Gondor: Difference between revisions

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| name=Gondor
| name=Gondor
| pronun=
| pronun=
| othernames=South-kingdom, Stoningland
| othernames=Kingdom of the South, The South-kingdom, Stoningland
| location=South of [[White Mountains]], west of [[Mordor]]
| location=Lands around the [[White Mountains]], west of [[Mordor]]
| capital=[[Osgiliath]] ({{SA|3320}} - {{TA|1640}})<br/>[[Minas Tirith]] (from {{TA|1640}})
| capital=[[Osgiliath]] ({{SA|3320}} - {{TA|1640}})<br/>[[Minas Tirith]] (from {{TA|1640}})
| towns=[[Pelargir]], [[Calembel]], [[Dol Amroth]], [[Erech]], [[Linhir]]<br/>Formerly: [[Minas Morgul|Minas Ithil]]
| towns=[[Pelargir]], [[Calembel]], [[Dol Amroth]], [[Erech]], [[Linhir]]<br/>Formerly: [[Minas Morgul|Minas Ithil]]
| regions=[[Anórien]], [[Ithilien]], [[Lossarnach]], [[Lebennin]], [[Belfalas]], [[Dor-en-Ernil]], [[Lamedon]], [[Anfalas]]<br/>Formerly: [[Calenardhon]], [[Harondor]]
| regions=[[Anórien]], [[Ithilien]], [[Lossarnach]], [[Lebennin]], [[Harondor]] (contested), [[Belfalas]], [[Lamedon]], [[Anfalas]], [[Enedwaith]] (shared with [[Arnor]])<br/>Formerly: [[Calenardhon]]  
| population=[[Gondorians]]<br>[[Middle Men]] (mostly [[Northmen]])<br>Few [[Elves]]
| population=Primarily [[Gondorians]] ([[Belfalas]] was inhabited by [[Elves]] for some time)
| language=[[Westron]], [[Gondor Sindarin]], [[Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| language=[[Westron]], [[Númenórean Sindarin]], [[Quenya]]
| govern1=[[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]/[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]]
| govern1=[[Kings of Gondor|King of Gondor]]/[[High King of the Dúnedain|High King]]
| govern2=Later [[Ruling Steward]]
| govern2=Later [[Ruling Steward]]
| govern3=[[Council of Gondor]]
| govern3=[[Council of Gondor]]
| currency=[[Castar]]
| currency=[[tharni]], [[castar]]
| holiday=[[Cormarë]] (Fourth Age)
| holiday=[[Cormarë]] (Fourth Age)
| precededby=[[Númenor]]
| precededby=[[Númenor]]
| event1=Founded
| event1=Founded
| event1date={{SA|3320}}
| event1date={{SA|3320}}
| event2=Great Plague
| event2=Independence
| event2date={{TA|1636}}
| event2date={{TA|2}}
| event3=First Steward
| event3=First [[Ruling Steward]]
| event3date={{TA|2050}}
| event3date={{TA|2050}}
| event4=Rohan&nbsp;formed
| event4=[[Rohan]]&nbsp;formed
| event4date={{TA|2510}}
| event4date={{TA|2510}}
| event5=Kings return
| event5=Kings return
| event5date={{TA|3019}}
| event5date=[[1 May]], {{TA|3019}}
| followedby=[[Reunited Kingdom]]
| followedby=[[Reunited Kingdom]]
}}
}}
{{Pronounce|Gondor.mp3|Ardamir}}
<center>{{quote|Gondor! Gondor, between the Mountains and the Sea!<br>West Wind blew there; light upon the Silver Tree...|[[Aragorn]] in ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"}}</center>
<center>{{quote|Gondor! Gondor, between the Mountains and the Sea!<br>West Wind blew there; light upon the Silver Tree|[[Aragorn]]<ref name="tRoR">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Riders of Rohan]]"</ref>}}</center>


'''Gondor''' was the '''South Kingdom'''<ref name="OtRoP"/> of the [[Númenóreans]] in [[Middle-earth]], established soon after the downfall of [[Númenor]] by [[Isildur]] and his brother [[Anárion]]. Their father [[Elendil]], who ruled the North Kingdom [[Arnor]], held the overlordship of the realm, however. Though it waned in power over time and the line of its Kings failed, Gondor survived to the end of the [[Third Age]], and had an instrumental role in the [[War of the Ring]]. After the defeat of [[Sauron]], Gondor was ruled by [[Aragorn|Elessar]], Heir of Isildur. Gondor was the seat of the [[Dominion of Men]] in the beginning of the [[Fourth Age]], and many of the tales and legends of the earlier [[Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar|Age]]s of Middle-earth come from the lore and history it preserved.
'''Gondor''', or the '''South-kingdom''', was one of the two [[Kingdoms of the Dúnedain]] (the other being [[Arnor]] in the north) in the lands about the [[Mouths of Anduin]]. Initially the lesser of the [[Realms in Exile|Realms in-Exile]], Gondor survived to the end of the [[Third Age]], unlike [[Arnor]], and had an instrumental role in the [[War of the Ring]].


== History ==
== History ==
=== Early History ===
===Second Age===
The Elf-haven of [[Edhellond]] was founded by [[Sindar]] before the end of the [[First Age]], who had come there as refugees from [[Beleriand]] during [[Morgoth]]'s ascendancy. At first, the population of the haven was quite small since the refugees had come in just three small ships, but over time their numbers had been increased by [[Nandor]] who came down the [[Anduin]].<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}, p. 247</ref> From Edhellond Elves began sailing westward from the time of the fall of [[Eregion]] (in {{SA|1697}}).<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref><ref name="Preface">{{ATB|Preface}}</ref>
==== Foundation ====
After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], the [[Exiles of Númenor]], led by [[Elendil]], established the [[Realms in Exile]] of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. Arriving at the [[Mouths of Anduin]], Elendil's sons, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]], ascended the great river and founded the realm of Gondor.<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref>
 
In [[Númenor]]ean colonies and outposts, such as [[Belfalas]] and [[Pelargir]],<ref name="UTD">{{UT|Druedain}}</ref> there were many [[Faithful]], fully or partially of [[Númenórean]] blood, who descended from [[Númenor]] long before its [[Downfall of Numenor|Downfall]]. The colonists welcomed Elendil's sons and allied themselves with the founders of the [[Kingdoms of the Dúnedain]].<ref name=rings/><ref name=languages>{{App|Men}}</ref> Elendil made the Faithful nobles (kin of Elendil) who ruled Belfalas "[[Princes of Dol Amroth|Princes]]".<ref name="Cirion">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> There were also many men of mingled blood, descended from the [[Men of the Mountains|Men of]] the [[White Mountains]] during the [[Dark Years]].<ref name="Minas Tirith">{{RK|V1}}</ref>  
 
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The White Tree.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The White Tree'']]


According to one story, [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn]] dwelt among the Elves of Edhellond.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}, p. 240</ref> Another account states that [[Amroth]] ruled among the [[Silvan Elves]] here in the Second Age.<ref>{{UT|Wife}}</ref>
At this early point in its history, Gondor was the lesser of the Kingdoms of the Dúnedain, with their conjoint [[King of Gondor|Kings]] subject to the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High King]] who ruled [[Arnor]] in the North. After their arrival and acceptance by the people, [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]] put themselves to the task of ordering their realm. Isildur took the area then known as [[Arnen]] (later [[Ithilien]])<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 17</ref> and built the tower of [[Minas Ithil]] near Mordor as a threat to the [[Mordor|Black Land]], and within its walls he planted a seedling of the [[Nimloth of Númenor|White Tree]] of [[Númenor]] that he had taken before its burning. [[Anárion]] raised the tower of [[Minas Anor]] on the other side of [[Anduin]]'s floodplain as a bulwark against the [[Wild Men]]. In between their cities, the brothers founded [[Osgiliath]], their capital, from which they jointly reigned; these three cities also housed three of the [[palantíri]], the Seeing Stones that the [[Faithful]] had taken with them from [[Númenor]], to maintain contact with [[Elendil]] and the other areas under their control.


[[Amroth]], [[King of Lórien]], was lost at sea near Edhellond in {{TA|1981|n}} when he attempted to swim to shore to seek his beloved [[Nimrodel the Elf-maid|Nimrodel]]. The ship from which he jumped overboard was the last ship of [[Elves]] to leave from Edhellond, which was deserted from then on,<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}, pp. 241-242</ref> although remembered in the traditions of Men in Gondor.<ref name="Preface"/>
Extraordinary knowledge of stonework was brought to the South-kingdom from [[Númenor]], and this skill was a vital part of the character of Gondor and its people. In the early years of the realm, the [[Gondorians]] worked to erect mighty cities and monuments throughout their new land.<ref name=rings/> Their original capital at [[Osgiliath]] had great stone bridges spanned the [[Anduin]], as well as mighty houses and towers of stone.<ref name=rings/> Other works marvellous and strong they built in the land in the days of their power, at the [[Argonath]], and at [[Aglarond]], and at [[Erech]]; and at [[Isengard]], they made the [[Orthanc|Pinnacle of Orthanc]] of unbreakable stone.<ref name=rings/> Great roads that ran both north and south of the [[White Mountains]] traversed through the realm.<ref>{{RK|Ride}}</ref>


Before the Downfall of Númenor, the region that would become Gondor was home to many Númenórean colonists, who either mingled with the indigenous [[Middle Men]] if they were friendly, or dispersed them into [[Ras Morthil]], [[Dunland]], and [[Drúadan Forest]]. The land on which Gondor was founded was more fertile than the more northerly areas of Middle-earth, and therefore it already had a fairly large population and settlements, including a well-established haven, [[Pelargir]]<ref name="UTD">{{UT|Druedain}}</ref> founded by the [[Faithful]] Númenóreans in the year {{SA|2350|n}} of the [[Second Age]].
Gondor was, from the beginnning of its history, always more powerful and populous than its northern counterpart, the [[Arnor]], in spite of its borders being impeded in the South and East.<ref name=Atani>{{PM|Atani}}</ref>


The refugees from [[Númenor]] led by [[Isildur]] and [[Anárion]] were given a warm reception upon their arrival by those [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] colonists. Those north of the river [[Anduin]] accepted Elendil's claim to kingship over them, being an heir of the Faithful [[Lords of Andúnie]]. South of the Great River, however, there were also-newly-exiled [[Black Númenóreans]], descendants of the [[King's Men]] of Númenor, who opposed the Faithful and therefore did not recognize Elendil's claim. Much of Gondor's early history was marked by conflict with the Black Númenóreans.
==== War of the Last Alliance ====
{{main|War of the Last Alliance}}
Gondor was at first unaware that [[Sauron]], who had been taken as a prisoner to [[Númenor]] before its destruction, had survived the disastrous [[Downfall of Númenor|Downfall]]. However, not long after the kingdom's cities were built, the awakening of the fires of [[Orodruin]] signalled his return. At that time, the [[Men of Gondor]] first called the mountain ''[[Amon Amarth]]'', or [[Mount Doom]].<ref>{{App|Numenor}}</ref>


[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The White Tree.jpg|thumb|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The White Tree'']]After their arrival and acceptance by the people, Isildur and Anárion put themselves to the task of ordering their realm. Isildur took the area then known as [[Arnen]] (later [[Ithilien]])<ref>{{VT|42a}}, p. 17</ref> and built the tower of [[Minas Ithil]] near Mordor as a threat to the [[Mordor|Black Land]], and within its walls he planted a seedling of the [[Nimloth of Númenor|White Tree]] of Númenor that he had taken before its burning. Anárion raised the tower of [[Minas Anor]] on the other side of Anduin's floodplain as a bulwark against the [[Wild Men]]. In between their cities, the brothers founded [[Osgiliath]], their capital, from which they jointly reigned; these three cities also housed three of the ''[[palantíri]]'', the Seeing Stones that the Faithful had taken with them from Númenor, to maintain contact with Elendil and the other areas under their control.
Soon after, in {{SA|3429}}, [[Sauron]] launched an [[First Fall of Minas Ithil|attack on Minas Ithil]], which forced [[Isildur]] into a retreat. Sauron took the fortress and burned the [[White Tree of Gondor]] that had grown there, but Isildur saved one of its seedlings and took it and his family on a ship down the [[Anduin]]. He sailed to the north to confer with [[Elendil]] about these events while [[Anárion]] remained in Gondor and continued to hold [[Minas Anor]] and [[Osgiliath]].<ref>{{App|B1}}</ref> He also managed to push back [[Sauron]]'s forces to the mountain range of [[Ephel Dúath]], but Sauron began to gather reinforcements and the [[Men of Gondor]] knew that their realm was in great danger of being destroyed unless aid came.


=== First Conflict with Sauron ===
[[Elendil]] reacted to the threat of Sauron by combining forces with [[Gil-galad]], the [[High King of the Noldor]], to make the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. Their armies marched south-east from [[Arnor]] and [[Lindon]]. Supported by the forces of Gondor, [[Lórinand]], the [[Woodland Realm]], and [[Khazad-dûm]], the [[Last Alliance|Alliance]] fought a great battle on the plain of [[Dagorlad]], north of [[Mordor]]. The [[Last Alliance]] was victorious, and entered [[Mordor]] itself, where they laid a siege on Sauron's Tower of [[Siege of Barad-dûr|Barad-dûr]] for seven years. During this time, [[Anárion]], joint [[King of Gondor]], was killed by a rock thrown from [[Barad-dûr]] that broke his helm. The siege ended when [[Sauron]] himself emerged from [[Barad-dûr]] to fight the [[Last Alliance|Alliance]]. [[Gil-galad]] and [[Elendil]] were slain in single combat, but [[Isildur]] cut the [[One Ring]] from Sauron's finger ending the war.<ref name=rings/>
The Dúnedain were at first unaware that Sauron, who had been taken as a prisoner to Númenor before its destruction, had survived the disastrous Downfall. However, not long after the kingdom's cities were built, the awakening of the fires of [[Orodruin]] signalled his return. At that time, the Men of Gondor first called the mountain ''Amon Amarth'', or Mount Doom. Soon after, Sauron launched an attack on Minas Ithil, which forced Isildur into a retreat. Sauron took the fortress and burned the White Tree that had grown there, but Isildur saved one of its seedlings and took it and his family on a ship down the Anduin. He sailed to the north to confer with Elendil about these events. Anárion remained in Gondor and continued to hold Osgiliath. He also managed to push back Sauron's forces to the mountain range of [[Ephel Dúath]], but Sauron began to gather reinforcements, among whom were a large number of Black Númenóreans, and the Men of Gondor knew that their realm was in great danger of being destroyed unless aid came.


=== The [[War of the Last Alliance]] ===
=== Third Age ===
Elendil reacted to the threat of Sauron by combining forces with [[Gil-galad]] the [[Elves|Elven]]-king to make the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]. Their armies marched south-east from Arnor and Gil-galad's realm of [[Lindon]]. Supported by the forces of Gondor, [[Lórinand]], [[Mirkwood]] and the dwarves of [[Moria]], the Alliance fought a great battle on the plain of [[Dagorlad]] north of Mordor. The armies of Elendil and Gil-galad were victorious, and entered Mordor itself, where they laid a siege on Sauron's Tower of [[Siege of Barad-dûr|Barad-dûr]] for seven years. During this time, Anárion was killed by a rock thrown from the Tower that broke his helm. The siege ended when Sauron himself emerged from Barad-dûr to fight the Alliance. Gil-galad and Elendil attacked and destroyed Sauron, though they themselves were slain the process.<ref name="OtRoP">{{S|Rings}}</ref>
====Independence====
After the battle, [[Isildur]], former joint [[King of Gondor]] and heir to the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High Kingship]],  built a secret tomb for [[Elendil]] on the mountain [[Amon Anwar]]<ref name="CE"/> and placed the rule of Gondor in the hands of his brother's eldest eligible son, [[Meneldil]]. Isildur planted the seedling of the White Tree that he had saved in [[Minas Ithil]], and brought to Minas Anor, and it endured for several centuries.  


=== Gondor in the Beginning of the [[Third Age]] ===
After these acts, Isildur left Gondor in {{TA|2}} with the intent of taking up the [[High King (Dúnedain)|High Kingship]] in [[Annúminas]]. He [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields|never arrived]].<ref name=rings/><ref name="AppB2"/> [[Isildur]] had relinquished the rule of Gondor to his nephew [[Meneldil]] who became the first [[King of Gondor]] to rule in his own right and so, Gondor became an independent realm.<ref name=rings/><ref name="AppB2"/>
====Rebuilding====
After the battle, during which the long Second Age came to an end, Isildur built a secret tomb for Elendil on the mountain [[Amon Anwar]].<ref name="CE"/> He also aided Anárion's son [[Meneldil]], who was now King, in reorganizing Gondor. Isildur planted the seedling of the White Tree that he had saved in [[Minas Ithil]], and brought to Minas Anor (later known as Minas Tirith), and it endured for several centuries. After these acts, Isildur left Gondor in the third year of the Third Age with the intent of ruling his father's kingdom of Arnor. He [[Disaster of the Gladden Fields|never arrived]].<ref name="Gladden">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[The Disaster of the Gladden Fields]]"</ref>


==== Gondor Prospers ====
==== Golden Age ====
After the war, Gondor's power and wealth grew steadily (only interrupted by an [[Easterlings|Easterling]] invasion in [[Third Age 492]]). Its power would continue to grow into the 9th century of the Third Age.  While the power of Gondor's sister kingdom [[Arnor]] peaked during the 9th century, when it broke into various successor states, Gondor's greatest glory was yet to come.
After the war, Gondor's power and wealth grew steadily (only interrupted by an [[Easterlings|Easterling]] invasion in {{TA|492}}). Its power would continue to grow into the 9th century of the [[Third Age]].  While the power of Gondor's sister kingdom [[Arnor]] peaked during the 9th century, when it broke into various successor states, Gondor's greatest glory was yet to come.
[[File:Steven White Jr. - Gondor TA1050.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gondor in {{TA|1050}}]]
Gondor's power reached its Golden Age under the four "[[Ship-kings]]": [[Tarannon Falastur]], [[Eärnil I]], [[Ciryandil]], and [[Hyarmendacil I]].


==== Gondor's Golden Age ====
Tarannon was [[Captain of the Hosts]] and the first of the [[Ship-kings]] of Gondor, who extended Gondor far along the shores west and south of the [[Ethir Anduin]]. Commemorating his victories, Tarannon assumed the name "Falastur" when he took the crown.<ref name="AppGondor">{{App|Gondor}}</ref> Tarannon was also famous for his Queen, the "nefarious, solitary, and loveless" [[Berúthiel]].  Tarannon had built a house in [[Pelargir]] that rested upon arches sunk into the [[Anduin]], but the queen refused to live within the sound and smell of the sea.  She lived in the King's House in [[Osgiliath]] where she owned cats said to be able to spy upon men. Eventually Tarannon placed her upon a boat cast adrift at sea.<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note 7</ref>  He was then the first king to die without an heir, and was succeeded by his nephew, the second of the Ship-kings, [[Eärnil I]].<ref name="South"/>
[[File:Steven White Jr. - Gondor TA1050.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gondor in {{TA|1050}}]]Gondor's power reached its Golden Age under the four "[[Ship-kings]]": [[Tarannon Falastur]], [[Eärnil I]], [[Ciryandil]], and [[Hyarmendacil I]].


The reign of Tarannon was an unhappy one: he married [[Berúthiel]], nefarious and loveless. Unlike her husband, she hated the Sea, its smells and its sounds. Mystery began to surround her as she used her [[cats]] to spy on the Gondorian nobility, and paranoia and fear rose. After much ado, Tarannon banished her from Gondor, setting her on an adrift ship with her cats. The ship was last seen passing [[Umbar]] in the South.<ref name="UTI7">{{UT|Istari}}, note 7</ref> Because he exiled his wife, Tarannon died childless, and the kingship went to his nephew Eärnil I. But not all went ill for Tarannon. Around {{TA|830}}, Tarannon captured the land of Harandor, and took the name Falastur, meaning Lord of Coasts.
[[Eärnil I]] continued with the expansionist maritime policy of his predecessor by constructing a great navy and repairing the ancient haven of [[Pelargir]].<ref name="Elendil"/> But Gondor was not the supreme "Lord of the Coasts" as Tarannon boasted; the [[Haven of Umbar]] stood in their way of complete domination. So in {{TA|933}}, [[Eärnil I]] defeated the forces of Umbar, seizing control of the seas and making Umbar a great harbour and fortress of Gondor. Even though Gondor's naval power was uncontested, [[Eärnil I]] was lost at sea and was never seen again.  


But Gondor was not the supreme lord of the coasts as Tarannon boasted, the haven of [[Umbar]] stood in their way of complete domination.  So in 933, Eärnil I defeated the Umbarim, seizing control of the seas. Even though Gondor held unrivaled control of the seas, Eärnil I was lost at sea and was never seen again. The exiled nobility of Umbar sought to depose the newly established Gondorian control of Umbar.  They mustered a Haradrim army and besieged the city. In hopes of relieving the siege, Ciryandil I led an army into Harad, but in 1149 he died fighting the Haradrim.
When he was lost at sea, he was succeeded by his son [[Ciryandil]], who continued his father's naval policies of building more ships. Ciryandil reigned over Gondor for seventy-nine years, and died in the defence of Umbar against the Haradrim, in Haradwaith, led by the lords exiled from Umbar.


In the reign of the powerful king Hyarmendacil I Gondor reached the height of its power. During Hyarmendacil's reign Gondor's borders reached their furthest extent. The Kingdom extended east to the [[Sea of Rhûn]]; south to the [[Harnen]] and all the coast up to the cape of [[Umbar]]; as far north as [[Celebrant]]; and west towards [[Greyflood]]. Gondor would also enjoy several centuries of peace due to its military might. The [[Men of the Vales of Anduin]] as well as the Haradrim acknowledged its authority and overlordship, with the Kings of Harad paying homage.<ref name="Gondor"/>
When Ciryandil was slain, his son Ciryaher took up the Crown. After biding his time and building up his forces, he avenged his father, and defeated the kings of Harad, by land and by sea and  made  them  acknowledge  the  overlordship of Gondor in {{TA|1050}}. In the reign of the powerful king Hyarmendacil I Gondor reached the height of its power. After this victory he took the name ''Hyarmendacil'', meaning "South-victor". Hyarmendacil's reign brought [[Gondor]] to its greatest extent and power. For the rest of his one hundred and thirty-four year reign Gondor was at peace; the passes of [[Mordor]] were well guarded, and no one dared contest his power. During Hyarmendacil I's reign, Gondor's borders reached their furthest extent. The Kingdom extended east to the [[Sea of Rhûn]]; south to the [[Harnen]] and all the coast up to the cape of [[Umbar]]; as far north as [[Celebrant]]; and west towards [[Greyflood]]. Gondor would also enjoy several centuries of peace due to its military might. The [[Men of the Vales of Anduin]] as well as the Haradrim acknowledged its authority and overlordship, with the Kings of Harad paying homage.<ref name="AppGondor"/> Hyarmendacil I was the last of the [[Ship-kings]]. He was succeeded by his lazy son [[Atanatar II|Atanatar II Alcarin]].


[[Rómendacil II]] built on the northern approach to [[Nen Hithoel]] the giant pillars [[Argonath]] to mark the northern border of Gondor following a great victory over the [[Easterlings]] in {{TA|1248}}.<ref>{{App|B2}}</ref>
==== Decline ====
The extent and power of the realm [[Atanatar]] had inherited earned him the title [[Alcarin]] ("Glorious") but he did little to maintain its strength, and nothing to expand its influence. Already during Atanatar's reign, then, Gondor began to stagnate. There is some evidence to suggest that [[Gandalf]] first visited Gondor during this period, earning the name ''[[Incánus]]'' from the [[Gondorians]]. Atanatar II ruled Gondor for seventy-seven years, during which the wealth and power created by his father slowly began to wane. Atanatar was succeeded by his eldest son, who ruled as [[Narmacil I]], but [[Narmacil]] had no children and was succeeded in turn by his brother, Atanatar's younger son [[Calmacil]].


=== The Decline of Gondor ===
After sixty-four years as [[Regent of Gondor|Regent]] under the old King [[Calmacil]], [[Minalcar]] took the throne in his own right. In memory of a great victory over the [[Easterlings]] he had won in his [[Regent of Gondor|Regency]], he became King in the name [[Rómendacil II]]. [[Rómendacil II]] built, on the northern approach to [[Nen Hithoel]], the giant pillars [[Argonath]] to mark the northern border of Gondor following his great victory over the [[Easterlings]] in {{TA|1248}}.<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref> He developed less tangible defences, too, working to cement a bond between Gondor and the [[Northmen]] who lived to the east. He went so far as to send his son [[Valacar]] to live among them, an act from which the evils of the [[Kin-strife]] would eventually develop. After Rómendacil II's reign, decadence spread under the kings of Gondor and a long period of decline began (although Gondor experienced several revivals). Three great calamities struck Gondor during the second millennium of the Third Age, which are held to be the chief reasons for its decline:  the [[Kin-strife]], the [[Great Plague]], and the invasion of the [[Wainriders]] (a tribe of Easterlings), one of series of conflicts in the [[Wainrider/Balchoth War]].   
After Rómendacil II's reign, decadence spread under the kings of Gondor and a long period of decline began (although Gondor experienced several revivals). Three great calamities struck Gondor during the second millennium of the Third Age, which are held to be the chief reasons for its decline:  the [[Kin-strife]], the [[Great Plague]], and the invasion of the [[Wainriders]] (a tribe of Easterlings), one of series of conflicts in the [[Wainrider/Balchoth War]].   


==== The Kin-strife ====
===== Kin-strife =====
In the 15th century a great civil war named the Kin-strife tore the nation apart.  The current King Eldacar was of mixed blood: his mother was of the Northmen.  Popular displeasure at this led to the overthrow of King Eldacar by Castamir, the admiral of all of Gondor's naval forces who possessed some royal blood. Eldacar's son was slain, and Eldacar fled north.  Castamir was afterwards known as [[Castamir|Castamir the Usurper]].  During his ten year rule he proved to be very cruel, and because of his love of his old fleet, he lavished attention on the coastal regions while the interior provinces were ignored and left to rot.  Eldacar then returned with an army of his Northmen kinsmen, and they were joined by armies of Gondorians from interior provinces such as Anórien.  [[Osgiliath]] was devastated during this conflict, its great bridge destroyed and its ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' lost. Eldacar slew Castamir and reclaimed his throne, but Castamir's sons and their forces were besieged in Pelargir, the great port of Gondor.  They eventually retreated to Umbar, where they joined with the Corsairs, and troubled Gondor for many years, until their descendants died out.
{{main|Kin-strife}}
In the 15th century a great civil war named the Kin-strife tore the nation apart.  The current King Eldacar was of mixed blood: his mother was of the Northmen.  Popular displeasure at this led to the overthrow of King Eldacar by Castamir, the admiral of all of Gondor's naval forces who possessed some royal blood. Eldacar's son was slain, and Eldacar fled north.  Castamir was afterwards known as [[Castamir|Castamir the Usurper]].  During his ten year rule he proved to be very cruel, and because of his love of his old fleet, he lavished attention on the coastal regions while the interior provinces were ignored and left to rot.  Eldacar then returned with an army of his Northmen kinsmen, and they were joined by armies of Gondorians from interior provinces such as Anórien.  [[Osgiliath]] was devastated during this conflict, its great bridge destroyed and its ''[[palantíri|palantír]]'' lost. Eldacar slew Castamir and reclaimed his throne, but Castamir's sons and their forces were besieged in Pelargir, the great port of Gondor.  They eventually retreated to Umbar, where they joined with the Corsairs, and troubled Gondor for many years, until their descendants died out.


==== The Great Plague ====
===== Great Plague =====
In [[Third Age 1636]] the [[Great Plague]] struck and the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] died. This Plague was no localized event:  the Plague swept through all of Middle-earth, reaching the successor states of Arnor and the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]] in the North. King [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]] found a sapling of the White Tree, and moved the capital from Osgiliath to [[Minas Anor]], the City of Anárion. During this time, Gondor was so depopulated that the fortifications guarding against the re-entry of evil into Mordor were abandoned.  It is believed that had the Haradrim or Easterlings been capable of attacking Gondor at this time, it would have fallen. However, the Plague left Gondor's enemies in no better condition than Gondor itself, and neither side was capable of mounting new offensives.
{{main|Great Plague}}
In [[Third Age 1636]], the [[Great Plague]] struck and the [[White Tree of Gondor|White Tree]] died. This Plague was no localized event:  the Plague swept through all of Middle-earth, reaching the successor states of Arnor and the [[Hobbits]] of [[the Shire]] in the North. King [[Tarondor (King of Gondor)|Tarondor]] found a sapling of the White Tree, and moved the capital from Osgiliath to [[Minas Anor]], the City of Anárion. During this time, Gondor was so depopulated that the fortifications guarding against the re-entry of evil into Mordor were abandoned.  It is believed that had the Haradrim or Easterlings been capable of attacking Gondor at this time, it would have fallen. However, the Plague left Gondor's enemies in no better condition than Gondor itself, and neither side was capable of mounting new offensives.


==== The Invasion of the Wainriders ====
===== Invasion of the Wainriders =====
The first invasion of the Wainriders began {{TA|1856}} during the reign of King [[Narmacil II]], following the sapping of Gondor's strength by the plague.  The spirit of Sauron in the East stirred up the forces of the Wainriders to attack the lands of Gondor and her allies. The Wainriders were stronger than any other horde of Easterlings before, and so in 1856, on the fields of Rhovanion, the Wainriders defeated the forces of Gondor and the Northmen, killing [[Narmacil II]] and enslaving Rhovanion.  During the enslavement of Rhovannion, the Nazgûl entered Mordor.  But the Gondorians would not sit idle, while their allies to the north were suffering under the Wainriders.  In 1899 Kingn Calimehtar led a revot in Rhovanion, and defeated the Wainriders in the Battle of Dagorlad.   
The first invasion of the Wainriders began {{TA|1856}} during the reign of King [[Narmacil II]], following the sapping of Gondor's strength by the plague.  The spirit of Sauron in the East stirred up the forces of the Wainriders to attack the lands of Gondor and her allies. The Wainriders were stronger than any other horde of Easterlings before, and so in 1856, on the fields of Rhovanion, the Wainriders defeated the forces of Gondor and the Northmen, killing [[Narmacil II]] and enslaving Rhovanion.  During the enslavement of Rhovannion, the Nazgûl entered Mordor.  But the Gondorians would not sit idle, while their allies to the north were suffering under the Wainriders.  In 1899 King Calimehtar led a revolt in Rhovanion, and defeated the Wainriders in the Battle of Dagorlad.   


{{TA|1940}} The King [[Ondoher]] took council with [[Araphant]] the king of [[Arthedain]]. The kings realized that one force was beset on destroying the kingdoms of the [[Dunedain]].  For a long time it had lain dormant, but in the weakness of both kingdoms, it attacked.  The Kingdoms allied against the power, and Prince [[Arvedui]] of Arthedain married Firiel the daughter of Ondoher.   
{{TA|1940}} The King [[Ondoher]] took council with [[Araphant]] the king of [[Arthedain]]. The kings realized that one force was beset on destroying the kingdoms of the [[Dunedain]].  For a long time it had lain dormant, but in the weakness of both kingdoms, it attacked.  The Kingdoms allied against the power, and Prince [[Arvedui]] of Arthedain married Firiel the daughter of Ondoher.   


After licking their wounds for 45 years the Wainriders returned with allies from Khand and Harad {{TA|1944}}. The Wainriders came in the north from Rhovanion and the men of Harad and Khand attacked from the South.  The Wainriders destroyed the Northern Army of Gondor, but in the south Gondor defeated the Southrons at the River Poros.  Their Captain Eärnil gathered the remnants of the northern army, and went north to challenge the Wainriders. In the [[Battle of the Camp]] Eärnil surprised the Wainriders, while they were celebrating their victory.
After licking their wounds for 45 years the Wainriders returned with allies from Khand and Harad in {{TA|1944}}. The Wainriders came in the north from Rhovanion and the men of Harad and Khand attacked from the South.  The Wainriders destroyed the Northern Army of Gondor, but in the south Gondor defeated the Southrons at the River Poros.  Their Captain Eärnil gathered the remnants of the northern army, and went north to challenge the Wainriders. In the [[Battle of the Camp]] Eärnil surprised the Wainriders, while they were celebrating their victory.


=== The Line of the Kings Fails ===
===== Reunification Rejected =====
==== Reunification Rejected ====
In 1944, Gondor also faced a constitutional crisis when King [[Ondoher]] was slain in a previous battle with both his sons. Prince [[Arvedui]], son of King [[Araphant]] of [[Arthedain]] and Ondoher's son-in-law, and the victorious general Eärnil, who was a distant blood-relative of Ondoher, claimed the throne. Arvedui's claim lay mainly in the reintroduction of the old Númenórean law of accession, which stated the eldest (remaining) child should succeed the king. If the law was reintroduced, then Arvedui's wife [[Fíriel]], Ondoher's daughter and last remaining child would become [[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Ruling Queen]], making their descendants Kings of both Arnor and Gondor. Arvedui also tried to put weight behind his claim as he was Isildur's heir. The Council of Gondor recognised that the name of Isildur was held in honour in Gondor, but they dictated that the South-Kingdom must be ruled by an Heir of Anárion. Due to his ancestry from Fíriel and Arvedui, more than a millennium later, Aragorn Elessar put forward his claim as the heir of both Isildur and Anárion.
In 1944, Gondor also faced a constitutional crisis when King [[Ondoher]] was slain in a previous battle with both his sons. Prince [[Arvedui]], son of King [[Araphant]] of [[Arthedain]] and Ondoher's son-in-law, and the victorious general Eärnil, who was a distant blood-relative of Ondoher, claimed the throne. Arvedui's claim lay mainly in the reintroduction of the old Númenórean law of accession, which stated the eldest (remaining) child should succeed the king. If the law was reintroduced, then Arvedui's wife [[Fíriel]], Ondoher's daughter and last remaining child would become [[Ruling Queens of Númenor|Ruling Queen]], making their descendants Kings of both Arnor and Gondor. Arvedui also tried to put weight behind his claim as he was Isildur's heir. The Council of Gondor recognised that the name of Isildur was held in honour in Gondor, but they dictated that the South-Kingdom must be ruled by an Heir of Anárion. Due to his ancestry from Fíriel and Arvedui, more than a millennium later, Aragorn Elessar put forward his claim as the heir of both Isildur and Anárion.


Eärnil lay his claim as being a direct descendant of King [[Telumehtar]] Umbardacil. His claim was also greatly bolstered by the popularity he had gained as the victorious general who saved Gondor from the Wainriders after winning the southern theatre of the war. Steward [[Pelendur]] who was temporarily ruling Gondor as serving as arbiter of succession, intervened in favour of Gondor's victorious general who would rule as [[Eärnil II]].
Eärnil lay his claim as being a direct descendant of King [[Telumehtar]] Umbardacil. His claim was also greatly bolstered by the popularity he had gained as the victorious general who saved Gondor from the Wainriders after winning the southern theatre of the war. Steward [[Pelendur]] who was temporarily ruling Gondor as serving as arbiter of succession, intervened in favour of Gondor's victorious general who would rule as [[Eärnil II]].


==== The Last Heir of Anárion ====
===== Last Heir of Anárion =====
During the [[Battle of Fornost]], Eärnil II's heir Eärnur led Gondor's forces to victory over the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]], who was actually the Lord of the [[Nazgûl]].  Although Eärnur wished to fight him, Eärnur's horse was terrified and fled the battle against his wishes.  By the time he mastered his horse and return, the Witch-king had fled.  [[Glorfindel]] the Elf then prophesied to him that it was better that he not fight the Lord of the Nazgûl because "never by the hand of man shall he fall".   
During the [[Battle of Fornost]], Eärnil II's heir Eärnur led Gondor's forces to victory over the [[Witch-king]] of [[Angmar]], who was actually the Lord of the [[Nazgûl]].  Although Eärnur wished to fight him, Eärnur's horse was terrified and fled the battle against his wishes.  By the time he mastered his horse and return, the Witch-king had fled.  [[Glorfindel]] the Elf then prophesied to him that it was better that he not fight the Lord of the Nazgûl because "never by the hand of man shall he fall".   


Eärnur later ascended to the throne, ruling from Minas Anor (Tower of the Sun).  During this time, the Ringwraiths captured Minas Anor's sister city, Minas Ithil (Tower of the Moon), renaming it Minas Morgul (Tower of Sorcery) and taking it as their lair.  Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith (Tower of Guard) as a result.  The Lord of the Nazgûl repeatedly sent messengers to Minas Tirith challenging Eärnur to single combat, taunting him that he had fled out of cowardice from facing him during the Battle of Fornost.  Eventually, King Eärnur was overcome by wrath and rode with a small company of knights to Minas Morgul, to accept the challenge.  They were never heard from again.  So ended the Line of [[Anárion]].
Eärnur later ascended to the throne, ruling from Minas Anor (Tower of the Sun).  During this time, the Ringwraiths [[Second Fall of Minas Ithil|captured]] Minas Anor's sister city, Minas Ithil (Tower of the Moon), causing it to be renamed Minas Morgul (Tower of Sorcery), and took it as their lair.  Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith (Tower of Guard) as a result.  The Lord of the Nazgûl repeatedly sent messengers to Minas Tirith challenging Eärnur to single combat, taunting him that he had fled out of cowardice from facing him during the Battle of Fornost.  Eventually, King Eärnur was overcome by wrath and rode with a small company of knights to Minas Morgul, to accept the challenge.  They were never heard from again.  So ended the Line of [[Anárion]].


=== The Stewards of Gondor ===
==== Ruling Stewards of Gondor ====
==== The Ruling Stewards ====
{{main|Ruling Stewards}}
The realm was governed by a long line of hereditary Stewards after the disappearance of [[Eärnur]], son of Eärnil, since there was no proof that the last king was dead, and no claimant had enough support to be accepted as his successor. The line of Anárion was held to have failed, and Gondor was not willing to risk to another Kin-strife, which would surely have destroyed it. Whenever there was a new Steward, he would swear an oath to yield rule of Gondor back to the King, in essence only an heir of Isildur, if he should ever return. In Gondor there was no one who could claim descent from Isildur in direct line, and the northern line of Arnor had effectively disappeared, so this oath was not considered seriously. The line of Stewards ruled as Kings, without having the title.
The realm was governed by a long line of hereditary Stewards after the disappearance of [[Eärnur]], son of Eärnil, since there was no proof that the last king was dead, and no claimant had enough support to be accepted as his successor. The line of Anárion was held to have failed, and Gondor was not willing to risk to another Kin-strife, which would surely have destroyed it. Whenever there was a new Steward, he would swear an oath to yield rule of Gondor back to the King, in essence only an heir of Isildur, if he should ever return. In Gondor there was no one who could claim descent from Isildur in direct line, and the northern line of Arnor had effectively disappeared, so this oath was not considered seriously. The line of Stewards ruled as Kings, without having the title.


==== Cirion and Eorl ====
===== Cirion and Eorl =====
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Oathtaking of Cirion and Eorl.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''The Oathtaking of Cirion and Eorl'']]
[[File:Anke Eißmann - The oath of Cirion and Eorl.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''The oath of Cirion and Eorl'' by [[Anke Eißmann]]]]
In [[Third Age 2510]], when Steward [[Cirion]] ruled over Gondor, the nation faced one of its greatest perils: an Easterling tribe named the ''[[Balchoth]]'' invaded Gondor with massive force. Gondor's army marched to fight the Balchoth but were cut off from [[Minas Tirith]] and pushed back in the direction of the [[Limlight]].
In [[Third Age 2510]], when Steward [[Cirion]] ruled over Gondor, the nation faced one of its greatest perils: an Easterling tribe named the ''[[Balchoth]]'' invaded Gondor with massive force. Gondor's army marched to fight the Balchoth but were cut off from [[Minas Tirith]] and pushed back in the direction of the [[Limlight]].


Line 115: Line 120:
Upon the death of [[Belecthor]], the [[White Tree of Gondor]] also died, but was left standing "until the King comes".<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref>
Upon the death of [[Belecthor]], the [[White Tree of Gondor]] also died, but was left standing "until the King comes".<ref>{{PM|Elendil}}, p. 206</ref>


In {{TA|2885}}, when Ithilien was invaded in great strength, King [[Folcwine]] of Rohan fulfilled the Oath and sent many men to Gondor. With their aid Steward [[Túrin II]] won a victory at the [[Crossings of Poros]]. Since then, Gondor withdrew from Ithilien and only the [[Rangers of Ithilien]] remained with special refuges for them, and a fortification on Cair Andros.<ref name="Gondor"/>
In {{TA|2885}}, when Ithilien was invaded in great strength, King [[Folcwine]] of Rohan fulfilled the Oath and sent many men to Gondor. With their aid Steward [[Túrin II]] won a victory at the [[Crossings of Poros]]. Since then, Gondor withdrew from Ithilien and only the [[Rangers of Ithilien]] remained with special refuges for them, and a fortification on Cair Andros.<ref name="AppGondor"/>


It was near the end of [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]'s rule, in  {{TA|2951}}, when [[Sauron]] declared himself openly in [[Mordor]]; he gathered his power there, and began rebuilding [[Barad-dûr]].<ref>{{App|TA}}</ref> [[Ecthelion II]] strengthened [[Pelargir]] and refortified [[Cair Andros]].<ref name="Elendil"/> Under his service, the stranger [[Thorongil]], severely damaged the Corsairs' fleet at Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|surprise attack]].<ref name="Stewards"/>
It was near the end of [[Turgon (Steward of Gondor)|Turgon]]'s rule, in  {{TA|2951}}, when [[Sauron]] declared himself openly in [[Mordor]]; he gathered his power there, and began rebuilding [[Barad-dûr]].<ref name="AppB2"/> [[Ecthelion II]] strengthened [[Pelargir]] and refortified [[Cair Andros]].<ref name="Elendil"/> Under his service, the stranger [[Thorongil]], severely damaged the Corsairs' fleet at Umbar in a [[Surprise Attack on Umbar|surprise attack]].<ref name="Stewards"/>


=== [[War of the Ring]]===
===== War of the Ring=====
{{main|War of the Ring}}
[[File:Steven White Jr. - Gondor TA3019.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gondor in {{TA|3019}}]]
[[File:Steven White Jr. - Gondor TA3019.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gondor in {{TA|3019}}]]
In 3019, during the [[War of the Ring]], Gondor was the strongest of the free nations that opposed Sauron, and thus, its defeat was his primary strategic goal in the war.<ref name="MT">{{RK|V1}}</ref>  Gondor faced an all out attack on its capital Minas Tirith in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. Although nearly defeated, the Rohirrim once again turned the tide of battle, and helped win the war, though with heavy losses.<ref name="tBotPF">{{RK|Battle}}</ref> The combined army of the West then carried the battle to Sauron at the Battle of the Morannon, a feint to distract Sauron's attention from Frodo Baggins's quest to destroy the One Ring in Mount Doom, thus causing Sauron's destruction and the allies' ultimate victory.
In 3019, during the [[War of the Ring]], Gondor was the strongest of the free nations that opposed Sauron, and thus, its defeat was his primary strategic goal in the war.<ref name="MT">{{RK|V1}}</ref>  Gondor faced an all out attack on its capital Minas Tirith in the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]]. Although nearly defeated, the Rohirrim once again turned the tide of battle, and helped win the war, though with heavy losses.<ref name="tBotPF">{{RK|Battle}}</ref> The combined army of the West then carried the battle to Sauron at the Battle of the Morannon, a feint to distract Sauron's attention from Frodo Baggins's quest to destroy the One Ring in Mount Doom, thus causing Sauron's destruction and the allies' ultimate victory.


After the second and final defeat of Sauron the Kingship was restored, [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] became king of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] of Gondor and Arnor.  
===Later history===
{{main|Reunited Kingdom}}
After the second and final defeat of Sauron, the [[King of Gondor|Kingship of Gondor]] was restored, [[Aragorn|Aragorn II]] became the third [[King of Gondor and Arnor]].  


[[Faramir]], last heir of the Ruling Stewards, was to retain the office of steward (though not ruling), and was made [[Prince of Ithilien]], which had been reconquered from the forces of Mordor.<ref name="tSatK">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Steward and the King]]"</ref> Faramir would serve as the King's representative during absence or illness, and became the chief counsellor of the [[Council of Gondor]].<ref name="L244">{{L|244}}</ref>
During his reign, [[Aragorn]] restored Gondor and repeopled it, but retained [[Minas Tirith]] as the chief city.<ref name="Elendil">{{PM|Elendil}}</ref>. He, alongside [[King of Rohan|King]] [[Éomer]], led military campaigns beyond the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and on the far fields of the [[South]].<ref name="Appendix A">{{App|Mark}}</ref> As a result, he was able to re-establish his dominance in places which Gondor initially held at the height of its power. The threat of the [[Corsairs of Umbar|Corsairs]] was finally completely subdued during his reign and [[Umbar]] was finally re-taken.<ref name="AppGondor"/> He also made peace with the [[Haradrim]] after his coronation.<ref name="RK-StewardKing">{{RK|VI5}}</ref>
 
===Politics===
[[Gondor]] was divided into regions described as 'fiefs', each under the control of a lord who in turn owed their allegiance to the Ruler of Gondor, whether the [[King of Gondor|King]] or (in later years) the [[Ruling Steward]].<ref name="Fortyone">{{PM|Languages}}, §41, p. 45</ref> Many of these fiefs were dominated by the [[Dúnedain]], notably the royal lands of [[Anórien]] and [[Ithilien]], as well as the shoreland fief of [[Belfalas]].<ref name=languages/>
 
The [[Númenórean]] [[King of Gondor]] governed the realm with the frame of ancient law, of which he was administrator (and interpreter) but not the maker. In all debatable matters of importance domestic, or external, however, even [[Denethor II|Denethor]] had a [[Council of Gondor|Council]], and at least listened to what the Lords of the Fiefs and the Captains of the Forces had to say. [[Aragorn]] re-established the [[Council of Gondor|Great Council of Gondor]], and in that [[Faramir]], who remained by inheritance the [[Steward]] (or representative of the King during his absence abroad, or sickness, or between his death and the accession of his heir) was his chief counsellor.<ref name="politics">{{L|244}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
Initially, Gondor was comprised of the lands to the North and South of the [[White Mountains]], but [[Calenardhon|a large part of the northern territories]] was gifted to the [[Éothéod]] in [[Third Age 2510]].<ref name="CE">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> Gondor's close proximity to Sauron's land was the catalyst of many battles and skirmishes, but its location also gave the Gondorians more ability to protect the other regions of Middle-earth from the Dark Lord and his servants.<ref name="CoE">{{FR|Council}}</ref>
At its greatest extent, the realm extended:<ref name="AppGondor"/>
 
* North to the [[Field of Celebrant]] and the southern eaves of [[Mirkwood]]<ref name="AppGondor"/>
* West to the [[Greyflood]]<ref name="AppGondor"/>
* East to the inland [[Sea of Rhûn]]<ref name="AppGondor"/>
* South to the [[River Harnen]], and also along the coast to the peninsula and haven of [[Umbar]]<ref name="AppGondor"/>
 
[[Calenardhon|A large part of the northern territories]] was gifted to the [[Éothéod]] in {{TA|2510}}.<ref name="CE">{{UT|Cirion}}</ref> Gondor's close proximity to Sauron's land was the catalyst of many battles and skirmishes, but its location also gave the Gondorians more ability to protect the other regions of Middle-earth from the Dark Lord and his servants.<ref name="CoE">{{FR|Council}}</ref>
 
At the height  of its  power, between  the reigns of  [[Hyarmendacil  I]]  and [[Rómendacil II]] ({{TA|1015}}-{{TA|1366|n}}), the wide lands between [[Anduin]] and  the  [[Sea of Rhûn]]  were  never  effectively  settled  or  occupied,  and  the  only  true north  boundary of the  Kingdom  east  of  [[Anduin]]  was  formed  by  the  [[Emyn  Muil]]  and the  marshes  south  and  east  of  them.<ref name=Atani/> Númenorean influence, however,  went  far  beyond  even  these  extended  bounds,  passing up  the  [[Vales  of  Anduin]]  to  its  sources,  and  reaching  the lands east  of  [[Mirkwood]],  between  the  [[River Running]] and the [[River Carnen]].<ref name=Atani/>
 
===Regions===
===Regions===
Gondor was divided between several nearly autonomous regions. These were the following:
Gondor was divided between several nearly autonomous regions. These were the following:
* [[Andrast]], the de-populated peninsula of [[Ras Morthil]]
* [[Anfalas]], or the Langstrand, in the south-west
* [[Anórien]], surrounding [[Minas Tirith]] and north of Ered Nimrais
* [[Belfalas]], the peninsula jutting out from the southern coast of Gondor ruled by the [[Prince of Dol Amroth]]
* [[Ethir Anduin]], the estuary of the [[Anduin|River Anduin]]
* [[Ithilien]], the lands across the [[Anduin]] from Minas Tirith
* [[Ithilien]], the lands across the [[Anduin]] from Minas Tirith
* [[Anórien]], surrounding [[Minas Tirith]] and north of Ered Nimrais
* [[Lamedon]], north of the [[Ringló]]
* [[Lebennin]], the land between Lossarnach and the Bay of Belfalas
* [[Lossarnach]], in the mountain vales south-west of Minas Tirith  
* [[Lossarnach]], in the mountain vales south-west of Minas Tirith  
* [[Lebennin]], the land between Lossarnach and the Bay of Belfalas
* [[Belfalas]], peninsula jutting out from the southern coast of Gondor
* [[Dor-en-Ernil]], ruled by the [[Prince of Dol Amroth]]
* [[Lamedon]], north of the [[Ringló]]
* [[Ringló Vale]], between Lamedon and Belfalas
* [[Anfalas]], or the Langstrand, in the south-west
* [[Morthond]], south of Erech
* [[Morthond]], south of Erech
*[[Pinnath Gelin]], the hills north of Anfalas and east of the river Lefnui
* [[Pinnath Gelin]], the hills north of Anfalas and east of the river Lefnui
* [[Ethir Anduin]], south of the mouths of the Anduin
* [[Ringló Vale]], between Lamedon and [[Belfalas]]
 
The long cape of [[Andrast]] was not populated.


Additionally, Gondor held or had held the following regions at certain points in its history:
Additionally, Gondor held or had held the following regions at certain points in its history:
* [[South Gondor]], which was contested between Gondor and [[Harad]]
* [[South Gondor]], which was contested between Gondor and the forces of [[Harad]] and [[Umbar]]
* [[Calenardhon]], which was given to the Éothéod and became Rohan
* [[Calenardhon]], which was given to the Éothéod and became Rohan
* [[Enedwaith]], the timberlands of Gondor, which were never really populated and soon abandoned
* [[Enedwaith]], the timberlands of Gondor (shared with [[Arnor]]), which were never really populated and soon abandoned
* [[Rhovanion]], which was never fully under the control of Gondor but under Gondorian influence at certain times during the Third Age
* [[Rhovanion]], which was never fully under the control of Gondor but under Gondorian influence at certain times during the Third Age
* [[Umbar]], which was retaken by the Corsairs of Umbar and the Haradrim
* [[Haradwaith]], tributary of Gondor for a while
* [[Haradwaith]], tributary of Gondor for a while


Line 157: Line 178:
Cities in Gondor included:
Cities in Gondor included:
* [[Calembel]]
* [[Calembel]]
* [[Dol Amroth]], a city on the coast of Belfalas
* [[Dol Amroth]], the seat of [[Prince of Dol Amroth|Princes]] on the coasts of Gondor
* [[Linhir]]
* [[Linhir]]
* [[Minas Tirith]] (originally named Minas Anor), City of the Kings
* [[Minas Tirith]] (originally named [[Minas Anor]]), the seven-tiered citadel of the [[Kings of Gondor]]
* [[Osgiliath]], city and former capital of Gondor on the river Anduin, largely destroyed and abandoned by the end of the Third Age
* [[Minas Ithil]], conquered by the [[Ringwraiths]] and renamed [[Minas Morgul]] by the [[Gondorians]]
* [[Pelargir]]
* [[Osgiliath]], the ancient capital of Gondor
* [[Pelargir]], the greatest and most ancient of the havens of Gondor
* [[Tarnost]] (debatable)<ref name="t2M">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]], ''[[The War of the Ring]]'', "[[The Second Map]]"</ref>
* [[Tarnost]] (debatable)<ref name="t2M">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]], ''[[The War of the Ring]]'', "[[The Second Map]]"</ref>


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* [[Isengard|Angrenost]], the fortress of Isengard, later granted to [[Saruman]]
* [[Isengard|Angrenost]], the fortress of Isengard, later granted to [[Saruman]]
* The Gondorian fortress later known as [[Hornburg]], guarding the [[Helm's Deep]]
* The Gondorian fortress later known as [[Hornburg]], guarding the [[Helm's Deep]]
* The [[Towers of the Teeth]], built by the Gondorians to keep watch over Mordor
* The [[Towers of the Teeth]], built by the Gondorians to keep watch over Mordor.
* The [[Tower of Cirith Ungol|fortress]] guarding the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]]
* The [[Tower of Cirith Ungol|fortress]] guarding the pass of [[Cirith Ungol]]
* The castle that came to be called [[Durthang]], the largest fortress in Mordor, originally built to guard the [[Ephel Dúath]]
* The castle that came to be called [[Durthang]], the largest fortress in Mordor, originally built to guard the [[Ephel Dúath]]
* [[Minas Ithil]], conquered by [[Mordor]] and renamed [[Minas Morgul]] by the Gondorians
* [[Tharbad]] to the north, held by both Gondor and Arnor but abandoned and later ruined after Gondor retreated from [[Enedwaith]]
* [[Tharbad]] to the north, held by both Gondor and Arnor but abandoned and later ruined after Gondor retreated from [[Enedwaith]]
* [[Umbar]], a harbour in the south which was contested by the Haradrim and lost and reclaimed several times
* [[Umbar]], which was contested between Gondor and the forces of [[Harad]] and [[Umbar]]


==Languages==
==Languages==
As the Gondorians came from Númenor, so came their language: [[Westron]], or the Common Speech, was the main language of the people of Gondor. Though the source of Westron lay in Pelargir,<ref name="AppF">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[Appendix F]]'', "Of Men"</ref> the clearest form, without any accent, was spoken in Minas Tirith.<ref name="L193">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 193]] (dated [[2 November|November 2]], [[1956]])</ref> This style was nobler and more antique than other dialects, and this was the Westron the Elves adopted.<ref name="L144">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 144]] (dated [[25 April|April 25]], [[1954]])</ref> In reverence of the mighty lords of Númenor of old, Eldarin was spoken by nobility. Quenya was known to the learned, and Sindarin was used to be polite, especially by those of high [[Númenóreans|Númenórean]] blood.<ref name="L347">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Humphrey Carpenter]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (eds.), ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]'', [[Letter 347]] (dated [[17 December|December 17]], [[1972]])</ref> However, especially the Sindarin contained several [[Gondor Sindarin|dialectical differences]].<ref name="CE49">[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', "[[Cirion and Eorl]]", note 49</ref>
[[Westron]], or the Common Speech, was the main language of the people of [[Gondor]]. An antique, more formal and terse, form of the Common Tongue was spoken by the Gondorians.<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref>  
 
Many of the Men of Gondor could also speak the [[Elvish]] tongues, a notable distinction and characteristic among the [[Dúnedain of the South]].<ref name=languages/> [[Sindarin]] had long ceased to be a "first language" in Gondor, but was learned in early youth (by those claiming [[Númenórean]] descent) from loremasters, and used by them as a mark of rank and high-blood.<ref name="Elendil"/> It had changed very little since the [[Downfall of Númenor]] and though the [[Men of Gondor]] altered some of the sounds, they could still understand the [[Elves]] and be understood by them.<ref name="Elendil"/> [[Westron]] became used more and more by the [[Dúnedain of Gondor]] themselves, so that at the time of the [[War of the Ring]], [[Sindarin]] was known to only a small part of the peoples of Gondor (and spoken daily by fewer); they dwelt mostly in [[Minas Tirith]] and the adjacent townlands, and in the land of the tributary princes of [[Dol Amroth]].<ref name=languages/> [[Sindarin]] was used to be polite, especially in [[Minas Tirith]].<ref name="quenya">{{L|347}}</ref>
 
[[Quenya]] was known to the learned of Gondor, a tradition which has continued from the loremasters of [[Númenor]], to be used for places of fame and reverence in addition to the names of royalty and men of great renown.<ref name="quenya"/><ref name=languages/> All the royal names of the [[Kings of Gondor]] as well as all the [[Stewards]] until [[Mardil Voronwë]] were [[Quenya]] names.<ref name=languages/><ref name="South">{{App|South}}</ref> At the end of the [[Third Age]], there were more [[Gondorians]] (those of [[Minas Tirith]] and its fiefs) that knew [[Quenya]] or spoke [[Sindarin]] than there were [[Elves]] (those of [[Lindon]], [[Rivendell]], and [[Lórien]]) who did either.<ref name="quenya"/>  


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
{{Pronounce|Gondor.mp3|Ardamir}}
In earlier times, it was called the South Kingdom, or ''Hyaralondie'', ''Hyallondie'' and ''Turmen Hyallondiéva'' in Quenya, and ''Arthor na Challonnas'' in Sindarin from the Númenórean point of view: the elements ''[[londie]]'' and ''[[lonnas]]'' mean "harbour, landing".<ref name="PE17">{{PE|17}}</ref>
In earlier times, it was called the South Kingdom, or ''Hyaralondie'', ''Hyallondie'' and ''Turmen Hyallondiéva'' in Quenya, and ''Arthor na Challonnas'' in Sindarin from the Númenórean point of view: the elements ''[[londie]]'' and ''[[lonnas]]'' mean "harbour, landing".<ref name="PE17">{{PE|17}}</ref>


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In [[Rohan]], it was known as '''Stoningland''' (a modernization of [[Old English]] ''Stāning-(land)''<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 776</ref>),<ref name="tBotPF"/> and [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]] of the [[Drúedain]] also recognized their use of stone.<ref name="RotR">{{RK|Ride}}</ref>
In [[Rohan]], it was known as '''Stoningland''' (a modernization of [[Old English]] ''Stāning-(land)''<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 776</ref>),<ref name="tBotPF"/> and [[Ghân-buri-Ghân]] of the [[Drúedain]] also recognized their use of stone.<ref name="RotR">{{RK|Ride}}</ref>
==Inspiration==
==Inspiration==
The history and civilization of Gondor has been compared to historical elements of the real world.
The history and civilization of Gondor has been compared to historical elements of the real world. Many real-world civilizations experienced periods in which a regent, vizier, or or general held actual power in the name a rightful monarch, like the Ruling Stewards did in Gondor. In his letters Tolkien compared the Ruling Stewards of Gondor to the Carolingians of France--Charlemagne's line descended from a marshal in service to the Merovingian dynasty that eventually replaced them.
===Italy===
===Italy===
[[Letter to Jennifer Brookes-Smith (28 July 1955)|Writing in a letter]] about an impending trip in [[1955]], Tolkien identified Gondor as [[Wikipedia:Italy|Italy]].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 462</ref>
[[Letter to Jennifer Brookes-Smith (28 July 1955)|Writing in a letter]] about an impending trip in [[1955]], Tolkien identified Gondor as [[Wikipedia:Italy|Italy]].<ref>{{CG|C}}, p. 462</ref>
Line 192: Line 219:
[[Tolkien]] himself likened Gondor in a degree to ancient Egypt, in terms of how Gondorians constructed gigantic stone structures, and the [[Crown of Gondor]] being similar to the [[Wikipedia:Pschent|crown of the Pharaohs of Egypt]].<ref>{{L|211}}, p. 281</ref> Notably, some "scholars" claimed that ancient Egypt was a colony of [[Atlantis]],<ref>[[Wikipedia:Ignatius L. Donnelly|Ignatius L. Donnelly]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4032 Atlantis: The Antediluvian World] (1882), Part V, Chapter II: The Egyptian Colony</ref> much like how Gondor was a survival of Númenor (although it is unknown if Tolkien considered this aspect).
[[Tolkien]] himself likened Gondor in a degree to ancient Egypt, in terms of how Gondorians constructed gigantic stone structures, and the [[Crown of Gondor]] being similar to the [[Wikipedia:Pschent|crown of the Pharaohs of Egypt]].<ref>{{L|211}}, p. 281</ref> Notably, some "scholars" claimed that ancient Egypt was a colony of [[Atlantis]],<ref>[[Wikipedia:Ignatius L. Donnelly|Ignatius L. Donnelly]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4032 Atlantis: The Antediluvian World] (1882), Part V, Chapter II: The Egyptian Colony</ref> much like how Gondor was a survival of Númenor (although it is unknown if Tolkien considered this aspect).
===Byzantine Empire===
===Byzantine Empire===
In online discussions, many [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]] have entertained the idea that Gondor is comparable to the [[Wikipedia:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]],<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.middleearthcenter.com/forums/showthread.php?t=21307|articlename=Gondor -> Byzantine Empire|dated=|website=[http://www.middleearthcenter.com/ Middle-earth Center]|accessed=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=229914|articlename=Is Gondor Constantinople?|dated=|website=Plaza|accessed=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.thephora.net/forum/showthread.php?t=12555|articlename=Gondor = Byzantium?|dated=|website=[http://www.thephora.net/forum/index.php The Phora]|accessed=22 September 2012}}</ref> and Tolkien himself referred to Minas Tirith as a "Byzantine City".<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 570</ref> Some of the parallels noted between Gondor and the Byzantine Empire are:<ref>Miryam Librán-Moreno, "'Byzantium, New Rome!': Goths, Langobards, and Byzantium in ''The Lord of the Rings''", in ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]'' (edited by [[Jason Fisher]]</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Tom Simon|articleurl=http://www.bondwine.com/essays/38/gondor.html|articlename=Gondor, Byzantium, and Feudalism|dated=13 March 2010|website=[http://www.bondwine.com/ Bondwine]|accessed=22 September 2012}}</ref>
In online discussions, many [[Tolkien fandom|Tolkien fans]] have entertained the idea that Gondor is comparable to the [[Wikipedia:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.middleearthcenter.com/forums/showthread.php?t=21307|articlename=Gondor -> Byzantine Empire|dated=|website=[http://www.middleearthcenter.com/ Middle-earth Center]|accessed=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.lotrplaza.com/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=229914|articlename=Is Gondor Constantinople?|dated=|website=Plaza|accessed=22 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.thephora.net/forum/showthread.php?t=12555|articlename=Gondor = Byzantium?|dated=|website=[http://www.thephora.net/forum/index.php The Phora]|accessed=22 September 2012}}</ref> [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] described Minas Tirith in a long [[Letter to Milton Waldman| letter to Milton Waldman]], that was probably written in late 1951, as the "half-ruinous Byzantine City of Minas Tirith"<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 746</ref> and that of Gondor in its history "fades slowly to decayed Middle-Age, a kind of proud, venerable, but increasingly impotent Byzantium".<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> Some of the parallels noted between Gondor and the Byzantine Empire are:<ref>Miryam Librán-Moreno, "'Byzantium, New Rome!': Goths, Langobards, and Byzantium in ''The Lord of the Rings''", in ''[[Tolkien and the Study of His Sources]]'' (edited by [[Jason Fisher]]</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Tom Simon|articleurl=http://www.bondwine.com/essays/38/gondor.html|articlename=Gondor, Byzantium, and Feudalism|dated=13 March 2010|website=[http://www.bondwine.com/ Bondwine]|accessed=22 September 2012}}</ref>
 
Gondor is the south-eastern portion of [[Elendil]]'s original kingdom. The Byzantine Empire was the eastern remnant of the Roman Empire. The [[Wikipedia:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]] eventually withered and dissolved, like [[Arnor]], while the Byzantine Empire endured, although in a dramatically weakened state. Their geographical role is also comparable as the Byzantine Empire encircled the Mediterranean while Gondor occupied the region around the [[Bay of Belfalas]]; both were threatened by [[Easterlings|eastern]] and [[Haradrim|southern]] adversaries. The Byzantine Empire absorbed several "barbaric" peoples like the Wends and Slavs, much like Gondor did with the [[Northmen]] and other [[Middle Men]]. Unlike Byzantium, Gondor did not fall and was restored through the return of its rightful line of kings.


Gondor is the south-eastern portion of [[Elendil]]'s original kingdom. The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern remnant of the Roman Empire. The [[Wikipedia:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]] eventually withered and dissolved, like [[Arnor]], while the Byzantine Empire endured, although in declined state. Their geographical role is also comparable as the Byzantine Empire encircled the Mediterranean while Gondor occupied the region around the [[Bay of Belfalas]]; both were threatened by [[Easterlings|eastern]] and [[Haradrim|southern]] adversaries. The Byzantine Empire absorbed several "barbaric" peoples like the Wends and Slavs, much like Gondor did with the [[Northmen]] and other [[Middle Men]].  
As a final note, the last Byzantine Emperor, [[Wikipedia:Constantine_XI_Palaiologos#Legacy|Constantine XI]], remained in legend and folklore as the [[Wikipedia:King in the mountain|"Marble Emperor"]] whose messianic ressurection and return would signal the restoration of the Empire. This parallels the fate of [[Earnur]] and Gondor's interregnum period until the "Return of the [[Aragorn|King]]" who [[Reunited Kingdom|restored the Kingdom]].


As a final note, the last Byzantine Emperor, [[Wikipedia:Constantine_XI_Palaiologos#Legacy|Constantine XI]], remained in legend and folklore as the [[Wikipedia:King in the mountain|"Marble King"]] whose messianic ressurection and return would signal the restoration of the Empire. This parallels the fate of [[Earnur]] and Gondor's interregnum period until the "Return of the [[Aragorn|King]]" who [[Reunited Kingdom|restored the Kingdom]]. However unlike the Byzantine Empire, Gondor did not fall.
{{references}}
{{references}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}
{{FellowshipRoute}}

Revision as of 17:29, 19 March 2022

Gondor
Abe Papakhian - Minas Tirith.jpg
General information
Other namesKingdom of the South, The South-kingdom, Stoningland
LocationLands around the White Mountains, west of Mordor
CapitalOsgiliath (S.A. 3320 - T.A. 1640)
Minas Tirith (from T.A. 1640)
Major townsPelargir, Calembel, Dol Amroth, Erech, Linhir
Formerly: Minas Ithil
RegionsAnórien, Ithilien, Lossarnach, Lebennin, Harondor (contested), Belfalas, Lamedon, Anfalas, Enedwaith (shared with Arnor)
Formerly: Calenardhon
People
PopulationPrimarily Gondorians (Belfalas was inhabited by Elves for some time)
LanguageWestron, Númenórean Sindarin, Quenya
GovernanceKing of Gondor/High King
Later Ruling Steward
Council of Gondor
Currencytharni, castar
HolidayCormarë (Fourth Age)
History
Preceded byNúmenor
FoundedS.A. 3320
IndependenceT.A. 2
First Ruling StewardT.A. 2050
Rohan formedT.A. 2510
Kings return1 May, T.A. 3019
Followed byReunited Kingdom
GalleryImages of Gondor
"Gondor! Gondor, between the Mountains and the Sea!
West Wind blew there; light upon the Silver Tree...
"
Aragorn in The Two Towers, "The Riders of Rohan"

Gondor, or the South-kingdom, was one of the two Kingdoms of the Dúnedain (the other being Arnor in the north) in the lands about the Mouths of Anduin. Initially the lesser of the Realms in-Exile, Gondor survived to the end of the Third Age, unlike Arnor, and had an instrumental role in the War of the Ring.

History

Second Age

Foundation

After the Downfall of Númenor, the Exiles of Númenor, led by Elendil, established the Realms in Exile of Arnor and Gondor. Arriving at the Mouths of Anduin, Elendil's sons, Isildur and Anárion, ascended the great river and founded the realm of Gondor.[1]

In Númenorean colonies and outposts, such as Belfalas and Pelargir,[2] there were many Faithful, fully or partially of Númenórean blood, who descended from Númenor long before its Downfall. The colonists welcomed Elendil's sons and allied themselves with the founders of the Kingdoms of the Dúnedain.[1][3] Elendil made the Faithful nobles (kin of Elendil) who ruled Belfalas "Princes".[4] There were also many men of mingled blood, descended from the Men of the White Mountains during the Dark Years.[5]

Ted Nasmith - The White Tree

At this early point in its history, Gondor was the lesser of the Kingdoms of the Dúnedain, with their conjoint Kings subject to the High King who ruled Arnor in the North. After their arrival and acceptance by the people, Isildur and Anárion put themselves to the task of ordering their realm. Isildur took the area then known as Arnen (later Ithilien)[6] and built the tower of Minas Ithil near Mordor as a threat to the Black Land, and within its walls he planted a seedling of the White Tree of Númenor that he had taken before its burning. Anárion raised the tower of Minas Anor on the other side of Anduin's floodplain as a bulwark against the Wild Men. In between their cities, the brothers founded Osgiliath, their capital, from which they jointly reigned; these three cities also housed three of the palantíri, the Seeing Stones that the Faithful had taken with them from Númenor, to maintain contact with Elendil and the other areas under their control.

Extraordinary knowledge of stonework was brought to the South-kingdom from Númenor, and this skill was a vital part of the character of Gondor and its people. In the early years of the realm, the Gondorians worked to erect mighty cities and monuments throughout their new land.[1] Their original capital at Osgiliath had great stone bridges spanned the Anduin, as well as mighty houses and towers of stone.[1] Other works marvellous and strong they built in the land in the days of their power, at the Argonath, and at Aglarond, and at Erech; and at Isengard, they made the Pinnacle of Orthanc of unbreakable stone.[1] Great roads that ran both north and south of the White Mountains traversed through the realm.[7]

Gondor was, from the beginnning of its history, always more powerful and populous than its northern counterpart, the Arnor, in spite of its borders being impeded in the South and East.[8]

War of the Last Alliance

Main article: War of the Last Alliance

Gondor was at first unaware that Sauron, who had been taken as a prisoner to Númenor before its destruction, had survived the disastrous Downfall. However, not long after the kingdom's cities were built, the awakening of the fires of Orodruin signalled his return. At that time, the Men of Gondor first called the mountain Amon Amarth, or Mount Doom.[9]

Soon after, in S.A. 3429, Sauron launched an attack on Minas Ithil, which forced Isildur into a retreat. Sauron took the fortress and burned the White Tree of Gondor that had grown there, but Isildur saved one of its seedlings and took it and his family on a ship down the Anduin. He sailed to the north to confer with Elendil about these events while Anárion remained in Gondor and continued to hold Minas Anor and Osgiliath.[10] He also managed to push back Sauron's forces to the mountain range of Ephel Dúath, but Sauron began to gather reinforcements and the Men of Gondor knew that their realm was in great danger of being destroyed unless aid came.

Elendil reacted to the threat of Sauron by combining forces with Gil-galad, the High King of the Noldor, to make the Last Alliance of Elves and Men. Their armies marched south-east from Arnor and Lindon. Supported by the forces of Gondor, Lórinand, the Woodland Realm, and Khazad-dûm, the Alliance fought a great battle on the plain of Dagorlad, north of Mordor. The Last Alliance was victorious, and entered Mordor itself, where they laid a siege on Sauron's Tower of Barad-dûr for seven years. During this time, Anárion, joint King of Gondor, was killed by a rock thrown from Barad-dûr that broke his helm. The siege ended when Sauron himself emerged from Barad-dûr to fight the Alliance. Gil-galad and Elendil were slain in single combat, but Isildur cut the One Ring from Sauron's finger ending the war.[1]

Third Age

Independence

After the battle, Isildur, former joint King of Gondor and heir to the High Kingship, built a secret tomb for Elendil on the mountain Amon Anwar[11] and placed the rule of Gondor in the hands of his brother's eldest eligible son, Meneldil. Isildur planted the seedling of the White Tree that he had saved in Minas Ithil, and brought to Minas Anor, and it endured for several centuries.

After these acts, Isildur left Gondor in T.A. 2 with the intent of taking up the High Kingship in Annúminas. He never arrived.[1][12] Isildur had relinquished the rule of Gondor to his nephew Meneldil who became the first King of Gondor to rule in his own right and so, Gondor became an independent realm.[1][12]

Golden Age

After the war, Gondor's power and wealth grew steadily (only interrupted by an Easterling invasion in T.A. 492). Its power would continue to grow into the 9th century of the Third Age. While the power of Gondor's sister kingdom Arnor peaked during the 9th century, when it broke into various successor states, Gondor's greatest glory was yet to come.

Gondor in T.A. 1050

Gondor's power reached its Golden Age under the four "Ship-kings": Tarannon Falastur, Eärnil I, Ciryandil, and Hyarmendacil I.

Tarannon was Captain of the Hosts and the first of the Ship-kings of Gondor, who extended Gondor far along the shores west and south of the Ethir Anduin. Commemorating his victories, Tarannon assumed the name "Falastur" when he took the crown.[13] Tarannon was also famous for his Queen, the "nefarious, solitary, and loveless" Berúthiel. Tarannon had built a house in Pelargir that rested upon arches sunk into the Anduin, but the queen refused to live within the sound and smell of the sea. She lived in the King's House in Osgiliath where she owned cats said to be able to spy upon men. Eventually Tarannon placed her upon a boat cast adrift at sea.[14] He was then the first king to die without an heir, and was succeeded by his nephew, the second of the Ship-kings, Eärnil I.[15]

Eärnil I continued with the expansionist maritime policy of his predecessor by constructing a great navy and repairing the ancient haven of Pelargir.[16] But Gondor was not the supreme "Lord of the Coasts" as Tarannon boasted; the Haven of Umbar stood in their way of complete domination. So in T.A. 933, Eärnil I defeated the forces of Umbar, seizing control of the seas and making Umbar a great harbour and fortress of Gondor. Even though Gondor's naval power was uncontested, Eärnil I was lost at sea and was never seen again.

When he was lost at sea, he was succeeded by his son Ciryandil, who continued his father's naval policies of building more ships. Ciryandil reigned over Gondor for seventy-nine years, and died in the defence of Umbar against the Haradrim, in Haradwaith, led by the lords exiled from Umbar.

When Ciryandil was slain, his son Ciryaher took up the Crown. After biding his time and building up his forces, he avenged his father, and defeated the kings of Harad, by land and by sea and made them acknowledge the overlordship of Gondor in T.A. 1050. In the reign of the powerful king Hyarmendacil I Gondor reached the height of its power. After this victory he took the name Hyarmendacil, meaning "South-victor". Hyarmendacil's reign brought Gondor to its greatest extent and power. For the rest of his one hundred and thirty-four year reign Gondor was at peace; the passes of Mordor were well guarded, and no one dared contest his power. During Hyarmendacil I's reign, Gondor's borders reached their furthest extent. The Kingdom extended east to the Sea of Rhûn; south to the Harnen and all the coast up to the cape of Umbar; as far north as Celebrant; and west towards Greyflood. Gondor would also enjoy several centuries of peace due to its military might. The Men of the Vales of Anduin as well as the Haradrim acknowledged its authority and overlordship, with the Kings of Harad paying homage.[13] Hyarmendacil I was the last of the Ship-kings. He was succeeded by his lazy son Atanatar II Alcarin.

Decline

The extent and power of the realm Atanatar had inherited earned him the title Alcarin ("Glorious") but he did little to maintain its strength, and nothing to expand its influence. Already during Atanatar's reign, then, Gondor began to stagnate. There is some evidence to suggest that Gandalf first visited Gondor during this period, earning the name Incánus from the Gondorians. Atanatar II ruled Gondor for seventy-seven years, during which the wealth and power created by his father slowly began to wane. Atanatar was succeeded by his eldest son, who ruled as Narmacil I, but Narmacil had no children and was succeeded in turn by his brother, Atanatar's younger son Calmacil.

After sixty-four years as Regent under the old King Calmacil, Minalcar took the throne in his own right. In memory of a great victory over the Easterlings he had won in his Regency, he became King in the name Rómendacil II. Rómendacil II built, on the northern approach to Nen Hithoel, the giant pillars Argonath to mark the northern border of Gondor following his great victory over the Easterlings in T.A. 1248.[12] He developed less tangible defences, too, working to cement a bond between Gondor and the Northmen who lived to the east. He went so far as to send his son Valacar to live among them, an act from which the evils of the Kin-strife would eventually develop. After Rómendacil II's reign, decadence spread under the kings of Gondor and a long period of decline began (although Gondor experienced several revivals). Three great calamities struck Gondor during the second millennium of the Third Age, which are held to be the chief reasons for its decline: the Kin-strife, the Great Plague, and the invasion of the Wainriders (a tribe of Easterlings), one of series of conflicts in the Wainrider/Balchoth War.

Kin-strife
Main article: Kin-strife

In the 15th century a great civil war named the Kin-strife tore the nation apart. The current King Eldacar was of mixed blood: his mother was of the Northmen. Popular displeasure at this led to the overthrow of King Eldacar by Castamir, the admiral of all of Gondor's naval forces who possessed some royal blood. Eldacar's son was slain, and Eldacar fled north. Castamir was afterwards known as Castamir the Usurper. During his ten year rule he proved to be very cruel, and because of his love of his old fleet, he lavished attention on the coastal regions while the interior provinces were ignored and left to rot. Eldacar then returned with an army of his Northmen kinsmen, and they were joined by armies of Gondorians from interior provinces such as Anórien. Osgiliath was devastated during this conflict, its great bridge destroyed and its palantír lost. Eldacar slew Castamir and reclaimed his throne, but Castamir's sons and their forces were besieged in Pelargir, the great port of Gondor. They eventually retreated to Umbar, where they joined with the Corsairs, and troubled Gondor for many years, until their descendants died out.

Great Plague
Main article: Great Plague

In Third Age 1636, the Great Plague struck and the White Tree died. This Plague was no localized event: the Plague swept through all of Middle-earth, reaching the successor states of Arnor and the Hobbits of the Shire in the North. King Tarondor found a sapling of the White Tree, and moved the capital from Osgiliath to Minas Anor, the City of Anárion. During this time, Gondor was so depopulated that the fortifications guarding against the re-entry of evil into Mordor were abandoned. It is believed that had the Haradrim or Easterlings been capable of attacking Gondor at this time, it would have fallen. However, the Plague left Gondor's enemies in no better condition than Gondor itself, and neither side was capable of mounting new offensives.

Invasion of the Wainriders

The first invasion of the Wainriders began T.A. 1856 during the reign of King Narmacil II, following the sapping of Gondor's strength by the plague. The spirit of Sauron in the East stirred up the forces of the Wainriders to attack the lands of Gondor and her allies. The Wainriders were stronger than any other horde of Easterlings before, and so in 1856, on the fields of Rhovanion, the Wainriders defeated the forces of Gondor and the Northmen, killing Narmacil II and enslaving Rhovanion. During the enslavement of Rhovannion, the Nazgûl entered Mordor. But the Gondorians would not sit idle, while their allies to the north were suffering under the Wainriders. In 1899 King Calimehtar led a revolt in Rhovanion, and defeated the Wainriders in the Battle of Dagorlad.

T.A. 1940 The King Ondoher took council with Araphant the king of Arthedain. The kings realized that one force was beset on destroying the kingdoms of the Dunedain. For a long time it had lain dormant, but in the weakness of both kingdoms, it attacked. The Kingdoms allied against the power, and Prince Arvedui of Arthedain married Firiel the daughter of Ondoher.

After licking their wounds for 45 years the Wainriders returned with allies from Khand and Harad in T.A. 1944. The Wainriders came in the north from Rhovanion and the men of Harad and Khand attacked from the South. The Wainriders destroyed the Northern Army of Gondor, but in the south Gondor defeated the Southrons at the River Poros. Their Captain Eärnil gathered the remnants of the northern army, and went north to challenge the Wainriders. In the Battle of the Camp Eärnil surprised the Wainriders, while they were celebrating their victory.

Reunification Rejected

In 1944, Gondor also faced a constitutional crisis when King Ondoher was slain in a previous battle with both his sons. Prince Arvedui, son of King Araphant of Arthedain and Ondoher's son-in-law, and the victorious general Eärnil, who was a distant blood-relative of Ondoher, claimed the throne. Arvedui's claim lay mainly in the reintroduction of the old Númenórean law of accession, which stated the eldest (remaining) child should succeed the king. If the law was reintroduced, then Arvedui's wife Fíriel, Ondoher's daughter and last remaining child would become Ruling Queen, making their descendants Kings of both Arnor and Gondor. Arvedui also tried to put weight behind his claim as he was Isildur's heir. The Council of Gondor recognised that the name of Isildur was held in honour in Gondor, but they dictated that the South-Kingdom must be ruled by an Heir of Anárion. Due to his ancestry from Fíriel and Arvedui, more than a millennium later, Aragorn Elessar put forward his claim as the heir of both Isildur and Anárion.

Eärnil lay his claim as being a direct descendant of King Telumehtar Umbardacil. His claim was also greatly bolstered by the popularity he had gained as the victorious general who saved Gondor from the Wainriders after winning the southern theatre of the war. Steward Pelendur who was temporarily ruling Gondor as serving as arbiter of succession, intervened in favour of Gondor's victorious general who would rule as Eärnil II.

Last Heir of Anárion

During the Battle of Fornost, Eärnil II's heir Eärnur led Gondor's forces to victory over the Witch-king of Angmar, who was actually the Lord of the Nazgûl. Although Eärnur wished to fight him, Eärnur's horse was terrified and fled the battle against his wishes. By the time he mastered his horse and return, the Witch-king had fled. Glorfindel the Elf then prophesied to him that it was better that he not fight the Lord of the Nazgûl because "never by the hand of man shall he fall".

Eärnur later ascended to the throne, ruling from Minas Anor (Tower of the Sun). During this time, the Ringwraiths captured Minas Anor's sister city, Minas Ithil (Tower of the Moon), causing it to be renamed Minas Morgul (Tower of Sorcery), and took it as their lair. Minas Anor was renamed Minas Tirith (Tower of Guard) as a result. The Lord of the Nazgûl repeatedly sent messengers to Minas Tirith challenging Eärnur to single combat, taunting him that he had fled out of cowardice from facing him during the Battle of Fornost. Eventually, King Eärnur was overcome by wrath and rode with a small company of knights to Minas Morgul, to accept the challenge. They were never heard from again. So ended the Line of Anárion.

Ruling Stewards of Gondor

Main article: Ruling Stewards

The realm was governed by a long line of hereditary Stewards after the disappearance of Eärnur, son of Eärnil, since there was no proof that the last king was dead, and no claimant had enough support to be accepted as his successor. The line of Anárion was held to have failed, and Gondor was not willing to risk to another Kin-strife, which would surely have destroyed it. Whenever there was a new Steward, he would swear an oath to yield rule of Gondor back to the King, in essence only an heir of Isildur, if he should ever return. In Gondor there was no one who could claim descent from Isildur in direct line, and the northern line of Arnor had effectively disappeared, so this oath was not considered seriously. The line of Stewards ruled as Kings, without having the title.

Cirion and Eorl
The oath of Cirion and Eorl by Anke Eißmann

In Third Age 2510, when Steward Cirion ruled over Gondor, the nation faced one of its greatest perils: an Easterling tribe named the Balchoth invaded Gondor with massive force. Gondor's army marched to fight the Balchoth but were cut off from Minas Tirith and pushed back in the direction of the Limlight.

Messengers were sent to get help from the Éothéod, a tribe which lived in the northern vales of the Anduin, but nobody expected the messengers to reach their destination. When certain peril came upon Gondor, however, the Éothéod turned the tide of the Battle of the Field of Celebrant. After the victory the Éothéod were awarded the fields of Calenardhon north of the Ered Nimrais from the Gap of Rohan at the southern end of the Hithaeglir, Fangorn Forest, rivers Limlight to river Anduin, western Emyn Muil and the Mering Stream, where they established the kingdom of Rohan with Eorl the Young as their first king. A perpetual alliance between Gondor and Rohan was established by the oath Eorl swore to Cirion.[11]

In T.A. 2710 King Déor asked the help of Steward Egalmoth to drive off the Dunlendings from the occupied Ring of Isengard, but a renewed war against the Orcs prevented the Steward from fulfilling the Oath.[16][17]

Southern Gondor was assailed by three great fleets from Umbar and Harad and Steward Beren spent much of his rule fighting the Corsairs of Umbar. In the meantime, during the Long Winter of T.A. 2758 - 2759, Rohan came under attack from the Dunlendings, so neither nation could help the other, until captain Beregond, Beren's son, repeled the invaders. Therefore when Saruman suddenly appeared and requested leave to dwell in Isengard, Beren gladly gave the Wizard the key of Orthanc. By the time of Beregond, Gondor started recovering its strength.[18]

Upon the death of Belecthor, the White Tree of Gondor also died, but was left standing "until the King comes".[19]

In T.A. 2885, when Ithilien was invaded in great strength, King Folcwine of Rohan fulfilled the Oath and sent many men to Gondor. With their aid Steward Túrin II won a victory at the Crossings of Poros. Since then, Gondor withdrew from Ithilien and only the Rangers of Ithilien remained with special refuges for them, and a fortification on Cair Andros.[13]

It was near the end of Turgon's rule, in T.A. 2951, when Sauron declared himself openly in Mordor; he gathered his power there, and began rebuilding Barad-dûr.[12] Ecthelion II strengthened Pelargir and refortified Cair Andros.[16] Under his service, the stranger Thorongil, severely damaged the Corsairs' fleet at Umbar in a surprise attack.[18]

War of the Ring
Main article: War of the Ring
Gondor in T.A. 3019

In 3019, during the War of the Ring, Gondor was the strongest of the free nations that opposed Sauron, and thus, its defeat was his primary strategic goal in the war.[20] Gondor faced an all out attack on its capital Minas Tirith in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. Although nearly defeated, the Rohirrim once again turned the tide of battle, and helped win the war, though with heavy losses.[21] The combined army of the West then carried the battle to Sauron at the Battle of the Morannon, a feint to distract Sauron's attention from Frodo Baggins's quest to destroy the One Ring in Mount Doom, thus causing Sauron's destruction and the allies' ultimate victory.

Later history

Main article: Reunited Kingdom

After the second and final defeat of Sauron, the Kingship of Gondor was restored, Aragorn II became the third King of Gondor and Arnor.

During his reign, Aragorn restored Gondor and repeopled it, but retained Minas Tirith as the chief city.[16]. He, alongside King Éomer, led military campaigns beyond the Sea of Rhûn and on the far fields of the South.[22] As a result, he was able to re-establish his dominance in places which Gondor initially held at the height of its power. The threat of the Corsairs was finally completely subdued during his reign and Umbar was finally re-taken.[13] He also made peace with the Haradrim after his coronation.[23]

Politics

Gondor was divided into regions described as 'fiefs', each under the control of a lord who in turn owed their allegiance to the Ruler of Gondor, whether the King or (in later years) the Ruling Steward.[24] Many of these fiefs were dominated by the Dúnedain, notably the royal lands of Anórien and Ithilien, as well as the shoreland fief of Belfalas.[3]

The Númenórean King of Gondor governed the realm with the frame of ancient law, of which he was administrator (and interpreter) but not the maker. In all debatable matters of importance domestic, or external, however, even Denethor had a Council, and at least listened to what the Lords of the Fiefs and the Captains of the Forces had to say. Aragorn re-established the Great Council of Gondor, and in that Faramir, who remained by inheritance the Steward (or representative of the King during his absence abroad, or sickness, or between his death and the accession of his heir) was his chief counsellor.[25]

Geography

At its greatest extent, the realm extended:[13]

A large part of the northern territories was gifted to the Éothéod in T.A. 2510.[11] Gondor's close proximity to Sauron's land was the catalyst of many battles and skirmishes, but its location also gave the Gondorians more ability to protect the other regions of Middle-earth from the Dark Lord and his servants.[26]

At the height of its power, between the reigns of Hyarmendacil I and Rómendacil II (T.A. 1015-1366), the wide lands between Anduin and the Sea of Rhûn were never effectively settled or occupied, and the only true north boundary of the Kingdom east of Anduin was formed by the Emyn Muil and the marshes south and east of them.[8] Númenorean influence, however, went far beyond even these extended bounds, passing up the Vales of Anduin to its sources, and reaching the lands east of Mirkwood, between the River Running and the River Carnen.[8]

Regions

Gondor was divided between several nearly autonomous regions. These were the following:

Additionally, Gondor held or had held the following regions at certain points in its history:

  • South Gondor, which was contested between Gondor and the forces of Harad and Umbar
  • Calenardhon, which was given to the Éothéod and became Rohan
  • Enedwaith, the timberlands of Gondor (shared with Arnor), which were never really populated and soon abandoned
  • Rhovanion, which was never fully under the control of Gondor but under Gondorian influence at certain times during the Third Age
  • Haradwaith, tributary of Gondor for a while

Cities

Cities in Gondor included:

Fortresses and outposts

Additionally, Gondor used the following locations as military strongholds at certain points in its history, many of which Mordor later took:

Languages

Westron, or the Common Speech, was the main language of the people of Gondor. An antique, more formal and terse, form of the Common Tongue was spoken by the Gondorians.[28]

Many of the Men of Gondor could also speak the Elvish tongues, a notable distinction and characteristic among the Dúnedain of the South.[3] Sindarin had long ceased to be a "first language" in Gondor, but was learned in early youth (by those claiming Númenórean descent) from loremasters, and used by them as a mark of rank and high-blood.[16] It had changed very little since the Downfall of Númenor and though the Men of Gondor altered some of the sounds, they could still understand the Elves and be understood by them.[16] Westron became used more and more by the Dúnedain of Gondor themselves, so that at the time of the War of the Ring, Sindarin was known to only a small part of the peoples of Gondor (and spoken daily by fewer); they dwelt mostly in Minas Tirith and the adjacent townlands, and in the land of the tributary princes of Dol Amroth.[3] Sindarin was used to be polite, especially in Minas Tirith.[29]

Quenya was known to the learned of Gondor, a tradition which has continued from the loremasters of Númenor, to be used for places of fame and reverence in addition to the names of royalty and men of great renown.[29][3] All the royal names of the Kings of Gondor as well as all the Stewards until Mardil Voronwë were Quenya names.[3][15] At the end of the Third Age, there were more Gondorians (those of Minas Tirith and its fiefs) that knew Quenya or spoke Sindarin than there were Elves (those of Lindon, Rivendell, and Lórien) who did either.[29]

Etymology

In earlier times, it was called the South Kingdom, or Hyaralondie, Hyallondie and Turmen Hyallondiéva in Quenya, and Arthor na Challonnas in Sindarin from the Númenórean point of view: the elements londie and lonnas mean "harbour, landing".[30]

The name Gondor was likely adopted from the lesser people's terminology[31] and translates from Sindarin as "Stone-land", from the words gond, "stone", and (n)dor, "land".[31] The (generally not used) Quenya form of the name was Ondonóre.[32] Gondor received its name because of the abundance of stone in the Ered Nimrais, and the usage of it in great stone cities, statues, and monuments, such as Minas Tirith and the Argonath.

In Rohan, it was known as Stoningland (a modernization of Old English Stāning-(land)[33]),[21] and Ghân-buri-Ghân of the Drúedain also recognized their use of stone.[34]

Inspiration

The history and civilization of Gondor has been compared to historical elements of the real world. Many real-world civilizations experienced periods in which a regent, vizier, or or general held actual power in the name a rightful monarch, like the Ruling Stewards did in Gondor. In his letters Tolkien compared the Ruling Stewards of Gondor to the Carolingians of France--Charlemagne's line descended from a marshal in service to the Merovingian dynasty that eventually replaced them.

Italy

Writing in a letter about an impending trip in 1955, Tolkien identified Gondor as Italy.[35]

Egypt

Tolkien himself likened Gondor in a degree to ancient Egypt, in terms of how Gondorians constructed gigantic stone structures, and the Crown of Gondor being similar to the crown of the Pharaohs of Egypt.[36] Notably, some "scholars" claimed that ancient Egypt was a colony of Atlantis,[37] much like how Gondor was a survival of Númenor (although it is unknown if Tolkien considered this aspect).

Byzantine Empire

In online discussions, many Tolkien fans have entertained the idea that Gondor is comparable to the Byzantine Empire.[38][39][40] J.R.R. Tolkien described Minas Tirith in a long letter to Milton Waldman, that was probably written in late 1951, as the "half-ruinous Byzantine City of Minas Tirith"[41] and that of Gondor in its history "fades slowly to decayed Middle-Age, a kind of proud, venerable, but increasingly impotent Byzantium".[42] Some of the parallels noted between Gondor and the Byzantine Empire are:[43][44]

Gondor is the south-eastern portion of Elendil's original kingdom. The Byzantine Empire was the eastern remnant of the Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire eventually withered and dissolved, like Arnor, while the Byzantine Empire endured, although in a dramatically weakened state. Their geographical role is also comparable as the Byzantine Empire encircled the Mediterranean while Gondor occupied the region around the Bay of Belfalas; both were threatened by eastern and southern adversaries. The Byzantine Empire absorbed several "barbaric" peoples like the Wends and Slavs, much like Gondor did with the Northmen and other Middle Men. Unlike Byzantium, Gondor did not fall and was restored through the return of its rightful line of kings.

As a final note, the last Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XI, remained in legend and folklore as the "Marble Emperor" whose messianic ressurection and return would signal the restoration of the Empire. This parallels the fate of Earnur and Gondor's interregnum period until the "Return of the King" who restored the Kingdom.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"
  2. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Drúedain"
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix F, "The Languages and Peoples of the Third Age", "Of Men"
  4. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan"
  5. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "Minas Tirith"
  6. J.R.R. Tolkien, "The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor" (edited by Carl F. Hostetter), in Vinyar Tengwar, Number 42, July 2001, p. 17
  7. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Ride of the Rohirrim"
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "X. Of Dwarves and Men", "The Atani and their Languages"
  9. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Númenor"
  10. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Second Age"
  11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "Cirion and Eorl and the Friendship of Gondor and Rohan"
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix B, "The Third Age"
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion"
  14. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Istari", Note 7
  15. 15.0 15.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "The Realms in Exile", "The Southern Line: Heirs of Anarion"
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "VII. The Heirs of Elendil"
  17. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Unfinished Tales, "The Battles of the Fords of Isen"
  18. 18.0 18.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The Númenorean Kings", "Gondor and the Heirs of Anárion", "The Stewards"
  19. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "VII. The Heirs of Elendil", p. 206
  20. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "Minas Tirith"
  21. 21.0 21.1 J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
  22. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A, "The House of Eorl", "The Kings of the Mark"
  23. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Steward and the King"
  24. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Peoples of Middle-earth, "II. The Appendix on Languages", §41, p. 45
  25. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 244, (undated, written circa 1963)
  26. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Council of Elrond"
  27. J.R.R. Tolkien, Christopher Tolkien, The War of the Ring, "The Second Map"
  28. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Appendix F, "On Translation"
  29. 29.0 29.1 29.2 J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 347, (dated 17 December 1972)
  30. J.R.R. Tolkien, "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", in Parma Eldalamberon XVII (edited by Christopher Gilson)
  31. 31.0 31.1 J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 324, (dated 4-5 June 1971)
  32. Vinyar Tengwar, Number 42, July 2001
  33. J.R.R. Tolkien, "Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings" in Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 776
  34. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King, "The Ride of the Rohirrim"
  35. Christina Scull and Wayne G. Hammond (2006), The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide: I. Chronology, p. 462
  36. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 211, (dated 14 October 1958), p. 281
  37. Ignatius L. Donnelly, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (1882), Part V, Chapter II: The Egyptian Colony
  38. "Gondor -> Byzantine Empire", Middle-earth Center (accessed 22 September 2012)
  39. "Is Gondor Constantinople?", The Lord of the Rings Fanatics Plaza: Forum (accessed 22 September 2012)
  40. "Gondor = Byzantium?", The Phora (accessed 22 September 2012)
  41. Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (eds), The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion, p. 746
  42. J.R.R. Tolkien; Humphrey Carpenter, Christopher Tolkien (eds.), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien, Letter 131, (undated, written late 1951)
  43. Miryam Librán-Moreno, "'Byzantium, New Rome!': Goths, Langobards, and Byzantium in The Lord of the Rings", in Tolkien and the Study of His Sources (edited by Jason Fisher
  44. Tom Simon, "Gondor, Byzantium, and Feudalism" dated 13 March 2010, Bondwine (accessed 22 September 2012)
Route of the Fellowship of the Ring
Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Parth Galen · Amon Hen · Eastemnet · Fangorn Forest · Rohan · Edoras · Hornburg · Isengard · Dunharrow · Paths of the Dead · Gondor · Hill of Erech · Lamedon · Linhir · Lebennin · Pelargir · Minas Tirith · Osgiliath · Cross-roads · Ithilien · Dagorlad · Black Gate · Field of Cormallen · Cair Andros · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard
Boromir
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Parth Galen · Amon Hen
Frodo and Sam
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Parth Galen · Amon Hen · Emyn Muil · Dead Marshes · Black Gate · Ithilien · Henneth Annûn · Cross-roads · Morgul Vale · Stairs of Cirith Ungol · Cirith Ungol · Shelob's Lair · Tower of Cirith Ungol · Mordor · Morgai · Plateau of Gorgoroth · Mount Doom · Field of Cormallen · Cair Andros · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard
Gandalf
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Celebdil† · Lothlórien · Fangorn Forest · Edoras · Hornburg · Isengard · Rohan · Anórien · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Osgiliath · Cross-roads · Ithilien · Dagorlad · Black Gate · Field of Cormallen · Cair Andros · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard
Merry
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Parth Galen · Amon Hen · Emyn Muil · Eastemnet · Fangorn Forest · Wellinghall · Derndingle · Isengard · Hornburg · Dunharrow · Drúadan Forest · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard
Pippin
Rivendell · Eregion · Caradhras · Moria · Lothlórien · Caras Galadhon · Anduin · Amon Hen · Parth Galen · Emyn Muil · Eastemnet · Fangorn Forest · Wellinghall · Derndingle · Isengard · Rohan · Anórien · Gondor · Minas Tirith · Osgiliath · Cross-roads · Ithilien · Dagorlad · Black Gate · Field of Cormallen · Gondor · Cair Andros · Minas Tirith · Anórien · Rohan · Edoras · Isengard