they destroyed the Wainriders as they celebrated their victory during the [[Battle of the Camp]].<br />
<br />
=== The Line of the Kings Fails ===<br />
==== Reunification Rejected ====<br />
In 1944, Gondor faced a constitutional crisis when King [[Ondoher]] was slain in battle with both his sons. [[Arvedui]], Prince of [[Arthedain]], Ondoher's son-in-law, and the victorious general Eärnil, who was a distant blood-relative of Ondoher, claimed the throne. Arvedui's claim lay mainly in the reintroduction of the old Nùmenorean law of accession, which stated the eldest (remaining) child should succeed the king. If the law was reintroduced, then Arvedui's wife [[Fíriel]], Ondoher's daughter and last remaining child would become [[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Ruling Queen]], making their descendants Kings of both Arnor and Gondor. Arvedui also tried to put weight behind his claim as he was Isildur's heir. The council of Gondor recognised that the name of Isildur was held in honour in Gondor, but they dictated that the South-Kingdom must be ruled by an Heir of Anarion. Due to his ancestry from Fíriel and Arvedui, more than a millennium later, Aragorn Elessar put forward his claim as the heir of both Isildur and Anarion.<br />
<br />
Eärnil lay his claim as being a direct descendant of King [[Telumehtar]] Umbardacil. His claim was also greatly bolstered by the popularity he had gained as the victorious general who saved Gondor from the Wainriders after winning the southern theatre of the war. Steward [[Pelendur]] who was temporarily ruling Gondor as serving as arbiter of succession, intervened in favour of Gondor's victorious general who would rule as [[Eärnil II]].<br />
<br />
==== The Last Heir of Anárion ====<br />
During the [[Battle of Fornost]], Eärnil II's heir Eärnur led Gondor's forces to victory over the [[Witch-king of Angmar]], who was actually the Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]. Although Eärnur wished to fight him, Eärnur's horse was terrified and fled the battle against his wishes. By the time he mastered his horse and return, the Witch-king had fled. [[Glorfindel of Rivendell|Glorfindel]] the Elf then prophesied to him that it was better that he not fight the Lord of the Nazgûl because "never by the hand of man shall he fall". <br />
<br />
Eärnur later ascended to the throne, ruling from Minas Anor (Tower of the Sun). During this time, the Ringwraiths captured Minas Anor's sister city, Minas Ithil (Tower of the Moon), renaming it Minas Morgul (Tower of Sorcery) and taking it as their lair. Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith (Tower of Guard) as a result. The Lord of the Nazgûl repeatedly sent messengers to Minas Tirith challenging Eärnur to single combat, taunting him that he had fled out of cowardice from facing him during the Battle of Fornost. Eventually, King Eärnur was overcome by wrath and rode with a small company of knights to Minas Morgul, to accept the challenge. They were never heard from again. So ended the Line of [[Anárion]].<br />
<br />
=== The Stewards of Gondor ===<br />
==== The Ruling Stewards ====<br />
The realm was governed by a long line of hereditary Stewards after the disappearance of [[Eärnur]], son of Eärnil, since there was no proof that the last king was dead, and no claimant had enough support to be accepted as his successor. The line of Anárion was held to have failed, and Gondor was not willing to risk to another Kin-strife, which would surely have destroyed it. Whenever there was a new Steward, he would swear an oath to yield rule of Gondor back to the King, in essence only an heir of Isildur, if he should ever return. In Gondor there was no one who could claim descent from Isildur in direct line, and the northern line of Arnor had effectively disappeared, so this oath was not considered seriously. The line of Stewards ruled as Kings, without having the title. During the War of the Ring, the Ruling Steward of Gondor was [[Denethor II]], and his two sons were [[Boromir son of Denethor II|Boromir]] and younger [[Faramir son of Denethor II|Faramir]].<br />
<br />
==== Cirion and Eorl ====<br />
In 2510, when Steward [[Cirion]] ruled over Gondor, the nation faced one of its greatest perils: an Easterling tribe named the ''Balchoth'' invaded Gondor with mass force. Gondor's army marched to fight the Balchoth but were cut off from [[Minas Tirith]] and pushed back in the direction of the [[Limlight]].<br />
<br />
Messengers were sent to get help from the [[Éothéod]], a tribe which lived in the northern vales of the [[Anduin]], but nobody expected the messengers to reach their destination. When certain peril came upon Gondor, however, the Éothéod turned the tide of the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]]. After the victory the Éothéod were awarded the fields of [[Calenardhon]] north of the [[Ered Nimrais]] from the Gap of Rohan at the southern end of the [[Hithaeglir]], [[Fangorn Forest]], rivers Limlight to river [[Anduin]], western [[Emyn Muil]] and the [[Mering Stream]], where they established the kingdom of [[Rohan]] with [[Eorl the Young]] as their first king. A permanent alliance between Gondor and Rohan was established by the oath Eorl swore to Cirion.<br />
<br />
== War of the Ring ==<br />
In 3019, during the [[War of the Ring]] Gondor faced an all out attack on its capital Minas Tirith in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. Although nearly defeated, the Rohirrim once again turned the tide of battle, and helped win the war.<br />
<br />
After the second and final defeat of Sauron the Kingship was restored with [[The Return of the King]] and [[Aragorn II]] became king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor. (See Reunited Kingdom for further history of the lands of old Gondor). <br />
<br />
Faramir, last heir of the Ruling Stewards, was to retain the office of steward (though not ruling), and was made Prince of Ithilien, which had been reconquered from the forces of Mordor. <br />
<br />
Gondor as it appeared during the events of the [[War of the Ring]] (circa [[Third Age]] 3019) has been compared to the Byzantine Empire, for numerous reasons. Both the Byzantine Empire and Gondor were echoes of the old greatness of the earlier Roman Empire and the united kingdom of King Elendil, respectively. However, they were still strong in their own right. Also, during a period of relative barbarity surrounding them, both Byzantium and Gondor were a bastion of civilisation against the inrushing tide of darkness.<br />
<br />
== Regions of Gondor ==<br />
Gondor was divided between several nearly autonomous regions. These were the following:<br />
* [[Ithilien]] across the [[Anduin]],<br />
* [[Anórien]] under [[Minas Tirith in Gondor|Minas Tirith]],<br />
* [[Lossarnach]] <br />
* [[Lebennin]] of the Five Streams,<br />
* [[Belfalas]] and<br />
* ''[[Dor-en-Ernil]]'', ruled by the [[Prince of Dol Amroth]],<br />
* [[Lamedon]] north of the [[Ringló]], and<br />
* [[Anfalas]] or ''Langstrand'' in the south-west.<br />
<br />
The long cape of [[Andrast]] was not populated.<br />
<br />
Additionally, Gondor held or had held the following regions at certain points in its history:<br />
* ''Harondor'' or ''South Gondor'', which was contested between Gondor and [[Harad]],<br />
* [[Calenardhon]] which was given to the Éothéod and became [[Rohan]],<br />
* [[Enedwaith]], never really populated by Gondor and soon abandoned,<br />
* [[Rhovanion]], which was never fully under the control of Gondor but under Gondorian control at certain times during the Third Age.<br />
<br />
== Cities and fortresses of Gondor ==<br />
Cities in Gondor included:<br />
* [[Calembel]]<br />
* [[Dol Amroth]], city on Belfalas<br />
* [[Erech]], fortress of Gondor, abandoned by the end of the Third Age<br />
* [[Ethring]]<br />
* [[Linhir]]<br />
* [[Minas Tirith in Gondor|Minas Tirith]] (originally Minas Anor), City of the Kings<br />
* [[Osgiliath]], city and former capital of Gondor on the river Anduin, largely destroyed and abandoned by the end of the Third Age, but King Elessar possibly rebuilt the city<br />
* [[Pelargir]], the great southern harbour, under the reign of Corsairs during the War of the Ring <br />
* [[Tarnost]]<br />
<br />
Additionally, Gondor had held the following locations at certain points in its history:<br />
* The outposts of [[Amon Hen]] and [[Amon Lhaw]] on [[Emyn Muil]] probably had small garrisons<br />
* [[Angrenost]], the fortress of Isengard, later granted to [[Saruman]], destroyed by the [[Ents]] during the War of the Ring <br />
* [[Aglarond]], the Gondorian fortress, later known as Rohan's Helm's Deep<br />
* The Gondorian fortress guarding the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]]<br />
* [[Durthang]], the largest fortress in Mordor, built to guard the [[Ephel Dúath]]<br />
* [[Minas Ithil]], conquered by [[Mordor]] and renamed [[Minas Morgul]]<br />
* [[Tharbad]] to the north, held by both Gondor and Arnor but abandoned as Gondor retreated through [[Enedwaith]] and later ruined<br />
* The [[Haven of Umbar]], the far southern harbour which was lost and reclaimed several times<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Realms]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rhovanion&diff=31768Rhovanion2006-09-04T21:03:22Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>'''Rhovanion''' or '''Wilderland''' was a large region of northern [[Middle-earth]]. The Great River [[Anduin]] flowed through it, and the immense forest of [[Greenwood the Great]] was a part of it.<br />
<br />
Properly speaking Rhovanion was the name of a small region east of Greenwood, which later was the [[Kingdom of Rhovanion]], but the name was used for all of Wilderland by the late [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
In the [[First Age]] the [[Elves]] passed through it during the [[Great Journey]], and much later the [[Atanatári]] (Fathers of [[Men]]) followed them. It is not otherwise mentioned until the [[Second Age]], when it played host to two [[Silvan Elves|Silvan]] Elf kingdoms ruled by [[Sindar]]in lords: Northern Greenwood and Lórinand (or [[Lórien]]).<br />
The great battlefield (or [[Dagorlad]]) of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] against the host of [[Sauron]] lay in the south of Rhovanion, and in the [[Gladden Fields]] of the Great River the King of Gondor and [[Arnor]], [[Isildur]] son of [[Elendil]] was killed.<br />
<br />
In the early Third Age, it was a quite populated area: in the north lay the [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] kingdoms of [[Erebor]] and the Dwarf halls in the Ered Mithrin, and the Mannish kingdom of [[Dale]], in the north of the Great River [[Anduin]] lay the Mannish realm of [[Éothéod]], and in and around the south and east of Greenwood the Great lived the Men of Rhovanion.<br />
In the north of Greenwood lived the Silvan elves ruled by [[Thranduil]], and in the south of Greenwood and across the river in Lórinand ruled [[Amdír]] and later [[Amroth]]. In the far south, near the great falls of [[Sarn Gebir]], watched the northern guard of [[Gondor]], and in the valleys of the Anduin lived [[Stoors]] ([[Hobbit]]s).<br />
<br />
In the later Third Age, Rhovanion was the site of many wars, when the [[Wainriders]] came from the east and assailed the people of Rhovanion until all their kingdoms were destroyed, and later when [[Sauron]] returned as the Necromancer he took residence at [[Dol Guldur]] in the south of Greenwood. Greenwood became evil, and was renamed Mirkwood. The Dwarves of Erebor and the Men of Dale were destroyed and scattered when the [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] took Erebor, and Gondor retreated from the Falls. Some Men still lived along the forest, notably the [[Beornings]] and the Men of [[Esgaroth]] upon the [[Long Lake]]. The Men of Éothéod removed south at the invite of Gondor, and settled the plains of [[Calenardhon]], later [[Rohan]]. After being driven out of Erebor the Dwarves relocated, some went to the Iron Hills, but most went to the [[Ered Luin]] in [[Eriador]]<br />
<br />
At the end of the Third Age, the Kingdoms of Erebor and Dale were restored as a result of the death of Smaug and the [[Battle of Five Armies]], and Sauron was removed from Mirkwood by the wizard [[Gandalf]]. During the [[War of the Ring]] it held off an invasion by Sauron's forces, and after Sauron was defeated Mirkwood was clean again, and renamed ''Eryn Lasgalen'', or "Wood of Greenleaves". Some time during the [[Fourth Age]] Gondor claimed large parts of it.<br />
<br />
Its boundaries were: <br />
To the east, the inland [[Sea of Rhûn]]. <br />
To the north, the [[Grey Mountains]] and [[Iron Hills]], home of the Dwarves.<br />
To the west, the range of the [[Hithaeglir]], or Misty Mountains. <br />
To the south, the line marked by the [[Limlight]] river, Anduin, [[Emyn Muil]], [[Dagorlad]], and the [[Ered Lithui]].<br />
<br />
Important rivers were the [[Anduin]] or Great River, the [[Celduin]] or Running, and the [[Carnen]] or Redwater.<br />
<br />
Major features were the forest of [[Mirkwood]], and the [[Long Lake]] of [[Esgaroth]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Realms]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rh%C3%BBn&diff=31766Rhûn2006-09-04T21:01:25Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>The little-known lands in the far east of [[Middle-earth]], from where many attacks on [[Gondor]] and its allies came during the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
We know almost nothing of the lands of beyond the great [[Sea of Rhûn]] that stood on its borders with the western lands. Even [[Gandalf]] had never explored there, and though [[Aragorn]] had travelled there, we have no report of his doings.<br />
<br />
Of its ancient geography we can glean a little from [[The Silmarillion]]; far beyond the Sea of Rhûn was another inland sea, the [[Sea of Helcar]], and beyond that a range of [[Red Mountains]] known as the [[Orocarni]]. Somewhere in the lost east, too, lay [[Cuiviénen]] and [[Hildórien]], where [[Elves]] and [[Men]] first awoke: all the [[Children of Ilúvatar]] could trace their ancestries back to the eastward regions of Middle-earth.<br />
<br />
Rhûn was far from an empty land; it was the domain of the [[Easterlings]], [[Men of Darkness]] who were ready to follow both the [[Dark Lords]] and fought as their allies in war. These lands, too, were peopled by lost Elves, [[Avari]] and [[Úmanyar]], and by four of the seven clans of the [[Dwarves]].<br />
<br />
During the Third Age, Rhûn was visited by three [[Wizards]]; [[Saruman]], [[Alatar]] and [[Pallando]], and though [[Saruman]] returned into the west, the two [[Blue Wizards]] remained. [[Sauron]] himself journeyed into the eastward lands, in hiding from the [[White Council]] during the centuries known in the west as the [[Watchful Peace]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&diff=31765Middle-earth2006-09-04T20:58:34Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* Geography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:John Howe - The Map of Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Map of Middle-earth'' by [[John Howe]].]]<br />
'''Middle-earth''' is the name used for the inhabitable parts of [[Arda]] (ancient Earth) where the (canonical) stories in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] legendarium take place. "Middle-earth" is a literal translation of the Old English term ''middangeard'', referring to this world, the habitable lands of men. Tolkien translated 'Middle Earth' as ''Endor'' (or sometimes Endóre) and ''Ennor'' in the [[Elvish]] languages [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]], respectively. Mythologically, the north of Endor became the Eurasian land-mass after the primitive Earth was transformed into the round world of today.<br />
<br />
Middle-earth's setting is in a fictional period in Earth's own past. Tolkien insisted that Middle-earth is Earth in several of [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|his letters]], in one of them (no. 211) estimating the end of the [[Third Age]] to about 6,000 years before his own time. The action of the books is largely confined to the north-west of the Endor continent, implicitly corresponding to modern-day Europe. [[The History of Middle-earth]] is divided into several Ages: ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' deal exclusively with events towards the end of the [[Third Age]] and conclude at the dawn of the [[Fourth Age]], while ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' deals mainly with the [[First Age]]. The world ([[Arda]]) was originally flat but was made round near the end of the [[Second Age]] by [[Eru Ilúvatar]], the Creator.<br />
<br />
Much of the knowledge of Middle-earth is based on writings that Tolkien did not finish for publication during his lifetime. In these cases, this article is based on the version of the Middle-earth legendarium that is considered [[Canon|canonical]] by most [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]].<br />
<br />
== The name ==<br />
The term "Middle-earth" was not invented by Tolkien, rather it existed in Old English as ''middan&#289;eard'', in Middle English as ''midden-erd'' or ''middel-erd''; in Old Norse it was called ''Midgard''. It is English for what the Greeks called the &omicron;&iota;&kappa;&omicron;&upsilon;&mu;&#941;&nu;&eta; (''oikoumen&#x113;'') or "the abiding place of men", the physical world as opposed to the unseen worlds (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 151). <br />
<br />
''Middangeard'' occurs half-a-dozen times in [[Beowulf]], which Tolkien translated and on which he was arguably the world's foremost authority. (See also [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] for discussion of his inspirations and sources). See Midgard and Norse mythology for the older use.<br />
<br />
Tolkien was also inspired by this fragment:<br />
<br />
:''Eala earendel engla beorhtast / ofer middangeard monnum sended.''<br />
:''Hail Earendel, brightest of angels / above the middle-earth sent unto men.''<br />
<br />
in the Crist poem of Cynewulf. The name ''earendel'' (which may mean the 'morning-star' but in some contexts was a name for Christ) was the inspiration for Tolkien's mariner [[Eärendil]].<br />
<br />
The name was consciously used by Tolkien to place ''[[The Hobbit]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and related writings.<br />
<br />
Tolkien began to use the term "Middle-earth" in the early 1930s in place of the earlier terms "Great Lands", "Outer Lands", and "Hither Lands" to describe the same region in his stories. "Middle-earth" is specifically intended to describe the lands east of the Great Sea ([[Belegaer]]), thus excluding [[Aman]], but including [[Harad]] and other mortal lands not visited in Tolkien's stories. Many people apply the name to the entirety of Tolkien's world or exclusively to the lands described in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<br />
<br />
In ancient Germanic and Old Norse mythology, the universe was believed to consist of nine physical worlds joined together. The world of Men, the Middle-earth, lay in the centre of this universe. The lands of Elves, Gods, and Giants lay across an encircling sea. The land of the Dead lay beneath the Middle-earth. A rainbow bridge, Bifrost Bridge, extended from Middle-earth to Asgaard across the sea. An outer sea encircled the seven other worlds (Vanaheim, Asgaard, Alfheim, SvartAlfheim, Muspellheim, Nidavellir, and Jotunheim). In this conception, a "world" was more equivalent to a racial homeland than a physically separate world.<br />
<br />
== The world ==<br />
''Main article: [[Arda]]''<br />
[[Image:Expanded_Middle-earth.jpg|300px|thumb|left|And extended map of Middle-earth]]<br />
Tolkien stated that the geography of Middle Earth was intended to align with that of our real Earth in several particulars. (''The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien'' #294) Expanding upon this idea some suggest that [http://people.wiesbaden.netsurf.de/~lalaith/Tolkien/Grid.html if the map of Middle Earth is projected on our real Earth], and some of the most obvious climatological, botanical, and zoological similarities are aligned, the [[Hobbits]]' [[Shire]] might lie in the temperate climate of England, [[Gondor]] might lie in the Mediterranean Italy and Greece, [[Mordor]] in the arid Turkey and Middle East, South Gondor and Near [[Harad]] in the deserts of Northern Africa, [[Rhovanion]] in the forests of Germany and the steppes of Western and Southern Russia, and the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]] in the fjords of Norway.<br />
<br />
''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' are presented as Tolkien's retelling of events depicted in the [[Red Book of Westmarch]], which was written by [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Frodo Baggins]], and other Hobbits, and corrected and annotated by one or more Gondorian scholars. Like Shakespeare's ''King Lear'' or Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian stories, the tales occupy a historical period that could not have actually existed. Dates for the length of the year and the phases of the moon, along with descriptions of constellations, firmly fix the world as Earth, no longer than several thousand years ago. Years after publication, Tolkien 'postulated' in a letter that the action of the books takes place roughly 6,000 years ago, though he was not certain.<br />
<br />
Tolkien wrote extensively about the linguistics, mythology and history of the world, which provide back-story for these stories. Many of these writings were edited and published posthumously by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]].<br />
<br />
Notable among them is ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which provides a Bible-like creation story and description of the cosmology which includes Middle-earth. ''The Silmarillion'' is the primary source of information about [[Valinor]], [[Númenor]], and other lands. Also notable are ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' and the multiple volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', which includes many incomplete stories and essays as well as numerous drafts of Tolkien's Middle Earth mythology, from the earliest forms down through the last writings of his life.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[Image:Middle-earth map.PNG|thumb|Map of Middle-earth]]<br />
J.R.R. Tolkien never defined the geography for the entire world associated with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. In ''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'', volume IV of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', Christopher Tolkien published several remarkable maps of a "flat Earth" which his father had devised for the first Silmarillion mythology. These maps were cannibalized by Karen Wynn Fonstad to project possible compatible but entirely non-canonical "whole world maps" reflecting a world consistent with the historical ages depicted in ''The Silmarillion'', ''The Hobbit'', and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
<br />
The only maps ever prepared by Christopher Tolkien and/or J.R.R. Tolkien for the world encompassing ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' were published as foldouts or illustrations in ''The Hobbit'', ''The Lord of the Rings'', and ''The Silmarillion''. Early conceptions of the maps provided in ''The Silmarillion'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' were included in several volumes, including "The First Silmarillion Map" in ''The Shaping of Middle-earth'', "The First Map of the Lord of the Rings" in ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'', "The Second Map (West)" and "The Second Map (East)" in ''[[The War of the Ring]]'', and "The Second Map of Middle-earth west of the Blue Mountains" (also known as "The Second Silmarillion Map") in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]''.<br />
<br />
None of these maps are consistent with the several "flat Earth" maps, and the extraordinary "flat Earth" concept only survived into the Middle-earth mythology (established in print by the 1950 and later editions of ''The Hobbit'' and all editions of ''The Lord of the Rings'', ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', ''[[The Road Goes Ever On]]'', and ''The Silmarillion'') as a narrative structure which was not illustrated in any capacity by either J.R.R. Tolkien.<br />
<br />
Any discussion of the geography of Arda (prior to the changes which resulted in the enlargement of Arda to become what Tolkien identified as the Solar System) can only be speculative and fraught with conflicts and contradictions.<br />
[[Image:Middle-earth_peoples.png|thumb|left|250px|The lands of the peoples of Middle-earth]]<br />
The Endor continent, which in the "flat Earth" phase of Middle-earth's mythological history was only one of several which were later either reshaped or taken away from the world (identified by Tolkien as "Ambar" in several texts, but also identified as "Imbar", the Habitation, in later post-LoTR texts), was originally conceived of (by Tolkien, in the earlier ''Silmarillion'' mythologies) as conforming to a largely symmetrical scheme which was marred by Melkor. The symmetry was defined by two large sub-continents, one in the north and one in the south, with each of them boasting two long chains of mountains in the eastward and westward regions. The mountain chains were given names based on colours (White Mountains, Blue Mountains, Grey Mountains, and Red Mountains).<br />
<br />
The various conflicts with Melkor resulted in the shapes of the lands being distorted. Originally, there was a single inland body of water, in the midst of which was set the island of [[Almaren]] where the Valar lived. When Melkor destroyed the lamps of the Valar which gave light to the world, two vast seas were created, but Almaren and its lake were destroyed. The northern sea became the [[Sea of Helcar]] (Helkar). The lands west of the Blue Mountains became [[Beleriand]] (meaning, "the land of the Valar"). Melkor raised the [[Misty Mountains]] to impede the progress of the Vala Orome as he hunted Melkor's beasts during the period of darkness prior to the awakening of the Elves.<br />
<br />
The violent struggles during the [[War of Wrath]] between the Host of the Valar and the armies of Melkor at the end of the First Age brought about the destruction of Beleriand. It is also possible that during this time the inland sea of Helcar was drained.<br />
<br />
From the time of the destruction of the two lamps until the time of the Downfall of Númenor, Ambar was supposed to be a "flat world", in that its habitable land-masses were all arranged on one side of the world, the shape of which Tolkien did not specify. It is generally assumed that he envisioned a disk-like face for the world which looked up to the stars. A western continent, Aman, was the home of the Valar (and the Eldar). The middle lands, Endor, are generally identified with "Middle-earth". The eastern continent was not inhabited.<br />
<br />
When Melkor poisoned the Two Trees of the Valar and fled from Aman back to Endor, the Valar created the Sun and the Moon, which were separate bodies (from Ambar) but still parts of Arda (the Realm of the Children of Iluvatar). The Middle-earth mythology presupposes that Arda became a system of separate bodies traversing the universe at that time. A few years after publishing ''The Lord of the Rings'', in a note associated with the unique narrative story "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth" (which is said to occur in Beleriand during the [[War of the Jewels]]), Tolkien equated Arda with the Solar System; because Arda by this point consisted of more than one heavenly body.<br />
<br />
According to the accounts in both ''The Silmarillion'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', when [[Ar-Pharazôn]] invaded Aman to seize immortality from the Valar, they laid down their guardianship of the world and ''[[Ilúvatar]]'' intervened, destroying Númenor, removing Aman "from the circles of the world", and reshaping Ambar into the round world of today. ''[[Akallabêth]]'' says that the Númenóreans who survived the Downfall sailed as far west as they could in search of their ancient home, but their travels only brought them around the world back to their starting points. Hence, before the end of the Second Age, the transition from "flat Earth" to "round Earth" had been completed.<br />
<br />
The Endor continent became approximately equivalent to the Eurasian land-mass, but Tolkien had proceeded too far with his fictional geography to provide any realistic correlations between the narrative of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and Europe or near-by lands. It is therefore assumed that the reader understands the world underwent a subsequent undocumented transformation (which some people speculate Tolkien would have equated with the Biblical deluge) sometime after the end of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth|*]]<br />
[[Category:Realms|*]]<br />
[[Category:Regions|*]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Middle-earth&diff=31763Talk:Middle-earth2006-09-04T20:58:06Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* Region or Realm? */</p>
<hr />
<div>I've deleted the reference to the Mediterranean, as 'mediterraneus' in Latin doesn't mean 'Middle-earth', but "midland, inland, remote from the sea". So, ''Mare Mediterraneum'' means 'inland sea'.<br />
<br />
- Earendilyon<br />
<br />
== Major Overhaul ==<br />
<br />
I've deleted much infor from the article, which shouldn't have been in it in the first place. Perhaps some of it could be put in seperate articles, if those aren't written yet. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 02:48, 6 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
:One thing I'm still debating in instances such as this is creating 'sub articles', such as Middle-earth/History or creating a page like Middle-earth History. But I do think separation into more detailed articles is a must. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:44, 6 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Two Maps ==<br />
<br />
[[Hyarion]], as it necessary for this article to have two (virtually identical) maps? I'm asking you, 'cause you placed the second one last night. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 01:59, 2 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Virtually identical to the untrained eye! I suppose we could look for some different maps, I was just on my uploading spree and that happened to be one of the images so I threw it in there. I know [[Tolkien Enterprises]] has a thing for maps but I wonder if [[John Howe]]'s violates whatever they dislike about them... --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:36, 2 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Region or Realm? ==<br />
<br />
I think we hardly can call [[Middle-earth]] a Realm. Realm means ''Kingdom'', and M-e never had a King, as far as I can tell. Peoples in it did, and certain parts of it did, but not the whole. So, why change the [[:Category:Regions]] to [[:Category:Realms]]? --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 16:55, 4 September 2006 (EDT)<br />
*If you check the information correctly you will notice i have written <nowiki>[[Category:Realm|*]]</nowiki>. The <nowiki>*</nowiki> donates that is is ''not'' a region or realm but is heavily associated with them. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 16:58, 4 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Earendilyon&diff=31760User talk:Earendilyon2006-09-04T20:54:05Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* *bows* */</p>
<hr />
<div>Just leaving a 'Hi I'm Earendilyon' note ;)<br />
<br />
As a bit of a Latin fan(atic) I registered because I saw a bad translation of a Latin word (see Arda article and discussion). Otherwise, I've no conmtributions (yet) that I know of. But we'll see.<br />
<br />
- Earendilyon<br />
<br />
== Welcome! ==<br />
<br />
Hey there Earendilyon. Just thought I'd leave a bit of a 'hello' for you. Just saw your edit on the [[Arda]] and [[Middle-earth]] articles, great contribution! It's great to have another Tolkien scholar around to help fix all the errors we have accumulated. You wouldn't happen to be the same Earendilyon from [http://www.minastirith.com MinasTirith.com] by any chance would you? Thanks again for stopping in and we'd love to see you back :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 15:59, 1 February 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Hiyah Hyarion!<br />
<br />
Ofcourse, I'm one and the same :) I'm also member at other boards than [http://www.minastirith.com MinasTirith.com] though, but MT is indeed my [[Tolkien]] home base. You may also know me, btw, of my [http://www.geocities.com/dominusanulorum/ Dominus Anulorum] project.<br />
<br />
- Earendilyon<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Ah, very cool! You really need to stop in on the [http://tolkiengateway.net/java/ IRC chat server] we've been trying to get the citizens to chat on there more often but it's going slow. You can find myself, Lord Mithrandir, Ardamir, Halion, and a few other regulars, we've been trying to setup weekly Lore discussions as well. Also forgive the recent site downtime, in the 3+ years we've had the site up that's longest we've been offline and I was just pulling my hair out, oh well at least it's fixed. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 18:31, 4 February 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Spam and Reversions ==<br />
<br />
Thanks for keeping an eye on that spam for me, it comes in everyday and it's become a routine having to remove the filth. They usually edit as anonymous users so I've been tempting to just require anonymous user's edits to be verified by an administrator but I just feel that would take away from the wiki/edit anything instantly aspect.<br />
<br />
If someone has messed up a page beyond recognition a good trick is to click the History tab, and you can see a list of all stages the page has been in, thank goodness the software keeps everything. Then you can click say the last edit by me, and it will show you what the page should look like, before the spam. Then you can just click edit and save and it'll save that older revision over the spam. Sorry I'm terrible at explaining things but hopefully you understand what I mean. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 12:59, 5 February 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
<br />
P.S. Thanks for the help.<br />
<br />
----<br />
I'll see what I can do in that respect. If I don't succeed with this explanation at hand, I'll get in touch :)<br />
<br />
- [[User:Earendilyon|Ear.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
Be careful on [[Talk:Main Page]] when removing the spam because a lot of times the spammer will replace comments on the page with spam, so if we just manually remove the spam we lose the comment(s) that was replaced. The best way is to click the History tab, click the last 'good' edit, click Edit, and then save it. Thanks again for the help :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 11:05, 2 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
Sorry, my mistake. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 04:10, 3 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Minas Tirith Library ==<br />
<br />
One thing I've had in the idea queue is going through [http://www.minastirith.com Minas Tirith's] index topics and library and under 'External Links' on say the [[Balrogs]] article, link to relevant Balrog discussions. The wiki really isn't meant as a forum for debates/discussions so linking to forum discussions would interest people I think. What do you think? Of course we'd utilize other forums after MT but I think it would be a great place to start and give WGW some free traffic. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 19:08, 16 February 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Happy Birthday! ==<br />
<br />
Just thought I'd wish you a happy birthday, luckily I saw the thread on [http://www.minastirith.com Minas Tirith] or I would not have known. As I write in all the birthday cards: Have fun on your birthday...because it could be your last :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 21:51, 16 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
:Thank you very much! I had fun, even though you posted this 2:51 hours after my birthday ended ;) --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 05:27, 17 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
::Hah, well to be fair it was still your birthday where I live :p --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 11:10, 17 March 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== User boxes ==<br />
<br />
Don't be modest with lore-2, go for a lore-3 :p If you think of any other user box ideas, let me know. I think a "This user prefers evil" with a red/black color scheme, then a good one, then maybe a box for each race, etc. Just things to spice up the user pages and add a bit of fun. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 03:31, 21 April 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:I did indeed doubt a bit between lore-2 and lore-3, but decided on 2, as you also have that on your page ;-) Personally, I don't "prefer evil" but rather the "good side".<br />
:Are you suffering from insomnia, btw? You're always up so late in the night! --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 03:36, 21 April 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Hehe, I never stated you should have an evil user box, it was a just suggestion for the site in general, but your quickness to deny it only proves it more so :p It's not very late here, only 12:44pm. The wiki is quite an addiction, I will admit to that, I would have thought this far into it I would have become bored but my interest seems to increase constantly. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 03:44, 21 April 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== *bows* ==<br />
<br />
Hey there :) had someone from [http://www.theone-boards.net theone-boards.net] stop by the chat today, they said they heard about the encyclopedia from some thread and when I went to the forums and saw your name on the active users list I said to myself, hmm, I think I can take a guess where they heard it from :p Just wanted to give you a big thanks for helping to get the word out there. Your quote makes it all worth it :) --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 15:57, 6 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
{{quote|About that "dedication champ" mentioned by Durin, the Tolkien Gateway is led by a very driven guy, Hyarion, and also by some other dedicated contributors. IMHO, it has the potential of becoming the best Tolkien encyclopedia out there, and, moreover, hard on its way to make true that potential.|[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]]}}<br />
<br />
::Well, if you've had a look at that particular thread, it's about starting an encyclopedia at [http://www.theone-boards.net theone-boards.net] itself. I wrote a post in it long before I encountered the Gateway, supporting the idea. Since it (still) isn't more than an idea, I mentioned the Gateway before, and yeasterday again. The more people know about it, the better, I figured :-) --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 07:02, 7 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Death dates==<br />
*It says on their articles that they joined Saruman on his journey into the East. This is most likely where he was corrupted by [[Sauron]] and chances are Alatar and Pallando didn't cooperate and were executed. It is impossible for this to have ''not'' occured sometime before III 3019. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 16:54, 4 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Middle-earth&diff=31759Middle-earth2006-09-04T20:52:03Z<p>Jasca Ducato: added pictures</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:John Howe - The Map of Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Map of Middle-earth'' by [[John Howe]].]]<br />
'''Middle-earth''' is the name used for the inhabitable parts of [[Arda]] (ancient Earth) where the (canonical) stories in [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien's]] legendarium take place. "Middle-earth" is a literal translation of the Old English term ''middangeard'', referring to this world, the habitable lands of men. Tolkien translated 'Middle Earth' as ''Endor'' (or sometimes Endóre) and ''Ennor'' in the [[Elvish]] languages [[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]], respectively. Mythologically, the north of Endor became the Eurasian land-mass after the primitive Earth was transformed into the round world of today.<br />
<br />
Middle-earth's setting is in a fictional period in Earth's own past. Tolkien insisted that Middle-earth is Earth in several of [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|his letters]], in one of them (no. 211) estimating the end of the [[Third Age]] to about 6,000 years before his own time. The action of the books is largely confined to the north-west of the Endor continent, implicitly corresponding to modern-day Europe. [[The History of Middle-earth]] is divided into several Ages: ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' deal exclusively with events towards the end of the [[Third Age]] and conclude at the dawn of the [[Fourth Age]], while ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' deals mainly with the [[First Age]]. The world ([[Arda]]) was originally flat but was made round near the end of the [[Second Age]] by [[Eru Ilúvatar]], the Creator.<br />
<br />
Much of the knowledge of Middle-earth is based on writings that Tolkien did not finish for publication during his lifetime. In these cases, this article is based on the version of the Middle-earth legendarium that is considered [[Canon|canonical]] by most [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]].<br />
<br />
== The name ==<br />
The term "Middle-earth" was not invented by Tolkien, rather it existed in Old English as ''middan&#289;eard'', in Middle English as ''midden-erd'' or ''middel-erd''; in Old Norse it was called ''Midgard''. It is English for what the Greeks called the &omicron;&iota;&kappa;&omicron;&upsilon;&mu;&#941;&nu;&eta; (''oikoumen&#x113;'') or "the abiding place of men", the physical world as opposed to the unseen worlds (''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', 151). <br />
<br />
''Middangeard'' occurs half-a-dozen times in [[Beowulf]], which Tolkien translated and on which he was arguably the world's foremost authority. (See also [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] for discussion of his inspirations and sources). See Midgard and Norse mythology for the older use.<br />
<br />
Tolkien was also inspired by this fragment:<br />
<br />
:''Eala earendel engla beorhtast / ofer middangeard monnum sended.''<br />
:''Hail Earendel, brightest of angels / above the middle-earth sent unto men.''<br />
<br />
in the Crist poem of Cynewulf. The name ''earendel'' (which may mean the 'morning-star' but in some contexts was a name for Christ) was the inspiration for Tolkien's mariner [[Eärendil]].<br />
<br />
The name was consciously used by Tolkien to place ''[[The Hobbit]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', and related writings.<br />
<br />
Tolkien began to use the term "Middle-earth" in the early 1930s in place of the earlier terms "Great Lands", "Outer Lands", and "Hither Lands" to describe the same region in his stories. "Middle-earth" is specifically intended to describe the lands east of the Great Sea ([[Belegaer]]), thus excluding [[Aman]], but including [[Harad]] and other mortal lands not visited in Tolkien's stories. Many people apply the name to the entirety of Tolkien's world or exclusively to the lands described in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<br />
<br />
In ancient Germanic and Old Norse mythology, the universe was believed to consist of nine physical worlds joined together. The world of Men, the Middle-earth, lay in the centre of this universe. The lands of Elves, Gods, and Giants lay across an encircling sea. The land of the Dead lay beneath the Middle-earth. A rainbow bridge, Bifrost Bridge, extended from Middle-earth to Asgaard across the sea. An outer sea encircled the seven other worlds (Vanaheim, Asgaard, Alfheim, SvartAlfheim, Muspellheim, Nidavellir, and Jotunheim). In this conception, a "world" was more equivalent to a racial homeland than a physically separate world.<br />
<br />
== The world ==<br />
''Main article: [[Arda]]''<br />
[[Image:Expanded_Middle-earth.jpg|300px|thumb|left|And extended map of Middle-earth]]<br />
Tolkien stated that the geography of Middle Earth was intended to align with that of our real Earth in several particulars. (''The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien'' #294) Expanding upon this idea some suggest that [http://people.wiesbaden.netsurf.de/~lalaith/Tolkien/Grid.html if the map of Middle Earth is projected on our real Earth], and some of the most obvious climatological, botanical, and zoological similarities are aligned, the [[Hobbits]]' [[Shire]] might lie in the temperate climate of England, [[Gondor]] might lie in the Mediterranean Italy and Greece, [[Mordor]] in the arid Turkey and Middle East, South Gondor and Near [[Harad]] in the deserts of Northern Africa, [[Rhovanion]] in the forests of Germany and the steppes of Western and Southern Russia, and the Ice Bay of [[Forochel]] in the fjords of Norway.<br />
<br />
''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' are presented as Tolkien's retelling of events depicted in the [[Red Book of Westmarch]], which was written by [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Frodo Baggins]], and other Hobbits, and corrected and annotated by one or more Gondorian scholars. Like Shakespeare's ''King Lear'' or Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian stories, the tales occupy a historical period that could not have actually existed. Dates for the length of the year and the phases of the moon, along with descriptions of constellations, firmly fix the world as Earth, no longer than several thousand years ago. Years after publication, Tolkien 'postulated' in a letter that the action of the books takes place roughly 6,000 years ago, though he was not certain.<br />
<br />
Tolkien wrote extensively about the linguistics, mythology and history of the world, which provide back-story for these stories. Many of these writings were edited and published posthumously by his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]].<br />
<br />
Notable among them is ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', which provides a Bible-like creation story and description of the cosmology which includes Middle-earth. ''The Silmarillion'' is the primary source of information about [[Valinor]], [[Númenor]], and other lands. Also notable are ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' and the multiple volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', which includes many incomplete stories and essays as well as numerous drafts of Tolkien's Middle Earth mythology, from the earliest forms down through the last writings of his life.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
[[Image:Middle-earth map.PNG|thumb|Map of Middle-earth]]<br />
J.R.R. Tolkien never defined the geography for the entire world associated with ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. In ''[[The Shaping of Middle-earth]]'', volume IV of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', Christopher Tolkien published several remarkable maps of a "flat Earth" which his father had devised for the first Silmarillion mythology. These maps were cannibalized by Karen Wynn Fonstad to project possible compatible but entirely non-canonical "whole world maps" reflecting a world consistent with the historical ages depicted in ''The Silmarillion'', ''The Hobbit'', and ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
<br />
The only maps ever prepared by Christopher Tolkien and/or J.R.R. Tolkien for the world encompassing ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' were published as foldouts or illustrations in ''The Hobbit'', ''The Lord of the Rings'', and ''The Silmarillion''. Early conceptions of the maps provided in ''The Silmarillion'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' were included in several volumes, including "The First Silmarillion Map" in ''The Shaping of Middle-earth'', "The First Map of the Lord of the Rings" in ''[[The Treason of Isengard]]'', "The Second Map (West)" and "The Second Map (East)" in ''[[The War of the Ring]]'', and "The Second Map of Middle-earth west of the Blue Mountains" (also known as "The Second Silmarillion Map") in ''[[The War of the Jewels]]''.<br />
<br />
None of these maps are consistent with the several "flat Earth" maps, and the extraordinary "flat Earth" concept only survived into the Middle-earth mythology (established in print by the 1950 and later editions of ''The Hobbit'' and all editions of ''The Lord of the Rings'', ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'', ''[[The Road Goes Ever On]]'', and ''The Silmarillion'') as a narrative structure which was not illustrated in any capacity by either J.R.R. Tolkien.<br />
<br />
Any discussion of the geography of Arda (prior to the changes which resulted in the enlargement of Arda to become what Tolkien identified as the Solar System) can only be speculative and fraught with conflicts and contradictions.<br />
[[Image:Middle-earth_peoples.png|thumb|left|250px|The lands of the peoples of Middle-earth]]<br />
The Endor continent, which in the "flat Earth" phase of Middle-earth's mythological history was only one of several which were later either reshaped or taken away from the world (identified by Tolkien as "Ambar" in several texts, but also identified as "Imbar", the Habitation, in later post-LoTR texts), was originally conceived of (by Tolkien, in the earlier ''Silmarillion'' mythologies) as conforming to a largely symmetrical scheme which was marred by Melkor. The symmetry was defined by two large sub-continents, one in the north and one in the south, with each of them boasting two long chains of mountains in the eastward and westward regions. The mountain chains were given names based on colours (White Mountains, Blue Mountains, Grey Mountains, and Red Mountains).<br />
<br />
The various conflicts with Melkor resulted in the shapes of the lands being distorted. Originally, there was a single inland body of water, in the midst of which was set the island of [[Almaren]] where the Valar lived. When Melkor destroyed the lamps of the Valar which gave light to the world, two vast seas were created, but Almaren and its lake were destroyed. The northern sea became the [[Sea of Helcar]] (Helkar). The lands west of the Blue Mountains became [[Beleriand]] (meaning, "the land of the Valar"). Melkor raised the [[Misty Mountains]] to impede the progress of the Vala Orome as he hunted Melkor's beasts during the period of darkness prior to the awakening of the Elves.<br />
<br />
The violent struggles during the [[War of Wrath]] between the Host of the Valar and the armies of Melkor at the end of the First Age brought about the destruction of Beleriand. It is also possible that during this time the inland sea of Helcar was drained.<br />
<br />
From the time of the destruction of the two lamps until the time of the Downfall of Númenor, Ambar was supposed to be a "flat world", in that its habitable land-masses were all arranged on one side of the world, the shape of which Tolkien did not specify. It is generally assumed that he envisioned a disk-like face for the world which looked up to the stars. A western continent, Aman, was the home of the Valar (and the Eldar). The middle lands, Endor, are generally identified with "Middle-earth". The eastern continent was not inhabited.<br />
<br />
When Melkor poisoned the Two Trees of the Valar and fled from Aman back to Endor, the Valar created the Sun and the Moon, which were separate bodies (from Ambar) but still parts of Arda (the Realm of the Children of Iluvatar). The Middle-earth mythology presupposes that Arda became a system of separate bodies traversing the universe at that time. A few years after publishing ''The Lord of the Rings'', in a note associated with the unique narrative story "Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth" (which is said to occur in Beleriand during the [[War of the Jewels]]), Tolkien equated Arda with the Solar System; because Arda by this point consisted of more than one heavenly body.<br />
<br />
According to the accounts in both ''The Silmarillion'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', when [[Ar-Pharazôn]] invaded Aman to seize immortality from the Valar, they laid down their guardianship of the world and ''[[Ilúvatar]]'' intervened, destroying Númenor, removing Aman "from the circles of the world", and reshaping Ambar into the round world of today. ''[[Akallabêth]]'' says that the Númenóreans who survived the Downfall sailed as far west as they could in search of their ancient home, but their travels only brought them around the world back to their starting points. Hence, before the end of the Second Age, the transition from "flat Earth" to "round Earth" had been completed.<br />
<br />
The Endor continent became approximately equivalent to the Eurasian land-mass, but Tolkien had proceeded too far with his fictional geography to provide any realistic correlations between the narrative of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and Europe or near-by lands. It is therefore assumed that the reader understands the world underwent a subsequent undocumented transformation (which some people speculate Tolkien would have equated with the Biblical deluge) sometime after the end of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle-earth|*]]<br />
[[Category:Realms|*]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Gimli_-_Middle-earth_peoples.png&diff=31758File:Gimli - Middle-earth peoples.png2006-09-04T20:50:27Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>*light blue= men of [[Númenorean]] descent<br />
*mid blue = [[Northmen]]<br />
*dark blue = Other [[men]]<br />
*light green = [[elves]]<br />
*dark green = [[ents]]<br />
*magenta = [[hobbits]]<br />
*yellow = [[dwarves]]<br />
*red = enslaved peoples ([[orcs]], [[trolls]], [[dragons]] etc.)<br />
<br />
(Made by "[http://lotr.wikia.com/wiki/Image:Middle-earth_peoples.png Gimli]")</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:Gimli_-_Middle-earth_peoples.png&diff=31756File:Gimli - Middle-earth peoples.png2006-09-04T20:47:38Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div></div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth&diff=31754The Atlas of Middle-earth2006-09-04T20:41:06Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>[[Image:The Atlas of Middle-earth.jpg|thumb|250px|The cover of ''The Atlas of Middle-earth''.]]<br />
'''''The Atlas of Middle-earth''''' by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] is an atlas of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[Middle-earth]]. ISBN 0-395-53516-6<br />
<br />
It is a reference book for [[Tolkien]]'s writings such as ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[The Hobbit]]'', and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', and includes many detailed maps of the lands described in those books.<br />
<br />
The maps are treated as if they are of real landscapes, and are drawn according to the same rules that a real atlas is drawn: for each area the history of the land is taken into account, as well as geography on a larger scale and from there maps are drawn. Discussion includes suggestions as to the geology that could explain various formations, and points that are contradictory between multiple accounts.<br />
<br />
City maps and floor plans for important buildings are also included; these are very often useful for making sense of narrative, especially in [[The Lord of the Rings]]. As well, many battles such as those of [[Beleriand]] and those in the [[War of the Ring]] are illustrated.<br />
<br />
The book was published in 1981, but in 1991 a revised and updated version was published, which took information from ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' series into account. It was, however, published before the final three volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' were published, and thus some maps are based on [[Tolkien]]'s early works, which were revised in later writings.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Books|Atlas of Middle-earth]]<br />
[[Category:Maps|*]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Return_of_the_King&diff=31753The Return of the King2006-09-04T20:38:40Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* Title */</p>
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<div>{{rotkchapters}}<br />
'''''The Return of the King''''' is the third and final volume of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', following ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' and ''[[The Two Towers]]''.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{spoiler}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
<br />
=== Book Five ===<br />
<br />
The Return of the King, being the third and final part of J.R.R. Tolkien's trilogy - The Lord of the Rings - which came out on October 20, 1955. The story begins as Gandalf delivers news to the steward of Gondor that war is imminent. Gandalf brings Pippin with him, who enters the service of the steward. [[Aragorn]] by his courage and leadership proves himself a worthy ruler of men. He is destined to find a lost army of men now dead yet entrapped in a curse set forth long ago by their own disobedience, in the place known as the paths of the dead. The remnants of the Fellowship lead the forces of Gondor and Rohan in defence of Gondor's capital city, [[Minas Tirith]], resulting in the cataclysmic [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. Those characters that manage to survive the battle are led by [[Aragorn]] on a assuredly suicidal feint-attack against the Black Gates of Mordor, partly to distract Sauron from defending his other borders so that Frodo and Sam can gain a clear passage into Mordor. Aragorn's company now surrounds the Black Gates of the Morannon exchanging idle words with the Mouth of Sauron.<br />
<br />
=== Book Six ===<br />
<br />
In the meanwhile, the brave and loyal [[Sam Gamgee]] (who for a short time has himself become the ring-bearer) enables the long-suffering [[Frodo Baggins]] to navigate the barren wasteland of Mordor. For part of the way they are captured by a company of orcs and must pretend to be orcs before they are able to escape. The company, tired and half-alive, finally reach the [[Crack of Doom]], where the [[One Ring]] is destroyed along with [[Gollum]], freeing [[Middle-earth]] from [[Sauron]]'s power forever. This happens when Frodo at the last moment decides to keep the ring rather than destroy it, and is attacked by Gollum who bites off Frodo's finger to take the ring, trips, and falls into the lava while still holding the ring. Frodo and Sam are rescued by the giant eagles who Gandalf rides to Mount Doom, from the black gates of Morannon. After Sauron is defeated, his armies at the black gates flee, and the men of Gondor and Rohan are victorious in the battle.<br />
<br />
Aragorn is crowned King of Gondor at Minas Tirith. After a series of goodbyes, the [[Hobbit]]s return home, only to find [[the Shire]] under the control of 'sharky' who they find out is [[Saruman]], diminished in power but not in malevolence. [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], now experienced warriors of [[Rohan]] and [[Gondor]] respectively, take the lead in setting things right again, and lead an uprising of hobbits against Saruman, freeing the shire. Time passes. The Shire heals, but Frodo does not. Eventually Frodo departs for the [[Undying Lands]] to find healing, along with [[Bilbo Baggins]], [[Gandalf]] and the [[Elves]]. [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]], Merry and Pippin watch them depart and return home in silence. Sam is greeted by his wife Rose and his daughter Elanor. The last line of the book Sam says to Rose; "Well, I'm back".<br />
<br />
== Chapters ==<br />
<br />
''The Return of the King'' is divided into two books - book five and book six. Book Five follows Aragorn and Gandalf up to the opening of the Black Gate. Book Six begins with Frodo and Sam's journey, and details the rest of the story.<br />
<br />
=== Book Five ===<br />
<br />
*'''I - [[Minas Tirith (chapter)|Minas Tirith]]''' - Gandalf with Pippin arrive in Minas Tirith; they talk with [[Denethor]]; Pippin enters the service of the steward.<br />
*'''II - [[The Passing of the Grey Company]]''' - Follows Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli as they pass through the paths of the dead between Rohan and Gondor.<br />
*'''III - [[The Muster of Rohan]]''' - Rohan prepares for war; Merry heads off for Minas Tirith, on a horse with a rider who calls himself Dernhelm. <br />
*'''IV - [[The Siege of Gondor]]''' - Back to Gandalf and Pippin, and the preparations of the city of Minas Tirith for the attack by the armies of Mordor; Minas Tirith is besieged; chapter ends with the gate of Minas Tirith broken, and the army of Rohan finally arriving. <br />
*'''V - [[The Ride of the Rohirrim]]''' - The Rohirrim pass through the Druadan Forest with the aid of the wild men who live there, that are led by Ghan-buri-Ghan; the army arrives in Minas Tirith. (as seen from their point of view)<br />
*'''VI - [[The Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]''' - Armies of Rohan, Gondor fight the armies of Mordor, Rhun and Harad as described in [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]; Merry and Eowyn help to kill the chief of the Nazgul.<br />
*'''VII - [[The Pyre of Denethor]]''' - Denethor goes mad and tries to burn Faramir alive; he is saved by Gandalf; Denethor then sets fire to himself. They discover that Denethor has been using a palantir.<br />
*'''VIII - [[The Houses of Healing]]''' - Merry, Faramir, Eowyn and many others are injured and placed in the houses of healing; Aragorn uses [[kingsfoil]] to help treat the injured.<br />
*'''IX - [[The Last Debate]]''' - Gimli and Legolas meet Merry and Pippin again; the captains of the west hold a counsel on their next action; they decide to send 7000 men against Mordor to march on the Black Gate.<br />
*'''X - [[The Black Gate Opens]]''' - The army, with Gandalf, Aragorn, Gimli, Legolas and Pippin (but not Merry) marches to the black gate. The Mouth of Sauron comes out to discuss terms, and presents tokens which were owned by Frodo; he then departs and the army of Mordor attacks them.<br />
<br />
=== Book Six ===<br />
<br />
*'''I - [[The Tower of Cirith Ungol]]''' - Sam goes to find Frodo in the orc tower.<br />
*'''II - [[The Land of Shadow]]''' - Sam and Frodo make their way into Mordor; they are captured by an orc company<br />
*'''III - [[Mount Doom (chapter)|Mount Doom]]''' - Frodo and Sam reach Mount Doom; the final battle for the ring between Gollum and Frodo.<br />
*'''IV - [[The Field of Cormallen]]''' - The story returns to the Field of Cormallen, continuing from Book Five, chapter X; the eagles arrive; Captains of the west victorious; Frodo and Sam rescued by Gandalf; all the company meets again in Ithilien<br />
*'''V - [[The Steward and the King]]''' - chapter begins in Minas Tirith at the Houses of Healing after the armies departed for the black gate; Eowyn taken to see Faramir, Merry is also in Minas Tirith; later they see the arrival of the armies with Aragorn, Gandalf and the four hobbits; Gandalf crowns Aragorn King of Gondor; Aragorn makes Faramir prince of ithilien and keeps the office of steward; Gandalf takes Aragorn to Mount Mindolluin to survey the lands of his kingdom. On midsummers eve Elrond, Galadriel, Arwen and the elves arrive in the city from the north; wedding of Aragorn and Arwen.<br />
*'''VI - [[Many Partings]]''' - The company rides north to Rohan, then Isengard, where Gimli and Legolas head north through fangorn, Aragorn returns to his kingdom, the rest of the company heads north where they meet Saruman and Wormtongue who were just released from Isengard; Galadriel and the Lorien elves leave over the pass of Caradhras; the hobbits and gandalf then arrive in Rivendell.<br />
*'''VII - [[Homeward Bound]]''' - The hobbits and Gandalf travel to Bree where they stay at the Prancing Pony, and are told by Butterbur that there has been trouble in Bree while they have been away.<br />
*'''VIII - [[The Scouring of the Shire]]''' - The hobbits arrive in the Shire to find it taken over by 'the Chief' or 'Sharkey' at Bag End; Battle of Bywater; the hobbits find Saruman and Wormtongue at Bag End; Wormtongue kills Saruman, and is then killed himself by hobbit archers.<br />
*'''IX - [[The Grey Havens]]''' - cleaning up of the shire; several years pass; Sam and Frodo meet the elves and Bilbo travelling west through the Shire, they travel to the Grey Havens where they meet Gandalf, and Merry and Pippin arrive; Frodo, Bilbo, Gandalf and the elves set sail to the west; Sam returns to Rose and their daughter Elanor at Bag End.<br />
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==Title==<br />
<br />
Tolkien conceived of ''The Lord of the Rings'' as a single volume comprising six sections he called "books" and extensive appendices. The original publisher made the decision to split the work into three parts, publishing the fifth and sixth books and the appendices under the title ''The Return of the King'', in reference to [[Aragorn]]'s assumption of the throne. Tolkien indicated he would have preferred ''The War of the Ring'' as a title, as it gave away less of the story; but he was overruled by his publishers.<br />
<br />
==Structure==<br />
<br />
The structure of ''The Return of the King'' mirrors somewhat that of ''The Two Towers'' in that the first section recounts the various adventures of several characters including a massive battle, and the second section resumes the quest of the [[Ring-bearer]]s.<br />
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* Book V: The War of the Ring<br />
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* Book VI: The End of the Third Age <br />
<br />
* Appendices<br />
:A Annals of the Kings and Rulers<br />
::I The [[Númenor|Númenórean]] Kings<br />
::II The House of [[Eorl the Young|Eorl]]<br />
::III [[Durin]]'s Folk<br />
:B The Tale of Years (Chronology of the Westlands)<br />
:C Family Trees (Hobbits)<br />
:D Calendars<br />
:E Writing and Spelling<br />
::I Pronunciation of Words and Names<br />
::II Writing<br />
:F<br />
::I The [[Languages]] and Peoples of the Third Age<br />
::II On Translation<br />
*Indices<br />
:I Songs and Verses<br />
:II Persons, Beasts and Monsters<br />
:III Places<br />
:IV Things<br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
<br />
* ''[[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', 1980 animated feature made for television, featuring the voices of [[Orson Bean]] and [[John Huston]].<br />
* ''[[Peter Jackson's The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', 2003 theatrical film directed by [[Peter Jackson]].<br />
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{{lotr}}<br />
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[[Category:Books]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Aragorn_II&diff=31751Aragorn II2006-09-04T20:33:23Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>{{youmay|Aragorn II, King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]|[[Aragorn I]], an early [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]}}<br />
{{cleanup}}<br />
{{Royalty infobox<br />
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Aragorn.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name= Aragorn Elessar<br />
| othernames= Estel, Thorongil, Strider, Telcontar, Elessar<br />
| birth= III 2931<br />
| rule= III 3019<br />
| death= IV 120<br />
| realms=[[Gondor]], [[Arnor]] (the [[Reunited Kingdom]])<br />
| race=[[Men]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair= Dark Brown<br />
| eyes=<br />
|}}<br />
{{quote|. . . But he was called Estel, that is "Hope", and his true name and lineage were kept secret at the bidding of Elrond; for the Wise then knew that the Enemy was seeking to discover the Heir of Isildur, if any remained upon the earth.|[[Appendix A]]}}<br />
'''Aragorn II''' ([[Third Age]] March 1, 2931 – [[Fourth Age]] 120, aged 210 years) was the son of [[Arathorn II]] and [[Gilraen]]. He was was a [[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]] and a direct descendant through many generations of [[Isildur]], the last [[High King]] of both [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Aragorn would become the greatest man of his time, leading the [[Men of the West]] against [[Sauron]]'s forces, helping to destroy the [[One Ring]], a reuniting the [[Reunited Kingdom|Kingdoms of Arnor and Gondor]].<br />
<br />
Aragorn was named after his ancestor, [[Aragorn I]]. His name means "Lord of the Tree" in [[Sindarin]].<br />
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==History==<br />
When Aragorn was two years old, his father was slain when a [[Orc]] arrow pierced his eye. As was the tradition of his people, Aragorn was fostered in [[Rivendell]] by [[Elrond]]. By Elrond's order, his identity was kept secret, as he feared he would be slain like his father and grandfather. Aragorn was named '''''[[Estel]]''''' ([[Sindarin]] for "Hope") instead, and was not told about his heritage until he came of age in 2951.<br />
<br />
Elrond revealed to "Estel" his true name and ancestry in 2951, when Aragorn was twenty years old, and delivered to him the shards of [[Narsil]] and the [[Ring of Barahir]]. The next day, in the woods of Rivendell, Aragorn met and fell in love with [[Arwen Evenstar|Arwen]], daughter of Elrond, who had newly returned from [[Lórien in Middle-earth|Lórien]].<br />
<br />
Aragorn took up his proper name as Aragorn II, sixteenth of the Chieftains of the Dúnedain, and went into the [[Wild]].<br />
<br />
In 2953 he was not present in Rivendell for the last meeting of the [[White Council]]. Aragorn met [[Gandalf the Grey]] in 2956, and they became great friends. At Gandalf's advice he began to get interested in the [[Shire]], and became known around the area as '''''Strider'''''.<br />
<br />
From 2957 to 2980 Aragorn took great journeys, serving in the armies of King [[Thengel]] of [[Rohan]], and Steward [[Ecthelion II]] of Gondor. Many of his tasks weakened [[Sauron]] and his allies, which during the [[War of the Ring]] helped the West survive. His name in Gondor and Rohan was '''''Thorongil''''' (Sindarin for "Eagle of the Star"), and with a Gondorian attack force he led an assault on the [[Haven of Umbar]] in 2980, taking the city and slaying its lord. Later in 2980 he was in Lórien, and there once again met Arwen. He gave her the heirloom of his House, the [[Ring of Barahir]], and Arwen pledged her hand to him in marriage.<br />
<br />
Elrond gave his foster-son permission to marry his daughter, on the condition that he must first become king of both Gondor and Arnor, for only a king would be worthy of Arwen's hand. This may seem a harsh condition, but it should be noted that it is significantly more lenient than the closest precedent, King [[Thingol]]'s request that [[Beren Erchamion|Beren]] obtain a [[Silmarils|Silmaril]] from [[Morgoth]] before marrying his daughter [[Lúthien]].<br />
<br />
In 3009, Aragorn went into [[Rhovanion]] in search of [[Gollum]] at Gandalf's request, and he finally caught him in the [[Dead Marshes]] in sight of [[Mordor]], and brought him as a captive to King [[Thranduil]]'s halls in [[Mirkwood]], where he questioned him.<br />
<br />
On September 30, 3018, Aragorn was waiting in the Inn known as [[The Prancing Pony]] in [[Bree]], where he met up with [[Frodo Baggins]], and began his role in the War of the Ring. Aragorn was aged 87 at that time, but because he is of [[Númenórean]] blood he appeared to be in his prime.<br />
<br />
The restoration of the line of Elendil to the throne of Gondor is a major subplot of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'': Aragorn's adventures not only aid Frodo in his Quest, but also bring him closer to the kingship (a move which is politically very complicated). Upon [[Sauron]]'s defeat, in late 3019, Aragorn is crowned as '''''King Elessar''''' ([[Quenya]] for "[[Elessar of Eärendil|Elfstone]]"), a name given to him by [[Galadriel]]. He marries Arwen Undómiel shortly afterwards, and rules the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor until year 120 of the [[Fourth Age]]. He died after 210 years of life and 122 years of reign. His wife Arwen, now mortal, gave up her life shortly afterwards in year 121, aged 2,901.<br />
<br />
He founded the [[House of Telcontar]], and was succeeded by his son [[Eldarion]]. He also had a number of daughters, whose names were not recorded.<br />
<br />
Through his ancestor Elendil, Aragorn is a descendant of the [[Númenóreans]], great [[Men]] who were granted long lives by the [[Valar]]. Though [[Númenor]] was destroyed, its people lived on as the [[Dúnedain]], and like their ancestors they too were long-lived. Thus Aragorn lived to a great age, finally passing on at 210 years.<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In the earliest unpublished versions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (see ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]''), the character that later became Aragorn was called '''''[[Trotter]]''''' instead of Strider, and was a [[Hobbit]] instead of a [[Men|Man]]. He has wooden feet, because he had once traveled to Mordor and been tortured there.<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
<gallery> <br />
Image:Aragorn from Rankin-Bass' The Return of the King.jpg|Aragorn as portrayed in [[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King]]<br />
Image:Strider from Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|Aragorn as portrayed in [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
Image:Aragorn grimace.jpg|[[Viggo Mortensen]] as Aragorn in [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
</gallery> <br />
In the [[Rankin/Bass]] animated version of [[Rankin/Bass' The Return of the King|The Return of the King]], Aragorn is voiced by [[Theodore Bikel]].<br />
<br />
In Ralph Bakshi's animated film [[Ralph Bakshi's The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings]], Aragorn is voiced by [[John Hurt]].<br />
<br />
In [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], Aragorn is played by American actor [[Viggo Mortensen]]. Instead of explaining the complicated circumstances of an heir of Isildur taking the throne in Gondor (see [[Pelendur]] for an example), in the movie Aragorn must overcome his self-doubt to choose the kingship. This cinematic element adds appeal to a modern audience, but in the books there is no doubt of his purpose to return as the king.<br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
<code><br />
[[Eärendil the Mariner|Eärendil]] = [[Elwing]]<br />
| [[Celeborn, Lord of Lórien|Celeborn]] = [[Galadriel]]<br />
| |<br />
--------|-------- |<br />
| | |<br />
| | |<br />
[[Elros]] [[Elrond]] = [[Celebrían]]<br />
: |<br />
: |<br />
: |<br />
: |<br />
[[Elendil]] † | <br />
| |<br />
------|------ | <br />
| | | † [[High King]] of [[Arnor]] ''and'' [[Gondor]]<br />
| | |<br />
[[Isildur]] † [[Anárion son of Elendil|Anárion]] | <br />
: : | <br />
: : |<br />
''The Kings'' ''The Kings'' |<br />
''of [[Arnor]]'' ''of [[Gondor]]'' |<br />
: : |<br />
: : |<br />
: [[Eärnur]] ‡ | ‡ Last [[King of Gondor]]<br />
: |<br />
[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|Chieftains of]] |<br />
[[Chieftains of the Dúnedain|the Dúnedain]] |<br />
: |<br />
: |<br />
[[Arathorn II]] = [[Gilraen]] |<br />
| |<br />
| |<br />
'''ARAGORN II ELESSAR''' = [[Arwen]]<br />
|<br />
-------|-------<br />
| |<br />
| |<br />
[[Eldarion]] ''numerous daughters''<br />
</code><br />
<br />
==Other names and titles==<br />
Aragorn was also known as '''Strider''', '''Elessar Telcontar''' ("Elfstone Strider"), '''Thorongil''', '''The Dúnadan''' ("Man of the West"), '''Longshanks''' (given by [[Bill Ferny]]), '''Wingfoot''' (given by [[Éomer]]), and '''Estel''' ("Hope")<br />
{{sequence<br />
|prev=[[Arathorn II]]<br />
|next=none (abandoned)<br />
|list=[[Chieftain of the Dúnedain]]<br><code>III</code> 2933 – 3019<br />
}}<br />
{{sequence<br />
|prev=[[Eärnur]], 971 years earlier<br />
|next=[[Eldarion]]<br />
|list=[[King of Gondor]]<br><code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120<br />
}}<br />
{{sequence<br />
|prev=[[Arvedui]], 1,046 years earlier<br />
|next=[[Eldarion]]<br />
|list=[[King of Arnor]]<br><code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120<br />
}}<br />
{{sequence<br />
|prev=[[Isildur]], 3,017 years earlier<br />
|next=[[Eldarion]]<br />
|list=[[High King]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]<br><code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120<br />
}}<br />
{{sequence<br />
|prev=none<br />
|next=[[Eldarion]]<br />
|list=[[House of Telcontar]]<br><code>III</code> 3019 – <code>IV</code> 120<br />
}}<br />
{{fellowship}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Aragorn|Images of Aragorn]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dúnedain of the North]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Arnor]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=House_of_Telcontar&diff=31750House of Telcontar2006-09-04T20:32:56Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* List of High Kings from the House of Telcontar */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''House of Telcontar''', previously the House of [[Elendil]], is the [[Royal House]] of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. The House was founded by [[Aragorn]] II during the [[War of the Ring]], who was the last surviving Heir of Elendil, and took the throne under the name [[Elessar]]. <br />
<br />
The name of the House finds its origin in the [[Quenya]] version of [[Elvish]]. During the War of the Ring, [[Peregrin Took]], a companion of Aragorn's in the ''[[Fellowship of the Ring]]'', became a member of the elite Citadel Guard at [[Minas Tirith]], capital of Gondor. When Lord Aragorn entered the city, Peregrin persisted in crudely referring to Aragorn by the nickname he had garnered as a Ranger of the North: "Strider", even in front of foreign dignitaries such as King [[Éomer]] of [[Rohan]]. Aragorn was amused, and decided that the name of the lineage he founded would be "Telcontar", which translates as "Strider" in Quenya. Members of the House of Telcontar are referred to as the "Telcontari", because Telcontari (Striders) is the plural of Telcontar in Quenya.<br />
<br />
Aragorn then took the royal name "Elessar".<br />
<br />
With Queen [[Arwen]], King Elessar reigned for 120 years, before finally surrendering his life. This long reign is attributed to Elessar's descent from the Men of [[Númenor]], who are blessed with long life (he was 87 when he took the throne). He rebuilt the old capital Annuminas in Arnor and later ruled from this northern capital, although the old capital Minas Tirith was still of great political importance. Elessar had one known son, [[Eldarion]], and an unspecified number of daughters. King Elessar was buried with higher honor in Minas Tirith. King Eldarion (his name meaning "From the Elves" in reference to his mother Arwen) was "full ripe for kingship" at the time, and ruled for an unspecified amount of time well into the [[Fourth Age]] of Men. Little is known of Eldarion, save that he left heirs to continue the House of Telcontar after him. <br />
<br />
==List of High Kings from the House of Telcontar==<br />
Of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Arnor and Gondor:<br />
* [[Elessar]] (Fourth Age 1-Fourth Age 120)<br />
* [[Eldarion]] (Fourth Age 120-?)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Gondor]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Plateau_of_Gorgoroth&diff=31749Plateau of Gorgoroth2006-09-04T20:30:50Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{merge|Gorgoroth}}<br />
'''Gorgoroth''', also called '''the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]''', is a plateau in north-western [[Mordor]] in the midst of which stands the volcano [[Mount Doom]]. To the east of Mount Doom upon a spur of the [[Ered Lithui]], [[Sauron]] constructed his fortress of [[Barad-d&ucirc;r]]. During the [[War of the Ring]], Gorgoroth was the location for the mines and forges that produced Mordor's arms and armour.<br />
<br />
The name ''Gorgoroth'' has become notable for it strikingly ugly sound, more so than any other word of name related to Sauron and the Orcs. For that reason, several black metal bands assumed it as their name, of which one rose to certain fame within the black metal scene.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
[http://gorgoroth.org Gorgoroth Official Website] - The official website for the black metal band, Gorgoroth.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Regions]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gorgoroth&diff=31748Gorgoroth2006-09-04T20:30:23Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pronounce|Gorgoroth.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
{{merge|Plateau of Gorgoroth}}<br />
'''Gorgoroth''' is another name for the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]. Its name means approximately '(place of very great) dread'.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - Across Gorgoroth.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''Across Gorgoroth'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Mordor and Sauron]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Plateau_of_Gorgoroth&diff=31747Plateau of Gorgoroth2006-09-04T20:29:42Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Gorgoroth''', also called '''the [[Plateau of Gorgoroth]]''', is a plateau in north-western [[Mordor]] in the midst of which stands the volcano [[Mount Doom]]. To the east of Mount Doom upon a spur of the [[Ered Lithui]], [[Sauron]] constructed his fortress of [[Barad-d&ucirc;r]]. During the [[War of the Ring]], Gorgoroth was the location for the mines and forges that produced Mordor's arms and armour.<br />
<br />
The name ''Gorgoroth'' has become notable for it strikingly ugly sound, more so than any other word of name related to Sauron and the Orcs. For that reason, several black metal bands assumed it as their name, of which one rose to certain fame within the black metal scene.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
[http://gorgoroth.org Gorgoroth Official Website] - The official website for the black metal band, Gorgoroth.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Regions]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Glorfindel_(Rivendell)&diff=31744Talk:Glorfindel (Rivendell)2006-09-04T20:20:12Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>I recently found in [[The History of Middle-earth]] a definite proof (unless Tolkien changed his mind late in life) that the two Glorfindels are actually one. It was a library book that I recently returned, so I can't quote the exact words, but there was a whole chapter on it by Tolkien, and the point was this: "Elven names were almost sacred, and it would be ridiculous to think that a later elf took the name of an earlier great hero". I'm afraid I shall have to borrow it again for an exact quote (I think it was in [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]), but at any rate, if you have the Histories, you will find that it is in there. I suggest the two articles merge. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 16:05, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Great find Narfil, though I do remember there being a debate on multiple [[Legolas]]' as well. If you can go into your Preferences and enable users to send you email I can assist you in finding the quote. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:11, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::It's, indeed, in Vol. XII of ''The History of Middle-earth: The Peoples of Middle-earth'', Part Two: 'Late writings', XIII: 'Last Writings. Of Glorfindel, Cirdan, and other matters'. As this touches upon the matter of [[Canon|canonicity]], I think it's better to leave these two articles seperate. Perhaps the paragraph on Gl. of R. being the one and the same as Gl. of G. should be expanded (in this article; in the other onea link to here)? --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 16:25, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::Hmm, good question. Maybe the debate between the two would be better in simply [[Glorfindel]]? But as this article is the primary one then I would be fine with putting the debate here as well. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:30, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::Well, it is rather annoying to have to divide articles between the two Glorfindels. I think they should be combined, and any objections to this combination listed at the bottom or the top introductory paragraph. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 16:56, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::::I think it's a good idea to place the stuff on the two Glorfindels in the disambig article. I have objections to having the two articles fused to one, as the essay on the subject is in posthumously published writings of Tolkien. We don't know whether or not this were indeed Tolkien's final thoughts on the subject, nor whether or not he even would have wanted the essay to be published. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 02:19, 11 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
*I'm putting a '''merge and redirect''' notice on both pages. Hopefully this should sort it out. [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 16:20, 4 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Ithilien&diff=31742Ithilien2006-09-04T19:54:43Z<p>Jasca Ducato: it is within Gondor, thus a region</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Pronounce|Ithilien.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
[[Image:Ted_Nasmith_-_First_Sight_of_Ithilien.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''First Sight of Ithilien'' by [[Ted Nasmith]].]]<br />
'''Ithilien''' is a region and fiefdom of [[Gondor]].<br />
<br />
Ithilien, or ''Moon-land'', is the only part of [[Gondor]] across the Great River [[Anduin]], wedged in between the river and the [[Ephel Dúath]] of [[Mordor]]. The region is further divided into North and South Ithilien.<br />
<br />
It was a fair and prosperous land during the [[Second Age]] and the first part of the [[Third Age]], when Gondor was strong and Mordor deserted. Of old its chief city was ''Minas Ithil'', but when this was captured by Mordor it was renamed [[Minas Morgul]]. After this the majority of its people fled across the Anduin to escape war, but the [[Stewards of Gondor]] still kept scouts in Ithilien, based on secret locations such as ''[[Henneth Annûn]]''.<br />
<br />
In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Gollum]] leads [[Frodo Baggins]] and [[Samwise Gamgee]] through Ithilien on the way to the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] into Mordor. After witnessing a battle with [[Southrons]] of Harad accompanied by [[Oliphaunts]], the hobbits are found by [[Faramir son of Denethor II|Faramir]], the son of the Steward [[Denethor II|Denethor]], but are allowed to continue when he is satisfied they are not agents of [[Sauron]].<br />
<br />
During the [[Fourth Age]], Ithilien is ruled by the Princes of Ithilien, a line that starts with Faramir and [[Éowyn]] (the White Lady of Ithilien). Minas Morgul is not repopulated, and Faramir rules as Lord of the [[Emyn Arnen]]. After the fall of Sauron, [[Legolas]] brought elves from [[Greenwood the Great|Greenwood]], and they dwelt in Ithilien, and once again it became the fairest country in all the westlands.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Glorfindel_(Gondolin)&diff=31739Talk:Glorfindel (Gondolin)2006-09-04T19:48:13Z<p>Jasca Ducato: An Eagle has picked up Talk:Glorfindel of Gondolin and carried it to Talk:Glorfindel (Gondolin)</p>
<hr />
<div>Just a question of opinion. Should we change the title of this page to '''Glorfindel of the Golden Flower'''? After all, it was his title (and it sounds better than '''Glorfindel of Gondolin'''). --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 16:39, 30 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Keep ''Glorfindel of Gondolin''. Only an expert will known the difference, and if a reader can't find the article he wants, he'll never have a chance to learn the real title. Whenever possibe, cling to the KISS rule: '''''k'''''eep '''''i'''''t '''''s'''''imple '''''s'''''tupid. --[[User:Ebakunin|Ebakunin]] 17:00, 30 May 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Glorfindel_of_Gondolin&diff=31738Glorfindel of Gondolin2006-09-04T19:48:12Z<p>Jasca Ducato: An Eagle has picked up Glorfindel of Gondolin and carried it to Glorfindel (Gondolin)</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Glorfindel (Gondolin)]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Narfil_Pal%C3%B9rfalas&diff=31735User talk:Narfil Palùrfalas2006-09-04T19:38:51Z<p>Jasca Ducato: /* Image categorization */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{w|Hyarion|Hyarion}}<br />
<br />
== Maedhros' mother-name ==<br />
Hello Narfil. Quick question about Maedhros. You have has mother name as ''Caitimo'' in the [[Sons of Fëanor]] entry, but as ''Maitimo'' in the [[Maedhros]] entry. Since I don't have the reference books in front of me, do you remember which is the right entry? Thanks for the help. --[[User:Ebakunin|Ebakunin]] 18:41, 27 April 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
Sorry. ''Maitimo'' is right. For some reason I have it in my head as ''Caitimo'', but this is not correct. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 20:42, 27 April 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Lay of Leithian==<br />
One of my current projects is working on the [[Lay of Leithian]]-related material on this site. I have thus far carried on the project by myself, finishing up a summary of every Canto on this day. I am trying to type out and post every canto, but it is very time-consuming. I was hoping that others who posses a copy of [[the Lays of Beleriand]] might help and finish the task. Also, thanks for the corrections, Ebakunin. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 16:48, 6 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:No problem. You're doing all the heavy lifting. I'm just cleaning up the crumbs. --[[User:Ebakunin|Ebakunin]] 17:06, 6 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Hello, your doing a phenomenal job with the articles. I might have some text from the Lay of Leithian I can send you. If you want to either let me know what your email is or click "Preferences" to validate your email and then click to allow email from other users then I can send it that way. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 18:18, 6 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Aulë's Valarin Name ==<br />
Narfil, would you please double-check [[Aulë]]'s Valarin name? On my browser it looks like this: ''A3ûlêz''. Notice the number 3. Thanks. --[[User:Ebakunin|Ebakunin]] 12:46, 14 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:The number '3' is on purpose; the spirant equivalent of 'g'. See http://www.uib.no/People/hnohf/valarin.htm for an explanation. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 12:54, 14 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Actually I think the 3 was just there because of the inability to render the correct symbol. '''Aȝûlêz''' should be correct if I'm not mistaken. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 12:57, 14 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::On my browser whatever you put in showed as an empty square. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 12:58, 14 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::Odd, the second character is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogh yogh] and renders fine on my screen. I'll look into it. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 13:02, 14 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::::After some searching, I found the HTML codes for upper and lower case '''yoghs''': &#439; and &#658;, as in A&#658;ûlêz. See the edit page for the actual codes ;-) <br />
:::::Edit: I see, though, that the codes don't work on MicroSocks' IE. *rolls eyes* --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 15:40, 14 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== More Maps ==<br />
Narfil, could you make a map of [[Númenor]] using MS Fireworks? I really like what you did with [[Gondolin]]. Thanks. --[[User:Ebakunin|Ebakunin]] 18:23, 11 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Sure. I'll get to work with that. By the way, don't expect the 3d Gondolin for another week or so. I was rather lazy with it last week. Now its just down to multi-replicating the houses to fit the many streets and roadways. Rather boring but time-consuming. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 09:37, 12 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Done! Tell me what you think. The tree [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] drew, by the way. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 18:41, 12 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:I like it a lot. One small thing: could you use a standard font like Tahoma or Ariel for region and city names? The fantasy script is tough to read when its small type. --[[User:Ebakunin|Ebakunin]] 18:56, 12 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::I was thinking about changing the region font as it is hard to read. But if you do see the map full size the font on the cities isn't that small. If you try it full size and you still don't like it, I'll change it to Times New Roman or Ariel. Any other suggestions? --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 19:05, 12 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::Love the map Narfil! When you view it at full size the text is fine by me. Keep up the great work! --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 21:32, 12 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::I'd still like the cities to be in a more regular font. Most people are going to be looking at the map as an embedded image, rather than full screen. Just my two-cents. --[[User:Ebakunin|Ebakunin]] 21:35, 12 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::I can do that. But still, in my opinion it would be too hard to read the names as an embedded image even if they were regular font. I didn't think the font was too hard to read, unless it were the region titles, but then I thought it was large enough. But I'll do that. Thanks. Another thing, though. Now I'm wondering if the tree image is a bit much. Unless you view it full size it looks like someone spilled coffee on the edge or something. It would make it less fancy, but as it is a map I suppose that's fine. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 21:39, 12 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==User pics==<br />
<br />
I was just wondering, is it all right to upload pictures for your user page? --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 08:42, 16 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Yet again something that I have had on my mind but have yet to come to a conclusion on. I believe in the future we should set a limit to how many non-Tolkien images can be uploaded but as long as you are using them on your user page, and you don't have 100 of them on there, and your not using the site as an image hosting service (like uploading them but linking to them from other sites and not using them on pages here) then I think we are fine as space is not a problem. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 10:31, 16 June 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Years Articles ==<br />
<br />
Hello, go ahead and hold off on converting any more year articles. I was playing around with the Fourth Age last night and unfortunately it doesn't seem like we'll be able to do my 'include trick' I was hoping to. I'm kind of liking having the titles non-abbreviated, although ''Years of the Lamps 100'' does seem rather long. In the end I suppose we can always have redirects to all of the non-abbreviated titles. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 11:36, 27 July 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
I just noticed that yesterday, July 29, only one person edited - and that was a non-member signing the Google petition. Is that supposed to tell us something, do you think? --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 12:24, 30 July 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Early return ==<br />
<br />
Welcome back! Just was curious the reason for your early return, I hope you're vacation didn't get spoiled. It's glad to have you back though. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 22:18, 11 August 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:No, it didn't get spoiled. You see (or, I suppose, you do not), we have five children in my family, all younger than I. We had rented a small cabin in the woods (well, within a stone's throw of seven other identical cabins), expecting to be there until the thirteenth. But all of us were practically bored that time (and it rained a little), so we saw no reason to stay any more than two nights, which we did, and returned to spend the rest of our vacation time taking trips from the home. So, I'm technically still on vacation, though no longer away from my computer all day and night. I'll probably be gone much of today, but I'll be back tonight. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 08:52, 12 August 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Image categorization ==<br />
<br />
Hello Narfil, good idea on classifying those images. Do you think a category for images created in Bryce/Fireworks/etc may be too much? What do you think about a ''CG images'' or ''Computer generated images'' or ''CGI'' or something similar category? Otherwise we'd have to add Maya/Photoshop/Photodraw/Paint/etc. Just a thought. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 02:24, 13 August 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:You're right. But I do think we should distinguish between what, for instance, Bryce does, which is computer generating, and what Fireworks does, graphics, which is like Photoshop only more vector-oriented. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 18:29, 13 August 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Moving page==<br />
*I knew about the talk page moving as well so dw lol. And yes i have, i've been at home alot with nothing to do :'( [[User:Jasca Ducato|Jasca Ducato]] 15:38, 4 September 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Glorfindel_(Rivendell)&diff=31728Talk:Glorfindel (Rivendell)2006-09-04T18:53:25Z<p>Jasca Ducato: An Eagle has picked up Talk:Glorfindel of Rivendell and carried it to Talk:Glorfindel (Rivendell)</p>
<hr />
<div>I recently found in [[The History of Middle-earth]] a definite proof (unless Tolkien changed his mind late in life) that the two Glorfindels are actually one. It was a library book that I recently returned, so I can't quote the exact words, but there was a whole chapter on it by Tolkien, and the point was this: "Elven names were almost sacred, and it would be ridiculous to think that a later elf took the name of an earlier great hero". I'm afraid I shall have to borrow it again for an exact quote (I think it was in [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]), but at any rate, if you have the Histories, you will find that it is in there. I suggest the two articles merge. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 16:05, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Great find Narfil, though I do remember there being a debate on multiple [[Legolas]]' as well. If you can go into your Preferences and enable users to send you email I can assist you in finding the quote. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:11, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::It's, indeed, in Vol. XII of ''The History of Middle-earth: The Peoples of Middle-earth'', Part Two: 'Late writings', XIII: 'Last Writings. Of Glorfindel, Cirdan, and other matters'. As this touches upon the matter of [[Canon|canonicity]], I think it's better to leave these two articles seperate. Perhaps the paragraph on Gl. of R. being the one and the same as Gl. of G. should be expanded (in this article; in the other onea link to here)? --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 16:25, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::Hmm, good question. Maybe the debate between the two would be better in simply [[Glorfindel]]? But as this article is the primary one then I would be fine with putting the debate here as well. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 16:30, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::Well, it is rather annoying to have to divide articles between the two Glorfindels. I think they should be combined, and any objections to this combination listed at the bottom or the top introductory paragraph. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 16:56, 10 May 2006 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::::I think it's a good idea to place the stuff on the two Glorfindels in the disambig article. I have objections to having the two articles fused to one, as the essay on the subject is in posthumously published writings of Tolkien. We don't know whether or not this were indeed Tolkien's final thoughts on the subject, nor whether or not he even would have wanted the essay to be published. --[[User:Earendilyon|Earendilyon]] 02:19, 11 May 2006 (EDT)</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Glorfindel_of_Rivendell&diff=31727Glorfindel of Rivendell2006-09-04T18:53:25Z<p>Jasca Ducato: An Eagle has picked up Glorfindel of Rivendell and carried it to Glorfindel (Rivendell)</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Glorfindel (Rivendell)]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Uruk-hai&diff=31724Uruk-hai2006-09-04T18:52:16Z<p>Jasca Ducato: they were designed to be tall and imposing</p>
<hr />
<div>{{race<br />
|image=[[Image:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]<br />
|name= Uruk-hai<br />
|dominions=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]<br />
|languages=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
|height= over 6'<br />
|length=<br />
|skincolor= Probably sallow<br />
|haircolor= Probably black<br />
|feathers=<br />
|distinctions= Elvish ears(?), Large build<br />
|lifespan= Possibly eternal<br />
|members= [[Uglúk]]<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|. . . And others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]], ''[[The Riders of Rohan]]''}}<br />
<br />
The '''Uruk-hai''' ([[Black Speech]]: ''Orc folk'') were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
The Uruk-hai made up a large part of [[Saruman]]'s army, together with the [[Dunland|Dunlendings]] and other [[Men|human]] enemies of [[Rohan]], and similar large Orcs also served as the elite troops of [[Mordor]]. They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though some were still shorter than Men. There are suggestions that the Uruk-hai were the result of crossbreeding Orcs and [[Men]]. Certainly, other creatures in Saruman's armies, and under his command in the Shire, appear to have been hybrids, though these "half-orcs" were as tall as Men and are never described simply as Orcs, as the Uruk-hai frequently are. Saruman's army of Uruk-hai fought against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] of Rohan and his people at [[Helm's Deep]].<br />
<br />
The race of uruks, described as 'black orcs of great strength' first appeared about the year 2475 of the Third Age, when they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]]. These were evidently of Sauron's breeding, but it is not clear that these uruks should be regarded as identical with the Uruk-hai, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved by Saruman.<br />
<br />
The Orcs and Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard, on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. These Uruks of Mordor referred to Sauron as the Great Eye, and [[Grishnakh]] was their captain. They were all long-armed and crook-legged, not as tall as the [[Isengard|Isengarder]] Uruks but larger than the [[Moria]] Orcs. They could see better in the dark than the Isengarders could.<br />
<br />
The Uruk-hai of [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] used an S [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great bows were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. They also appeared different physically: greater stature, swarthy, slant-eyed, thick legs and large hands. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat. He aided them with his wizardry as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the party of Uruks who kidnapped Merry and Pippin, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to the Orcs. [[Uglúk]] led the Uruk-hai of Isengard, and since they were the strongest he felt that he led the [[Hobbits|hobbit]] march as well, insisting on going back by way of Isengard. This was the group that slew [[Boromir]].<br />
<br />
<br />
The name Uruk-hai has the element ''Uruk'', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning ''Orc'', related to the (Valinorean) [[Quenya]] word Urko ([[Noldor|Noldorin]] Quenya: Orko) of the same meaning.<br />
<br />
== Movies ==<br />
In [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], Saruman appears to be the only one who created the Uruks. They are shown in the movie as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on a early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "goblin-men": this may be a dialogue error because in Tolkien's works "Orc" is a synonym for goblin. This description may however refer to humans corrupted by Goblins. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.<br />
<br />
His Uruks include Pikesmen, normal Uruk-Hai, Archers, and Berserkers. <br />
The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armor in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikesmen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry crossbows. Normal Uruks wield a basic sword, cast from iron, simple but heavy, and deadly in an Uruk-hai's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.<br />
<br />
The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, eg in the tower of Minas Morgul when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges than the Orcs, eg the Orcs demanding to eat the hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
Uruk-Hai is the original name of the one-man black metal band Burzum. There is also a Spanish black metal band called Uruk-Hai.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Olog-hai]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Races]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Uruk-hai&diff=31723Uruk-hai2006-09-04T18:51:48Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{race<br />
|image=[[Image:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]<br />
|name= Uruk-hai<br />
|dominions=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]<br />
|languages=Various dialects of the [[Black Speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
|height= over 5'<br />
|length=<br />
|skincolor= Probably sallow<br />
|haircolor= Probably black<br />
|feathers=<br />
|distinctions= Elvish ears(?), Large build<br />
|lifespan= Possibly eternal<br />
|members= [[Uglúk]]<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|. . . And others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]], ''[[The Riders of Rohan]]''}}<br />
<br />
The '''Uruk-hai''' ([[Black Speech]]: ''Orc folk'') were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
The Uruk-hai made up a large part of [[Saruman]]'s army, together with the [[Dunland|Dunlendings]] and other [[Men|human]] enemies of [[Rohan]], and similar large Orcs also served as the elite troops of [[Mordor]]. They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though some were still shorter than Men. There are suggestions that the Uruk-hai were the result of crossbreeding Orcs and [[Men]]. Certainly, other creatures in Saruman's armies, and under his command in the Shire, appear to have been hybrids, though these "half-orcs" were as tall as Men and are never described simply as Orcs, as the Uruk-hai frequently are. Saruman's army of Uruk-hai fought against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] of Rohan and his people at [[Helm's Deep]].<br />
<br />
The race of uruks, described as 'black orcs of great strength' first appeared about the year 2475 of the Third Age, when they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]]. These were evidently of Sauron's breeding, but it is not clear that these uruks should be regarded as identical with the Uruk-hai, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved by Saruman.<br />
<br />
The Orcs and Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard, on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. These Uruks of Mordor referred to Sauron as the Great Eye, and [[Grishnakh]] was their captain. They were all long-armed and crook-legged, not as tall as the [[Isengard|Isengarder]] Uruks but larger than the [[Moria]] Orcs. They could see better in the dark than the Isengarders could.<br />
<br />
The Uruk-hai of [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] used an S [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great bows were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. They also appeared different physically: greater stature, swarthy, slant-eyed, thick legs and large hands. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat. He aided them with his wizardry as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the party of Uruks who kidnapped Merry and Pippin, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to the Orcs. [[Uglúk]] led the Uruk-hai of Isengard, and since they were the strongest he felt that he led the [[Hobbits|hobbit]] march as well, insisting on going back by way of Isengard. This was the group that slew [[Boromir]].<br />
<br />
<br />
The name Uruk-hai has the element ''Uruk'', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning ''Orc'', related to the (Valinorean) [[Quenya]] word Urko ([[Noldor|Noldorin]] Quenya: Orko) of the same meaning.<br />
<br />
== Movies ==<br />
In [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], Saruman appears to be the only one who created the Uruks. They are shown in the movie as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on a early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "goblin-men": this may be a dialogue error because in Tolkien's works "Orc" is a synonym for goblin. This description may however refer to humans corrupted by Goblins. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.<br />
<br />
His Uruks include Pikesmen, normal Uruk-Hai, Archers, and Berserkers. <br />
The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armor in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikesmen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry crossbows. Normal Uruks wield a basic sword, cast from iron, simple but heavy, and deadly in an Uruk-hai's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.<br />
<br />
The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, eg in the tower of Minas Morgul when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges than the Orcs, eg the Orcs demanding to eat the hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
Uruk-Hai is the original name of the one-man black metal band Burzum. There is also a Spanish black metal band called Uruk-Hai.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Olog-hai]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Races]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Uruk-hai&diff=31722Uruk-hai2006-09-04T18:51:23Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{race<br />
|image=[[Image:John Howe - The Uruk-hai.jpg|250px]]<br />
|name= Uruk-hai<br />
|dominions=[[Isengard|Northern Rohan and Isengard]], [[Mordor]]<br />
|languages=Various dialects of the [[Black speech]], [[Westron]]<br />
|height= over 5'<br />
|length=<br />
|skincolor= Probably sallow<br />
|haircolor= Probably black<br />
|feathers=<br />
|distinctions= Elvish ears(?), Large build<br />
|lifespan= Possibly eternal<br />
|members= [[Uglúk]]<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|. . . And others, too, came out of the forest. Great Orcs, who also bore the White Hand of [[Isengard]]: that kind is stronger and more fell than all the others.|[[Éomer]], ''[[The Riders of Rohan]]''}}<br />
<br />
The '''Uruk-hai''' ([[Black Speech]]: ''Orc folk'') were a new breed of [[Orcs]] that appeared during the [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
The Uruk-hai made up a large part of [[Saruman]]'s army, together with the [[Dunland|Dunlendings]] and other [[Men|human]] enemies of [[Rohan]], and similar large Orcs also served as the elite troops of [[Mordor]]. They were faster than normal Orcs and could travel during the day without being weakened. They were not only faster but smarter, stronger and larger, though some were still shorter than Men. There are suggestions that the Uruk-hai were the result of crossbreeding Orcs and [[Men]]. Certainly, other creatures in Saruman's armies, and under his command in the Shire, appear to have been hybrids, though these "half-orcs" were as tall as Men and are never described simply as Orcs, as the Uruk-hai frequently are. Saruman's army of Uruk-hai fought against [[Kings of Rohan|King]] [[Théoden]] of Rohan and his people at [[Helm's Deep]].<br />
<br />
The race of uruks, described as 'black orcs of great strength' first appeared about the year 2475 of the Third Age, when they conquered [[Ithilien]] and destroyed the city of [[Osgiliath]]. These were evidently of Sauron's breeding, but it is not clear that these uruks should be regarded as identical with the Uruk-hai, who could be a further 'improvement' to the race achieved by Saruman.<br />
<br />
The Orcs and Uruks in the service of [[Barad-dûr]], the folk of Mordor, used the symbol of the red [[Eye of Sauron]]. The Red Eye was also painted on their shields. At least one, a guard, on the march with [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] had a black knife with a long saw-edged blade, used by Pippin to cut through the ropes on his hands. These Uruks of Mordor referred to Sauron as the Great Eye, and [[Grishnakh]] was their captain. They were all long-armed and crook-legged, not as tall as the [[Isengard|Isengarder]] Uruks but larger than the [[Moria]] Orcs. They could see better in the dark than the Isengarders could.<br />
<br />
The Uruk-hai of [[Saruman|Saruman the White]] used an S [[Cirth|elf-rune]] wrought in white metal on the front of their iron helms. It was clear this "S" stood for Saruman, because their shields had a small white hand (the symbol of Saruman) centered on a black field. [[Aragorn]] commented that their gear was not in the manner of other Orcs at all. Instead of curved scimitars, they used short, broad-bladed swords. Their great bows were made of yew wood, in length and shape as those of Men. They also appeared different physically: greater stature, swarthy, slant-eyed, thick legs and large hands. Although they did not like the light of the [[Sun]], they could withstand it better than other orcs. Saruman promised them man-flesh as a treat. He aided them with his wizardry as well: when Aragorn, [[Gimli]], and [[Legolas]] followed the party of Uruks who kidnapped Merry and Pippin, Saruman's will caused weariness of the heart for the pursuers and lent speed to the Orcs. [[Uglúk]] led the Uruk-hai of Isengard, and since they were the strongest he felt that he led the [[Hobbits|hobbit]] march as well, insisting on going back by way of Isengard. This was the group that slew [[Boromir]].<br />
<br />
<br />
The name Uruk-hai has the element ''Uruk'', which is a [[Black Speech]] word meaning ''Orc'', related to the (Valinorean) [[Quenya]] word Urko ([[Noldor|Noldorin]] Quenya: Orko) of the same meaning.<br />
<br />
== Movies ==<br />
In [[Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]], Saruman appears to be the only one who created the Uruks. They are shown in the movie as being released from a kind of membrane in the mud deep under Isengard (special commentary on the DVD edition explained that they were trying to base the scene on a early description of Tolkien's that Orcs "worm their way out of the ground like maggots"). In the movies Uruk-hai are described as a crossbreed between Orcs and "goblin-men": this may be a dialogue error because in Tolkien's works "Orc" is a synonym for goblin. This description may however refer to humans corrupted by Goblins. These Uruks are sent after the Fellowship, and their leader is [[Lurtz]], a movie-only character.<br />
<br />
His Uruks include Pikesmen, normal Uruk-Hai, Archers, and Berserkers. <br />
The Berserkers are the shock troops. When they were first spawned a helmet filled with blood was placed on their heads, so that they were filled with a bloodlust for their enemies. They carry doubly-bent swords, and forgo any armor in lieu of agility, slaying foes left and right, completely devoid of fear and pain. Pikesmen, as the name suggests, carry long pikes, while archers carry crossbows. Normal Uruks wield a basic sword, cast from iron, simple but heavy, and deadly in an Uruk-hai's strong grip. They also use bladed shields, as seen in [[Amon Hen]] during [[Aragorn]]'s fight against Lurtz.<br />
<br />
The Uruks were also very efficient using siege equipment, and had been trained to use crossbows with deadly accuracy. The Uruks, like the lesser Orcs, seemed to not care of each other's presence, shown by the battering ram wielders at Helm's Deep, barging each other off of the thin bridge. The Uruks also hated the Orcs, believing they were a lesser being and often rioting, eg in the tower of Minas Morgul when Shagrat and Gorbag argued over Frodo's vest of Mithril and starting a mass war within the tower. The Uruks seem also to be able to control natural urges than the Orcs, eg the Orcs demanding to eat the hobbits they had captured, while the Uruks were protective. It would seem the only way Orcs were better than Uruks is in treachery, lying and being devious. The Uruks are also not seen to ever ride a mount, possibly due to size, weight and build (the Wargs which attacked the Rohan migration were ridden by trained Orcs).<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
Uruk-Hai is the original name of the one-man black metal band Burzum. There is also a Spanish black metal band called Uruk-Hai.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Olog-hai]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Races]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Palant%C3%ADri&diff=31720Palantíri2006-09-04T18:49:22Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>[[Image:Saruman with Palantir from Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Saruman]] with Palantir from Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
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{{quote|The ''palantír'' replied to each, but all those in [[Gondor]] were ever open to the view of [[Osgiliath]]. Now it appears that, as the [[Tower of Orthanc|rock of Orthanc]] has withstood the storms of time, so there the ''palantír'' of that tower has remained. But alone it could do nothing but see small images of things far off and days remote. Very useful, no doubt, that was to [[Saruman]]; yet it seems that he was not content. Further and further abroad he gazed, until he cast his gaze upon [[Barad-dûr]]. Then he was caught!|[[Gandalf]], ''[[The Palantír]]''}}<br />
A '''palantír''' (sometimes translated as ''Seeing Stone'' but actually meaning "One that sees from afar") is a stone that functions somewhat like a crystal ball. When one looks in it, he can communicate with other Stones and anyone who might be looking into them; people of great power can manipulate the Stones to see virtually any part of the world. They were made by the Elves of [[Valinor]] in the [[Uttermost West]], almost certainly by the [[Ñoldor]] and possibly by [[Fëanor]]. Many ''palantíri'' were made, but the number is not known. Some had power over other Stones. The stones had various sizes. The smallest had a diameter of about a foot, while the largest filled a large chamber. The master stone was kept in the tower of ''Avallonë'' on [[Tol Eressëa]]. They are known to have a power over people, as seen from the experience of [[Peregrin Took]] and the Orthanc-stone.<br />
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Some of the stones were given to the [[Dúnedain]] of [[Númenor]] as a gift, during the [[Second Age]]. Of these, [[Elendil]] took seven with him on his flight to Middle-earth, and in time they were distributed among seven places: four in [[Gondor]] and three in [[Arnor]]. By the end of the [[Third Age]], three had been lost forever, one was locked in [[Elostirion]], one was buried amongst the ruins of the Dark Tower of [[Barad-dûr]] and a sixth had been rendered virtually unusable. The seventh stone was retained by the king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]].<br />
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[[Image:John Howe - Saruman's Palantir.jpg|thumb|left|''Saruman's Palantir'' by [[John Howe]].]]<br />
* The Stone of '''[[Osgiliath]]''' was the largest stone among the seven, and chief among them. It was placed in a prominent building in the capital city of the kingdom of Gondor. The ceiling was painted to resemble a starry sky, and gave its name (''os-giliath'', the [[Dome of Stars]]) to the city itself. This Stone was the first to be lost: during the civil war of the [[Kin-strife]] around the middle of the Third Age, it fell into the river [[Anduin]].<br />
<br />
* One Stone was placed in the tower of [[Elostirion]] in the [[Tower Hills]], just west of [[The Shire]]. Until it was taken back to the West with the three [[Three Rings|Elven Rings]], it could be used to look along the [[Straight Road]] to [[Avallonë]]. <br />
<br />
* The other two Stones in [[Arnor]] were those of the watch-tower of '''[[Amon Sûl]]''' and the city of '''[[Annúminas]]'''. Both of these were lost when [[Arvedui]] Last-king was shipwrecked in the Ice-bay of Forochel, in [[Third Age|T.A.]] 1975.<br />
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* One Stone was placed at '''[[Minas Ithil]]''' in the mountains that came to be known as the [[Ephel Dúath]]. When Minas Ithil fell to the [[Nazgûl]], the Ithil-stone was taken to the [[Barad-dûr]] and used by [[Sauron]]. It was presumably destroyed at the fall of Sauron.<br />
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* One Stone was placed at '''[[Orthanc]]''', the great tower built by the [[Dúnedain]] in the Second Age at the southern end of the [[Misty Mountains]]. It fell into the hands of the wizard [[Saruman]], who used it to garner information on his neighbors and their activities. The stone was also partially responsible for Saruman's fall from grace, as he was using it when he came upon [[Sauron]], and was ensnared by him, though his transformation to one of the fallen [[Maiar]] had undoubtedly begun much earlier. Saruman later used the stone to confer with [[Sauron]] through the Ithil-stone in Barad-dûr, and plan much of their mutual cooperation throughout the [[War of the Ring]]. This communication likely influenced his decision that resistance against Sauron was futile.<br><br>Later, [[Gríma Wormtongue|Gríma]], also called [[Wormtongue]], cast the stone down from [[Orthanc]], where it was recovered by [[Peregrin Took]] and turned over to [[Gandalf]]. Peregrin inadvertently contacted [[Sauron]], after which Gandalf turned the stone over to [[Aragorn]].<br/><br/> Using the stone, Aragorn declared himself as the heir of [[Isildur]] to Sauron, seeking to distract him from [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]. Sauron was led to believe that the [[One Ring]] had fallen into the hands of Aragorn or some other Western leader, and this was partly responsible for Sauron's hasty assault against [[Gondor]]. Sauron's attack, before he was fully ready, deeply influenced the outcome of the war. The Orthanc-stone remained in the custody of the Kings of Gondor in the [[Fourth Age]].<br />
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* One Stone was placed at [[Minas Anor]], later renamed '''[[Minas Tirith]]''' and made the capital of [[Gondor]]. It was ultimately used by Steward [[Denethor]] to spy on [[Sauron]]. [[Denethor]] did not become corrupted, but the great effort of will that this required of him led him to age quickly. Furthermore, using the Ithil-stone, [[Sauron]] largely controlled what Denethor saw, leading to the latter's despair and insanity. [[Denethor]] was holding the stone when he committed suicide on a funeral pyre, and after this, only people of exceeding power could see in it anything other than two flaming hands.<br />
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[[Image:Morgen Bell - The Palantir.jpg|thumb|200px|left|''The Palantir'' by Morgen Bell]]<br />
The stones' gaze can pierce anything except darkness and shadow. A technique called ''shrouding'' was used when something was to be kept secret from the enemies' eyes. Knowledge of this technique was however lost long ago, although Sauron probably knew of it.<br />
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A '''Master Stone''' remained in [[Avallonë]] on [[Tol Eressëa]], but no record is made of successful communication from any Palantír of Middle-earth to this one.</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Template:Kingdom&diff=31718Template:Kingdom2006-09-04T18:46:29Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right; clear:right; margin: 0 0 .5em 1em; width:300px; background:#ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999999; font-size:smaller; line-height:1.5;"><br />
<tr><td colspan="2"><div id="infoboxinternal"><br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0 0; width:100%; background:#ffffff; border-collapse:collapse;"><br />
<tr style="text-align:center;"><td colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#{{{BG1|999999}}};">{{{image|}}}</td></tr><br />
<tr style="text-align:center; color:#ffffff; background:#{{{BG1|999999}}}; font-size:larger;"><th colspan="2">{{{name}}}</th></tr> {{t|1=|1{{{hidep|}}}=<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#{{{BG2|CCCCCC}}};">'''Political information'''</th></tr>}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Type&nbsp;of&nbsp;government</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{type|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{type|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Meaning&nbsp;of&nbsp;Name</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{meaning|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{meaning|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Head&nbsp;of&nbsp;State</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{headofstate|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{headofstate|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Executive&nbsp;branch</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{executive|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{executive|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Legislative&nbsp;branch</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{legislative|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{legislative|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Judicial&nbsp;branch</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{judicial|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{judicial|}}}=}} {{t|1=|1{{{hides|}}}=<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#{{{BG2|CCCCCC}}};">'''Societal information'''</th></tr>}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Capital</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{capital|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{capital|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Official&nbsp;language</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{language|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{language|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Location</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{location|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{location|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Populous</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{populous|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{populous|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Currency</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{currency|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{currency|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">State&nbsp;religious&nbsp;body</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{religious|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{religious|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">National&nbsp;holiday</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{holiday|}}}<br />
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{{{anthem|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{anthem|}}}=}} {{t|1=|1{{{hideh|}}}=<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#{{{BG2|CCCCCC}}};">'''Historical information'''</th></tr>}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Formed&nbsp;from</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
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{{{established|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{established|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Date&nbsp;of&nbsp;reorganization</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{reorganized|}}}<br />
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{{{fragmented|}}}<br />
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{{{restored|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{era|}}}=}} </table></div></td></tr><tr><td id="infoboxend" class="plainlinks" style="text-align:right; width:49%;"></td><td style="text-align:left; width:51%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Template:Kingdom|[Source]]]</td></tr></table><noinclude><br />
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===Usage instructions===<br />
Paste the following code at the beginning of the article, filing all relevant fields. If a field doesn't apply, just leave it blank.<br /><br />
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</noinclude></div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Mordor&diff=31717Mordor2006-09-04T18:45:07Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>{{kingdom<br />
| image = <br />
| name = Mordor<br />
| meaning = The Black Land, The Land of Shadow<br />
| type = Distatorial Monarchy<br />
| headofstate = [[Sauron|Dark Lord Sauron]]<br />
| executive = <br />
| legislative = <br />
| judicial = <br />
| capital = [[Barad-dûr]]<br />
| language = [[Black Speech]]<br />
| location = East of [[Gondor]], South of [[Rhûn]]<br />
| populous= [[Orc]]s, Nurn slaves<br />
| currency = <br />
| religious = <br />
| holiday = <br />
| anthem = <br />
| formed = <br />
| established = <br />
| reorganized = III 2943<br />
| fragmented = II 3341<br />
| dissolved = III 3019<br />
| restored = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mordor''' is the dwelling place of [[Sauron]], in the southeast of Middle-earth to the East of Anduin, the great river. [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] and [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]] went there to destroy the [[One Ring]]. Mordor was unique because of the three enormous mountain ridges surrounding it, from the North, from the West and from the South, that protected this land from an unexpected invasion by any of the people living in those directions.<br />
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== Geography ==<br />
Mordor was protected from three sides by mountain ranges, arranged roughly rectangularly: [[Ered Lithui]] in the north, [[Ephel Dúath]] in the west, and an unnamed (or possibly still called Ephel Dúath) range in the south. In the northwest corner of Mordor the deep valley of [[Udûn]] was the only entrance for large armies, and that is where Sauron built the Black Gate of Mordor. In front of the [[Morannon]] lay the [[Dagorlad]] or the ''Battle Plain''. Sauron's main fortress [[Barad-dûr]] was at the foothills of [[Ered Lithui]]. To southwest of Barad-dûr lay the arid plateau of [[Gorgoroth]] and [[Mount Doom]]; to the east lay the plain of [[Lithlad]]. A narrow pass led through Ephel Dúath and the fortress of [[Minas Morgul]] (earlier [[Minas Ithil]]) was guarding that; an even more difficult pass was guarded by the giant spider [[Shelob]] and the fortress of [[Cirith Ungol]]. Another known fortress was [[Durthang]] in northern Ephel Dúath.<br />
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The southern part of Mordor, [[Nurn]], was slighly more fertile, and moist enough to carry the inland [[sea of Núrnen]]. Nurn was made somewhat fertile because the ash blown from Mount Doom left its soil nutrient rich, thus allowing dry-land farming. Unfortunately, the inland sea of Núrn was salty, not freshwater. <br />
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To the west of Mordor was the narrow land of [[Ithilien]] with the city of [[Osgiliath]] and the great river [[Anduin]], to the northeast [[Rhûn]], and to the southeast, [[Khand]].<br />
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== Formation ==<br />
Mordor was a relic of the devastating works of [[Morgoth]], apparently formed by massive volcanic eruptions. It was given the name Mordor already before Sauron settled there, because of its volcano [[Orodruin]] and its eruptions. Sauron however was the first to settle there.<br />
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== History ==<br />
<br />
'''See also:''' [[Timeline]]<br />
<br />
=== Early history ===<br />
<br />
Sauron settled in Mordor 1,000 years after the end of the First Age, and it remained the pivot of his evil contemplations for the whole of the [[Second Age|Second]] and Third Ages of Middle-earth. In the north-western corner of this land stood Mount Doom or [[Orodruin]], where Sauron had forged the [[One Ring]]. Near Orodruin stood Sauron's stronghold [[Barad-dûr]]. After this time, Sauron was known as the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lord of Mordor]].<br />
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For two and a half thousand years, Sauron ruled Mordor uninterruptedly. Having wrought the Ring, it was from there that he launched the attack upon the Elves of [[Eregion]]. He was repelled by the Men of [[Númenor]]. He fought against the Men again, almost a thousand years later; that time, he was captured by the Númenóreans and brought to their island kingdom, eventually causing its destruction (see ''[[Akallabêth]]''). Immediately after [[Númenor]]'s destruction, Sauron returned to Mordor as a spirit and resumed his rule.<br />
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=== The Last Alliance and Third Age===<br />
<br />
Sauron's rule was interrupted yet again when his efforts to overthrow the surviving Men and Elves failed, and they fought their way back to their foe's domain. After several years of siege, forces of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men came into Mordor. Sauron was defeated in a final battle on the slopes of Orodruin. For about a thousand years, Mordor was guarded by [[Gondor]] in order to prevent any evil forces from breaking out.<br />
<br />
However Gondor had failed in the long run, and deprived of guard, Mordor began to fill with evil things again. [[Minas Ithil]] was conquered by the Nine [[Ringwraiths]]; other fortifications that were supposed to defend Gondor from the menace inside Mordor were turned into a means of shielding Mordor. By the time Sauron returned into Mordor after his false defeat in [[Dol Guldur]] (in the events that took place at the time of [[Bilbo Baggins]]'s [[The Hobbit|quest]]), Mordor was protected too well to be captured by any military might that was available in Middle-earth at the end of the Third Age. In the north of Mordor during the War of the Ring were the great garrisons and forges of war, while surrounding the bitter inland Sea of Núrnen to the south lay the vast fields tended for the provision of the armies by hordes of slaves brought in from lands to the east and south.<br />
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=== War of the Ring ===<br />
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During the War of the Ring, Sauron gathered all his forces to Mordor. After the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], a Host of the West went to the Black Gate. Sauron sent his army to destroy the Men of Gondor and Rohan, but then [[Frodo Baggins]] destroyed the One Ring and Mordor fell. The Dark Tower, the Black Gate and the Towers of Teeth collapsed to ruin. Mount Doom exploded. Both Sauron and his Ringwraiths were apparently destroyed.<br />
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After the ultimate defeat of Sauron, Mordor became mostly empty again as the [[Orcs]] inside it fled or were killed. Crippled by thousands of years of abuse and neglect, but capable of sustaining life, the land of Mordor was given to the defeated foes of Gondor as a consolation, as well as to the freed slaves of Nurn who were formerly forced to farm there to feed the armies of Mordor.<br />
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== Naming ==<br />
Mordor actually has two meanings: "The Black Land" in Tolkien's contrived language [[Sindarin]], and "The Land of Shadow" in [[Quenya]]. The root ''mor'' ("dark", "black") also appears in [[Moria]]. ''Dor'' ("land") also appears in ''Gondor'' ("stone-land") and ''[[Doriath]]'' ("fenced land"). The Quenya word for Shadow is "mordo".<br />
<br />
A proposed etymology out of the context of Middle-earth is [[Old English]] ''morthor'', which means "mortal sin" or "murder". (The latter are descended from the former.) It is not uncommon for names in Tolkien's fiction to have relevant meanings in several languages, both those invented by Tolkien, and "real" ones, but this of course happens with any two languages. ''Mordor'' is also a name cited in some [[Nordic mythology|Nordic mythologies]] referring to a land where its citizens practise evil without knowing it, imposed on themselves by the society long created for that purpose. This quite fits with Tolkien's Mordor.<br />
<br />
----<br />
In ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]'', [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] assumed that the lands of Mordor, [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]] lay where the inland [[Sea of Helcar]] had been, and that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] were its remnants. The atlas was however published before ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', where it turned out that the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and Mordor existed already in the First Age.<br />
<br />
'''Compare:''' [[Moria]]<br />
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[[Category:Realms]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Arnor&diff=31716Arnor2006-09-04T18:43:38Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>{{kingdom<br />
| image = <br />
| name = Arnor<br />
| meaning= Land of the King, High Lands<br />
| type = Monarchy<br />
| hidep=yes<br />
| headofstate = King of [[Arnor]], King of the [[Reunited Kingdom]]<br />
| executive = <br />
| legislative = <br />
| judicial = <br />
| capital = Annúminas <br />
| language = [[Westron]]<br />
| location = [[Eriador]]<br />
| populous = [[Men]], [[Hobbit]]s, [[Elves]], [[Dúnedain]]<br />
| currency = <br />
| religious = <br />
| holiday = <br />
| anthem = <br />
| formed = the [[Downfall of Númenor]] in II 3319<br />
| established = II 3320<br />
| reorganized = <br />
| fragmented = <br />
| dissolved = III 1600<br />
| restored = III 3019<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Arnor''', or the '''Northern Kingdom''', was a kingdom of the [[Dúnedain]] in the land of [[Eriador]] in [[Middle-earth]]. The name probably means "Land of the King", from [[Sindarin]] '''Ara-''' (high, kingly) + '''(n)dor''' (land).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It was founded at the end of the [[Second Age]] (S.A. 3320) by [[Elendil]], whose sons founded [[Gondor]] at the same time. The history of the two kingdoms is intertwined; both kingdoms are known as the Realms of the [[Dúnedain in Exile]]. <br />
<br />
Before the foundation of Arnor there was already a sizable [[Númenórean]] population living there, a result of the slow emigration of [[Númenóreans]] which had started under [[Tar-Meneldur]] and [[Tar-Aldarion]]. Before the arrival of the [[Dúnedain]] Arnor was home to [[Middle Men]] of [[Edain]] stock, and the early colonists soon interbred with the indigenous population. Arnor was originally favoured over the more southern regions (Gondor) because the [[Elves]] under [[Gil-galad]] lived near it across the river [[Lhûn]]. However, in later days after the [[Númenóreans]] fell under [[Sauron]]'s shadow they settled more to the south. This led to a situation where [[Elendil]] arrived in an area populated by people who, unlike his own [[Númenóreans]], were mainly still friends with the [[Elves]], and unlike [[Gondor]] to the south in Arnor much knowledge of the [[Elder Days]] was preserved.<br />
<br />
Arnor's second king [[Isildur]] (also King of [[Gondor]]) was killed in [[Third Age|T.A.]] 2 by [[Orcs]] in the disastrous [[Battle of the Gladden Fields]]. His three eldest sons were killed with him, but the fourth and youngest, [[Valandil]], survived and became king of Arnor (T.A 2 or 10?).<br />
<br />
Because [[Valandil]] and his heirs did not claim the throne of [[Gondor]] the realms were split, but Arnor's ruler kept the title [[High King]], whereas in the south the ruler was 'just' King.<br />
<br />
==Decline==<br />
Arnor's capital was [[Annúminas]] on [[Lake Evendim]], but by [[Third Age|T.A.]] 861 [[Fornost Erain]] had become the capital instead as Annúminas became depopulated.<br />
<br />
After the death of its tenth king, [[Eärendur]], in [[Third Age|T.A.]] 861, Arnor was shaken by civil war between the three sons of [[Eärendur]]. The eldest son, [[Amlaith]], claimed Kingship over all Arnor but was reduced to only ruling the region of [[Arthedain]] as his kingdom, while the other sons founded the kingdoms of [[Cardolan]] and [[Rhudaur]].<br />
<br />
Arnor was refounded in name by [[Arthedain]]'s king [[Argeleb I]], when [[Cardolan]] placed itself under the suzerainty of [[Arthedain]]. However, even [[Arthedain]] was eventually destroyed. The people of Arnor were mostly wiped out by the wars, but the [[Hobbits]] survived in [[the Shire]], men survived in [[Bree]] and probably other villages, and the [[Dúnedain]] of Arnor created new homes in the [[Angle]] south of [[Rivendell]], where some of them became known as the [[Rangers of the North]].<br />
<br />
==Reunited Kingdom==<br />
[[Aragorn II]] as [[Aragorn Elessar|King Elessar]] refounded the Kingdom of Arnor as part of the [[Reunited Kingdom]], and again made [[Annúminas]] his capital city. After the fall of [[Sauron]] Arnor was safe again for human population, and although it remained less populated than [[Gondor]] to the south in time Arnor became a more densely populated area again, even if it had dwindled in size due to the independence of the [[Shire]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Kings of Arnor]]<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
'''Arnor''' was also the name of a software house which developed and published a range of business and utility software in the 1990s. Their Protext word processor sold over 100,000 copies on a range of platforms including the Amstrad PCW and MS-DOS.<br />
{{Transcribed|Arnor_tengwar.png|Arnor|Tengwar, Sindarin mode}}<br />
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{{Clearright| }}<br />
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{{Pronounce|Arnor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
[[Category:Pronounced articles]]<br />
[[Category:Regions]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Rohan&diff=31715Rohan2006-09-04T18:42:19Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>{{Kingdom<br />
| image=[[Image:Rohan.gif|250px]]<br />
| name=Rohan<br />
| type = Monarchy<br />
| headofstate = [[King of Rohan]]<br />
| hidep=yes<br />
| executive = <br />
| legislative = <br />
| judicial = <br />
| capital = [[Edoras]]<br />
| language = [[Westron]]/[[Rohirric]]<br />
| location= North of the [[White Mountains]], South of [[Fangorn Forest]]<br />
| populous= Mostly [[Men]] (the [[Rohirrim]])<br />
| currency = <br />
| religious = <br />
| holiday = <br />
| anthem = <br />
| formed = The people of [[Éothéod]]<br />
| established = III 2510<br />
| reorganized = <br />
| fragmented = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| restored = <br />
|}}<br />
'''Rohan''' is the territory of the [[Rohirrim]], a people of herdsmen and some farmers on the northern borders of [[Gondor]] in [[Middle-earth]]. Well-known for their [[horses]] and cavalry, they are Gondor's most important ally. <br />
<br />
Conceptualized as the "Horse kings of Rohan" allied with [[Mordor]] in early drafts of 1939, the Rohirrim took their final form in 1942 when the text of the Lord of the Rings was completed to about one third.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Rohan.jpg|thumb|left|150px]]<br />
Several aspects of Rohan's culture and history seem to be inspired by both Goths, Scandinavians and the medieval Anglo-Saxons.<br />
<br />
Just like the Germanic Ostrogoths, Rohirric culture was a mounted culture. It had separated from the [[Northmen]], moved south, and had settled in close proximity with a civilisation. In the Goths' case it was the Byzantine Empire and in the case of the Rohirrim, it was Gondor.<br />
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Especially Hervarar saga, with its [[Mirkwood]], Gothic horsemen and shieldmaidens, appears to have inspired Tolkien when creating the Rohirrim, although he exchanged the Gothic tongue with the Anglo-Saxon.<br />
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<br />
===Language===<br />
<br />
Tolkien rendered Rohirric as Old English, but also included Scandinavian names, such as [[Westfold]]. Even words and phrases that were printed in Modern English showed a strong Anglo-Saxon influence. Old English was supposed to render an archaic form of [[Westron]], which was supposedly rendered by Modern English. This solution occurred to Tolkien in 1942, when he was searching for an explanation of the Eddaic name of the dwarves already published in [[The Hobbit]].<br />
<br />
Rohirric nouns were pluralized with the suffix "-as", as were Old English nouns of the strong-masculine declension.<br />
<br />
The Rohirrim used the Germanic patronymic "-ing". They called themselves the '''[[Eorlingas]]''', and [[Beorn]]'s people were the '''[[Beornings]]''', Scyld's people were the Scyldingas in Norse and Anglo-Saxon mythology.<br />
<br />
[[Théoden]] was referred to as "Théoden King", rather than "King Théoden", just as Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon kings had the word "konungr"/"cyning" ("king") added after their names, e.g. ''Hervarðar konungr'', rather than before.<br />
<br />
Many Rohirric names appear to be derived from Old English words. These include:<br />
<br />
* '''Éothéod:''' from "eoh" ("war-horse") and "þeod" ("folk", "people", "nation")<br />
<br />
* '''Gríma:''' possibly from "grima" ("mask", "helmet", "ghost")<br />
<br />
* '''Eorl:''' from "eorl" ("nobleman")<br />
<br />
* '''Théodred:''' from "þeod" ("folk", "people", "nation") and "ræd" ("counsel")<br />
<br />
The antipathy between the Rohirrim and the [[Dunlendings]] resembles the historical tension between the Anglo-Saxon settlers of Britain and the native Celts.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In the 1200s of the [[Third Age]] (T.A.), the Kings of Gondor made close alliances with the Northmen of [[Rhovanion]], a people akin to the [[Three Houses of Men]] (later the [[D&uacute;nedain]]) from the [[First Age]]. <br />
<br />
In the 2000s, a remnant tribe of such Northmen calling itself the [[Éothéod]] moved from the valleys of [[Anduin]] to the north west of [[Mirkwood]], clearing out what remained of the recently defeated witch kingdom of [[Angmar]], east of the [[Misty Mountains]]. While there, some dispute arose between them and the dwarves over the treasure-hoard of [[Scatha]] the dragon. <br />
<br />
Later, in 2509, [[Cirion]] the [[Steward of Gondor]] sent summons to the Éothéod for aid in throwing off a combined invasion of Men from the north east of Middle-earth, and [[Orcs]] from [[Mordor]]. <br />
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[[Eorl the Young]], king of the Éothéod, answered the summons, and arrived unexpected at a decisive battle at the Field of Celebrant. <br />
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As a reward, Eorl was given the plains of [[Calenardhon]], and he moved his kingdom there. This land had earlier been part of Gondor proper, but had been devastated by the plague of 1636, and the survivors to a large extent slain in the invasion mentioned above. <br />
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The first line of kings lasted for 249 years, until the ninth king [[Helm Hammerhand]] died. His sons had been killed earlier, and his nephew [[Fréaláf Hildeson]] began the second line of kings, which lasted until the end of the Third Age. <br />
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In 2758, Rohan was invaded by [[Dunland|Dunlendings]] under Wulf, son of Freca, of mixed Dunland and Rohan blood. The King, Helm Hammerhand, took refuge in the Hornburg until aid from Gondor and [[Dunharrow]] (a refuge of the Rohirrim) arrived a year later and defeated the invaders. <br />
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It was soon after this that [[Saruman]] arrived and took over [[Isengard]], and was welcomed as a strong ally, since it would take Rohan close to 200 years to recover its strength after the invasion. <br />
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In 3014, Saruman began using his influence to weaken the King, [[Théoden]], as part of a campaign to invade or take over the kingdom. In 3019, he launched a full-scale invasion on Rohan, with victory in the two first battles (at the [[Fords of Isen]]; Théoden's son, [[Théodred]] was killed during these attacks) and defeat at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]], where the [[Huorns]] came to the aid of the Rohirrim. <br />
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On the heels of this victory, [[Théoden]] rode with an army to [[Minas Tirith]] and helped break its siege in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], where he was slain. [[Éomer]], the nephew of King [[Théoden]], then took up the reign, beginning the third line. [[Éomer]] rode with the armies of [[Gondor]] to the gates of Mordor and took part in the final battle with the forces of [[Sauron]], who was defeated when the [[One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed.<br />
<br />
The rule of the stewards of Gondor was now over. King Éomer and the new king of Gondor, [[Elessar]] (Aragorn), renewed their oath of alliance, and reaffirmed Cirion's grant of Calenardhon to the Rohirrim.<br />
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===See also=== <br />
[[Timeline]]<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
<br />
===Important places and the borders of Rohan===<br />
The capital of Rohan is the hill fort of [[Edoras]] which lies on the slopes of the [[White Mountains]]. Another large city is '''Aldburg''', capital city of the Westfold and original city of Eorl the Young. Other cities must have existed but are not named.<br />
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A known recluse is [[Dunharrow]], even deeper in the White Mountains. One of the most impressive places in Rohan is the [[Hornburg]], a great fortress which is part of a chain of fortifications at [[Helm's Deep]].<br />
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The borders of Rohan are: the river [[Isen]] (in the west, bordering [[Saruman]]'s [[Isengard]]); the river [[Adorn]] (a tributary of Isen, also in the west, forming the border with the unfriendly [[Dunlendings]]); the White Mountains (in the south); the Mering Stream (in the southeast, the border between Rohan and Gondor); the Mouths of [[Entwash]] (in the east); and the [[Limlight]] (a tributary of the [[Anduin]], the northern border).<br />
<br />
At the time of the War of the Ring, Rohan was roughly a third the size of Gondor, whose borders had slowly been shrinking for decades. <br />
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===Climate and countryside===<br />
The countryside of Rohan is described as a land of pastures and lush tall grassland. It looks a lot like the Central Asian steppe or North American Great Plains, and its climate was also similar to these places. The lands of Rohan are frequently described as appearing like "seas of grass".<br />
<br />
===The [[Rohirrim]] and their [[horses]]===<br />
The Rohirrim are descendants of the [[Edain]] of the [[First Age]]. They did not go to [[Beleriand]] like the Edain who were later rewarded with the island of [[Númenor]] by the [[Valar]]. The ancestors of the Rohirrim were known as the [[Éothéod]] and were given the province of Calenardhon by Gondor after the afore-mentioned Battle of the Field of Celebrant.<br />
<br />
The Rohirrim are famous as skilled horsemen, masters and breeders. Among the horses of the Rohirrim are the famed [[Mearas]], the noblest and fastest horses who have ever roamed [[Arda]]; [[Shadowfax]] was the greatest of all Mearas. There were very few Mearas left in Middle-earth at this point, but there were enough that a breeding population was present. The armies of Rohan are almost exclusively cavalry, divided into irregular units termed [[éoreds]]. Rohan's armies were more of a very well trained militia called upon in times of war, with the actual standing army relatively small. The professional career-soldiers of Rohan may have been limited to the royal bodyguard at Edoras.<br />
<br />
It was because of this close affiliation with horses, both in war and peace, that they received their now famous name. ''Rohirrim'' (or more properly ''Rochirrim'') is [[Sindarin]] for "Horse-lords," and ''Rohan'' (or ''Rochand'') meant "Land of the Horse-lords." These names were devised by Hallas, son of Cirion the Steward.<br />
<br />
===Rohirric===<br />
Rohirric is, like the languages of all [[Men]], akin to [[Adûnaic]], the language of the Edain. The Rohirrim call their homeland the ''Ridenna-mearc'', the ''Riddermark'' or ''Éo-marc'', the ''Horse-mark'', also simply the ''Mark'' and call themselves the ''Eorlingas'', the Sons of [[Eorl the Young|Eorl]].<br />
In the original Rohirric the name for their land is ''Lôgrad'', with the element "lô-"/"loh-" corresponding to Anglo-Saxon "éo", horse.<br />
<br />
Rohirric bears a similar relationship to the Common Speech of Middle-earth as that of Old English to modern English, and so Tolkien renders Rohirric names and phrases into Old English (Anglo-Saxon), just as the Common Speech is translated into English. Examples include words such as ''Mearas'' (Old English for horses) and ''éored''. Tolkien was a philologist, with a special interest in Germanic languages.<br />
<br />
Many archaic [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] names bear similarities to Rohirric, since the ancestors of [[The Shire]] hobbits lived on the upper reaches of the [[Anduin]], close to the ancestors of the Rohirrim, and there was apparently a good deal of linguistic cross-fertilisation. The name ''Hobbit'' itself is believed to be derived from the Rohirric ''Holbytlan'' (hole builders). These names are also translations of the original Westron ''Kuduk'' (Hobbit) and Rohirric ''kûd-dûkan'' (hole dweller), of course.<br />
<br />
== Politics == <br />
<br />
===Alliance with Gondor===<br />
The alliance between Rohan and Gondor came into existence in the year 2510 of the [[Third Age]]. In that year the [[Easterlings]] launched a massive invasion of Gondor. The army of Gondor was defeated and trapped between the Limlight and the [[Celebrant]]. Gondor, which had always been on friendly terms with the different tribes of the [[Northmen]], sent messengers to the closest tribe, the [[Éothéod]]. Although it was unlikely that the message calling for aid would come through, it did. Then [[Eorl the Young]] and his fierce Éothéod Riders unexpectedly took the field during the Battle of Celebrant and turned the tide in the favour of Gondor. As a reward [[Cirion]], the [[Steward of Gondor]], gave Eorl the depopulated province of Calenardhon for his people to settle, while fulfilling Gondor's need for a strong ally. The [[Oath of Eorl]] was sworn by both Cirion and Eorl. Neither nation has ever broken the alliance ever since. Rohan has gone through great lengths to fulfil their part of the treaty including sacrificing two of its heirs when Gondor was under threat from the [[Haradrim]] in 2885, when [[Fastred]] and [[Folcred]], the twin sons of King [[Folcwine]], were killed during the Battle of Crossings of [[Poros]]. King [[Théoden]] once again honoured the alliance in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]].<br />
<br />
===War with the Dunlendings===<br />
To the west of Rohan lived the [[Dunlendings]], a native people who had been hostile against the Free Peoples for a long time. The Dunlending [[Wulf]] briefly usurped of the throne of Rohan during the long winter.<br />
<br />
===Rumours of tributes paid to Sauron===<br />
During the early days of the [[War of the Ring]], rumours were spread that the Rohirrim supplied Sauron's armies with horses. These rumours were obviously false: the Rohirrim valued their horses more than anything, and would never send them away, even as tribute. Still these rumours had some effect, in that they obscured the fact it was Saruman who had fallen, rather than Rohan. The basis of the rumour was that Sauron's [[Orcs]] on raids into Rohan stole their horses for use in Mordor's army, but this was outright theft that angered the Rohirrim against Sauron. <br />
<br />
===Wormtongue===<br />
<br />
When king Théoden began to grow old, he took as an advisor [[Gríma Wormtongue|Gríma]], later called ''Wormtongue''. Gríma quickly became Théoden's chief advisor, but unknown to all he was secretly working for Saruman. Gríma played on Théoden's fears to further weaken the strength of the king and all of Rohan, always advising retreat where an attack was needed. He may have also begun poisoning the king at this time. This nearly proved disastrous for Rohan, and also for Gondor, by robbing them of their strongest ally in the north. Gríma Wormtongue's plans were not revealed until [[Gandalf]] arrived in Edoras during the War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
== Important Rohirrim ==<br />
<br />
* [[Eorl the Young]]<br />
* [[Helm Hammerhand]]<br />
* [[Théoden]]<br />
* [[Théodred]]<br />
* [[Éomer]]<br />
* [[Éowyn]]<br />
* Various participants in the final wars. <br />
* [[Gríma Wormtongue]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Realms]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Template:Kingdom&diff=31714Template:Kingdom2006-09-04T18:41:42Z<p>Jasca Ducato: added Populous</p>
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<div><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right; clear:right; margin: 0 0 .5em 1em; width:300px; background:#ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #999999; font-size:smaller; line-height:1.5;"><br />
<tr><td colspan="2"><div id="infoboxinternal"><br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0 0; width:100%; background:#ffffff; border-collapse:collapse;"><br />
<tr style="text-align:center;"><td colspan="2" style="padding:0; background:#{{{BG1|999999}}};">{{{image|}}}</td></tr><br />
<tr style="text-align:center; color:#ffffff; background:#{{{BG1|999999}}}; font-size:larger;"><th colspan="2">{{{name}}}</th></tr> {{t|1=|1{{{hidep|}}}=<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#{{{BG2|CCCCCC}}};">'''Political information'''</th></tr>}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Type&nbsp;of&nbsp;government</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{type|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{type|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Meaning&nbsp;of&nbsp;Name</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{meaning|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{meaning|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Head&nbsp;of&nbsp;State</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{headofstate|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{headofstate|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Executive&nbsp;branch</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{executive|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{executive|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Legislative&nbsp;branch</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{legislative|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{legislative|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Judicial&nbsp;branch</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{judicial|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{judicial|}}}=}} {{t|1=|1{{{hides|}}}=<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:#{{{BG2|CCCCCC}}};">'''Societal information'''</th></tr>}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Capital</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{capital|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{capital|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Official&nbsp;language</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{language|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{language|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Location</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{location|}}}<br />
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{{{populous|}}}<br />
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</td></tr>|1{{{formed|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Date&nbsp;of&nbsp;establishment</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
{{{established|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{established|}}}=}} {{t|1=<tr style="spacing-top: 0px; spacing-bottom: 0px; vertical-align: middle; background: {{{3|#f0f0f0}}}"><td style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;">Date&nbsp;of&nbsp;reorganization</td><td class="infoboxcell" style="border-top: 1px solid #999; border-bottom: 1px solid #999;"><br />
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{{{restored|}}}<br />
</td></tr>|1{{{era|}}}=}} </table></div></td></tr><tr><td id="infoboxend" class="plainlinks" style="text-align:right; width:49%;"></td><td style="text-align:left; width:51%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Template:Kingdom|[Source]]]</td></tr></table><noinclude><br />
{{clear}}<br />
===Usage instructions===<br />
Paste the following code at the beginning of the article, filing all relevant fields. If a field doesn't apply, just leave it blank.<br /><br />
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[[Category:Infobox templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gondor&diff=31712Gondor2006-09-04T18:40:11Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{kingdom<br />
| BG1 = <--primary heading coloring<br />
| BG2 = <--secondary heading coloring<br />
| image = [[Image:Gondor.png|250px]]<br />
| name = Gondor<br />
| meaning = Land of Stone<br />
| type = Monarchy/Stewardship<br />
| hidep=yes<br />
| headofstate = [[King of Gondor]]/[[Ruling Steward]]<br />
| executive = <br />
| legislative = <br />
| judicial = <br />
| capital = [[Osgiliath]]/[[Minas Tirith]]<br />
| language = [[Westron]]<br />
| location = South of the [[White Mountains]], West of [[Mordor]]<br />
| populous= Mostly [[Men]]<br />
| currency = <br />
| religious = Belief in [[Ilúvatar]]<br />
| holiday = <br />
| anthem = <br />
| formed = the [[Downfall of Númenor]] in III 3319<br />
| established = II 3320<br />
| reorganized = III 3019<br />
| fragmented = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| restored = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[Image:WAR-ICONS Gondor.jpg|150px|thumb|left]]<br />
Like [[Arnor]] to the north, Gondor is a human kingdom founded by [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion son of Elendil|Anárion]], the sons of [[Elendil]], after the [[Downfall of Númenor|Downfall]] of [[Númenor]]. It was located to the south of [[Rohan]] and to the west of [[Mordor]], on the [[Bay of Belfalas]]. Its name means "Land of Stone", from [[Sindarin]] '''gond''' (stone) + '''(n)dor''' (land), most likely given to it because of the [[Ered Nimrais]] and other mountain chains in the land (hypothetical [[Quenya]] name '''Ondonórë''').<br />
<br />
=== Early History ===<br />
Before the Downfall of Númenor, Gondor was home to many Númenórean colonists, who either mixed blood with the indigenous [[Middle Men]] if they were friendly, or dispersed them into [[Ras Morthil]], [[Dunland]], and [[Drúadan Forest]]. Gondor, at a latitude comparable to Venice, was a more fertile region than Arnor to the north, and therefore it already had a larger population before the ships of Elendil's sons arrived, including a well-established city, [[Pelargir]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Elendili]] from Númenor proper were given a warm reception upon their arrival by those that had already colonized Middle-earth, including a colonial branch of Númenórean royalty at [[Dor-en-Ernil]]. The colonists north of [[Anduin]] accepted Elendil's claim to kingship over them. South of the Great River, however, the newly exiled Númenóreans did not recognize Elendil's claim.{{Pronounce|Gondor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
<br />
Gondor was being founded after Númenor's population had already split between the Elendili and [[King's Men]], and all of the more southern colonies (such as the [[Haven of Umbar]]) remained enemies of the Elendili. <br />
<br />
The newly founded kingdom of Gondor was then part of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] which overthrew [[Sauron]] for the first time at the very end of the Second Age.<br />
<br />
==== Gondor Prospers ====<br />
After the war Gondor's power and wealth grew steadily (only interrupted by an [[Easterlings|Easterling]] invasion in 492 [[Third Age]]). Its power would continue to grow into the 9th century of the Third Age. While the power of Gondor's sister kingdom [[Arnor]] peaked during the 9th century, when it broke into various successor states, Gondor's greatest glory was yet to come.<br />
<br />
==== Gondor's Golden Age ====<br />
Gondor's power reached its Golden Age under the four "[[Ship-king|Ship-kings]]":<br />
<br />
[[Tarannon Falastur]] r. 840&#8211;913. First of the Ship-Kings, died childless <br />
[[Eärnil I]] r. 913&#8211;936. Nephew of Tarannon <br />
[[Ciryandil]] r. 936&#8211;1015 <br />
[[Hyarmendacil I]] (Ciryaher) r. 1015&#8211;1149. Last of the Ship-Kings. In the reign of the powerful king Hyarmendacil I (c. 12th century T.A.) Gondor reached the height of its power. During Hyarmendacil's reign Gondor's borders reached their furthest extent. The Kingdom extended east to the [[Sea of Rhûn]], south to the nearest lands of the [[Haradrim]], as far north as [[Mirkwood]] and west towards the borders of [[Arnor]].<br />
<br />
Such was Gondor's wealth during the period that men from other lands would say in envy: "In Gondor precious stones are but pebbles for the children to play with." Gondor would also enjoy several centuries of peace due to its military might.<br />
<br />
=== The Decline of Gondor ===<br />
But after his reign decadence spread under the kings of Gondor and a long period of decline began (although Gondor experienced several revivals). Three great calamities struck Gondor during the second millennium of the Third Age, which are held to be the chief reasons for its decline: the [[Kin-strife]], the [[Great Plague]], and the invasion of the [[Wainriders]] (a tribe of Easterlings). <br />
<br />
==== The Kin-strife ====<br />
In the 15th century a great civil war named the Kin-strife tore the nation apart. The current King Eldacar was of mixed blood: his mother was of the Northmen. Popular displeasure at this led to the overthrow of King Eldacar by Castamir, the admiral of all of Gondor's naval forces who possessed some royal blood. Eldacar's son was slain, and he fled north. Castamir was afterwards known as [[Castamir|Castamir the Usurper]]. During his ten year rule he proved to be very cruel, and because of his love of his old fleet, he lavished attention on the coastal regions while the interior provinces were ignored and left to rot. Eldacar then returned with an army of his Northman kinsmen, and they were joined by armies of Gondorians from interior provinces such as Anórien. [[Osgiliath]] was devastated during this conflict, its great bridge destroyed and its ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' lost. Eldacar slew Castamir and reclaimed his throne, but Castamir's sons and their forces were besieged in Pelargir, the great port of Gondor. They eventually retreated to Umbar, where they joined with the Corsairs, and troubled Gondor for many years, until their descendants died out. <br />
<br />
==== The Great Plague ====<br />
Later, the [[Great Plague]] struck and the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] died. This Plague was no localized event: the Plague swept through all of Middle-earth, reaching the successor states of Arnor and the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]] in the North. King [[Tarondor]] found a sapling of the White Tree, and moved the capital from Osgiliath to [[Minas Anor]], the City of Anárion. During this time, Gondor was so depopulated that the fortifications guarding against the re-entry of evil into Mordor were abandoned. It is believed that had the Haradrim or Easterlings been capable of attacking Gondor at this time, it would have fallen. However, the Plague left Gondor's enemies in no better condition than Gondor itself, and neither side was capable of mounting new offensives.<br />
<br />
==== The Invasion of the Wainriders ====<br />
Following the sapping of Gondor's strength by the plague, the Wainrider invasions devastated Gondor, and the conflict lasted for well over a century. The Wainriders destroyed the Northern Army of Gondor, but survivors linked up with the victorious Southern Army of Gondor, led by a general named Eärnil, and they destroyed the Wainriders as they celebrated their victory during the [[Battle of the Camp]].<br />
<br />
=== The Line of the Kings Fails ===<br />
==== Reunification Rejected ====<br />
In 1944, Gondor faced a constitutional crisis when King [[Ondoher]] was slain in battle with both his sons. [[Arvedui]], Prince of [[Arthedain]], Ondoher's son-in-law, and the victorious general Eärnil, who was a distant blood-relative of Ondoher, claimed the throne. Arvedui's claim lay mainly in the reintroduction of the old Nùmenorean law of accession, which stated the eldest (remaining) child should succeed the king. If the law was reintroduced, then Arvedui's wife [[Fíriel]], Ondoher's daughter and last remaining child would become [[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Ruling Queen]], making their descendants Kings of both Arnor and Gondor. Arvedui also tried to put weight behind his claim as he was Isildur's heir. The council of Gondor recognised that the name of Isildur was held in honour in Gondor, but they dictated that the South-Kingdom must be ruled by an Heir of Anarion. Due to his ancestry from Fíriel and Arvedui, more than a millennium later, Aragorn Elessar put forward his claim as the heir of both Isildur and Anarion.<br />
<br />
Eärnil lay his claim as being a direct descendant of King [[Telumehtar]] Umbardacil. His claim was also greatly bolstered by the popularity he had gained as the victorious general who saved Gondor from the Wainriders after winning the southern theatre of the war. Steward [[Pelendur]] who was temporarily ruling Gondor as serving as arbiter of succession, intervened in favour of Gondor's victorious general who would rule as [[Eärnil II]].<br />
<br />
==== The Last Heir of Anárion ====<br />
During the [[Battle of Fornost]], Eärnil II's heir Eärnur led Gondor's forces to victory over the [[Witch-king of Angmar]], who was actually the Lord of the [[Nazgûl]]. Although Eärnur wished to fight him, Eärnur's horse was terrified and fled the battle against his wishes. By the time he mastered his horse and return, the Witch-king had fled. [[Glorfindel of Rivendell|Glorfindel]] the Elf then prophesied to him that it was better that he not fight the Lord of the Nazgûl because "never by the hand of man shall he fall". <br />
<br />
Eärnur later ascended to the throne, ruling from Minas Anor (Tower of the Sun). During this time, the Ringwraiths captured Minas Anor's sister city, Minas Ithil (Tower of the Moon), renaming it Minas Morgul (Tower of Sorcery) and taking it as their lair. Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith (Tower of Guard) as a result. The Lord of the Nazgûl repeatedly sent messengers to Minas Tirith challenging Eärnur to single combat, taunting him that he had fled out of cowardice from facing him during the Battle of Fornost. Eventually, King Eärnur was overcome by wrath and rode with a small company of knights to Minas Morgul, to accept the challenge. They were never heard from again. So ended the Line of [[Anárion]].<br />
<br />
=== The Stewards of Gondor ===<br />
==== The Ruling Stewards ====<br />
The realm was governed by a long line of hereditary Stewards after the disappearance of [[Eärnur]], son of Eärnil, since there was no proof that the last king was dead, and no claimant had enough support to be accepted as his successor. The line of Anárion was held to have failed, and Gondor was not willing to risk to another Kin-strife, which would surely have destroyed it. Whenever there was a new Steward, he would swear an oath to yield rule of Gondor back to the King, in essence only an heir of Isildur, if he should ever return. In Gondor there was no one who could claim descent from Isildur in direct line, and the northern line of Arnor had effectively disappeared, so this oath was not considered seriously. The line of Stewards ruled as Kings, without having the title. During the War of the Ring, the Ruling Steward of Gondor was [[Denethor II]], and his two sons were [[Boromir son of Denethor II|Boromir]] and younger [[Faramir son of Denethor II|Faramir]].<br />
<br />
==== Cirion and Eorl ====<br />
In 2510, when Steward [[Cirion]] ruled over Gondor, the nation faced one of its greatest perils: an Easterling tribe named the ''Balchoth'' invaded Gondor with mass force. Gondor's army marched to fight the Balchoth but were cut off from [[Minas Tirith]] and pushed back in the direction of the [[Limlight]].<br />
<br />
Messengers were sent to get help from the [[Éothéod]], a tribe which lived in the northern vales of the [[Anduin]], but nobody expected the messengers to reach their destination. When certain peril came upon Gondor, however, the Éothéod turned the tide of the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]]. After the victory the Éothéod were awarded the fields of [[Calenardhon]] north of the [[Ered Nimrais]] from the Gap of Rohan at the southern end of the [[Hithaeglir]], [[Fangorn Forest]], rivers Limlight to river [[Anduin]], western [[Emyn Muil]] and the [[Mering Stream]], where they established the kingdom of [[Rohan]] with [[Eorl the Young]] as their first king. A permanent alliance between Gondor and Rohan was established by the oath Eorl swore to Cirion.<br />
<br />
== War of the Ring ==<br />
In 3019, during the [[War of the Ring]] Gondor faced an all out attack on its capital Minas Tirith in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. Although nearly defeated, the Rohirrim once again turned the tide of battle, and helped win the war.<br />
<br />
After the second and final defeat of Sauron the Kingship was restored with [[The Return of the King]] and [[Aragorn II]] became king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor. (See Reunited Kingdom for further history of the lands of old Gondor). <br />
<br />
Faramir, last heir of the Ruling Stewards, was to retain the office of steward (though not ruling), and was made Prince of Ithilien, which had been reconquered from the forces of Mordor. <br />
<br />
Gondor as it appeared during the events of the [[War of the Ring]] (circa [[Third Age]] 3019) has been compared to the Byzantine Empire, for numerous reasons. Both the Byzantine Empire and Gondor were echoes of the old greatness of the earlier Roman Empire and the united kingdom of King Elendil, respectively. However, they were still strong in their own right. Also, during a period of relative barbarity surrounding them, both Byzantium and Gondor were a bastion of civilisation against the inrushing tide of darkness.<br />
<br />
== Regions of Gondor ==<br />
Gondor was divided between several nearly autonomous regions. These were the following:<br />
* [[Ithilien]] across the [[Anduin]],<br />
* [[Anórien]] under [[Minas Tirith in Gondor|Minas Tirith]],<br />
* [[Lossarnach]] <br />
* [[Lebennin]] of the Five Streams,<br />
* [[Belfalas]] and<br />
* ''[[Dor-en-Ernil]]'', ruled by the [[Prince of Dol Amroth]],<br />
* [[Lamedon]] north of the [[Ringló]], and<br />
* [[Anfalas]] or ''Langstrand'' in the south-west.<br />
<br />
The long cape of [[Andrast]] was not populated.<br />
<br />
Additionally, Gondor held or had held the following regions at certain points in its history:<br />
* ''Harondor'' or ''South Gondor'', which was contested between Gondor and [[Harad]],<br />
* [[Calenardhon]] which was given to the Éothéod and became [[Rohan]],<br />
* [[Enedwaith]], never really populated by Gondor and soon abandoned,<br />
* [[Rhovanion]], which was never fully under the control of Gondor but under Gondorian control at certain times during the Third Age.<br />
<br />
== Cities and fortresses of Gondor ==<br />
Cities in Gondor included:<br />
* [[Calembel]]<br />
* [[Dol Amroth]], city on Belfalas<br />
* [[Erech]], fortress of Gondor, abandoned by the end of the Third Age<br />
* [[Ethring]]<br />
* [[Linhir]]<br />
* [[Minas Tirith in Gondor|Minas Tirith]] (originally Minas Anor), City of the Kings<br />
* [[Osgiliath]], city and former capital of Gondor on the river Anduin, largely destroyed and abandoned by the end of the Third Age, but King Elessar possibly rebuilt the city<br />
* [[Pelargir]], the great southern harbour, under the reign of Corsairs during the War of the Ring <br />
* [[Tarnost]]<br />
<br />
Additionally, Gondor had held the following locations at certain points in its history:<br />
* The outposts of [[Amon Hen]] and [[Amon Lhaw]] on [[Emyn Muil]] probably had small garrisons<br />
* [[Angrenost]], the fortress of Isengard, later granted to [[Saruman]], destroyed by the [[Ents]] during the War of the Ring <br />
* [[Aglarond]], the Gondorian fortress, later known as Rohan's Helm's Deep<br />
* The Gondorian fortress guarding the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]]<br />
* [[Durthang]], the largest fortress in Mordor, built to guard the [[Ephel Dúath]]<br />
* [[Minas Ithil]], conquered by [[Mordor]] and renamed [[Minas Morgul]]<br />
* [[Tharbad]] to the north, held by both Gondor and Arnor but abandoned as Gondor retreated through [[Enedwaith]] and later ruined<br />
* The [[Haven of Umbar]], the far southern harbour which was lost and reclaimed several times<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Realms]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Template:Wotr&diff=31707Template:Wotr2006-09-04T18:27:33Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{campaign<br />
|name=[[War of the Ring]]<br />
|battles=[[Fords of Isen|Fords of Isen]] - [[Battle of Isengard|Isengard]] - [[Battle of the Hornburg|Hornburg]] - [[Battle of Osgiliath|Osgiliath]] - [[Battle of Dale|Dale]] - [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Pelennor Fields]] - [[Battle of the Morannon|Black Gate]] - [[Battle of Bywater|Bywater]]<br />
}}</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Template:Wotr&diff=31706Template:Wotr2006-09-04T18:27:16Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{campaign<br />
|name=[[War of the Ring]]<br />
|battles=[[Fords of Isen|Fords of Isen]] - [[Battle of Isengard|Isengard]] - [[Battle of the Hornburg|Hornburg]] - [[Battle of Osgiliath|Osgiliath]] - [[Battle of Dale|Dale]] - [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields|Pelennor Fields]] - [[Battle of the Morannon|Black Gate]] - [[Battle of Bywater|Bywater]]<br />
}}<noinclude></noinclude></div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields&diff=31704Battle of the Pelennor Fields2006-09-04T18:25:45Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{battle|<br />
image=[[Image:Battle of Pelennor Fields from Peter Jackson's RotK.jpg|300px]]<br /><small>The Battle of the Pelennor Fields as depicted in [[Peter Jackson]]'s film adaptation of [[The Return of the King]]|<br />
name=Battle of Pelennor Fields|<br />
conflict=[[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]|<br />
date=March 15, 3019 T.A.|<br />
place=[[Minas Tirith]] and fields of [[Pelennor]], [[Gondor]]|<br />
result= Victory of Gondor and Rohan|<br />
side1=[[Gondor]], [[Rohan]]|<br />
side2= [[Mordor]], [[Harad]], [[Rhûn]], [[Khand]]|<br />
commanders1=*[[Denethor]]†<br />
*[[Gandalf]]<br />
*[[Imrahil]]<br />
*[[Théoden]]†<br />
*[[Aragorn]]<br />
*[[Éomer]]|<br />
commanders2=*The [[Witch-king of Angmar]]†<br />
*[[Gothmog]]|<br />
forces1=In [[Minas Tirith]]: Minas Tirith Garrison and Northern Army of Gondor (strength unknown) supported by small southern contingent (<3000). 6,000 Rohirrim cavalry arriving from the north at dawn, later reinforced by an unknown number of Men of Southern Gondor under Aragorn arriving from the south|<br />
forces2=Unknown total strength, but vast numerical superiority to Gondor's forces in Minas Tirith.; possibly over 200,000. Forces consisting of [[Orcs]], [[Trolls]], [[Wargs]], [[Oliphaunts]], the [[Nazgûl]], 18,000 [[Haradrim]], and thousands of [[Easterlings]] (men of Rhûn, Variags of Khand, etc.)|<br />
casual1=<br />
2,000 [[Rohirrim]], overall number unknown; see article|<br />
casual2=<br />
Complete destruction of attacking force<br />
}}<br />
'''Battle of Pelennor Fields''' was the greatest battle of the [[War of the Ring]], and indeed the largest of the entire [[Third Age]].<br />
<br />
==The Books==<br />
After the fall of [[Osgiliath]] there was no longer a barrier against the forces of [[Mordor]], which moved on the [[Pelennor Fields]] before the city on March 15, 3019 of the [[Third Age]] as the [[Great Darkness]] blotted out the sun.<br />
<br />
Mordor's troops consisted of more than 30,000 [[Easterlings]] and [[Haradrim]], numerous [[mûmakil|oliphaunts]], and thousands of [[Orcs]]; The defenders' numbers were considerably less despite the addition of about 8,000 men from southern [[Gondor]] in the days before the battle.<br />
<br />
The attackers used catapults not only to attack the city, through bombardment and flames, but also to fire the heads of slain men from Osgiliath and other places Mordor's armies had passed through into it. Later on, the great battering ram [[Grond (battering-ram)|Grond]] (named after [[Morgoth]]'s weapon from the First Age) was put into action.<br />
<br />
Before dawn Grond was used to break the city's main gate, and the [[Witch-king of Angmar|Witch-king]] rode into the city unchallenged, save by [[Gandalf]]. Before Gandalf's strength was put to the test, however, the cock crowed and the horns of [[Rohan]] were heard as around 6,000 of their riders joined the battle. Mordor's strategy for keeping Rohan out of the battle had failed twice, both through the defeat at Helm's Deep and the blockade in Anorien. So the Witch-king was forced to ride out and attack them instead of fighting Gandalf and destroying the city.<br />
<br />
King Théoden's charge drove the Mordor forces from the northern half of the field, and charging the Haradrim cavalry he slew the Southron chieftain, the [[Black Serpent]], and cut down his standardbearer.<br />
<br />
When the Witch-king's fell beast attacked King [[Théoden]] of Rohan, the king's horse [[Snowmane]] lost control, and was hit by an arrow. Snowmane fell with the king atop him, and the horse landed on him, which proved fatal. The warrior [[Dernhelm]], defending the king's body, slew the fell beast and challenged its rider. The Witch-king mocked him, telling him that no living man might slay him, but the [[hobbits|Hobbit]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] (Merry) wounded him with a sword that had been forged centuries before during the war between [[Arnor]] and [[Angmar]] and which contained spells against the Witch-king. The spells finally found their target, for the Witch-king was distracted and possibly seriously weakened. He was then slain by Dernhelm, now revealed as Théoden's niece [[Éowyn]] and thus no ''man'' at all. The [[Black Breath]] caused both Merry and Éowyn to become gravely ill, and they were sent to the [[Houses of Healing]] in the city. Command of the Rohirrim then passed to Théoden's nephew and heir, Third Marshall Éomer.<br />
<br />
At the same time, [[Faramir son of Denethor II|Faramir]], son of [[Denethor II|Denethor]], Steward of Gondor, was also gravely wounded. Despairing at the visions of defeat that [[Sauron]] had sent him via his ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'', and believing Faramir to be beyond aid, Denethor prepared to burn himself and his son upon a funeral pyre. Only the intervention of [[Peregrin Took]] and Gandalf saved Faramir, but Denethor immolated himself before they could prevent him.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, the battle turned against the Rohirrim. The Southrons charged with their Mûmakil (Oliphaunts) and wherever they went horses went wild with fear or were trampled underfoot, and the forces of Mordor rallied around them like islands of defense that the Rohirrim cavalry could not overtake. Éomer, grim after the death of Théoden but shocked by the unexpected (seeming) death of his sister Éowyn, the last living member of his family, flew into a berserker rage and charged his cavalry headlong into the larger enemy forces. So great was the wrath of the outnumbered Rohirrim at the death of their King that they broke through the superior Mordor forces, hammering deep wedges into the Mordor legions' front lines. However, this soon turned against Éomer: his cavalry had pierced the Enemy front lines so quickly that his company was now cut off from the other two, and surrounded between Mordor's front lines and their reserves. Fighting their way to the docks near the Harlond south of the city, Éomer desperately circled up his men on a hill and prepared to fight to the death, when he saw enemy reinforcements sailing up the River [[Anduin]], and let out a defiant cry at his approaching end.<br />
<br />
One of the visions that Denethor had seen was of a fleet of enemy ships with black sails arriving at the landings to the south of the Pelennor in the Rammas, but what he had not seen was that they were actually manned by [[Aragorn II|Aragorn]] and other [[Rangers of the North]], [[Gimli]], [[Legolas]], [[Elladan]], [[Elrohir]] and many reinforcements from southern fiefdoms of Gondor. As Aragorn's army drove north a great part of Mordor's forces were pinned between Aragorn and Eomer's cavalry, and were "caught between the hammer and the anvil". Aragorn's army then linked with Eomer's, and with their aid the tide of battle was finally turned, and a brief respite was won until the [[Last Battle]] before the [[Morannon|Black Gate]].<br />
<br />
There is no clearly stated final death toll for the Battle of Pelennor Fields. There is a definite figure for the cavalry of the Rohirrim that came to Gondor's defence; it consisted of 6,000 riders, and a full 2,000 were killed in the battle, including Théoden. Of the 5 to 6 thousand Gondorian defenders of Minas Tirith, and the large relief force of Gondor's southern provinces led by Aragorn, no definite figure remains. Two days after the battle, Aragorn led an army out to attack the Black Gate that consisted of 7,000 men (When he reached the Black Gate he had less than 6,000); 2,000 Rohirrim and 5,000 Gondorians. The size of Aragorn's relief force may have been over 10,000 or as little as 1,000, it is never stated. However, even a conservative estimate would place total Gondorian losses at 3,000, and more probably 5,000. <br />
<br />
As for enemy losses, again, the size of Sauron's great army is not definitely known. There were at the very least 60,000, and this is almost surely an overconservative estimation. In [[Peter Jackson]]'s movie adaptation, the enemy numbered over 200,000, and this may be accurate with the number present in the text. It is known that there were some 18,000 [[Haradrim]]. (The Rohirrim, consisting of 6,000 riders, were "thrice outnumbered by the Haradrim alone".) The Enemy's army was utterly destroyed on the field: all War [[Mûmakil]] were killed, the Lord of the Nazgûl was slain, numerous Trolls, and perhaps all of the Orcs (which composed the majority of the army) were killed, those that retreated drowning in the River Anduin. Many Easterlings and Haradrim proudly fought to the death when the tide turned, even as the Orcs were cowardly running away, with few escaping to send news of the power and wrath of Gondor to lands east and south. <br />
<br />
==The Films==<br />
The battle is the major centrepiece of [[Peter Jackson's The Return of the King]], although some of the events described above are simplified or altered for cinematic purposes. Importance is given to the charge of the Mûmakil, the death of Théoden and the Witch-king's demise at the hands of Eowyn.<br />
<br />
The battle begins with Sauron's forces marching on city and firing a volley of severed heads over the walls (as in the book). Initially, both Sauron's army and the defenders of Minas Tirith exchange fire by way of catapults and trebuchets. The flying Ringwraiths then descend from the skies, spreading fear throughout the city and destroying many catapults. Seeing Mordor's overwhelming army, Denethor despairs and Gandalf assumes command of the defenders. He helps them hold out until Théoden and over six thousand Rohirrim arrive, decimating the invading orcs. However, Sauron's reserves soon arrive with several Oliphaunts, commanded by the Haradrim, who turn the tide against the Rohirrim. Fortunately, Aragorn arrives with the Army of the Dead (see [[Paths of the Dead]]), who crush Sauron's forces. This is an alteration from the book, in which the Dead depart after they defeat the Corsairs and liberate Pelargir, after which Gondor's Southern Army is now free to rally to Aragorn. Peter Jackson likely wanted to make the Army of the Dead more of a focus in the story, giving them greater impact in the overall scheme of events and, thus, giving greater significance to Aragorn's decision to take the Paths of the Dead, as well as his trials therein. In the theatrical cut of the film, the scenes at Pelargir are cut entirely. The filmmakers felt that tension would be better maintained by not letting the audience know whether or not Aragorn was successful in recruiting the Dead Army. The Pelargir were restored for the extended cut of the movie.<br />
<br />
{{wotr}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles|Pelennor Fields]]</div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Template:Battle&diff=31703Template:Battle2006-09-04T18:25:26Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 300px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right;"<br />
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|}<noinclude>[[Category:Infobox templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude></div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Template:Battle&diff=31701Template:Battle2006-09-04T18:24:15Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
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<div>{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 300px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right;"<br />
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|}<noinclude>[[Category:Infobox templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude></div>Jasca Ducatohttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Disaster_of_the_Gladden_Fields&diff=31700Disaster of the Gladden Fields2006-09-04T18:23:14Z<p>Jasca Ducato: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{battle<br />
| image=<br />
| name= Battle of the Gladden Fields<br />
| conflict= Post-[[War of the Last Alliance|Alliance War]]<br />
| date= III 2<br />
| result=Death of Isildur, loss of the [[One Ring]]<br />
| place= Gladden Fields, north of Rohan<br />
| side1=*Isildur's Guard<br />
| side2=*[[Orc]]s<br />
| commanders1=*[[Isildur]]<br />
| commanders2=*Unknown<br />
| forces1=*Isildur<br />
*Military escort<br />
| forces2=*Orc infantry<br />
*Orc archers<br />
| casual1=*Isildur<br />
*Entire escort save two<br />
| casual2=*Unknown<br />
|}}<br />
The '''Battle of Gladden Fields''' was an ambush on [[Isildur]] and his personal guard. During the last stand, Isildur put on the [[One Ring]] and tried to swim the [[Anduin]]. But the Ring slipped off his finger as he swam, and as he rose out of the water in the moonlight prowling [[Orcs]] shot him. Only two of the ambushed survived, one of which was his esquire which brought the shards of [[Narsil]] to [[Rivendell]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles]]</div>Jasca Ducato