https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Mord&feedformat=atom
Tolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]
2024-03-29T11:23:49Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.39.3
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Smaug&diff=387521
Smaug
2024-03-12T23:19:18Z
<p>Mord: Undo revision 387514 by Niemannnn (talk) unsourced, unformatted, where did this even come from?</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Dragon infobox<br />
| image=| image=[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Conversation with Smaug (large).jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Conversation with Smaug" by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
| name=Smaug<br />
| othernames=Smaug the Golden<br/>Lord Smaug the Impenetrable<br/>[[Trāgu]]<br/>(''[[#Other names|see below]]'')<br />
| realm=[[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]<ref name="AppA3"/><br />
| hoard=Treasure of [[Thrór]], including the [[Arkenstone]]<ref name="AppA3"/><br />
| birth=Presumably born in the 3rd millennium of the [[Third Age]]<ref name="H12"/><br />
| death={{TA|2941}}<ref name="AppB2">{{App|B2}}</ref><br />
| deathlocation=[[Lake-town]]<ref name="H14">{{H|14}}</ref><br />
| slayer=[[Bard|Bard the Bowman]]<ref name="H14"/><br />
| type=''[[Urulókë]]; fire-drake''<ref name="Index">{{S|Index}}, entry ''Urulóki'': "''Quenya word meaning 'fire-serpent', dragon''"</ref><br />
| legs=Yes<br />
| wings=Yes<br />
| colour=Red-golden<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{Quote|Never laugh at live dragons, Bilbo you fool!|[[Bilbo Baggins]], to himself, in ''[[The Hobbit]]'', "[[Inside Information]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Smaug''' was the greatest [[Fire-drakes|fire-breathing]] [[Dragons|dragon]] of the [[Third Age]]. In {{TA|2770}} he attacked the [[Lonely Mountain]] and the town of [[Dale]]. He claimed the treasure of the mountain for himself and forced [[Thrór]], [[King under the Mountain]], and [[Durin's Folk|his people]] into exile. [[Thorin]]'s [[Quest of Erebor|quest]] - with the help of his burglar [[Bilbo Baggins]] - to reclaim the treasure ended in success when Smaug was slain by [[Bard]] in {{TA|2941}}.<ref name="H14"/><ref name="AppA3"/><ref name="AppB2"/><ref name="H1">{{H|1}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Appearance ==<br />
[[File:John Howe - Smaug.jpg|left|thumb|''Smaug'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
When [[Bilbo Baggins]] first encounters Smaug he can hear his snoring - "''like the noise of a large pot galloping in the fire, mixed with the rumble of a gigantic tom-cat purring''" - but is most of all struck by the reddish glow and heat that Smaug gives off, both of which travel up the passage-way so Smaug is felt long before he is seen. His flames are green and scarlet.<ref name="H12">{{H|12}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|There he lay, a vast red-golden dragon, fast asleep; thrumming came from his jaws and nostrils, and wisps of smoke, but his fires were low in slumber. Beneath him, under all his limbs and his huge coiled tail, and about him on all sides stretching away across the unseen floors, lay countless piles of precious things, [[gold]] wrought and unwrought, gems and jewels, and silver red-stained in the ruddy light. Smaug lay, with wings folded like an immeasurable bat, turned partly on one side, so that the hobbit could see his underparts and his long pale belly crusted with gems and fragments of gold from his long lying on his costly bed.|{{H|12}}}}<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
=== Sack of Erebor ===<br />
:''See also: [[Sack of Erebor]]''<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Scouring the Mountain.jpg|thumb|right|''Scouring the Mountain'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
Smaug was perhaps one of the dragons that infested the [[Grey Mountains]].<ref>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Smaug"</ref> Details of his origin are unknown, but he apparently was considered still "young" by himself and [[Gandalf]] when he first appeared in [[Middle-earth]]'s history in {{TA|2770}},<ref name="H12"/><ref name="H1"/> and as having transitioned to become "old and strong" by {{TA|2941}}. This implies that he was young during the [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons]], or else not even alive at the time. However, he, like many others would hear of the Wealth and Splendour of [[Erebor]]. Hearing about the wealth of the [[Dwarves of Erebor]], Smaug flew south "''like a hurricane coming from the North''" and attacked the wealthy [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] kingdom of the [[Lonely Mountain]] and its adjacent lands: he first landed upon the mountain before going down the slopes and setting the woods on fire. When the [[dwarves]] came running out of the front gate Smaug killed them all before turning his attention to the men of [[Dale]], also killing most of their warriors including [[Girion]], [[Lord of Dale]] (but his wife and child safely fled to [[Lake-town]]<ref name="H14"/>). Returning to the mountain, he crawled into the [[Front Gate|front gate]] and left no dwarf he found alive.<br />
<br />
Only [[Thrór]], [[King under the Mountain]], and his son [[Thráin|Thráin II]] managed to escape by using the [[Back Door|secret side-door]] (Thrór later gave the key to the secret door and [[Thrór's Map|a map]] of the Lonely Mountain to Thráin), while [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] was one of the few dwarves who were not inside the mountain at the time of the Attack. Smaug claimed the treasure (which included the [[Arkenstone]] and a [[mithril coat]]) for himself and laid there upon a bed of gold, for the next two centuries only occasionally leaving the mountain to carry away people (especially maidens) and continue the destruction of Dale.<ref name="H1"/><ref name="AppA3"/> The area surrounding the mountain became known as the [[Desolation of the Dragon]] as "''there was neither bush nor tree, and only broken and blackened stumps to speak of ones long vanished''".<ref name="H11"/><br />
<br />
=== Quest for Erebor ===<br />
:''See also: [[The Hobbit#Synopsis|The Hobbit]]''<br />
[[File:Henning Janssen - Magnificent Guardian.jpg|thumb|left|''Magnificient Guardian'' by [[Henning Janssen]]]]<br />
In {{TA|2850}}, [[Gandalf]], whilst spying on the [[Necromancer]] in [[Dol Guldur]], found a Dwarf imprisoned; near death, the dwarf gave Gandalf a key and a map. Unbeknownst to Gandalf at the time, this dwarf was [[Thráin]], [[Kings of Durin's Folk|King of Durin's Folk]], who had been captured by the Necromancer in {{TA|2845}}. Having discovered that the Necromancer was indeed [[Sauron]], Gandalf was very concerned about the Weakened State of the North, but he was most concerned about Sauron and Smaug. He knew that if Sauron could win Smaug's allegiance, Sauron could use him to terrible effect. It is for this reason that the Grey Pilgrim sought a plan to neutralise the threat of the Dragon, thus simultaneously depriving the [[Dark Lord]] of a potential minion and limit his growing power in the northern lands of Middle-earth.<ref name="UTErebor"/> <br />
<br />
By chance on [[15 March]] {{TA|2941|n}}, Gandalf met [[Thorin|Thorin Oakenshield]] in [[Bree]] (although another source states that they met when Thorin overtook but started to talk to Gandalf on the road<ref name="UTErebor">{{UT|9}}</ref>). They discussed their desire to destroy Smaug and retake the Lonely Mountain; they later met in [[Thorin's Halls]] in the [[Blue Mountains]] to develop a plan. Gandalf wanted Thorin to take the [[hobbits|hobbit]] [[Bilbo Baggins]] as a ''burglar'' on their adventure to retake Erebor; this took considerable persuasion.<ref name="AppB2"/><ref name="AppA3"/><br />
<br />
Later in {{TA|2941}}, at the home of [[Bilbo Baggins]], Gandalf presented Thorin with the map and key, and accompanied them on part of [[Quest of Erebor|their quest]].<ref name=H1/> The party reached the mountain later that year on [[Durin's Day]].<ref name="H11">{{H|11}}</ref> They sent Bilbo in through the secret door to carry out his duty as their burglar; as Smaug lay dreaming of greed and violence, Bilbo stole a heavy two-handed cup from the dragon's vast hoard of treasure (which he used as a bed) and went back to the dwarves. Meanwhile Smaug had an uneasy dream:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|a warrior, altogether insignificant in size but provided with a bitter sword and great courage, figured most unpleasantly|Narrator<ref name="H12"/><ref group="note">[[John D. Rateliff]] has suggested that this was initially written when Tolkien planned for Bilbo to kill Smaug. It was thus a prophetic dream of his own death. See {{HH|Conversations}}.</ref>}} <br />
<br />
Upon awaking Smaug felt the draught from the tunnel which led to the secret door (from which he had previously heard untoward knocking). Already suspicious, Smaug noticed that the cup was missing. This enraged Smaug beyond measure, causing him to leave his chamber and scour the mountainside for the intruder, even though he had no real use for the cup; remembering hearing strange noises from the passageway he failed to find the entrance, only eating their ponies.<ref name="H12"/><br />
<br />
Remembering a saying of [[Bungo Baggins|his father]]'s, "''every worm has a weak spot''", Bilbo offered to return to the dragon's lair - the Dwarves ardently accepted and, putting on [[the One Ring|the ring]], off he went. Bilbo believed that the dragon was fast asleep and that his presence would remain unknown to the dragon, however, Smaug was pretending to be asleep. He then spoke to Bilbo:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Well thief! I smell you and I feel your air. I hear your breath. Come along! Help yourself again, there is plenty and to spare!|Smaug to [[Bilbo Baggins]].}}<br />
<br />
[[File:David Wyatt - Smaug.jpg|thumb|right|''Smaug'' by [[David Wyatt]]]]<br />
But Bilbo was more shrewd than Smaug gave him credit: Bilbo praised the dragon and made sure that he did not reveal his real name, speaking only in [[Riddle-game|riddles]]. Smaug could not resist the fascination of what Bilbo had said (although he did remind him that flattery would not save his life) and needed to understand it, so they continued to talk; he was also intrigued to smell something new being puzzled by the never-before-encountered "hobbit-smell". Bilbo grew more and more uncomfortable in the presence of Smaug, but plucking up courage he revealed that he had not come for the treasure alone: Smaug laughed and mocked the notion that anyone could steal from him and get away with it. Bilbo eventually revealed the true purpose of his mission to Smaug, that of "''revenge''" - Smaug burst into a devastating laughter, shaking Bilbo to the floor, mocking the suggestion that anyone could achieve revenge, boasting about his achievements and strengths. Bilbo then suggested that dragon's were softer underneath, particularly in the chest: in response, and in an act of sheer vanity, Smaug rolled over and claimed that Bilbo's information was false and outdated. But Bilbo, while loudly praising Smaug's jewel-encrusted underside, saw something crucial, thinking:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Old fool! Why there is a large patch in the hollow of his left breast as bare as a snail out of its shell!|Bilbo, to himself.}}<br />
<br />
Bilbo had obtained the information that he had needed. He fled up the passage, leaving behind a dragon infuriated by the notion of "revenge", and had the hair on the back of his head and heels singed off. When Bilbo returned to the door-step he regaled the dwarves with the story of his conversation with the dragon whilst the [[Thrushes|thrush]] was listening. Smaug left his lair once more and smashed the mountainside with strikes of his tail, trapping [[Thorin and Company]] inside the secret passage.<ref name="HInsider" /><br />
<br />
=== Death and aftermath ===<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Death of Smaug.jpg|thumb|right|''Death of Smaug'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
<br />
Realizing that the [[Lake-men]] of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] must have helped the intruders - reinforced by Bilbo calling himself the "''Barrel-rider''," Smaug resolved to attack and destroy the town as a punitive measure. He approached it in a rage. The waters around it turned red but Smaug dared not get too close as the water would quench his fire; as the Lake-men had cut the bridges, Smaug flew above attacking and setting the town aflame, destroying the Great House with a swipe of his tail. The dragon's scales were impervious to the arrows of the defenders, but the thrush had flown to the town and informed [[Bard]] - a descendant of [[Girion]], [[Lord of Dale]] - of the bare spot in Smaug's armour. He was then able to kill Smaug by firing the [[Black Arrow]] directly into the vulnerable spot of his left breast. As Smaug fell he crashed into and destroyed Esgaroth.<ref name="H14"/><br />
<br />
After Smaug's death, [[Thorin and Company]] claimed the treasure as theirs by birthright. This created a conflict with Bard and the [[Thranduil|Elvenking]] of [[Mirkwood]], who each wanted a portion of the treasure as reimbursement for huge damage that Smaug had inflicted upon them. Thorin refused to share the treasure and had every intention of going to war with the [[Elves of Mirkwood]] and men of Esgaroth to defend his right to the treasure. However the sudden attack by the armies of [[Bolg]] brought the forces of the [[free peoples]] of Middle-earth together in the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref name="H15"/><ref name="H16">{{H|16}}</ref><ref name="H17">{{H|17}}</ref> After the Battle, Bilbo's fourteenth-share of the hoard was given over to Bard who sent some to Lake-town to aid its rebuilding.<ref name="H18">{{H|18}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the death of Smaug a new Lake-town was built further north; Smaug's bones could be seen from the shore but the people were always fearful of it and no one dared go in the water to retrieve the gems or gold, showing that even in Death, Smaug still had a fearful presence. <ref name="H14"/><br />
<br />
== Personality ==<br />
{{Blockquote|I kill where I wish and none dare resist. I laid low the warriors of old and their like is not in the world today. Then I was but young and tender. Now I am old and strong, strong strong, Thief in the Shadows!|Smaug to Bilbo.}}<br />
<br />
Like all dragons, Smaug - described by [[Thorin|Thorin]] as "''a most specially greedy, strong and wicked worm''"<ref name="H1"/> - loves to hoard gold with a meticulous knowledge of his own collection as evidenced by his immediate spotting of the missing cup.<ref name="H12"/> Whilst being quick to anger in defence of his own wealth, he also exhibits a fierce intellect (as well as a curious fascination) in guessing/deciphering Bilbo's cryptic origins, a pride and vanity in his own armour, an arrogance in his own invulnerability (laughing at the suggestion that the dwarves would be able to have their revenge), and an ability to question Bilbo's loyalty to the dwarves.<ref name="H12"/> These qualities, complemented by his destructive power, raised Gandalf's concerns of Smaug as a potential ally, or servant of Sauron. <ref name="UTErebor"/><br />
<br />
== Inspiration ==<br />
[[File:John Howe - Smaug Destroys Lake-town.jpg|thumb|right|''Smaug Destroys Lake-town'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
{{Blockquote|Fafnir in the late Norse versions of the Sigurd-story is better; and Smaug and his conversation obviously is in debt there.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<ref name="Letter122">{{L|122}}</ref>}}<br />
In [[Letter 122]], Tolkien noted his lack of enthusiasm for the dragon in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''. Instead he stated his preference for the dragon-like creature [[Wikipedia:Fafnir|Fafnir]] from the late Norse versions of the [[Wikipedia:Sigurd|Sigurd-story]]. Indeed Tolkien wrote that Smaug's character owed much to Fafnir.<ref name="Letter122"/><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
Deriving from the same Old English and Germanic roots as ''[[Smials|smial]]'' and ''[[Sméagol|Smeagol]]'',<ref name="RW">{{HM|RW}}, pp. 190-1</ref> the name ''Smaug'' is "the past tense of the primitive Germanic verb ''[[Wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smūganą|Smugan]]'', to squeeze through a hole".<ref name="Letter25">{{L|25}}</ref> It has been suggested that Tolkien likely thought of [[Old English]] ''smeag'', a word used to describe a "[[worms|worm]]".<ref name=RW/><!--<br />
<br />
''Smaug'' also has echoes of "smoke", "smog" and the Polish word for "dragon", "[http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smok smok]", though it is pronounced with a long /au/.{{Or}}--><br />
<br />
== Other names ==<br />
In drafts of the [[The Lord of the Rings Appendices|Appendices]], Tolkien wrote that ''[[Trāgu]]'' was the name of Smaug in the [[language of Dale]], "Dalish".<ref name="PM54">{{PM|II}}, p. 54</ref><br />
<br />
In the conversation between Smaug and Bilbo, Bilbo calls him "'''Smaug the Tremendous'''", "'''Smaug the Chiefest and Greatest of Calamities'''", "'''Smaug the Mighty'''", "'''Smaug the Unassessably Wealthy'''", "'''Lord Smaug the Impenetrable'''" and "'''Your Magnificence'''",<ref name="H12"/> and later Bilbo refers to him as "'''Smaug the Terrible'''" and "'''Smaug the Dreadful'''" and [[Balin]] calls him "'''Old Worm'''".<ref name="HInsider">{{H|13}}</ref> When the [[dwarves]] learn of Smaug's demise they grab their harps and sing, referring to Smaug as the "'''Worm of Dread'''".<ref name="H15">{{H|15}}</ref> [[Appendix A]] uses the popular name "'''Smaug the Golden'''",<ref name="AppA3">{{App|A3}}</ref> whilst in "[[The Quest of Erebor]]" he is simply referred to as "'''The Dragon'''".<br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
In a very early manuscript of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Smaug was known as ''Pryftan''. Indeed [[John D. Rateliff]] refers to this manuscript as ''The Pryftan Fragment''.<ref>{{HH|I(a)}}, passim</ref> ''Pryftan'' is a simple [[Welsh]] compound that literally means "Worm of Fire."<ref>[[Mark T. Hooker]], ''[[Tolkien and Welsh]]'', pp. xxv, 36</ref><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Smaug in adaptations<br />
|width=165<br />
|height=140<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1966 film) - Smaug.png|Smaug (named "Slag") in [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Smaug.jpg|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1982 video game) - Smaug.png|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|1982 video game ''The Hobbit'']]<br />
|File:Smaug_MERP.png| Smaug in [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP's]] [[Creatures of Middle-earth|''Creatures of Middle-earth'']]<br />
|File:The Hobbit (2003) Smaug.jpg|Smaug in the [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|2003 video game ''The Hobbit'']]<br />
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Smaug2.jpg|Smaug in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]<br />
}}<br />
=== Films ===<br />
'''1966: [[The Hobbit (1966 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1966 film)]]:'''<br />
:Smaug is named "Slag", the Ancient Monster.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''<br />
:Smaug was voiced by American actor [[Richard Boone]]. In this version, Smaug is broadly similar in size and colour but his shape is less elongated due to being more weighty. Smaug's face is rounder, possessing more mammalian traits - resembling a mix between a cat and a bat - having bat-like ears and fur around the face and down the back. Also, his armour is never mentioned to be strengthened by lying on the treasure, but more resembles an extra padding of skin/scales, minus the bare patch.<br />
<br />
'''1985: [[The Fabulous Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit Across The Wild Land Through The Dark Forest Beyond The Misty Mountains There And Back Again (1985 Russian film)|''The Fabulous Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins The Hobbit Across The Wild Land Through The Dark Forest Beyond The Misty Mountains There And Back Again'' (1985 Russian film)]]:'''<br />
:Original title: Сказочное путешествие мистера Бильбо Беггинса, хоббита, через Дикий край, Черный лес, за Туманные горы туда и обратно. Smaug was created by a puppet.<br />
<br />
'''1991: [[Treasures Under the Mountain, or The Hobbit (1991 film)|''Treasures Under the Mountain, or The Hobbit'' (1991 film)]]:'''<br />
:Animated unreleased Russian Hobbit short film. During the destruction of Dale Smaug darkens the sky. Children are flying kites (paper dragons) which are consumed by a dragon of fire. original posting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hWwu17udnI and here with English subtitles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzoRd14L7AQ <br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''<br />
:Smaug is a [[wikipedia:Computer-generated imagery|CGI]]-motion capture creature produced by [[Weta Digital]], voiced by [[Benedict Cumberbatch]].<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150286515141558|articlename=The Hobbit Casting Update|dated=19-June-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> He is shown with no front legs but walking on the wrists of his wings. <br />
<br />
:Smaug's [[Sack of Erebor|sack]] of [[Dale]] and [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]] is shown briefly during the prologue. During a meeting of the Wise, [[Gandalf]] reveals his concern regarding a potential alliance between Sauron and Smaug, as a a "dragon could be used to terrible effect". [[Saruman]] dismisses this, stating that Sauron had been vanquished. The film ends with a glimpse of the [[Dragons|Dragon]]'s eye as he wakes, though he is buried under the treasure. In addition, movie Smaug was over 140 metres (462 feet) in length, or “twice the size of a 747”.<br />
<br />
'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''<br />
:The Dragon makes his full appearance in the second part. [[Thrain]] confirms Gandalf's fears of Smaug being in league with the unseen [[Dark Lord|Dark Power]] in [[Dol Guldur]], later revealed to be Sauron. In fact, Smaug himself confirms this, showing an awareness of [[the One Ring]] during his conversation with [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]], as well as giving hints on Sauron's return - the Dragon's pleased attitude further outlines his intention to throw his backing behind the Dark Lord's banner for the spoils of war. It is also observed by Bilbo that the [[Lake-men]]'s legend of [[Girion]] having loosened and removed a scale from the Dragon's breast was in fact true. When the [[Dwarves]] enter the mountain, Smaug chases them, finally catching up to them in the forges, where the Dwarves stage a counterattack, tricking Smaug into relighting the forges with his fire. They manage to cover Smaug in hot molten gold, but he sheds it off without difficulty. Smaug leaves them and flies off to [[Lake-town]] to seek revenge for what he perceives to be their part in Bilbo and the Dwarves' attack.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
:After destroying the majority of Lake-town, Smaug sees [[Bard]] attempting to take him on. He taunts the bowman, and, then, while charging him, Bard shoots his [[Black Arrow]] into Smaug's vulnerable spot, the same spot that his ancestor had shaken a scale off loose centuries earlier. While in the throes of death, the Dragon flies up into the sky, where he takes his last breath, claws at the sky and then falls to his watery grave in [[Long Lake]] (taking the greedy [[Master of Lake-town]] in his boat with him along the way).<br />
<br />
=== Radio series ===<br />
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Francis de Wolff]] provides Smaug's voice.<br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Smaug's name is pronounced "Smog".<ref>[[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]], "Inside Information"</ref> [[Erik Bauersfeld]] performed the voice of the dragon.<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://www.discogs.com/JRR-Tolkien-The-Lord-Of-The-Rings-The-Hobbit/release/602426|articlename=J.R.R. Tolkien – The Lord Of The Rings & The Hobbit|website=[http://www.discogs.com Discogs.com]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''1980: [[Der Hobbit (1980 German radio series)|''Der Hobbit'' (1980 German radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Smaug is played by Benno Kusche.<br />
<br />
'''1989: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Smaug is provided by Ján Mistrík.<br />
<br />
=== Games ===<br />
'''1982: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''<br />
:The goal of this game is to plunder the treasuries of Smaug's Lair in the Lonely Mountain. While the computer is loading the game it shows a picture of Smaug with the Lonely Mountain on the background.<ref name="Newspaper">{{webcite|author=Phil Garratt|articleurl=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/showmag.cgi?mag=ZXComputing/Issue8304/Pages/ZXComputing830400076.jpg|articlename=Software Review: The Hobbit|website=[http://www.worldofspectrum.org WorldOfSpectrum.com]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''1988: [[Creatures of Middle-earth|''Creatures of Middle-earth'' (1st edition)]]:'''<br />
:In this supplement to the 1st edition of ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'', Smaug is put forward as a potential enemy should the gamesmaster wish to include the dragon in his or her story. Another dragon, Utumkodur, is described as Smaug's elder sister. <ref>Ruth Sochard Pitt, Jeff O'Hare, [[Pete Fenlon|Peter C. Fenlon, Jr.]], ''[[Creatures of Middle-earth]]'', 1st edn, pp. 51-52</ref><br />
<br />
'''1994: [[Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition)|''Creatures of Middle-earth'' (2nd edition)]]:'''<br />
:In this supplement to the 2nd edition of ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'', Smaug is described in some detail and given a brief history before his coming to Erebor. Smaug survived the destruction of [[Angband]] at the end of the [[First Age]] and settled at Anvilmount in the [[Grey Mountains]]. Here he found and defiled a First Age Adan holy place, destroying tombs and stealing a modest amount of treasure. Smaug was upset by his lack of wealth. Therefore when he heard the tale of the Dwarves of Erebor he knew that the great treasure should be his. ''Creatures of Middle-earth'' also describes Smaug as being the son of [[Ancalagon]], being one of a number of siblings including Throkmaw, Ruingurth, and Utumkodur.<ref>Ruth Sochard Pitt, Jeff O'Hare, [[Peter C. Fenlon, Jr.]], ''[[Creatures of Middle-earth (2nd edition)|Creatures of Middle-earth]]'', 2nd edn, pp. 112-115</ref><br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:Smaug was voiced by [[James Horan]].<br />
<br />
'''2018: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Smaug the Terrible has a sister, Etterfang Foulmaw. Both of them slept in the cavern called Glimmerdeep in the [[Grey Mountains]] until Etterfang was disturbed by dwarves and fled into the deeper Caverns of Thrumfall; Smaug was unable to find her again when he awoke. It is revealed that a servant of the Dark Lord provoked his rage by slaying many young drakes and placing their heads at the front of the Dragon's lair alongside dwarven weapons. This, coupled with greed, caused Smaug to attack the Erebor, which was part of Sauron's design. Following this, the Dark Lord sent emissaries to win him the Dragon's allegiance; when none returned, Sauron tasked Karazgar, a [[Black Númenórean]] agent, with daunting Smaug into submission. Cowed through fear, the Dragon promised to give an answer to the Dark Lord's offer in fifty years. The Quest for Erebor, put in motion by Gandalf, deprived Sauron of Smaug's potential fealty, as the latter was slain before he could be summoned to [[Mordor]]. <br />
<br />
:Smaug does not make a physical appearance, but his bones are still found around the watery ruins of the old [[Lake-town]] (known as Esgaroth-of-old). Bandits pillage the ruins and the bones for some unknown purpose.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* "[[The Quest of Erebor]]", a chapter of ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'' which provides more background information<br />
* [[Chrysophylax]], the dragon in ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2013/02/27/where-did-smaug-come-from/ Where Did Smaug Come From?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
<br />
{{references|n}}<br />
{{dragons}}<br />
{{hobbitfilms}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smaug}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Dragons]]<br />
[[Category:Germanic names]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Smaug]]<br />
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/animaux/dragons/smaug]]<br />
[[fi:Smaug]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Led_Zeppelin&diff=384841
Led Zeppelin
2024-01-18T05:30:45Z
<p>Mord: /* Songs with alleged Tolkien influence */ cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
'''Led Zeppelin''' was an English rock band active between [[1968]] and [[1980]], consisting of Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and John Bonham. Many fans believe that lyrics to several Led Zeppelin songs were inspired from [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s works whilst noting that one of Robert Plant's dogs was named [[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]].<br />
<br />
==Songs with alleged Tolkien influence==<br />
"'''Misty Mountain Hop'''"<br />
:The lyrics describe an encounter with the police after getting stoned in the park, culminating in a resolution to leave for the [[Misty Mountains]] ("''I'm packing my bags for the Misty Mountains / Where the spirits go now''").<br />
<br />
"'''Over the Hills and Far Away'''"<br />
:Believed to describe ''[[The Hobbit]]'' and [[Bilbo Baggins]]'s discovery of the [[One Ring]].<br />
<br />
"'''The Battle of Evermore'''"<br />
:Mentions the [[Ringwraiths]] and the [[Sauron|Dark Lord]]. It also mentions the "Prince of Peace", a messianic figure who could be [[Frodo]] or [[Aragorn]], who "embraced the gloom" and "walked the night alone". Also mentions a "Queen of Light," which could allude to [[Galadriel]].<br />
<br />
"'''Ramble On'''"<br />
:Mentions [[Gollum]], the land of [[Mordor]], and "the evil one" (possibly Sauron).<br />
<br />
"'''Stairway to Heaven'''"<br />
:Several ambiguous lines have been interpreted as oblique references to the legendarium.<br />
::"''There's a lady who's sure / All that glitters is gold''" may be a reference to the verse "All that is gold does not glitter" which is repeated several times in the Lord of the Rings. <br />
::"''There walks a lady we all know / Who shines white light and wants to show / How everything still turns to gold''" may refer to Galadriel, though this is disputed.<ref>{{webcite|articlename=Exclusions|articleurl=http://www.tolkien-music.com/exclusions.html|website=TM|accessed=12 October 2012}}</ref><br />
::"''There's a feeling I get when I look to the [[Uttermost West|West]] / And my spirit is crying for leaving''" may refer to Frodo's brief time in the Shire after the conclusion of the [[Quest of the Ring]].<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.reocities.com/athens/2406/ Led Zeppelin and J.R.R. Tolkien home Page], by Scott Selisker<br />
* {{WP|Led Zeppelin}}<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Bands]]<br />
[[Category:British people]]<br />
[[Category:Rock music]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=South_Road&diff=384614
South Road
2024-01-12T04:37:16Z
<p>Mord: added relevant map image</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Minas-tirith.jpg|thumb|right|''Map of part of Gondor'' by [[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
<br />
The '''South Road''' was a major road of [[Gondor]].<br />
<br />
The South Road ran from [[Minas Tirith]] to the south, through the [[Rammas Echor]], crossed the river [[Erui]] at the [[Crossings of Erui]] and reached [[Pelargir]].<ref>[[Catherine McIlwaine]], ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', "Map of part of Gondor", p. 389</ref><ref>{{RK|Map}}</ref><ref group=note>The name "South Road" is used only by [[Bergil]] in the narrative; the road that could be "the South Road" is unnamed on the Map of Rohan, Gondor and Mordor, the General Map of Middle-earth and the map of The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age. However, it is named on a Map of part of Gondor that was drawn by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] during the writing of The Lord of the Rings. In addition, the context of the narrative makes this identification obvious. Cf. {{HM|Guide}}, p. 363</ref> It was the chief highway of Minas Tirith and was well-paved and wide enough for three lines of wagons. A broad green riding-track ran along its eastern edge.<ref>{{RK|MT}}, view seen by Pippin from the citadel, the seventh and highest circle of of Minas Tirith, p. 763</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], before the [[Siege of Gondor]], the captains of the [[Southern Fiefs|Outlands]] were expected to arrive at Minas Tirith on the South Road.<ref>{{RK|MT}}, conversation between Bergil and Pippin, p. 769</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Roads and streets]]<br />
[[fi:Eteläntie]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Harad_Road&diff=384613
Harad Road
2024-01-12T04:36:55Z
<p>Mord: added relevant map image</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Harad Road''' was the long road that connected [[Ithilien]] and [[Harad]].<br />
<br />
[[File:Minas-tirith.jpg|thumb|right|''Map of part of Gondor'' by [[:Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien|J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
<br />
==Course==<br />
The Harad Road ran from the [[Cross-roads]] southward through [[Ithilien]],<ref>[[Catherine McIlwaine]], ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', "Map of part of Gondor", p. 389</ref><ref>{{WR|2|VII}}, Minas Morghul and the Cross-roads (map), p. 181</ref><ref group=note>The road that runs from the [[Morannon]] to the Cross-roads and then on to the river Poros is unnamed on the [[General Map of Middle-earth]], the [[Map of Rohan, Gondor, and Mordor]] and on the map of [[The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age]]. The road north of the Cross-roads is referred to as the [[Southward Road]] in the narrative of [[The Lord of the Rings]]. On those maps only the part of the road south of the river Poros is named Harad Road. The part of the road that runs from the Cross-roads in Ithilien south towards the river Poros is named Harad Road and South Road on the Map of a part of Gondor and on the map of Minas Morghul and the Cross-roads, respectively, which were drawn by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] during the writing of The Lord of the Rings.</ref> crossing the river [[Poros]] at the [[Crossings of Poros]], and then across [[South Gondor]] to the ford across the river [[Harnen]] and beyond to the far lands of [[Harad]].<ref name="General Map">[[Christopher Tolkien]], [[General Map of Middle-earth]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (earlier editions)</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It is possible that the Road was built or first used by the [[Gondorians]], as [[Gondor]] extended its power to the south in the early [[Third Age]].<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Harad Road", p. 188</ref><br />
<br />
The southernmost part of the Road is not clear,<ref name="General Map"/> perhaps indicating that it later fell into disuse and had disappeared by the time of the [[War of the Ring]].<ref name=guide/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Harad'' means "south" in [[Sindarin]],<ref>{{PE|17}}, entry S '''harad''', p. 88</ref> so Harad Road means "South Road".<br />
<br />
{{references|Notes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roads and streets]]<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[de:Harad-Straße]]<br />
[[fi:Haradin tie]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/routes/route_du_harad]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_Minas-tirith.jpg&diff=384612
File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Minas-tirith.jpg
2024-01-12T04:34:40Z
<p>Mord: added author category</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Published in [[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]] as "Map of part of Gondor" on page 389.<br />
<br />
Was available on Tolkien Estate website at https://www.tolkienestate.com/assets/images/megamaps/minas-tirith-plan.jpg between May 15, 2019 and November 16, 2021, but was removed after a site redesign.<br />
== Licensing ==<br />
{{map}}<br />
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.tolkienestate.com/ The Tolkien Estate]}}<br />
[[Category:Images by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Maps of Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Maps of Mordor]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_Minas-tirith.jpg&diff=384611
File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Minas-tirith.jpg
2024-01-12T04:28:32Z
<p>Mord: add details, categories</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Published in [[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]] as "Map of part of Gondor" on page 389.<br />
<br />
Was available on Tolkien Estate website at https://www.tolkienestate.com/assets/images/megamaps/minas-tirith-plan.jpg between May 15, 2019 and November 16, 2021, but was removed after a site redesign.<br />
== Licensing ==<br />
{{map}}<br />
{{Copyright-fairuse|[http://www.tolkienestate.com/ The Tolkien Estate]}}<br />
[[Category:Maps of Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Maps of Mordor]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=File:J.R.R._Tolkien_-_Minas-tirith.jpg&diff=384610
File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Minas-tirith.jpg
2024-01-12T04:21:38Z
<p>Mord: Was available on Tolkien Estate website in 2021, was removed after a redesign.</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Was available on Tolkien Estate website in 2021, was removed after a redesign.<br />
== Licensing ==<br />
{{Copyright-fairuse|INSERT COPYRIGHT HOLDER WITH WEBSITE LINK}}</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Vinyamar&diff=384470
Vinyamar
2024-01-06T00:50:04Z
<p>Mord: /* History */ typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{location infobox<br />
| name=Vinyamar<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - Tuor is Led by the Swans to Vinyamar.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Tuor is Led by the Swans to Vinyamar" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| location=[[Taras-ness]], [[Nevrast]]<br />
| type=City<br />
| description=City on the slopes of [[Mount Taras]]<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=[[Noldor]] of [[Turgon]]<br />
| created=Before {{FA|50}}<ref>{{GA|74}}</ref><br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=Abandoned ({{FA|116}})<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vinyamar''' ([[Quenya|Q]], pron. {{IPA|[ˈvinjamar]}}) was a settlement built by [[Turgon]] at [[Taras-ness]] in [[Nevrast]], on the slopes of [[Mount Taras]],<ref>{{S|Map}}</ref> early in the [[Exile of the Noldor]]. It was perched upon high terraces that looked towards the sea. It was never visited by the servants of [[Morgoth]] but after its abandonment it became weathered. Turgon's great hall had its walls and roof covered with a deep growth of plants.<ref name="Tuor">{{UT|Tuor}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Vinyamar was the first recorded [[Noldor]] stone construction after they had returned to [[Middle-earth]].<ref name="Tuor"/> Vinyamar's population was primarily Noldorin, with a large influx of [[Sindar]]in elves.<br />
<br />
In {{FA|50}}<ref>{{GA|74}}</ref> Turgon and [[Finrod]] took a journey along the river [[Sirion]]. At the [[Meres of Twilight]] they slept and both received a dream from [[Ulmo]], bidding them to seek places of strength.<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref> Two years later<ref>{{GA|76}}</ref> Turgon discovered the hidden way and vale of [[Tumladen]] wherein he determined to build [[Gondolin]]. In {{FA|64}} Turgon led a third of his people to the valley to begin construction of his hidden city.<ref>{{GA|88}}</ref> By {{FA|116}} Gondolin was full-wrought and Turgon led the remainder of his folk to the city; from then on Vinyamar was abandoned and fell into decay.<ref>{{GA|113}}</ref><br />
<br />
Much later, in {{FA|495}}, [[Tuor]] came to the deserted settlement. Marvelling, he entered Turgon's old [[High Seat of Vinyamar|hall]] and on a wall, lit by the setting sun, he found a shield, hauberk, helm, and sword. The shield bore a field of blue and a white swan's wing. Tuor took these items and wore them. In the meantime, [[Voronwë]] was rescued by [[Ulmo]] from a shipwreck and was brought near the city; when the two met, they left Vinyamar together for a journey that led to Gondolin.<ref name="Tuor"/><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name is [[Quenya]] for "New Home" from ''[[vinya]]'' "young, new" and ''[[már]]'' "house, home, dwelling".<ref>{{S|Index}}, ''Vinyamar''</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Beleriand]]<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya locations]]<br />
[[de:Vinyamar]]<br />
[[fi:Vinyamar]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/villes_tours_et_forteresses/beleriand/vinyamar]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Possible_inconsistencies_in_the_legendarium&diff=384328
Possible inconsistencies in the legendarium
2024-01-02T05:56:28Z
<p>Mord: /* Doors of Durin */ "Hollin" was Gandalf's spoken translation of the written "Eregion"</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
<br />
The '''inconsistencies''' are various vague or seemingly contradictory statements that can be found throughout Tolkien's writings.<br />
<br />
Although [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] paid a great deal of attention to detail in his [[Secondary world]] to preserve a realistic consistency,{{Fact}} in this vast creation, unavoidably, some more or less degrees of inconsistencies had slipped in. Most can be revealed after more than one reading of the books and through study. Regarding the inconsistencies, [[Christopher Tolkien]] has noted that:<br />
{{blockquote|...the credibility that my father was so anxious to maintain. Of course if he had noticed this inconsistency himself or had it pointed out to him he would have altered it without a second thought.|Christopher Tolkien's letter to [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]].<ref name=comp>{{HM|RC}}</ref>{{rp|p. xliv}}}}<br />
He also noted that:<br />
{{blockquote|However much my father desired to achieve consistency at every level of his work, from capital letters to the dates of dynasties, he was bound to fail. [...] His life was a perpetual battle against time (& tiredness) [...] But he 'niggled' on a grand and noble conception, & indeed its coherence in fine detail is a part of its power.|Christopher Tolkien's letter to [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]].<ref name=comp/>{{rp|p. xliii}}}}<br />
<br />
J.R.R. Tolkien's comment, late in life, was quoted by Hammond and Scull:<br />
{{blockquote|Personally I have ceased to bother about these minor 'discrepancies', since if the genealogies and calendars etc. lack verisimilitude it is in their general excessive accuracy: as compared with real annals or genealogies! Anyway the slips are few, have mostly been removed, and the discovery of what remain seems an amusing pastime!|Letter to [[Joy Hill]], October 30, 1967, quoted in the "Note on the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]]."}}<br />
<br />
Hammond and Scull added, "In fact Tolkien had not 'ceased to bother', and 'slips' were dealt with as opportunities arose."<ref>''The Lord of the Rings'', [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th Anniversary Edition]], "Note on the 50th Anniversary Edition"</ref><br />
<br />
Fans of Tolkien usually accept that in any work there are usually plot holes. In a larger, far more detailed and realistic book we expect fewer (if any) plot holes, when in reality there is a far greater chance because of its complexity.{{Fact}}<br />
<br />
Any inconsistency can be blamed on the "fictional Tolkien" who adapted ancient sources such as the Red Book or on the characters who wrote and compiled those sources.{{Fact}} Tolkien himself mentioned in Appendix D that he might have made many errors on the calendar while "translating" the "ancient sources", a comment written as a fail-safe for any narrative error the author might have made, and mentioned in Appendix F ("Of the Elves") that Frodo had erred in thinking the dialect of Sindarin spoken by the elves of Lórien was Silvan Elvish.<ref>{{FR|II6}}. A footnote directs the reader to the correction in the appendix.</ref><br />
<br />
Such explanations attributing the inconsistencies to the "translator Tolkien" or the "original sources" are easy and unenlightening. Therefore many fans prefer to explain them with some internal explanation. The explanations below are of this type. For example, at least some of the logical inconsistencies can be attributed to the characters' own erroneous sayings, since none of them has all knowledge about everything. Contradictions of this type are grouped under "Characters". Others are grouped under "Facts", which has subgroups.{{Fact}}<br />
<br />
Please also bear in mind that most of Tolkien's writings are highly ''poetic'', which implies that the "vagueness" is a very core characteristic and value to them. Thus in some cases a seeming "inconsistency" might be nothing more than the result of unnecessary over-analysis and clinging to superficial details instead of internal value.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
====The Eldest====<br />
Both [[Tom Bombadil]] and [[Treebeard]] are referred to as the [[eldest]] being in [[Middle-earth]]. Tom says that about himself,<ref>{{FR|I7}}, "Eldest, that's what I am.... Tom was here before the river and the trees; Tom remembers the first raindrop and the first acorn." </ref> and [[Elrond]] mentions that the Elves knew Tom as "oldest and fatherless".<ref name="CofE">{{FR|II2}}</ref> However, [[Gandalf]] tells [[Théoden]] that Treebeard is "the oldest of all living things",<ref name="Isengard">{{TT|III8}}</ref> and Celeborn addresses Treebeard as "Eldest".<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[Many Partings]]"</ref><br />
;Explanation: Maybe Tom is not "alive" as Treebeard is<ref>Tom Shippey, ''The Road to Middle-earth: Revised and Expanded Edition'', p. 107</ref> On this subject, Gandalf, [[Saruman]], and [[Sauron]] have ''existed'' far longer than Treebeard, as they are [[Maiar]], but they haven't been ''alive'' (embodied physically) as long.<br />
<br />
====Giving up a Ring of Power====<br />
Gandalf says, "'A Ring of Power looks after itself, Frodo. ''It'' may slip off treacherously, but its keeper never abandons it. At most he plays with the idea of handing it on to some one else's care&mdash;and that only at an early stage, when it first begins to grip. But as far as I know Bilbo alone in history has gone beyond playing, and really done it.'"<ref name="Shadow">{{FR|I2}}</ref> However, [[Narya|Gandalf's own ring]] was given to him freely by [[Círdan]].<ref name="AppThird">{{App|TA}}</ref> Also, the dwarves of [[Durin's Folk]] who held their Ring typically "surrendered" it when near death, and in particular [[Thrór]] gave it to his son [[Thráin II]],<ref name="AppADurin"/> as Gandalf says at the Council of Elrond.<ref name="CofE"/><br />
;Explanation: Perhaps Gandalf meant only the Rings that [[Sauron]] had had a hand in making, which might be the only ones that "grip." Gandalf's ring is one of the [[Three Rings|Three]], which Sauron didn't touch. Durin's Folk believed that they had received their Ring directly from the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain|Elven-Smiths]], though Sauron did help to make it. Further, it is noted in the Appendices that the Rings could influence Dwarves to a much lesser extent than Men, specifically "the only power over [Dwarves] that the Rings wielded was to inflame their hearts with a greed of gold and precious things."<ref>{{App|A3}}</ref> Gandalf may have been speaking implicitly only of Men, considering the context of the conversation and his audience.{{Fact}}<br />
<br />
====Sam's spying====<br />
[[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] tells [[Frodo Baggins]] that as a result of [[Samwise Gamgee|Samwise Gamgee's]] eavesdropping, he and [[Peregrin Took]] "know most of what Gandalf has told you about the [[One Ring|Ring]]."<ref name=ACU>{{FR|I5}}</ref> Most of what Gandalf told Frodo was in one long conversation, at the end of which Gandalf caught Sam.<ref name="Shadow"/> This contradicts Merry's statement that after Sam was caught, he "seemed to regard himself as on parole, and dried up."<ref name=ACU/><br />
;Explanation: Maybe Sam's information was what he learned before he was caught,{{Fact}} though that's not what Merry says.<br />
<br />
====A choice of dangers====<br />
[[Aragorn]] tells the hobbits, as they prepare to leave [[Bree]], "After [[Weathertop]] our journey will become more difficult, and we shall have to choose between various dangers."<ref name=Strider/> The ridges they have to climb after Weathertop may be more difficult than the [[Midgewater Marshes]], but they encounter no dangers on the route Aragorn chooses, and he doesn't mention any choices of dangers or even warn the hobbits of any dangers, except the chance that the Nazgûl will find them as they cross the [[Last Bridge]].<ref name="Flight">{{FR|I12}}</ref><br />
;Explanation: Not all risked dangers actually materialize, and Aragorn does cite two other possible courses that have their own possible hazards. One is going north through the [[Ettenmoors|Ettendales]] instead of crossing the [[Ford of Bruinen]], but in addition to the danger of [[trolls]], that route would take too long and the Company could run out of food. The other is finding the Ford without following the Road, but Aragorn regards that as impossible.<ref>{{FR|I12}}, "'We cannot hope to find a path through these hills. Whatever danger may beset it, the Road is our only way to the Ford.'"</ref> In his estimation, the Road was clearly the path most likely to get the Company to Rivendell safely, regardless of whether the alternatives were truly impossible or merely less practical than the best alternative.<br />
<br />
====Aragorn's knowledge====<br />
Aragorn tells the hobbits in Bree, "I know all the lands between [[the Shire]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], for I have wandered over them for many years."<ref name="Strider"/> But later, speaking of the Ettendales, he says, "That is troll-country, and little known to me," and "I do not know the way".<ref name="Flight"/> The Ettendales or Ettenmoors are on a line between the Shire and the northern part of the Misty Mountains.{{Fact}}<br />
;Explanation: If we take Aragorn's line "wandered over them" literally, we can accept that Aragorn has also wandered over the Ettendales. Of course that doesn't necessarily means that Aragorn should know ''everything'' about those lands, or even know ''all'' ways (e.g., to Rivendell) through them. He says that he knows those lands "little."<br />
<br />
====Building Barad-dûr====<br />
Elrond says at his council that the foundations of [[Barad-dûr]] were made with the One Ring,<ref>{{FR|II2}}, "The Dark Tower was broken, but its foundations were not removed; for they were made with the power of the Ring, and while it remains they will endure.</ref> which is consistent with its destruction when the Ring is destroyed. However, according to the Tale of Years, Sauron began building Barad-dûr in about S.A. 1000 and forged the Ring in about S.A. 1600.<ref>https://www.quora.com/What-inconsistencies-if-any-appear-in-the-Hobbit-Lord-of-the-Rings-and-the-Silmarillion</ref><br />
;Explanation: Maybe Sauron ordered his Orcs to begin gathering materials and preparing the land for construction in S.A. 1000, and only commenced building once he forged the Ring in S.A. 1600.{{Fact}} Six hundred years is a long time, but the Barad-dûr was a monumental structure that would have required an unprecedented amount of stone, iron, and other materials to erect. Or maybe the foundations were built before the making of the Ring, but lacking a last piece, or some power of will that the Ring provided.{{Fact}}<br />
<br />
====Heirlooms of Arnor====<br />
At the Council of Elrond, Aragorn says of [[Narsil]], the Sword of Elendil, "It has been treasured by his heirs when '''all other heirlooms were lost'''" (emphasis added).<ref name="CofE"/> However, Appendix A lists other heirlooms that were kept with it: "...there [at [[Rivendell]]] also were kept the heirlooms of their house: the [[Ring of Barahir]], the shards of Narsil, the [[star of Elendil]], and the [[sceptre of Annúminas]]."<ref name="AppEriador">{{App|Eriador}}</ref><br />
;Explanation: The Ring of Barahir was briefly lost to the Dúnedain when Arvedui bartered it to the Lossoth for supplies. No loss of the other heirlooms appears.<br />
<br />
====Possession of the [[Nine Rings]]====<br />
In ''[[The Council of Elrond]]'' [[Gandalf]] says that the [[Nazgûl]] kept their Rings by saying "The Nine the Nazgûl keep".<ref name="CofE"/> However in most other references, it is mentioned that Sauron had taken them.<ref>{{FR|I2}}, "the Nine [Sauron] has gathered to himself; the Seven also, or else they are destroyed."</ref><ref>{{FR|II7}}, "You saw the Eye of him that holds the Seven and the Nine."</ref> Furthermore, Frodo doesn't see any Rings on them on [[Weathertop]], and it is believed that if they did wear the Rings, they would have been fully [[Unseen|invisible]] (including their cloaks).<ref>http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm#Q0-InvRiders</ref><br />
The line in the Council of Elrond represents Tolkien's earlier intention that the Nazgûl should still be wearing their Rings, but he later changed his mind and simply missed revising that sentence.<br />
;Explanation: The phrase can be also interpreted as "The Nine ''keep'' the Nazgûl ''in Sauron’s thrall''," though this would be an awkward construction. The doings of Sauron and the Nazgûl were mostly unknown to the Council, so it is likely that Gandalf did not actually know the physical disposition of the Rings and was merely alluding to the indelible association between the Nine Rings and the Nine Nazgûl. Moreover, as far as the Council was concerned, the situation was equivalent whether the Nine Rings were on Sauron's fingers or on those of his slaves, so the lack of precision was immaterial.<br />
<br />
====Feeling the mithril coat====<br />
The [[mithril coat]] that Bilbo gives Frodo is "almost as supple as linen". However, when Bilbo slaps Frodo on the back after giving him the coat, he says, "Ow!... You are too hard now to slap!"<ref name="Ring">{{FR|II3}}</ref><br />
;Explanation: Perhaps Bilbo is joking. Or perhaps the mail tenses in response to an impact, similar to non-Newtonian fluids solidifying under stress. It's fairly common in Middle-earth for works of master craftsmanship to have some "magical" attributes, and given the cost of mithril, it's a safe bet that only the best smiths in Erebor would have undertaken such a project. Of all of the magical abilities one might want for a coat of nigh-unbreakable chain mail, the ability to turn solid when struck while being as soft as cloth at all other times would be high on the list.<br />
<br />
====Galadriel's mind-reading====<br />
[[Galadriel]] tells Frodo and Sam that she knows Sauron's thoughts that concern the Elves.<ref name="Mirror">{{FR|II7}}</ref> It seems strange that they don't ask her whether she has any information they might find useful and she doesn't offer them any. Also, she doesn't seem to have known about [[Saruman]]'s betrayal some nineteen years earlier, though the defection of a member of the [[White Council]] might be thought to concern the Elves. At least, she didn't warn Gandalf in the messages he got from Lórien after reading the [[Scroll of Isildur]], the year before he trustingly entered [[Orthanc]].<ref name="CofE"/> (Also, when Aragorn was serving in Gondor under the name [[Thorongil]], he "often warned [[Ecthelion II|Ecthelion]] not to put trust in Saruman".<ref>{{HM|AA}}</ref> It's strange that he knew not to trust Saruman but Gandalf didn't.)<br />
;Explanation: Conceivably Galadriel gained the ability to read Sauron's mind sometime after the messages went to Gandalf.<br />
<br />
====Galadriel's role====<br />
Galadriel tells the Fellowship, "I will not give you counsel, saying do this, or do that. For not in doing or contriving, or in choosing between this course and another, can I avail; but only in knowing what was and is, and in part also what shall be."<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref> Later she tells Frodo, "I do not counsel you one way or the other. I am not a counsellor."<ref name="Mirror"/> However, the rhyme she sends Aragorn advises a specific course: the [[Grey Company]] should come out of [[Rivendell]], and Aragorn should take the [[Paths of the Dead]].<ref>{{TT|III5}}</ref> Likewise [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] conclude that Galadriel sent the message to the Grey Company telling them to join Aragorn in [[Rohan]]; this seems to be "contriving" and "choosing between one course and another". Incidentally, it is odd that the Grey Company got this message without knowing who it was from.<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Passing of the Grey Company]]"</ref><br />
;Explanation: One could imagine that someone else (Celeborn?) made the decisions and Galadriel only sent the messages; Legolas and Gimli may have erred in thinking she was the source. Alternatively, it is conceivable that Galadriel's words to the Fellowship were calculated to have a desired impact, even though at face value they seemed to be of no use. <br />
<br />
====The origin of orcs====<br />
Treebeard tells Merry and Pippin that [[Morgoth]] made trolls and orcs.<ref>{{TT|III4}}. "But Trolls are only counterfeits, made by the Enemy in the Great Darkness, in mockery of Ents, as Orcs were of Elves."</ref> However, Frodo says to Sam, "The Shadow that bred them [Orcs] can only mock, it cannot make real new things of its own. I don't think it gave life to the Orcs, it only ruined and twisted them."<ref>{{RK|VI1}}</ref><br />
;Explanation: Tolkien went through several attempts to explain [[Orcs/Origin|the origin of orcs]] and never stated a definitive answer. However, when he addressed this point in "[[Letter 153]]", he described Treebeard as "not one of the Wise", and he quoted and endorsed Frodo's line above.<br />
<br />
====Tales of hobbits====<br />
Pippin tells [[Théoden]], "I have wandered in many lands, since I left my home, and never till now have I found people that knew any story concerning hobbits."<ref name="Isengard"/> But hobbits live in [[Bree]], [[Tom Bombadil]] knows many stories about hobbits, one would think the [[Rangers of the North|Rangers]] (who guard [[the Shire]] and Bree) and the Elves of Rivendell (where Bilbo has been living) would know some, and the Elves of Lórien have at least heard of hobbits.<ref>{{FR|II6}}, "We had not heard of&mdash;hobbits, of halflings, for many a long year...."</ref><br />
;Explanation: Pippin has just woken up from a nap, after a lunch that included wine, and is talking to a king for the first time in his life; he may not be thinking clearly. Alternatively, Pippin is the most glib and smooth or courtly of the hobbits in the Fellowship, and he may have exaggerated to flatter the king, even without realizing he was doing it.<br />
<br />
====The peril of deep arts====<br />
In connection with the ''palantír'' of Orthanc, Gandalf observes to Pippin, "Perilous to us all are the devices of an art deeper than we possess ourselves."<ref name="Palantir">{{TT|III11}}</ref> However, never in ''The Hobbit'' or ''The Lord of the Rings'' does he warn [[Thorin|Thorin]] or the hobbits against using elvish swords, which glow in the presence of orcs, or [[Daggers of Westernesse|daggers from the barrow]], which are especially effective against Ringwraiths. He returns the [[Phial of Galadriel]] to Frodo and [[Gifts of Galadriel|Galadriel's box of earth]] to Sam without any warnings. Also, there is no apparent danger in characters' using other products of elven arts (cloaks, ''[[hithlain]]'' ropes, ''[[lembas]]'').<br />
;Explanation: Maybe the ''palantíri'' are "devices" in a sense in which the other things named are not. <br />
<br />
:Furthermore, it's possible that Gandalf was only attempting to discourage Pippin's curiosity, worrying that it could lead to another dangerous situation like that with the ''palantír''.<br />
<br />
====The eyes in Orthanc====<br />
When Aragorn tells Gimli and Legolas that he's confronted Sauron in the ''palantír'', he says that Sauron had not previously known Aragorn was alive. In explanation, he adds, "The eyes in Orthanc did not see through the armour of Théoden".<ref>{{RK|V2}}</ref> But Wormtongue knew that Aragorn claimed to be Isildur's heir, as Gandalf points out to Pippin.<ref name=Palantir/> Thus whether Wormtongue recognized Aragorn from Orthanc doesn't matter to Sauron's knowledge of Aragorn's existence. (What Aragorn should have deduced was that either Wormtongue never told Saruman about him, or Saruman didn't reveal the knowledge, whether to Sauron through the ''palantír'' or to the Nazgûl who came to demand Saruman's supposed captive hobbit. (The latter is what Gandalf tells Pippin he fears.)<br />
<br />
====[[Mouth of Sauron]] and "Sauron the Great"====<br />
[[Aragorn]] mentions that the name "[[Sauron]]" (meaning "Abominable") is the name used by his enemies, and Sauron himself does not permit it to be pronounced.<ref>{{TT|III1}}</ref> Therefore it would be problematic, if not logically impossible, for the messenger to Dáin to refer to his master as "the Lord Sauron the Great", as Aragorn had heard at the [[Council of Elrond]],<ref>{{FR|II2}}</ref> and for a servant of Sauron to say, "I am the Mouth of Sauron".<ref>{{RK|V10}}</ref><br />
;Explanation: It could be that Aragorn was mistaken, perhaps thinking of the time before Sauron had declared himself. Another possibility is that the "Mouth" used a different name or title, perhaps in the Black Speech, and Frodo or the translator Tolkien "translated" it as Sauron to clarify it for readers. A similar possibility is that despite Aragorn's blanket statement, Sauron sometimes allowed his servants to use the name for such purposes as communicating with others who used it. As many of his enemies only knew his "true" name as Sauron, it would also allow him to keep his true names and aliases hidden from them, as well as allow them to immediately recognize whom his servants were referring to.<br />
<br />
====Hewing Orcs====<br />
At [[Helm's Deep]], [[Gimli]] tells Éomer that he had 'hewn naught but wood since I left Moria', forgetting that he [[Breaking of the Fellowship|fought Orcs]] not long before.<br />
;Explanation: This discrepancy was noted by [[Wayne G. Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', where they explained that they left it unchanged in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]] because correcting it was impossible, as it would require rewriting the dialogue.<ref name=comp/>{{rp|p. xliv}} Amon Hen was a week before the Battle of the Hornburg; even for a stout Dwarven warrior, lamenting not killing an Orc for that short period would make him look too bloodthirsty. However, it is possible to interpret Gimli as being scornful towards his latest opponents, deliberately meaning that they were no better than "wood".<br />
<br />
==Facts==<br />
====[[Doors of Durin]]====<br />
''[[Moria]]'' translates as "Black Pit" or "Black Chasm" in [[Sindarin]], and the name was said to have been given by the [[Elves]] "without love",<ref name=Translation>{{App|Translation}}, p. 1137, "Moria is an Elvish name, and given without love; for the Eldar... were not dwellers in such places of choice"</ref> possibly indicating that it was a derogatory description. Furthermore, ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' states that [[Khazad-dûm]] was "afterwards in the days of its darkness called Moria",<ref>{{S|Sindar}}</ref> suggesting the name was not widely used until after [[Durin's Bane]] took over the city and it was overrun by [[Orcs]]. It is therefore a paradox why that name appears on the [[Doors of Durin]] (''Ennyn Durin Aran Moria''), made in the [[Second Age]], and with the consent of the [[Dwarves]].<br />
;Explanation: There are many possible explanations to this apparent inconsistency.<ref>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 281-2</ref> The name may have been given by the [[Elves]] in reference to Moria's inherent darkness from being underground (in contrast with their love for "green earth and the lights of heaven"), and therefore was in use before Moria's fall to the [[Balrog]].<ref name=Translation/> There is also no clear evidence that the Dwarves found this name to be offensive, and they may have had no objection to its use on the doors. Some "external" explanations suggest that since the translated names [[Durin (disambiguation)|Durin]] and [[Narvi]] are seen in the inscription, ''Moria'' may also be a "translated" name.<br />
<br />
====[[Eagles]]====<br />
One of the best-known alleged plot holes is why the Eagles came to carry Frodo and Sam back from [[Mount Doom]] but did not help them to fly [[the One Ring]] there, or at least help them at other points in their journey such as the crossing of the Misty Mountains. It is particularly hard to understand why this idea was not proposed in the [[Council of Elrond]].<br />
;Explanation: This question is discussed in detail in [[Eagles#Flying_the_Ring_to_Mount_Doom|the article on the Eagles]], which gives several explanations.<br />
<br />
:In general the explanations for not flying the Ring to Mount Doom are better than those for the Fellowship's not at least trying to have the Eagles fly them across the Misty Mountains.<br />
<br />
====Distances====<br />
The distances of the Dwarves' travel to [[Rivendell]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' seem to have different proportions than those in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. Tolkien tried to reconcile the ''Hobbit'' description with the scale of the ''LotR'' map but couldn't find an appropriate solution.<ref>{{HM|RS}} p. 204</ref><br />
<br />
While Frodo and his companions needed 28 days from [[Hobbiton]] to [[Rivendell]] (10.7 miles/day)<ref name="atlas">[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]], ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''</ref>, [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] calculated that Bilbo and [[Thorin and Company]] needed 38 days (17.5 miles/day)<ref name="atlas"/>. [[Andreas Möhn|Andreas Moehn]] goes further and supposes that Thorin and Co. wanted two weeks from the [[Trollshaws]] till Rivendell (a distance which [[Glorfindel]] covered in two days), resulting in c. 48 days total.<ref name="lalaith">http://lalaith.vpsurf.de/Tolkien/Durin%27s_Day.html</ref>.<br />
;Explanation: The distances and days are not described in the narrative and can be measured only by references such as the moon phases and other fan calculations; therefore there can be a margin of miscalculation. <br />
<br />
:In general, perhaps the Dwarves are by nature slower travelers than Men and/or Hobbits. In ''[[The Departure of Boromir]]'' it is seen that [[Gimli]] had a problem keeping pace with Aragorn and Legolas.<br />
<br />
:The errand of bringing the Ring to Rivendell was much more pressing than the Dwarves'. The dragon was not going anywhere. And Frodo and his companions were hunted down by the [[Nazgûl]].<br />
<br />
====Beater and Biter====<br />
The swords [[Glamdring]] and its "mate" [[Orcrist]] are said to have belonged to King [[Turgon]] of the [[First Age]]. They never appeared much in battle (Turgon fought only in the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]]) and they were witnessed only by the Orcs of Beleriand. However, in the [[Third Age]] the swords are found in a [[Troll]] hoard in [[Eriador]], and the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] recognize them by their names.<br />
The Orcs don't seem to react similarly in the sight of Glamdring in ''LotR'', nor do they seem to recognize [[Narsil]]/[[Andúril]], which is much more "recent".<br />
;Explanation: There can be several theories and explanations of how the swords and even their reputations reach Eriador. However, the narrative of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' doesn't justify their significance to the extent of being remembered and recognized by the Goblins of the Third Age, even by tradition.<br />
<br />
====The elf-king's favorite gems====<br />
The narration of ''The Hobbit'' says the [[Thranduil|elf-king]]'s favorite gems are "white."<ref>{{H|8}}, "If the elf-king had a weakness it was for treasure, especially for silver and white gems...."</ref> However, after the [[Battle of Five Armies]], the narration says, "To the Elven-king he <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Bard]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> sent the emeralds of [[Girion]], such gems as he most loved...."<ref>{{H|18}}</ref><br />
;Explanation: The sentence is somewhat ambiguous: "he" could refer to Bard or Girion instead of the elf-king. However, the elf-king's preference in gems, not the others', would be relevant to Bard's choice of what to give him.<br />
<br />
====Thráin and Thorin's settling in the [[Blue Mountains]]====<br />
[[File:Stephen Raw - Middle-earth map (1 of 4).png|250px|thumb|A map of north-west Middle-earth]]<br />
After [[Thráin|Thráin II]] and his followers returned to [[Dunland]] following the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in {{TA|2799}},<br />
{{Blockquote|they removed and wandered in [[Eriador]], until at last they made a home in exile in the east of the [[Ered Luin]] beyond the [[Lune]].<ref name="AppADurin">{{App|Durin}}</ref>}}<br />
From the point of view of Eriador and the Shire, "beyond the Lune" is north of it.<br />
<br />
However, the "Tale of Years" ([[Appendix B]]) states,<br />
{{Blockquote|Thráin and his son Thorin wander westwards. They settle in the South of [[Ered Luin]] beyond [[the Shire]] ({{TA|2802|n}})<ref name="AppThird"/>}}<br />
It is difficult to reconcile the descriptions "beyond the Lune" and "in the south of the Ered Luin."<br />
<br />
Other mentions of the Dwarves' homes in the Ered Luin are consistent with both possibilities. "Dwarves dwelt in the east side of the Blue Mountains, especially in those parts south of the [[Gulf of Lune]], where they have mines that are still in use."<ref name="AppEriador"/> <br />
<br />
"Especially in those parts south of the Gulf of Lune" implies that a smaller number of Dwarves lived north of the Gulf, as shown in two other quotations. In a parenthetical comment made in "Of Dwarves and Men" in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien indicated that beyond the inflow of the [[Little Lune]] was 'Dwarf territory'.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}, p. 313</ref> Likewise in Appendix A: [[Arvedui]], the last king of [[Arthedain]], "hid in the tunnels of the old dwarf-mines near the far end of the Mountains".<ref name="AppEriador"/><br />
<br />
====Westron and English====<br />
In a few places, Tolkien might be thought to have forgotten that the English, including [[Old English]], in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is supposed to be translated from [[Westron]] and related languages. Some of these are easily explained, and Tolkien explained the similarity between the Sindarin ''[[Baranduin]]'' and the English "Brandywine".<ref>{{App|Translation}} "Brandywine" is somewhat similar in both sound and meaning to the hobbits' Westron nickname for the river, ''Bralda-him'' meaning 'heady ale'.</ref> The most difficult is the comment, "This was ''Orthanc'', the citadel of Saruman, the name of which had (by design or chance) a twofold meaning; for in the Elvish speech ''orthanc'' signifies Mount Fang, but in the language of the Mark of old ''the Cunning Mind''."<ref>{{TT|III8}}</ref> However, ''orthanc'' means "cunning" not in [[Rohanese]] but in Old English, which Tolkien used to translate Rohirric.<br />
;Explanation: By a further coincidence, the unattested name for ''Orthanc'' in Rohirric could also be "Orthanc" and mean "cunning mind".<br />
<br />
====Chronology====<br />
=====When Bilbo departed=====<br />
In the chapter ''[[Roast Mutton]]'', [[Thorin and Company]] depart from the ''[[Green Dragon]]'' "one fine morning just before May." In the later written and published "[[The Quest of Erebor]]", part of "[[Unfinished Tales]]", the author established that the day of departure was [[27 April]].<ref>{{UT|Quest}}</ref> However, the chapter ''[[Flies and Spiders]]'' refers to what has happened "since they started their journey that May morning long ago."<br />
;Explanation: The fifth month of the [[Shire Calendar]], Thrimidge, falls between 22 April to 21 May. By the human calendar, the journey would have started just before May; but by the hobbit calendar, the journey started during Thrimidge. The second reference to May could have been a "translation error", where "Thrimidge" was translated as "May" regardless of the actual date.<br />
<br />
=====[[White Council]] during the [[Watchful Peace]]=====<br />
According to [[Appendix A]], "The Stewards", during the [[Watchful Peace]] "''Sauron withdrew before the power of the White Council and the Ringwraiths remained hidden in Morgul Vale''". However the Watchful Peace ended in {{TA|2460}}, three years before the White Council was formed. Thus according to [[Robert Foster]], the reference to the Council is "incorrect".<ref>[[Robert Foster]] (2001) ''[[The Complete Guide to Middle-earth|The Complete Guide to Middle-Earth: From The Hobbit through The Lord of the Rings and Beyond]]''. Random House Digital, [http://books.google.com/books?id=GNGJvGi849UC&pg=PA538 p. 538].</ref><br />
;Explanation: Foster suggests that the reference to the "White Council" is rather to "the [[Wise]]" in general.<br />
<br />
=====Moon phases=====<br />
Tolkien was particularly careful about the phases of the [[Moon]] in the ''LotR''. Yet some errors did elude him. See for example [[13 January|January 13]], [[16 January|January 16]], [[22 February|February 22]], [[22 September|September 22]].<br />
<br />
In general, it is possible that Tolkien consulted a modern almanac to model the moon phases, and also possible that he confused the meanings of "New Moon": the astronomical (the moment when the moon is darkest) and the colloquial (appearance of the new crescent moon).<ref>http://shire-reckoning.com/moon.html</ref><br />
<br />
Another error appears in ''The Hobbit'': [[Bard|Bard I]] killed [[Smaug]] "at the rising of the moon"<ref>{{H|15}}</ref> when "the moon rose above the eastern shore and silvered his [Smaug's] great wings... the waxing moon rose higher and higher". Also the [[thrush]] tells Bard, "Wait! Wait!... The Moon is rising." <ref>{{H|14}}</ref> However, according to astronomy a waxing moon rises only in the morning, after the sun. We can be certain the moon was waxing because this occurs the day after [[Durin's Day]], which is the first day in the last month of autumn that the new moon is visible together with the sun.<ref name="lalaith"/><br />
;Explanation: One might imagine that Bard needed to wait for the moon to fall below a cloudbank and that the tradition is corrupt.<ref name="lalaith"/><br />
<br />
=====[[Shadow over Hollin]]=====<br />
While the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] traverses [[Hollin]], they see and feel a flying shadow over them.<ref name="Ring"/> Since no other such phenomena occur, when the [[Fell Beast]]s are introduced, the reader makes such a connection. However [[Grishnakh]] later tells [[Uglúk]] that Sauron was not yet permitting the Nazgûl to traverse to the west side of the [[Anduin]],<ref>{{TT|III3}}</ref> and still later Gandalf says, "The Nazgûl have crossed the River!" as if it were something new.<ref name="Palantir"/><br />
;Explanation: Possibly a Nazgûl got lost or disobeyed orders and prematurely crossed the Anduin. Or possibly the fellowship noticed something unexplained and unrelated to the Fell Beasts. Perhaps it was some feeling of foreboding as they would eventually have to go to Moria. It could also be a sort of metaphor of Sauron observing them, as often throughout the books Sauron's gaze is compared to a heavy shadow bearing down on what it sees. Another possibility is that it was a flock of ''[[crebain]]'' (crows) sent by Saruman flying overhead.<br />
<br />
=====Nights in Lórien=====<br />
The surviving members of the Company spend their first night in Lórien in a "flet" in a tree. On their second night, "they rested and slept without fear on the ground".<ref >{{FR|II6}}</ref> On their third night, they sleep on the ground again, in a pavilion in [[Caras Galadon]]. "For a little while the travellers talked of their night before in the tree-tops, and of their day's journey...." And Aragorn says, "But tonight I shall sleep without fear for the first time since I left Rivendell."<ref name="Mirror"/> The night in the tree-tops was not the night before, and Aragorn did sleep without fear on the previous night, so the second night appears to be forgotten.<br />
;Explanation: In Lórien at least some members of the Fellowship lose track of the flow of time. Shortly after Aragorn's remark, the narration says, "They remained some days in Lothlórien, so far as they could tell or remember." Also, after leaving Lórien, Sam feels sure they had not spent a whole month there, despite the evidence of the phase of the moon, and Frodo thinks while in Lórien they were in the past and mentions that he doesn't remember seeing the moon while there. However, Legolas assures him that only their perception of time was changed, and Aragorn points out that the time had indeed been a month.<ref>{{FR|II9}}</ref> Aragorn's forgetting his night without fear could be an effect of this changed sense of time. The phrase in the narration "the night before in the tree-tops" is harder to explain within the story, as the narration does include the intervening night, but the inconspicuous contradiction might be deliberate foreshadowing of what the Company will experience.<br />
<br />
=====Éomer and Éowyn after Aragorn's coronation=====<br />
In the chapter ''[[The Steward and the King]]'', it is stated: "So the glad days passed; and on the eighth day of May the Riders of Rohan made ready, and rode off by the North-way, and with them went the sons of Elrond. All the road was lined with people to do them honour and praise them, from the Gate of the City to the walls of the Pelennor."<ref name="SaK">{{RK|VI5}}</ref> However, in ''[[Appendix B]]'' of some editions of the novel<ref>http://www.sf-fandom.com/vbulletin/archive/index.php/t-1958.html</ref> there is the entry: "May 8 (of {{TA|3019|n}}) Éomer and Éowyn depart '''from''' Rohan with the sons of Elrond".<ref name="AppB4">{{App|Chief}}</ref> (Emphasis added.)<br />
<br />
=====The sapling's discovery=====<br />
In the text of ''[[The Return of the King]]'' it is stated: "And Aragorn planted the new tree in the court by the fountain, and swiftly and gladly it began to grow; and when the month of June entered in it was laden with blossom".<ref name="SaK"/> The wording of this sentence suggests that Aragorn planted the sapling ''before'' June began. However, in ''Appendix B'' there is the entry: "June 25 (of {{TA|3019|n}}) King Elessar finds the sapling of the White Tree",<ref name="AppB4"/> in which case it could not have blossomed until late in the month.<br />
<br />
=====Walda's death=====<br />
King [[Walda]]'s death date is recorded in [[Appendix A]] as [[Third Age 2851]] but in [[Appendix B]] as [[Third Age 2861]].<br />
<br />
==Later corrected==<br />
Several errors were simply remnants of Tolkien's earlier writings, which later escaped his attention when revising the book. Some of them have been corrected in the later editions of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and ''The Hobbit''.<br />
<br />
====Bridle and headstall====<br />
The first edition referred to the "bridle and bit" of [[Glorfindel]]'s horse, [[Asfaloth]].<ref name="Flight"/> [[Rhona Beare]] wrote to Tolkien asking how that was possible when elves don't use bridles. Tolkien replied in [[Letter 211]] that he'd written "bridle and bit" before thinking about how elves ride, and he changed it to "headstall" in the second edition. However, a later mention of Asfaloth's bridle remained in the chapter.<ref>"His hand left the bridle and gripped the hilt of his sword, and with a red flash he drew it."</ref><br />
<br />
====Durin's Day====<br />
The original text of ''The Hobbit'' described [[Durin's Day]] as occurring on "the first day of the last moon of autumn",<ref>{{H|3}}</ref> the "first moon of autumn",<ref>{{H|4}}</ref> and "the last week of autumn".<ref>{{H|11}}</ref> In the 1995 edition the mention in Chapter 4 was revised to place the day at the end of autumn, in line with the other two mentions.<ref>Chester N. Scoville, "''The Hobbit''" in ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment]]'' (2007), Michael D.C. Drout, ed., Taylor and Francis, p. 279</ref><br />
<br />
====Bandobras' parentage====<br />
The ''[[The Lord of the Rings Prologue|Prologue]]'' mentions that [[Bandobras Took]] was the son (not grandson) of [[Isengrim Took II]]. This has been corrected in the 50th Anniversary edition.<br />
<br />
====Sam's birth====<br />
In the second edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', [[Samwise Gamgee]]'s year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]'' as [[Third Age 2963]]. This contradicts both a later entry in ''The Tale of Years'' and the [[Appendix C]] given as [[Third Age 2980]].<ref>[[Wayne G. Hammond]], [[Christina Scull]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', page 716</ref><br />
<br />
====Gandalf's letter====<br />
The letter Gandalf leaves for Frodo at the ''[[Prancing Pony]]'' is dated "[[Midyear's Day]], Shire Year, 1418."<ref name="Strider">{{FR|I10}}</ref> However, in editions published during Tolkien's lifetime, Appendix B says that on June 29, "Gandalf meets [[Radagast]]." Then Gandalf says he left [[Bree]] at dawn of the following day,<ref name="CofE"/> which would be June 30, two days before Midyear's Day (as 1 [[Lithe]] comes between).<br />
;Explanation: Perhaps Gandalf, who was in a hurry and had been traveling for days, made the error. However, the entry in Appendix B for June 29, 3018, has been deleted from the 50th Anniversary Edition.<br />
<br />
====Crossing Rohan inconspicuously====<br />
As they ride away from Isengard, Gandalf tells Merry that the Lidless Eye will be looking toward Rohan, so "He [Théoden] will ride from there [Helm's Deep] to Dunharrow by paths among the hills. From now on no more than two or three together are to go openly over the land, by day or night, when it can be avoided."<ref>{{TT|III11}}</ref> However, later that night, after Pippin looks into the ''palantír'' and Gandalf says they must move from the spot, Théoden says he will go in a group of twelve, and Gandalf agrees.<ref>{{TT|III11}}, "'I will keep Éomer and ten Riders,' said the king. 'They shall ride with me at early day. The rest may go with Aragorn and ride as soon as they have a mind.' 'As you will,' said Gandalf."</ref> Then when the trip to Helm's Deep starts, the number has increased to twenty-six, and Aragorn goes with Théoden.<ref>{{RK|V2}}, "Soon all were ready to depart: twenty-four horses, with Gimli behind Legolas, and Merry in front of Aragorn."</ref> The trip from Helm's Deep to Dunharrow has a group of five hundred.<ref>{{RK|V2}}, "A thousand spears had indeed already ridden away at night, but still there would be some five hundred more to go with the king."</ref> They do ride through the hills, as Gandalf had said. "Most of the time" they're in a group bigger than three.<ref>{{RK|V3}}, "Sometimes where the way was broader he [Merry] had ridden at the king's side, not noticing that many of the Riders smiled to see the two together: the hobbit on his little shaggy grey pony, and the Lord of Rohan on his great white horse. [...] But most of the time, especially on the last day, Merry had ridden by himself just behind the king, saying nothing, and trying to understand the slow sonorous speech of Rohan that he heard the men behind him using."</ref><br />
;Explanation: The Fiftieth Anniversary Edition contains a clarifying addition to contextualize the order: "He will ride from there '''with many men''' to Dunharrow by paths among the hills." (Emphasis added.) This may suggest that "by paths among the hills" is in opposition to "openly over the land". So long as the large groups traveled by the hills, they were not conspicuous to the Lidless Eye.<br />
<br />
====Knowledge of the ''Palantíri''====<br />
After Gandalf learns that the crystal ball he has recovered is the ''[[palantír]]'' of [[Orthanc]], he tells [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] the [[White Council]] didn't know any of the ''palantíri'' (presumably those of [[Gondor]]) survived disaster in Gondor (presumably the [[Kin-strife]]).<ref>{{TT|III11}}, "It was not known to us that any of the ''palantíri'' had escaped the ruin of Gondor."</ref> However, after [[Denethor]] reveals his ''palantír'', Gandalf says in earlier editions, "Though the Stewards deemed that it was a secret kept only by themselves, long have I known that here in the White Tower, as at Orthanc, one of the Seven Stones was preserved."<ref>{{HM|RK}}, "[[The Pyre of Denethor]]"</ref><br />
;Explanation: Gandalf could have learned about the two ''palantíri'' by himself, after the last time the White Council met (66 years earlier), or he was concealing his knowledge so as to keep secret his source for this information.<br />
<br />
:However, in the Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, the sentence was revised to read, "Though the Stewards deemed that it was a secret kept only by themselves, '''long ago I guessed''' that here in the White Tower, one at least of the Seven Seeing Stones was preserved." (Emphasis added.)<br />
<br />
====Addition of the Westmarch (and Buckland) to the Shire====<br />
In early editions, the "Prologue" to ''The Lord of the Rings'' contained the sentence "Outside the [[Farthing]]s were the East and West Marches: the [[Buckland]] and the [[Westmarch]] added to the Shire in {{SR|1462}}."<ref name="OldPrologue">{{FR|Prologue}}</ref> That had two inconsistencies with other parts of the text. First, the "Tale of Years" dates the event to {{SR|1452}}.<ref name="AppLater">{{App|Later}}</ref> Second, various points indicate that Buckland was part of the Shire. The clearest may be Merry's comment to the other hobbits, when they have gone through the tunnel under the [[High Hay]] from Buckland into the [[Old Forest]], that they have left the Shire.<ref>{{FR|I6}}, "'There!' said Merry. 'You have left the Shire, and are now outside, and on the edge of the Old Forest.'"</ref><br />
;Explanation: In the 50th Anniversary Edition, the sentence was changed to "Outside the Farthings were the East and West Marches: the Buckland; and the Westmarch added to the Shire in S.R. 1452." In addition to the correction of the date, the semicolon after "Buckland" indicates that Buckland was not added to the Shire after the War of the Ring, making the sentence consistent with the idea that it was already part of the Shire.<ref name="NewPrologue">{{FR|Prologue|50}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Mirror of Galadriel====<br />
In editions prior to the 50th Anniversary Edition, the [[Appendix B|Tale of Years]] mentions that Frodo and Sam looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] on [[14 February]]. However it is clear from the narrative that this occurred ''one day'' before departure on [[16 February]], not ''two''. [[Wayne G. Hammond|Hammond]] and [[Christina Scull|Scull]] decided to fix the Tale of Years so that the Mirror of Galadriel sequence happened on 15 February.<br />
<br />
==From the publishers==<br />
====Nameless Pass as an alternative name for Cirith Ungol in the index====<br />
The index entry for Cirith Ungol has Nameless Pass as an (alternative) name in brackets, and the index entry for Nameless Pass has "see Cirith Ungol" after it in the following e-book editions:<br />
* The Lord of the Rings (i.e. The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King together in one e-book) published by HarperCollinsPublishers 2005 EPub Edition © MARCH 2009 ISBN: 978-0-007-32259-6 <br />
* The Return of the King, J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings, Part 3 published by HarperCollins Publishers 2008 EPub Edition © MARCH 2009 ISBN: 978-0-007-32255-8<br />
The description of the landscape below seen by Frodo from the winding stairs in the chapter ''The Stairs of Cirith Ungol'' and the description of the landscape below seen by Sam from the pass of Cirith Ungol contradict that the Nameless Pass was an alternative name for the Pass of Cirith Ungol. In the chapter ''The Stairs of Cirith Ungol'' Frodo from above on the winding stair sees the wraith-road running from the dead city in a great revine at the head of the Morgul Valley to the "Nameless Pass" that is also referred to as the "main pass."<br />
<br />
In the chapter ''The Tower of Cirith Ungol'' Sam sees a broad road running from the Tower of Cirith Ungol down to join the road that came over the Morgul Pass. "The dead city" seems to be an alternative name for Minas Morgul. "Wraith-road" seems to be an alternative name for the Morgul-road.<br />
<br />
Frodo can see the road that runs from Minas Morgul in the great ravine at the head of the Morgul Vale to the Nameless Pass from his observation point high up on the winding stair that leads to the tunnel and then on to the pass of Cirith Ungol. Sine the road leads from the Tower of Cirith Ungol and winds down to join the road that came from the Morgul Pass, then Cirith Ungol must be higher up on the left side of the Nameless Pass, and the Nameless Pass cannot be the same as the Pass of Cirith Ungol. Since no other pass is mentioned in the landscape, the "Nameless Pass" must be the Morgul Pass (also referred to as the "main pass"), and Cirith Ungol must be the pass that is also referred to as the "high pass."<br />
<br />
====HarperCollins 2005 EPub Edition of March 2009====<br />
The entry that King Argeleb I was slain in battle in appendix B The Third Age is erroneously dated with the year 1977 instead of the year 1356 that was in the edition of the ROTK by George Allen & Unwin from 1966. As a consequence the following entries up to and including the entry that many Periannath migrate from Bree erroneously have the date from the entry that immediately precedes each entry that was in the edition of the ROTK by George Allen & Unwin from 1966.<br />
<br />
The entry that the Corsairs ravage Pelargir and slay King Minardil is erroneously dated with the year 1601 instead of the year 1634 that was in the edition of the ROTK by George Allen & Unwin from 1966. The year 1601 is the year for the entry that is two entries above this entry.<br />
<br />
The entry that the Great Plague devastates Gondor is erroneously dated with the year 1634 instead of the year 1636 that was in the edition of the ROTK by George Allen & Unwin from 1966. The following entries up to and including the entry that Frumgar leads the Éothéod into the North also erroneously have the date from the entry that immeditately precedes each entry that was in the edition of the ROTK by George Allen & Unwin from 1966.<br />
<br />
The entry that the Nazgûl issue from Mordor and besiege Minas Ithil is erroneously dated with the year 2002 instead of the year 2000 that was in the edition of the ROTK by George Allen & Unwin from 1966.<br />
<br />
The entry for the fall of Minas Ithil is erroneously dated with the year 2043 instead of the year 2002 that was in the edition of the ROTK by George Allen & Unwin from 1966.<br />
<br />
The entry that King Eärnur becomes King of Gondor and is challenged by the Witch-king is erroneously dated with the year 2000 instead of the year 2043 that was in the edition of the ROTK by George Allen & Unwin from 1966.<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Debates]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Harad_Road&diff=384314
Harad Road
2024-01-02T00:48:06Z
<p>Mord: updated reference</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Harad Road''' was the long road that connected [[Ithilien]] and [[Harad]].<br />
<br />
==Course==<br />
It ran from the [[Cross-roads]] southward through [[Ithilien]],<ref>[[Catherine McIlwaine]], ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', "Map of part of Gondor", p. 389</ref><ref group=note>The road that runs from the [[Morannon]] to the Cross-roads and then on to the river Poros is unnamed on the [[General Map of Middle-earth]], the [[Map of Rohan, Gondor, and Mordor]] and on the map of [[The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age]]. On those maps only the part of the road between the river Poros and the river Harnen in South Gondor is named Harad Road. The part of the road that runs from the Cross-roads in Ithilien south towards the river Poros is named Harad Road on the unnamed map of the surroundings of Minas Tirith that was drawn by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] during the writing of The Lord of the Rings, which is electronically labelled MINAS TIRITH on the Website of the Tolkien Estate.</ref> crossing the river [[Poros]] at the [[Crossings of Poros]], and then across [[South Gondor]] to the ford across the river [[Harnen]] and beyond to the far lands of [[Harad]].<ref name="General Map">{{HM|FR}}, [[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
It is possible that the Road was built or first used by the [[Gondorians]], as [[Gondor]] extended its power to the south in the early [[Third Age]].<ref name=guide>{{HM|Guide}}, entry "Harad Road"</ref><br />
<br />
The southernmost part of the Road is not clear,<ref name="General Map"/> perhaps indicating that in the later years, as Gondor's power diminished, it fell into disuse and had disappeared.<ref name=guide/><br />
<br />
{{references|Notes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roads and streets]]<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[de:Harad-Straße]]<br />
[[fi:Haradin tie]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/routes/route_du_harad]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=South_Road&diff=384313
South Road
2024-01-02T00:47:50Z
<p>Mord: updated reference</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''South Road''' was a major road of [[Gondor]].<br />
<br />
The South Road ran from [[Minas Tirith]] to the south, through the [[Rammas Echor]], crossed the river [[Erui]] at the [[Crossings of Erui]] and reached [[Pelargir]].<ref>[[Catherine McIlwaine]], ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', "Map of part of Gondor", p. 389</ref><ref>{{RK|Map}}</ref><ref group=note>The name "South Road" is used only by [[Bergil]] in the narrative; the road that could be "the South Road" is unnamed on the Map of Rohan, Gondor and Mordor, the General Map of Middle-earth and the map of The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age. However, it is named on a map of the surroundings of Minas Tirith that was drawn by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] during the writing of The Lord of the Rings, which is electronically labelled MINAS TIRITH on the Website of the Tolkien Estate. In addition, the context of the narrative makes this identification obvious. Cf. {{HM|Guide}}, p. 363</ref> It was the chief highway of Minas Tirith and was well-paved and wide enough for three lines of wagons. A broad green riding-track ran along its eastern edge.<ref>{{RK|MT}}, view seen by Pippin from the citadel, the seventh and highest circle of of Minas Tirith, p. 763</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], before the [[Siege of Gondor]], the captains of the [[Southern Fiefs|Outlands]] were expected to arrive at Minas Tirith on the South Road.<ref>{{RK|MT}}, conversation between Bergil and Pippin, p. 769</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]<br />
[[Category:Roads and streets]]<br />
[[fi:Eteläntie]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Southward_Road&diff=384312
Southward Road
2024-01-02T00:47:26Z
<p>Mord: updated reference</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Southward Road''' was a road in [[Ithilien]] that ran from the [[Black Gate]] to the [[Cross-roads]] of the Fallen King, where it crossed the [[Morgul-road|road]] that went from [[Osgiliath]] to [[Minas Morgul]]. Just north of the Cross-roads the Southward Road wound its way near the feet of the [[Ephel Dúath]].<ref>{{TT|Journey}}, p. 702</ref><br />
<br />
It is not known if the name ''Southward Road'' was another name for the [[Harad Road]], which means ''South Road''<reF group=note>The [[Sindarin]] word [[Harad]] means "south" (ref. Parma Eldalamberon, Issue 17, entry S '''harad''', p. 88).</ref> or the '''North Road'''<ref>{{UT|Northmen}}</ref> of Ithilien or if the name ''Southward Road'' was only used for a part of the road, which continued under the name ''Harad Road'' after the Cross-roads<ref>[[Catherine McIlwaine]], ''[[Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth]]'', "Map of part of Gondor", p. 389</ref><ref group=note>The road that runs from the [[Morannon]] to the Cross-roads and then on to the river Poros is unnamed on the [[General Map of Middle-earth]], the [[Map of Rohan, Gondor, and Mordor]] and on the map of [[The West of Middle-earth at the End of the Third Age]]. On those maps only the part of the road south of the river Poros is named Harad Road. The part of the road that runs from the Cross-roads in Ithilien south towards the river Poros is named Harad Road on the unnamed map of the surroundings of Minas Tirith that was drawn by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] during the writing of The Lord of the Rings, which is electronically labelled MINAS TIRITH on the Website of the Tolkien Estate.</ref> or after a point lying further to the south, such as the [[Crossings of Poros]].<ref>{{RK|Map}}</ref><ref>{{FR|Map}}</ref><ref>[[Christopher Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]] (older editions)'', [[General Map of Middle-earth]]</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, Hammond and Scull assume that the Southward Road ran from the Black Gate to Harad, p. 484</ref><br />
<br />
{{references|Notes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roads and streets]]<br />
[[Category:Gondor]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Fingolfin&diff=382122
Talk:Fingolfin
2023-11-05T22:08:49Z
<p>Mord: /* A new introduction? */ seems stated to me</p>
<hr />
<div>==Main image==<br />
One of the other images of Fingolfin should be used at the top. The one selected shows several elves and casual readers will have NO IDEA which one is Fingolfin. One of the depictions of Morgoth/Fingolfin would be more appropriate. Ideas?<br />
[[User:Glorfindel Mk. II|Glorfindel Mk. II]] 18:29, 17 October 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
<br />
Well, the current image is the best and most accurate picture of Fingolfin. In the pictures depicting the duel between Morgoth and Fingolfin, Morgoth occupies most of the picture. And I don't think that the readers will find it too difficult to guess which one is Fingolfin, once they read the article. So I think we should continue using the current image.--[[User:Legolas|Legolas]] 03:36, 18 October 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:I agree, it is the best one we have. Fingolfin occupies the main part of this image, so I don't think it will be too hard to know which one is Fingolfin. I don't even know if anyone else was supposed to be anyone else important. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 09:55, 18 October 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:: Ach. You are both correct that the details of the others are either incorrect or Morgoth is simply too much 'front and center.' Nevertheless, the cartoonish aspects of the image are not too pleasing. Can one of you perhaps go out and do an oil on canvas of Fingolfin? I would but I have little artistic skill.<br />
<br />
Cheers [[User:Glorfindel Mk. II|Glorfindel Mk. II]] 16:38, 18 October 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Hair colour==<br />
I don't know which illiterate keeps putting down that Fingolfin is blonde. It is FINARFIN who is the blonde son of Finwë, not Fingolfin, who is stated to be dark-haired in the works of Tolkien and is represented as such in all art work by legitimate Tolkien artists; i.e. those who are not fanwankers. Is this some kind of Peter Jackson-like site where people can change anything they want about a character just to suit their whims and completely ignore what the author wrote about said character? {{UnsignedAnon|74.103.197.14}}<br />
<br />
:I remember that Fingolfin had black hair (as, indeed, is shown in the picture), but I couldn't find a reference for it in the Silmarilion (I only did a quick search). Do you where is stated that Fingolfin has black hair? Thanks! --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 15:03, 2 March 2012 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Feel free to [http://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fingolfin&action=edit correct the information], but remember to [[Help:References|cite the source]].--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 15:06, 2 March 2012 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:And, at all times, [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assume good faith]]. Just because you don't agree with something does not mean other people are illiterate and fanwankers. Calling people names does not make you right. :There's no such thing as a "legitimate Tolkien artist". They're all fan artists. Some just get paid for it.<br />
:This is a site where lovers of the books and the movies, and even the games, write articles about just about everything related to the works. You can add anything you add about a character, provided you give a source. If you change something into something completely different, without citing a source... it gets reverted. --{{User:Ederchil/sig}} 15:32, 2 March 2012 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I am the 'illiterate' that reverted it, because I haven't seen any reference about the subject and you did not point out any sources, and you weren't even a member of the wiki. Edit: By the way while at it, can someone correct the positioning of the pictures on Fingolfin's page? --[[User:Cemrond|Cemrond]]<br />
<br />
::There is a problem with either the infobox or the pronounce template. I haven't had time to investigate further to find a solution. --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 20:18, 2 March 2012 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::I have solved the problem of Fingolfin's hair colour by providing a reference to his having dark hair; in other passages it is specifically stated that only Finarfin had blonde hair. I hope this settles the matter.<br />
:::KA, I have also tried to solve this problem, it seems to only happen when an article has both an infobox and a pronounce. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 13:59, 9 March 2012 (UTC)<br />
<br />
The overwhelmingly fast amount of Noldor have raven black hair. I think there are more Noldor with red hair then there are with blond hair.<br />
<br />
== Golfimbul ==<br />
<br />
Can we mention somewhere that [[Golfimbul]] the orc-captain was once called Fingolfin? [[User:Galangren|Galangren]] ([[User talk:Galangren|talk]]) 15:56, 20 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I think it is kinda difficult, because that's quite an isolated idea unrelated to the Elven character and doesn't feel pertinent anywhere in this article. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] ([[User talk:LorenzoCB|talk]]) 19:49, 20 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Fair point. It really doesn't have much do do with the character, it just happens to be something I personally find very funny. [[User:Galangren|Galangren]] ([[User talk:Galangren|talk]]) 15:39, 24 April 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Chosen to led the Noldor ==<br />
<br />
I think it's worth including details from [[The Grey Annals]] that Fingolfin getting the title of High King was by choice, not simply Maedhros waiving it. It also gives a lot more context to the ramifications of Caranthir's outburst.<br />
<br />
§65 Now the Noldor held council in Mithrim to ponder all such matters, and to resolve how they should deal in friendship with the Grey-elves, and yet best gather force and dispose it for the war upon Morgoth. For that cause they had come to Middle-earth; yet to many the northlands seemed chill and the south countries fairer, and they desired greatly new homes where their folk might increase in peace far from the camps of war in the highlands.<br />
<br />
§66 To this council came Angrod out of Doriath bearing the words of King Thingol, and their welcome seemed cold to the Noldor. The sons of Fëanor indeed were wroth thereat; and Maidros laughed, saying: ‘He is a king that can hold his own, or else his title is vain. Thingol does but grant us lands where his power does not run. Indeed Doriath only would be his realm this day, but for the coming of the Noldor. Therefore in Doriath let him reign, and be glad that he hath the sons of Finwe for neighbours, not the Orcs of Morgoth that we found. Elsewhere it shall go as seems good to us.’<br />
<br />
§67 But Cranthir, who loved not the sons of Finrod, and was the harshest of the brethren and the most quick to anger, cried aloud: ‘Yea more! Let not the sons of Finrod run hither and thither with their tales to this Dark-elf in his caves! Who made them our spokesmen to deal with him? And though they be come indeed to Beleriand, let them not so swiftly forget that their father was a lord of the Noldor, though their mother was of other kin.’<br />
<br />
§68 Then Angrod was exceedingly wroth and went forth from the council. Maidros indeed rebuked Cranthir; but the greater part of the Noldor, of both followings, hearing his words were troubled in heart, fearing the fell spirit of the sons of Fëanor that, it seemed, would ever be like to burst forth in rash word or violence.<br />
<br />
§69 Therefore when the council came to the choosing of one to be the overlord of the Exiles and the head of all their princes, the choice of all save few fell on Fingolfin. And even as the choice was made known, all those that heard it recalled the words of Mandos that the House of Fëanor should be called the Dispossessed for ever. None the less ill for that did the sons of Fëanor take this choice, save Maidros only, though it touched him the nearest. But he restrained his brethren, saying to Fingolfin: ‘If there lay no grievance between us, lord, still the choice would come rightly to thee, the eldest here of the house of Finwë, and not the least wise.’<br />
<br />
... [Commentary]<br />
§§65–71 The content of the annal for the year 7 is largely new, save that in QS (§98) there is told of the waiving of the high-kingship of the Noldor by Maidros, and the secret disavowal of this among some at least of his brothers (‘to this his brethen did not all in their hearts agree’). In GA there is no mention of what is told in QS, that ‘Maidros begged forgiveness for the desertion in Eruman, and gave back the goods of Fingolfin that had been borne away in the ships’ (but see §83 and commentary); on the other hand we learn here of the scornful rejection of Thingol’s claim by the Fëanorians (with no mention of Fingolfin’s acceptance of it, see under §§63–4 above), of Cranthir’s harsh disposition and his insulting speech at the council, of the ''choosing'' of Fingolfin as overlord of the Noldor, of the opinion that Maidros was behind the swift departure of the Fëanorians into the eastern lands (in order to lessen the chances of strife and to bear the brunt of the likeliest assault), and of his remaining in friendship with the other houses of the Noldor, despite the isolation of the Fëanorians.<br />
<br />
[[User:Oberiko|Oberiko]] ([[User talk:Oberiko|talk]]) 01:09, 16 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Vinya Finwë ==<br />
<br />
Very interesting note discussing the Sindarization of Finrod and other names.<br />
I think name ''Fingon'', ''Fingolfin'', ''Finrod'', ''Felagund'', ''Inglor'', &c. should be revised. They are mostly only etymologizable with difficult.<br />
(1) Certainly '''Finrod''' must become name of ''Felagund'' instead of ''Inglor'', NOT<br />
of his father since "Finrod" never left Valinor and could not have a "Sindarized" name.<br />
The names of Finwë's sons were 1) ''Kurufinwë'' 2) ''Ñolofinë'' and 3) ''Sara-'', ''Arafinwë''. Also "mother-names" 1) ''Feanáro'', 2) ''Ingoldo'' and 3) ''Ingalaure'' (because his hair was golden, even more golden than the Vanyar).<br />
Lauringa, Lavaringa.<br />
Inglawar. Loaringo, Lawaringo, Lavaringa. Ingilaur.<br />
áwa; awá > oa; áwa - ava<br />
These names in 'Sindarized form' are ''Feänor'', ''Ingolfin'', and ''Inglor'' (but this not actually applied to ''Arafinwë'' who never came to Beleriand). ''Ingolfin'' arose in this way. After banishment of Feanor (& Finwe) Ingoldo became king, and took name of ''Finwë''; but was known as ''Vinya Finwe'' or ''Ingoldo Finwe''. From ''Ingoldofinwe'' > ''Ingolfin''. [If ''Fingolfin'' is used at all this must be for ''Finwe-ñolofinwe''.] <br />
From PE17<ref>{{PE|17}}, pg. 118</ref>.<br />
<references /> [[User:Oberiko|Oberiko]] ([[User talk:Oberiko|talk]]) 20:13, 1 October 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== A new introduction? ==<br />
Am I the only one who finds the current introduction to the article to be lacking? Shouldn't the introduction focus on a summary of his character and deeds instead of his genealogy? - [[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]] ([[User talk:IvarTheBoneless|talk]]) 21:02, 4 November 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
@Oberiko, I don't much care either way if it stays in the intro, but Fingolfin's loyalty to his brother seems pretty explicit to me. <br />
{{quote|Fingolfin said: ‘Half-brother in blood, full brother in heart will I be. Thou shalt lead and I will follow. May no new grief divide us.’<br>‘I hear thee,’ said Fëanor. ‘So be it.’ But they did not know the meaning that their words would bear.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Darkening of Valinor]]"}}<br />
The accompanying narration suggests that Fingolfin's promise made to Fëanor would drive future events. Fingolfin may not have loved or liked his brother, but on the strength of his promise to follow, he followed him through to Middle-earth in spite of the kinslaying and abandonment. Maybe you would describe this as something other than "loyalty," idk. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 22:08, 5 November 2023 (UTC)</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fingolfin&diff=382106
Fingolfin
2023-11-05T02:01:50Z
<p>Mord: redlink</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Fingolfin<br />
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Crossing the Helcaraxë.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Crossing the Helcaraxë" by [[:Category:Images by Jenny Dolfen|Jenny Dolfen]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[fiŋˈɡolfin]}}<br />
| othernames=''Ñolofinwë'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]),<br/>''[[Aracáno]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]])<br />
| titles=[[High King of the Noldor]], King of the North<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Tirion]], [[Hithlum]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth={{YT|1190}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]<br />
| rule={{FA|7}} - {{FA|456|n}}<br />
| death={{FA|456}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Anfauglith]]<br />
| age=c. 3426<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Finwë]], founded the [[House of Fingolfin]]<br />
| parentage=[[Finwë]] and [[Indis]]<br />
| siblings=[[Fëanor]] (half-brother), [[Findis]], [[Írimë]] and [[Finarfin]]<br />
| spouse=[[Anairë]]<br />
| children=[[Fingon]], [[Turgon]], [[Aredhel]] and [[Argon]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Dark<ref name=Case>{{PM|XI2}}, p. 336</ref><br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Silver armour, blue shield set with crystals<br />
| weapons=[[Ringil]]<br />
| steed=[[Rochallor]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Fingolfin was the strongest, the most steadfast, and the most valiant.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Fingolfin''' was the first [[High King of the Noldor]] in [[Beleriand]] and one of the greatest warriors of the Noldor. Throughout his life, he was loyal to his elder half-brother [[Fëanor]], despite the latter's contempt for him. This loyalty drove him to lead the greater part of the [[Exiles|Noldorin Exiles]] through many of their great hardships and triumphs in the First Age, including the [[Helcaraxë|Crossing of the Helcaraxë]] and several of the [[Battles of Beleriand]]. He is renowned for his valiant death in single combat with [[Morgoth]] at the end of the [[Dagor Bragollach]].<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Fingolfin was the strongest and most valiant of the sons of Finwë.<ref>{{S|5}}</ref> Having different mothers, he and his older half-brother Fëanor never felt a close bond with each other. This lack of affinity developed into rivalry when [[Morgoth|Melkor]] secretly told each of them that the other was planning on driving them out of [[Tirion]].<br />
<br />
During the days of the [[Two Trees]] in [[Valinor]], as Melkor's lies were taking root in Noldor minds, a number of the Noldor started to believe that the [[Valar]] were somehow restraining them from going back to [[Cuiviénen]] in Middle-earth. Melkor's cunning had caused the suspicions he sowed to outweigh the Noldor's knowledge that the greatest Gift of the Valar was total free will.<br />
<br />
[[File:Tuuliky - Half Brothers.jpg|thumb|left|''Half Brothers'' by [[:Category:Images by Tuuliky|Tuuliky]]]]<br />
Fëanor was the first to speak against the Valar, and [[Finwë]] summoned all of the lords of his house to resolve the issue. As Fingolfin was contending with his father to convince him to restrain Fëanor, the latter arrived fully armed with weapons he had secretly forged. Even though Fingolfin accepted him as his senior, Fëanor threatened Fingolfin, who was unarmed, with his sword, after which Fingolfin bowed to his father Finwë and left, only to be followed by Fëanor and threatened again in public. This threat, in the main square in front of the Mindon, King Finwë's seat, was witnessed by many as Fëanor drew his sword and placed the point to Fingolfin's breast. In the face of this public humiliation, Fingolfin turned quietly and walked away without a word to Fëanor, in an effort to avoid division and dissension within his father's House and among the Noldor.<ref name=unrest>{{S|Unrest}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Following Fëanor's threat to Fingolfin, Fëanor was banished from Tirion for twelve years by the Valar; Finwë chose to follow Fëanor, self-banishing himself as well.<ref name=unrest /> The rule of the Noldor was then committed to Fingolfin by Manwë and Fingolfin, who had up to this point been generally known by his [[mother-name]], took the name of ''Finwë''.<ref name="MR22">{{MR|P3II3e}}, note 22</ref><br />
<br />
After the escape of Melkor from Valinor, during the feast Manwë held for the reconciliation of the Eldar, Fingolfin publicly forgave Fëanor and called him "Half-brother in blood, full brother in heart".<ref>{{S|8}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Middle-earth===<br />
After King Finwë died, murdered by Morgoth, Fëanor rallied up the Noldor and gave a [[Speech of Fëanor|passionate speech]] which concluded with his [[Oath of Fëanor|blasphemous oath]]. While Fingolfin spoke against Fëanor, and fierce words awoke that nearly came to violence, in the end nearly all of the Noldor chose to follow him to [[Exile of the Noldor|Exile]].<ref name="flight">{{S|Flight}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Fingolfin led the largest host of the Noldor that departed [[Aman]] for [[Middle-earth]]. Though against his wisdom,<ref name="flight" /> Fingolfin joined with full will in the rebellion and the exile,<ref>{{PM|XI2 }}, p. 415</ref> desiring to go to Middle-earth in order to avenge the murder of Finwë upon Morgoth.<ref>{{PM|XINotes}}, note 33</ref> Additional reasons were that his son Fingon urged him, he would not be sundered from his people that were eager to go, nor leave them to the rash counsels of Fëanor, and he did not forget his words before the throne of Manwë.<ref name="flight" /><br />
<br />
As days passed in their exile, more and more of the Noldor started speaking against Fëanor, for their journey was difficult, and they feared the prophecy of [[Mandos]]. After Fëanor's Noldor acquired the ships of the [[Teleri]] following the [[First Kinslaying]], Fëanor and his followers used them to sail across the sea. Fëanor burned the ships after reaching Middle-earth, stranding the others, for he thought the followers of Fingolfin would prove to be useless.<ref name="flight" /><br />
<br />
Fingolfin and his people saw the smoke of the ships from afar, and chose to travel through the icy Helcaraxë, for they were ashamed to go back to Valinor, and were angry at Fëanor. The journey was hard and many died, yet they were filled with hope when they saw the Moon for the first time. Soon after, at the rising of the Sun, he came to the [[Gates of Angband]] and smote upon them, but [[Morgoth]] stayed hidden inside. Fingolfin and the Noldor, realizing they could not be victorious in this way, then came to the northern shores of [[Lake Mithrim]], from which the Fëanorian part of the host had withdrawn.<ref name=Return>{{S|Return}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kingship===<br />
<br />
Shortly after Fëanor's death, his oldest son Maedhros was captured by Morgoth. Learning this, Fingolfin's oldest son [[Fingon]] rescued [[Maedhros]], with whom he was a good friend. At a subsequent [[council in Mithrim]], Fingolfin was chosen to be the first [[High King of the Noldor]] in [[Middle-earth]], with Maedhros waiving his claim. Fingolfin ruled from [[Hithlum]], by the northern shores of [[Lake Mithrim]].<ref name=Return/><br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Morgoth and the High King of Noldor (1992).jpg|thumb|''Morgoth and the High King of Noldor'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After defeating the [[Orcs]] in the [[Dagor Aglareb]] ("Glorious Battle"), Fingolfin maintained the [[Siege of Angband]] for nearly four hundred years. But the Siege was ended by the sudden assaults of Morgoth in the [[Dagor Bragollach]] ("Battle of Sudden Flame"), and many peoples of Beleriand fled. In the end, Fingolfin rode to Angband alone to challenge Morgoth to single combat. Those who saw him thought Oromë himself had arrived; for a great madness of rage was upon him, so that his eyes shone like the eyes of the Valar.<ref name=Ruin>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|In that vast shadow once of yore<br>Fingolfin stood: his shield he bore<br>with field of heaven's blue and star<br>of crystal shining pale afar.<br>In overmastering wrath and hate<br>desperate he smote upon that gate,<br>the [[Gnomes|Gnomish]] king, there standing lone,<br>while endless fortresses of stone<br>engulfed the thin clear ringing keen<br>of silver horn and baldric green.|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto XII|Canto XII]], vv. 3538-3547}}<br />
<br />
Fingolfin died there after a [[Fall of Fingolfin|mighty duel]], wounding Morgoth seven times with his sword [[Ringil]], and struck one last punishing blow to Morgoth's foot before he broke the High King. Morgoth's wounds never healed after that battle, and he limped everafter. [[Thorondor]], the King of Eagles, rescued Fingolfin's body and brought it to a mountaintop overlooking [[Gondolin]], and [[Turgon]] built a [[Fingolfin's Cairn|cairn]] over the remains of his father.<ref name=Ruin></ref><br />
<br />
[[Fingon]] became [[High King of the Noldor]] after his death.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Fingolfin.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
The name ''Fingolfin'' is [[Sindarin]], but it is never glossed, although it is said that it is the [[Sindarized]] form of the name ''Finwë Ñolofinwë'' ("Wise Finwë").<ref name=Finwe>{{PM|XI4}}, pp. 344-345</ref><br />
<br />
However, in the [[Noldorin]] phase of the language, ''Fingolfin'' is given as "Magical Skill".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "PHIN"</ref> In later versions, [[Tolkien]] considered changing the name to ''Ingolfin'', as coming from ''[[Ingoldo]]'', but the idea was soon discarded.<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 118</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
His [[father-name]] was '''''Ñolofinwë''''', with the stem [[NGOL|''ñolo'']] (related to "wisdom") attached to the name of his father. Later, during the Exile of the Noldor, Fingolfin added ''Finwë'' to the beginning of this name, in pursuance of his claim to be [[King of the Noldor]] after his father's death.<ref name=Finwe /> This would result in '''''Finwë·ñolofinwë'''''.<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 118</ref><br />
<br />
His [[Amilessë|mother-name]] was '''''[[Aracáno]]''''' ("High Chieftain"), which he gave to his son [[Argon]].<ref>{{PM|XINotes}}, p. 360. Cf. also p. 345</ref> <br />
<br />
After Fëanor and Finwë's banishment, a title he was known by was '''''Vinya Finwë''''' ("Young / new Finwë").<ref name=Eldarin/><ref group=note>In both [[Morgoth's Ring]] and [[Parma Eldalamberon 17]] it is stated that he was also known as '''''Ingoldo Finwë''''', with ''Ingoldo'' being his mother-name before being changed by Tolkien. There is no known use of '''''Aracáno Finwë'''''</ref><br />
<br />
Earlier titles in [[Noldorin]] were '''''Aran Chithlum''''' ("King of Hithlum") and '''''Taur Egledhrim''''' ("King of the Exiles").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "TĀ"</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Fingolfin heraldic device.jpg|100px|thumb|Fingolfin's heraldic device by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FIN=[[Finwë]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|MIR=[[Míriel]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | FEA | | FDS | | FNG |y| ANA | | IRM | | FIR | | |FEA=[[Fëanor]]</br><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG='''FINGOLFIN'''</br><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|ANA=[[Anairë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FIR=[[Finarfin]]</br><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| FIN | | TUR |y| ELE | | ARE |y| EOL | | ARG|FIN=[[Fingon]]</br><small>''{{YT|1260}} - {{FA|472}}''</small>|ARE=[[Aredhel]]</br><small>''{{YT|1362}} - {{FA|400}}''</small>|TUR=[[Turgon]]</br><small>''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|510}}''</small>|ELE=[[Elenwë]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1500}}''</small>|EOL=[[Eöl]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|400}}''</small>|ARG=[[Argon]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|1}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | TUO |y| IDR | | | | | | MAE | | | | | ||MAE=[[Maeglin]]</br><small>''{{FA|320}} - {{FA|510|n}}''</small>|IDR=[[Idril]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|TUO=[[Tuor]]</br><small>''b. {{FA|472}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | EAR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||EAR=[[Eärendil]]</br><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
The first appearance of Fingolfin in the [[Legendarium]] is in a [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales|prose fragment]], in which he is called ''Golfin'' son of [[Gelmir]], carring an emblem with a silver sword upon gold.<ref>{{SM|P2}}, pp. 7-8</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://middle-earth.xenite.org/could-fingolfin-have-defeated-morgoth-in-mortal-combat/ Could Fingolfin Have Defeated Morgoth in Mortal Combat?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
|race=noldor<br />
|house=[[House of Finwë]]<br />
|born={{YT|1190}}<br />
|died={{FA|456}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
|prev=[[Finwë]]<br />
|list=2nd [[King of the Noldor]]<br />
|dates={{YT|1495}} - {{YT|1497|n}} (with [[Fëanor]])<br />
|next=[[Finarfin]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
|pvac=None<br />
|prev=Title established<br />
|list=1st [[High King of the Noldor]]<br />
|dates={{FA|7}} – {{FA|456|n}}<br />
|next=[[Fingon]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Fingolfin| ]]<br />
[[Category:House of Finwë]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Fingolfin]]<br />
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/fingolfin]]<br />
[[fi:Fingolfin]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fingolfin&diff=382104
Fingolfin
2023-11-05T02:00:08Z
<p>Mord: new intro</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Fingolfin<br />
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Crossing the Helcaraxë.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Crossing the Helcaraxë" by [[:Category:Images by Jenny Dolfen|Jenny Dolfen]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[fiŋˈɡolfin]}}<br />
| othernames=''Ñolofinwë'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]),<br/>''[[Aracáno]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]])<br />
| titles=[[High King of the Noldor]], King of the North<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Tirion]], [[Hithlum]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth={{YT|1190}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]<br />
| rule={{FA|7}} - {{FA|456|n}}<br />
| death={{FA|456}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Anfauglith]]<br />
| age=c. 3426<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Finwë]], founded the [[House of Fingolfin]]<br />
| parentage=[[Finwë]] and [[Indis]]<br />
| siblings=[[Fëanor]] (half-brother), [[Findis]], [[Írimë]] and [[Finarfin]]<br />
| spouse=[[Anairë]]<br />
| children=[[Fingon]], [[Turgon]], [[Aredhel]] and [[Argon]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Dark<ref name=Case>{{PM|XI2}}, p. 336</ref><br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Silver armour, blue shield set with crystals<br />
| weapons=[[Ringil]]<br />
| steed=[[Rochallor]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Fingolfin was the strongest, the most steadfast, and the most valiant.|''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Fingolfin''' was the first [[High King of the Noldor]] in [[Beleriand]] and one of the greatest warriors of the Noldor. Throughout his life, he was loyal to his elder half-brother [[Fëanor]], despite the latter's contempt for him. This loyalty drove him to lead the greater part of the [[Exiles|Noldorin Exiles]] through many of their great hardships and triumphs in the First Age, including the [[Crossing of the Helcaraxë]] and several of the [[Battles of Beleriand]]. He is renowned for his valiant death in single combat with [[Morgoth]] at the end of the [[Dagor Bragollach]].<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Fingolfin was the strongest and most valiant of the sons of Finwë.<ref>{{S|5}}</ref> Having different mothers, he and his older half-brother Fëanor never felt a close bond with each other. This lack of affinity developed into rivalry when [[Morgoth|Melkor]] secretly told each of them that the other was planning on driving them out of [[Tirion]].<br />
<br />
During the days of the [[Two Trees]] in [[Valinor]], as Melkor's lies were taking root in Noldor minds, a number of the Noldor started to believe that the [[Valar]] were somehow restraining them from going back to [[Cuiviénen]] in Middle-earth. Melkor's cunning had caused the suspicions he sowed to outweigh the Noldor's knowledge that the greatest Gift of the Valar was total free will.<br />
<br />
[[File:Tuuliky - Half Brothers.jpg|thumb|left|''Half Brothers'' by [[:Category:Images by Tuuliky|Tuuliky]]]]<br />
Fëanor was the first to speak against the Valar, and [[Finwë]] summoned all of the lords of his house to resolve the issue. As Fingolfin was contending with his father to convince him to restrain Fëanor, the latter arrived fully armed with weapons he had secretly forged. Even though Fingolfin accepted him as his senior, Fëanor threatened Fingolfin, who was unarmed, with his sword, after which Fingolfin bowed to his father Finwë and left, only to be followed by Fëanor and threatened again in public. This threat, in the main square in front of the Mindon, King Finwë's seat, was witnessed by many as Fëanor drew his sword and placed the point to Fingolfin's breast. In the face of this public humiliation, Fingolfin turned quietly and walked away without a word to Fëanor, in an effort to avoid division and dissension within his father's House and among the Noldor.<ref name=unrest>{{S|Unrest}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Following Fëanor's threat to Fingolfin, Fëanor was banished from Tirion for twelve years by the Valar; Finwë chose to follow Fëanor, self-banishing himself as well.<ref name=unrest /> The rule of the Noldor was then committed to Fingolfin by Manwë and Fingolfin, who had up to this point been generally known by his [[mother-name]], took the name of ''Finwë''.<ref name="MR22">{{MR|P3II3e}}, note 22</ref><br />
<br />
After the escape of Melkor from Valinor, during the feast Manwë held for the reconciliation of the Eldar, Fingolfin publicly forgave Fëanor and called him "Half-brother in blood, full brother in heart".<ref>{{S|8}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Middle-earth===<br />
After King Finwë died, murdered by Morgoth, Fëanor rallied up the Noldor and gave a [[Speech of Fëanor|passionate speech]] which concluded with his [[Oath of Fëanor|blasphemous oath]]. While Fingolfin spoke against Fëanor, and fierce words awoke that nearly came to violence, in the end nearly all of the Noldor chose to follow him to [[Exile of the Noldor|Exile]].<ref name="flight">{{S|Flight}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Fingolfin led the largest host of the Noldor that departed [[Aman]] for [[Middle-earth]]. Though against his wisdom,<ref name="flight" /> Fingolfin joined with full will in the rebellion and the exile,<ref>{{PM|XI2 }}, p. 415</ref> desiring to go to Middle-earth in order to avenge the murder of Finwë upon Morgoth.<ref>{{PM|XINotes}}, note 33</ref> Additional reasons were that his son Fingon urged him, he would not be sundered from his people that were eager to go, nor leave them to the rash counsels of Fëanor, and he did not forget his words before the throne of Manwë.<ref name="flight" /><br />
<br />
As days passed in their exile, more and more of the Noldor started speaking against Fëanor, for their journey was difficult, and they feared the prophecy of [[Mandos]]. After Fëanor's Noldor acquired the ships of the [[Teleri]] following the [[First Kinslaying]], Fëanor and his followers used them to sail across the sea. Fëanor burned the ships after reaching Middle-earth, stranding the others, for he thought the followers of Fingolfin would prove to be useless.<ref name="flight" /><br />
<br />
Fingolfin and his people saw the smoke of the ships from afar, and chose to travel through the icy Helcaraxë, for they were ashamed to go back to Valinor, and were angry at Fëanor. The journey was hard and many died, yet they were filled with hope when they saw the Moon for the first time. Soon after, at the rising of the Sun, he came to the [[Gates of Angband]] and smote upon them, but [[Morgoth]] stayed hidden inside. Fingolfin and the Noldor, realizing they could not be victorious in this way, then came to the northern shores of [[Lake Mithrim]], from which the Fëanorian part of the host had withdrawn.<ref name=Return>{{S|Return}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kingship===<br />
<br />
Shortly after Fëanor's death, his oldest son Maedhros was captured by Morgoth. Learning this, Fingolfin's oldest son [[Fingon]] rescued [[Maedhros]], with whom he was a good friend. At a subsequent [[council in Mithrim]], Fingolfin was chosen to be the first [[High King of the Noldor]] in [[Middle-earth]], with Maedhros waiving his claim. Fingolfin ruled from [[Hithlum]], by the northern shores of [[Lake Mithrim]].<ref name=Return/><br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Morgoth and the High King of Noldor (1992).jpg|thumb|''Morgoth and the High King of Noldor'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After defeating the [[Orcs]] in the [[Dagor Aglareb]] ("Glorious Battle"), Fingolfin maintained the [[Siege of Angband]] for nearly four hundred years. But the Siege was ended by the sudden assaults of Morgoth in the [[Dagor Bragollach]] ("Battle of Sudden Flame"), and many peoples of Beleriand fled. In the end, Fingolfin rode to Angband alone to challenge Morgoth to single combat. Those who saw him thought Oromë himself had arrived; for a great madness of rage was upon him, so that his eyes shone like the eyes of the Valar.<ref name=Ruin>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|In that vast shadow once of yore<br>Fingolfin stood: his shield he bore<br>with field of heaven's blue and star<br>of crystal shining pale afar.<br>In overmastering wrath and hate<br>desperate he smote upon that gate,<br>the [[Gnomes|Gnomish]] king, there standing lone,<br>while endless fortresses of stone<br>engulfed the thin clear ringing keen<br>of silver horn and baldric green.|''[[Lay of Leithian]]'', [[Lay of Leithian Canto XII|Canto XII]], vv. 3538-3547}}<br />
<br />
Fingolfin died there after a [[Fall of Fingolfin|mighty duel]], wounding Morgoth seven times with his sword [[Ringil]], and struck one last punishing blow to Morgoth's foot before he broke the High King. Morgoth's wounds never healed after that battle, and he limped everafter. [[Thorondor]], the King of Eagles, rescued Fingolfin's body and brought it to a mountaintop overlooking [[Gondolin]], and [[Turgon]] built a [[Fingolfin's Cairn|cairn]] over the remains of his father.<ref name=Ruin></ref><br />
<br />
[[Fingon]] became [[High King of the Noldor]] after his death.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Fingolfin.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
The name ''Fingolfin'' is [[Sindarin]], but it is never glossed, although it is said that it is the [[Sindarized]] form of the name ''Finwë Ñolofinwë'' ("Wise Finwë").<ref name=Finwe>{{PM|XI4}}, pp. 344-345</ref><br />
<br />
However, in the [[Noldorin]] phase of the language, ''Fingolfin'' is given as "Magical Skill".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "PHIN"</ref> In later versions, [[Tolkien]] considered changing the name to ''Ingolfin'', as coming from ''[[Ingoldo]]'', but the idea was soon discarded.<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 118</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
His [[father-name]] was '''''Ñolofinwë''''', with the stem [[NGOL|''ñolo'']] (related to "wisdom") attached to the name of his father. Later, during the Exile of the Noldor, Fingolfin added ''Finwë'' to the beginning of this name, in pursuance of his claim to be [[King of the Noldor]] after his father's death.<ref name=Finwe /> This would result in '''''Finwë·ñolofinwë'''''.<ref name=Eldarin>{{PE|Eldarin}}, p. 118</ref><br />
<br />
His [[Amilessë|mother-name]] was '''''[[Aracáno]]''''' ("High Chieftain"), which he gave to his son [[Argon]].<ref>{{PM|XINotes}}, p. 360. Cf. also p. 345</ref> <br />
<br />
After Fëanor and Finwë's banishment, a title he was known by was '''''Vinya Finwë''''' ("Young / new Finwë").<ref name=Eldarin/><ref group=note>In both [[Morgoth's Ring]] and [[Parma Eldalamberon 17]] it is stated that he was also known as '''''Ingoldo Finwë''''', with ''Ingoldo'' being his mother-name before being changed by Tolkien. There is no known use of '''''Aracáno Finwë'''''</ref><br />
<br />
Earlier titles in [[Noldorin]] were '''''Aran Chithlum''''' ("King of Hithlum") and '''''Taur Egledhrim''''' ("King of the Exiles").<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "TĀ"</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Fingolfin heraldic device.jpg|100px|thumb|Fingolfin's heraldic device by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |FIN=[[Finwë]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|MIR=[[Míriel]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | FEA | | FDS | | FNG |y| ANA | | IRM | | FIR | | |FEA=[[Fëanor]]</br><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG='''FINGOLFIN'''</br><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|ANA=[[Anairë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FIR=[[Finarfin]]</br><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| FIN | | TUR |y| ELE | | ARE |y| EOL | | ARG|FIN=[[Fingon]]</br><small>''{{YT|1260}} - {{FA|472}}''</small>|ARE=[[Aredhel]]</br><small>''{{YT|1362}} - {{FA|400}}''</small>|TUR=[[Turgon]]</br><small>''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|510}}''</small>|ELE=[[Elenwë]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1500}}''</small>|EOL=[[Eöl]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|400}}''</small>|ARG=[[Argon]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|1}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | TUO |y| IDR | | | | | | MAE | | | | | ||MAE=[[Maeglin]]</br><small>''{{FA|320}} - {{FA|510|n}}''</small>|IDR=[[Idril]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|TUO=[[Tuor]]</br><small>''b. {{FA|472}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | EAR | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||EAR=[[Eärendil]]</br><small>''b. {{FA|503}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
The first appearance of Fingolfin in the [[Legendarium]] is in a [[Prose Fragments Following the Lost Tales|prose fragment]], in which he is called ''Golfin'' son of [[Gelmir]], carring an emblem with a silver sword upon gold.<ref>{{SM|P2}}, pp. 7-8</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://middle-earth.xenite.org/could-fingolfin-have-defeated-morgoth-in-mortal-combat/ Could Fingolfin Have Defeated Morgoth in Mortal Combat?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
|race=noldor<br />
|house=[[House of Finwë]]<br />
|born={{YT|1190}}<br />
|died={{FA|456}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
|prev=[[Finwë]]<br />
|list=2nd [[King of the Noldor]]<br />
|dates={{YT|1495}} - {{YT|1497|n}} (with [[Fëanor]])<br />
|next=[[Finarfin]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
|pvac=None<br />
|prev=Title established<br />
|list=1st [[High King of the Noldor]]<br />
|dates={{FA|7}} – {{FA|456|n}}<br />
|next=[[Fingon]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Fingolfin| ]]<br />
[[Category:House of Finwë]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Fingolfin]]<br />
[[fr:/encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/fingolfin]]<br />
[[fi:Fingolfin]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Elur%C3%A9d&diff=380354
Talk:Eluréd
2023-09-13T18:01:01Z
<p>Mord: /* Proposal for a merge with 'Elurin' */ agree</p>
<hr />
<div>== Twins? ==<br />
<br />
In the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'', there's no any mention that Eluréd and Elurín were twins, and indeed, there is note 8 on p. 372 in the ''[[The Problem of Ros|Problem of Ros]]'', where Christopher mentioned that "''the story that Dior's sons were twins had been '''abandoned'''''". -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 20:16, 28 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:That makes sense to me. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 01:27, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Good spot, strange this has been missed given my edition of The Silmarillion even says '''Elder''' and '''Younger''' brother in the appendix.<br />
:I think it is somewhere in HoMe that they are listed as twins, so that should be mentioned in OVOTL, but it certainly was not Tolkien’s first or last thought. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 06:42, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Well, even in the case of identical twins, their seniority may depend on the fact who first came out of the [[Nimloth (elf of Doriath)|mother's]] womb.<br />
::And yes, Eluréd and Elurín are explicitly mentioned as twins in the Tale of Years from the ''[[The War of the Jewels|War of the Jewels]]'', where their [[First Age 500|birth-date]] is given, but that text predates the ''Problem of Ros'' from the ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth|Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 08:05, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::Their identical names are also a sign that they were twins. I don't think we have to relegate that fact to OVOTL, but indeed it needs to be included with the correct references. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] ([[User talk:LorenzoCB|talk]]) 12:55, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::I agree, because the ''Problem of Ros'' must be treated very carefully. Since the linguistic question within it was ultimately rejected by J.R.R. Tolkien, I personally think that the whole text is not very much canonical. <br />
::::{{blockquote|But alas! This explanation fell foul of a small fact that my father had missed; and it was fatal. He noted on the text that 'most of this fails', because of the name Cair Andros (a Sindarin name, as were virtually all the place-names of Gondor), the island in the Anduin north of Minas Tirith, of which it had been said in Appendix A (RK p. 335, footnote) that it 'means "Ship of Long-foam"; for the isle was shaped like a great ship, with a high prow pointing north, against which the white foam of Anduin broke on sharp rocks.' So he was forced to accept that the element -ros in Elros must be the same as that in Cair Andros, the word must be Eldarin, not Atanic (Bëorian), and there could be no historical relationship between it and the Númenórean Adûnaic Rothinzil.| {{PM|Ros}}, p. 371}}<br />
::::Nonetheless, the Chrisopher's notion quoted in my first message should be mentioned within OVOTL section. -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 13:47, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::Besides, I personally also like the idea that they're twins. Since in the ''Problem of Ros'' Eluréd and Elurín were mentioned being the first and second son respectively, Christopher thus suggested that the idea of their twinhood was ''supposedly'' abandoned. However, he is perhaps mistaken in that matter because their seniority doesn't inevitably contradict their twinhood. After all, Eluréd would be considered the elder brother if he was the first child to come out of his mother's womb. I think it was just a little confusion from Christopher's part, and his father didn't in fact reject this idea entirely. -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 10:40, 30 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
:::::To matching names prove they're twins? Fingolfin and Finarfin were not. At very least, this issue should probably be mentioned. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 13:36, 30 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I also believed that the brothers were twins as their fates were intertwined, as all twins in the legendarium. Anyway, I suggest we leave the matter ambiguous. Let's put "c. F.A. 500" for both their birth years, with an OVOTL note that according to one (rejected) conception they were both born on that year. This needs to be done in many pages, both their own articles and also the family trees, the article [[twins]], the article for {{FA|500}} and perhaps others. [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 15:57, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Proposal for a merge with 'Elurin' ==<br />
As per the recent discussion, both on TG and its Discord server, there's been a push started by [[User:Oberiko]] (with which I strongly agree) to combine certain characters' articles into one: most notably the cases of those twins (or siblings generally) whose histories (both literary ''and'' in-universe ones) are nearly or completely identical, and who are almost always (if not always) mentioned together.<br />
<br />
One such case are the articles on 'Elured' and 'Elurin', who I'm proposing should be merged together. Currently, User:Oberiko and I (as well as perhaps [[User:Mord]]) are in agreement about this - however, what is everyone else's thoughts about this proposal? - [[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]] ([[User talk:IvarTheBoneless|talk]]) 17:14, 13 September 2023 (UTC)<br />
:For the record: I agree these should be merged. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 18:01, 13 September 2023 (UTC)</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Gil-galad&diff=379333
Gil-galad
2023-08-22T21:34:02Z
<p>Mord: Undo revision 379332 by Ercan Yılın (talk) unreferenced and unsupported</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Gil-galad<br />
| image=[[File:Kimberly - Gil-galad.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Gil-galad" by [[:Category:Images by Kimberly|Kimberly]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[eˈreɪnjon ˈɡilɡalad]}}<br />
| othernames=''Artanáro''/''Rodnor'' ([[Quenya|Q]]/[[Sindarin|S]], [[Father-name|fn]]),<br/>''Ereinion, Finellach'' ([[Sindarin|S]], [[Epessë|an]])<br />
| titles=[[High King of the Noldor]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Havens of Sirion]]<br>[[Lindon]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth=Before {{FA|455}}<br />
| birthlocation=Unknown<br />
| rule={{FA|510}} - {{SA|3441}}<br />
| death={{SA|3441}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Siege of Barad-dûr]]<br />
| age=3576+<br />
| notablefor=Defeating Sauron at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]] alongside [[Elendil]]<br />
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]<sup>[[#Parentage|NB]]</sup><br />
| parentage=[[Orodreth]] & his unnamed wife<sup>[[#Parentage|NB]]</sup><br />
| siblings=[[Finduilas]]<br />
| spouse=Never married<br />
| children=None<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Silver<ref>{{NM|P2iv}}, p. 186</ref><br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<center>{{quote|Gil-galad was an Elven-king<br>Of him the harpers sadly sing<br>The last whose realm was fair and free<br>Between the Mountains and the Sea.|From ''[[The Fall of Gil-galad]]'', as translated by [[Bilbo Baggins]]}}</center><br />
'''Ereinion Gil-galad''' was the fourth and last [[High King of the Noldor]] in [[Middle-earth]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===First Age===<br />
Gil-galad was ''either''<sup>[[#Parentage|NB]]</sup> the son of [[Orodreth]] and grandson of [[Angrod]] and [[Eldalótë]],<ref name=Shibboleth>{{PM|XI4}}, pp. 346-348, 364 (Note 47)</ref> or the son of [[Fingon]] and thus grandson of [[Fingolfin]],<ref name=Fingon/> since there were different accounts about his actual parentage, while the precise year and place of his birth invariably remained murky (see ''[[#Other versions of the legendarium|below]]'').<br />
<br />
In any case, he was still an [[Elven life cycle|elven-child]] at the time of the [[Dagor Bragollach]] when [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]] in {{FA|455}}. As a result, shortly after the [[fall of Fingolfin]] in {{FA|456|n}} and before the capture of [[Minas Tirith (Beleriand)|Minas Tirith]] by the forces of [[Sauron]] in {{FA|457|n}}, his father sent his wife and son to [[Círdan]] at the [[Havens of the Falas]] for safekeeping.<ref name=Fingon>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> After the loss of Minas Tirith, the [[Pass of Sirion]] was open to Morgoth's hosts, although they were still kept at bay by the still mighty realm of [[Hithlum]] and also the power of [[Nargothrond]]. Hithlum was destroyed after the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] in {{FA|472}} and thus there was no power left that could withstand the enemies, and the ports at the Falas were [[Fall of the Falas|besieged and captured]] by the [[Orcs]] in {{FA|473|n}}. Yet Círdan, Gil-galad, and many other Elves could flee from death on ship and established a refuge upon the [[Isle of Balar]] and a small haven at the [[Mouths of Sirion]].<ref name=Fifth>{{S|Fifth}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fingon]], High King of the Noldor, was slain, and the crown passed to his brother [[Turgon]] in [[Gondolin]]. When Gondolin [[Fall of Gondolin|was lost]] in {{FA|510}}, Gil-galad received the [[High King of the Noldor|Kingship of the Noldor]].<ref name=Gondolin>{{S|Gondolin}}</ref> He and Círdan maintained the refuge upon Balar and the small port at the [[Sirion]] estuary until the [[War of Wrath]] between {{FA|545|n}} and {{FA|587|n}} at the very end of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Gil-galad was an Elvenking.jpg|225px|thumb|left|''Gil-galad was an Elvenking'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
After the destruction of [[Beleriand]] during the [[War of Wrath]], which marked the beginning of the [[Second Age]], Gil-galad founded a kingdom in [[Lindon]] in the far north-west of Middle-earth, roughly between the [[Blue Mountains]] and the [[Belegaer|Great Sea]] around the [[Gulf of Lhûn]] and the havens of [[Forlond]], [[Harlond (Lindon)|Harlond]], and [[Mithlond]] were founded.<ref name="Rings">{{S|Rings}}</ref> Gil-galad was the last heir of the kings of the Noldor in exile, and acknowledged as High King of the Elves of the West.<ref name=sa>{{App|SA}}</ref> Many Elves, both the [[Sindar]] and the [[Noldor]], joined him. But soon, there was again unrest among the Noldor, and many of them left Lindon. Led by [[Celebrimbor]], grandson of [[Fëanor]], they founded the realm of [[Eregion]], probably also stirred up by the finding of ''[[mithril]]'' in [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]]. Also, some of the Sindar and many of the [[Nandor]] did not wish to live alongside the Noldor, who had done them a [[Second Kinslaying|great evil]], and migrated eastwards to [[Lothlórien]] or [[Mirkwood|Greenwood the Great]].<br />
<br />
When Prince [[Aldarion]] of [[Númenor]] came to [[Middle-earth]], they established friendship with the [[Elves]]. In {{SA|882}} Gil-galad gave him [[Gil-galad's letter|a letter for his father]], the [[King of Númenor]], [[Tar-Meneldur]]. He warned him that a new shadow had arisen in the [[East]] and besought him for aid.<ref>{{UT|Aldarion}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Irsanna - Gil-galad.jpg|225px|thumb|''Gil-galad'' by [[:Category:Images by Irsanna|Irsanna]]]]<br />
Around {{SA|1000}}, [[Sauron]] tried to make contact with the Elves under the name of [[Annatar]], the "Lord of Gifts", but Gil-galad and Círdan did not trust him and rejected his proposals. However, Sauron was welcomed in Eregion and the [[Rings of Power]] were forged.<ref name="Rings"/> Around {{SA|1600}}, Sauron forged [[the One Ring]] in secret, and when the Elves of Eregion found out that they were betrayed, Sauron demanded the Rings, and when they refused, in {{SA|1693}} the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]] began.<ref name="PM">{{PM|Second}}</ref><ref name=sa/> Celebrimbor had rescued the [[Three Rings]] of the Elves in time, sending [[Vilya]] and [[Narya]] to Gil-galad and [[Círdan]] in Lindon, respectively, while the third ring [[Nenya]] was given to [[Galadriel]].<ref name="Galadriel">{{UT|Galadriel}}</ref><br />
<br />
As Sauron invaded [[Eriador]], Gil-galad sent [[Elrond]] to aid Eregion and also called on Númenor for aid.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><ref name=sa/> Elrond was unable to avert Sauron, and with some survivors, they retreated to [[Imladris]].<ref name="Galadriel"/> <br />
<br />
Eriador was being overrun until a great fleet of the [[Númenóreans]] sent by [[Tar-Minastir]] arrived at Lindon. With united forces, Sauron's army was driven back and defeated.<ref name=sa/><ref name="Galadriel"/> After this war, the Elves were not further troubled by Sauron for a long time, and Gil-galad appointed Elrond as his vice-regent, passing the ring Vilya to him.<ref name="Galadriel"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:Abe Papakhian - Last Alliance.jpg|225px|thumb|left|''Last Alliance'' by [[:Category:Images by Abe Papakhian|Abe Papakhian]]]]<br />
When [[Tar-Calion]] captured Sauron and took him to [[Númenor]], the Westlands found peace, and Gil-galad was free to extend his power to the north, south, and east beyond the [[Anduin]].<ref name="Rings"/><br />
<br />
After the [[Downfall of Númenor]], [[Elendil]] and his sons came to Middle-earth and founded the realms of [[Gondor]] in the south and [[Arnor]] in the north. To honour Elendil, Gil-galad built the [[White Towers]], which housed [[Elostirion-stone|one of]] the [[Palantiri]].<ref name="Rings"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Michael Kaluta - Elrond Recalls the Host of Gilgalad.jpg|225px|thumb|''Elrond Recalls the Host of Gilgalad'' by Michael Kaluta]]<br />
But Sauron also escaped, and Gondor was soon attacked; Elendil's son [[Isildur]] had to flee, and sailed north to his father. Elendil and Gil-galad then formed the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] against Sauron in {{SA|3431}}.<ref name=sa/> It is said that the hosts of Gil-galad joined Elendil at [[Weathertop|Amon Sûl]]<Ref name=Knife>{{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the following years, the Allies marched to [[Imladris]] where they camped for three years. Then they crossed the [[Misty Mountains]], and marched south, where they [[Battle of Dagorlad|defeated]] a great army outside [[Mordor]]. They broke through [[Cirith Gorgor]] and besieged [[Sauron]]'s [[Barad-dûr|Dark Tower]].<ref name=sa/> Gil-galad fought with his long sword and his spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]] that was much feared by the enemy.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref><ref name=Knife>{{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
When the siege had lasted for seven years, it became so pressing that Sauron himself sallied forth. By his power, the siege was broken, and his army advanced to the slopes of [[Orodruin]]. There he was engaged by Elendil and Gil-galad in a single combat. In the end of the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]], Sauron was defeated but both Gil-galad and Elendil were killed in the act.<ref name=sa/> In the [[Scroll of Isildur|Scroll]] he wrote in [[Minas Tirith]] before riding north, Isildur wrote that Gil-galad was killed by the heat of Sauron's hand.<ref>{{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
Thus died the last High King of Noldor, and this title was never claimed by any other Noldo of Middle-earth.<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Ereinion Gil-galad.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Gil-galad'' is a [[Sindarin]] name, meaning"Star of Radiance",<ref name=Shibboleth/> "Starlight"<ref name=Knife/> or "Star of bright light",<ref name=RGEO>{{RGEO|Notes}}, p. 73</ref>. The name consists of the elements ''[[gil]]'' ("star") + ''[[galad]]'' ("radiance").<ref name=RGEO></ref> <br />
<br />
According to one version, this name was an [[epessë]] given to him because his armour and shield were overlaid with silver and included a device of white stars, so they shone in the distance like a star. A later version explains it was his [[mother-name]].<ref name=Shibboleth/><br />
<br />
''Gil-galad'' already appears in ''[[The Etymologies]]'' as [[Noldorin]] for "Starlight".<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry "GIL"</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
As a descendant of kings, the [[Sindarin]] birth name of Gil-galad was '''''Ereinion''''' ("Scion of Kings"), from plural ''[[aran]]'' ("king") + ''[[-ion]]'' (patronymic suffix).<ref name=Shibboleth/><ref>{{S|Appendix}}, entry ''ar(a)''</ref><br />
<br />
Gil-galad's [[Quenya]] name was '''''Artanáro''''', or in Sindarin '''''Rodnor'''''.<ref name=Shibboleth/> Paul Strack explains it can be translated as "Noble Fire".<ref>{{webcite|author=Paul Strack|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-1045550461.html|articlename=Q. ''Artanáro'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=5 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
An unclear name is '''''Finellach''''', included in [[Gil-galad's letter]] to [[Tar-Meneldur]] (but omitted by [[Christopher Tolkien]]).<ref name=Parentage>{{PM|XI5}}, pp. 349-351</ref> [[David Salo]] explains it can mean "Flame of Hair and Eye".<ref>{{HM|GS}}, p. 349</ref><br />
<br />
Another isolated name was '''''Finwain''''',<ref>{{NM|P2iv}}, p. 186</ref> clearly [[Sindarin]], a combination of ''fin'' (Sindarin for ''[[Finwë]]'') + ''[[gwain]]'' ("young").<br />
<br />
== Revised genealogy ==<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Gil-galad heraldic device (I).jpg|100px|thumb|right|Gil-galad's heraldic device, by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | OLW | | | | | | | |MIR=[[Míriel]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|OLW=[[Olwë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF |y| EAW | | SON | | | | | |FDS=[[Findis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]</br><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FRF=[[Finarfin]]</br><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>|EAW=[[Eärwen]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|SON=''unknown sons''}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| FRD | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |y| CEL | |FRD=[[Finrod]]</br><small>''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|465}}''</small>|ANG=[[Angrod]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|455}}''</small>|AEG=[[Aegnor]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|455}}''</small>|GAL=[[Galadriel]]</br><small>''b. {{YT|1362}}''</small>|ELD=[[Eldalótë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celeborn]]</br><small>''b. {{FA}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | ELR |~| CLB | | | |ORO=[[Orodreth]]<sup>[[#Parentage|NB]]</sup></br><small>''d. {{FA|495}}''</small>|CLB=[[Celebrían]]</br><small>''b. {{SA|300}}''</small>|ELR=[[Elrond]]</br><small>''b. {{FA|532}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | FIL | | GIL | | | | | | |FIL=[[Finduilas]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|495}}''</small>|GIL='''GIL-GALAD'''</br><small>''d. {{SA|3441}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
===Earlier versions===<br />
Gil-galad appears for the first time in the second version of ''[[The Fall of Númenor (chapter)]]'' (written c. [[1937]]), along with [[Elendil]] (in the previous conception, Elrond is the leader of the Elves who remained behind). Both create a great league of Elves and Men and fight [[Thû]] in [[Mordor]], but both are slain by him. In that text he is mentioned as a descendant of [[Fëanor]] and an Elven king of Beleriand.<ref>{{LR|P1II3}}, pp. 28-29, 31</ref><br />
<br />
In a marginal note of §28 of the conclusion of ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'', Tolkien pencilled the names ''Gilgalad'' and ''Lindon''.<ref>{{LR|P2VI}}, ''Commentary on the conclusion of the Quenta Silmarillion'', p. 337</ref> This note was probably used by Christopher Tolkien to introduce Gil-Galad at the end of [[Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath|chapter 24]] of the published version of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', beside Círdan, Celeborn, and Galadriel.<ref>See [[Douglas C. Kane]], ''[[Arda Reconstructed: The Creation of the Published Silmarillion]]'', p. 235.</ref><br />
<br />
===Parentage===<br />
[[File:Karolina Węgrzyn - Scion of Kings son of Orodreth (colored).jpg|225px|thumb|left|''Scion of Kings son of Orodreth'' by [[Karolina Węgrzyn]]]]<br />
Later, and through the writing of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Tolkien considered Gil-galad to be a son of [[Finrod Felagund]]. In the late 1950s, he decided that Felagund was unmarried and childless, and suggested in a marginal note that Gil-galad ''might be'' the son of [[Fingon]] (under the name ''Findor'').<ref name="GA">{{GA|157}}, p. 56</ref><ref name="Ruin">{{WJ|Ruin}}, p. 243</ref><br />
<br />
However, Gil-galad being the son of Fingon created a difficulty with Turgon's reign as High King of the Noldor. The Kingship was expected to pass to the eldest son of the previous King, as shown when Maedhros [[High King of the Noldor#Earlier Kings|surrendered]] it to Fingolfin.<ref>{{S|Return}}</ref> As such, Fingon's son Gil-galad would be expected to inherit it in favor of Fingon's brother Turgon.<br />
<br />
Tolkien's final decision for Gil-galad's parentage appears to have been that he was a son of [[Orodreth]], who was at the same time changed from being a son of [[Finarfin]] to a son of [[Angrod]].<ref name=Parentage></ref> By moving Gil-galad to the House of Finarfin, Tolkien made Fingon childless and Turgon his heir, resolving the difficulty with Turgon's Kingship. <br />
<br />
Tolkien's son and literary executor [[Christopher Tolkien]] made the editorial decision not to incorporate this revision into ''The Silmarillion'' and chose to present Gil-galad as a son of Fingon. He did this because at the time he believed that aspects of the move — notably the downgrading of Orodreth into a son of Angrod — would have required considerable reworking of the existing text. For consistency with the published version of ''The Silmarillion'', he also edited a line in ''[[Aldarion and Erendis: The Mariner's Wife]]'' that referred to Gil-galad as a member of the House of Finarfin. Many years later in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', he stated that this decision was a mistake on his part and did not represent his father's conception of the character. He suggested that it would have been better to have left Gil-galad's parentage obscure.<ref name=Parentage/><br />
<br />
===Later versions===<br />
In a 1959 manuscript on chronology published in ''[[The Nature of Middle-earth]]'', Tolkien contemplated various revisions to the years of birth of various characters in the legendarium in accord with a new conception of how Elves aged over time. In a rough note appended to this manuscript, he suggested that "Gilgalad" became King in Lindon "under" Galadriel c. SA 10-20, and that in order to be of suitable age to rule he must have been born in {{YT|1481}}/[[Valian Years|V.Y. 4981]] in [[Aman]].<ref name=Birth>{{NM|P1xi}}, p. 82</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayals in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Gil-galad in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Gil-galad.jpg|Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Gil-galad.jpg|Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - High King Gil-galad.jpg|High King Gil-galad in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:In the prologue, Gil-galad is shown as one of the bearers of the [[Three Rings|three Elven rings]]. Later, he is present at the [[Siege of Barad-dûr|Battle]] of the [[Last Alliance of Elves and Men]] wielding his spear [[Aeglos (spear)|Aeglos]]. His death is not shown, and he does not take down [[Sauron]]. He is played by [[Mark Ferguson]].<br />
:The bodies of Gil-galad and Elendil can be seen on [[:File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Isildur mural.jpg|the mural depicting the Siege]] in the [[House of Elrond]].<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:'''September 1: ''[[A Shadow of the Past]]'':'''<br />
::High King Gil-galad (Portrayed by [[Benjamin Walker]])<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Amy Ratcliffe]]|articleurl=https://nerdist.com/article/lord-of-the-rings-the-rings-of-power-who-is-gil-galad-benjamin-walker-interview-exclusive-images/|articlename=Meet High King Gil-galad From THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RINGS OF POWER|dated=30-June-2022|website=[https://www.nerdist.com Nerdist]|accessed=09-July-2022}}</ref> first appears during a ceremony in [[Lindon]], giving a speech to honor the survivors of [[Galadriel|Galadriel's]] company of [[Elves]] who were attacked by a [[Snow-trolls|Snow-troll]] in [[Dúrnost]]. He announces that they are going to go home to the [[Aman|Undying Lands]] for them to dwell for all eternity. However, later on, he revealed to [[Elrond]] that his true purpose in doing this was so that Galadriel did not become the very evil that she sought to destroy.<br />
<br />
===Games===<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)]]'':'''<br />
:Gil-galad appears briefly in the game's first level as a non-playable character, where he has the likeness of [[Peter Jackson]]'s [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|movie counterpart]].<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Gil-galad appears in several flashbacks depicting the the [[War of the Last Alliance]]. His ultimate fate is more accurate to the books than the film version, showing [[Elendil]] and Gil-galad both battling and defeating [[Sauron]] at the cost of their lives.<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''<br />
:Gil-galad appears in the prologue holding one of the Elf-rings. He is also an unlockable character, despite never playing into the storyline. He can be found in a cave in south-west [[Gorgoroth]]. His gear is not accurate, however; he wields an Elven sword (instead of Aeglos) and golden shield in the game, though ''The Fall of Gil-Galad'' describes a silver shield.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=noldor<br />
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]<small><br/>Cadet branch of [[House of Finwë]]</small><br />
| born=Before {{FA|455}}<br />
| died={{SA|3441}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Turgon]]<br />
| list=4th [[High King of the Noldor]]<br />
| dates={{FA|510}} - {{SA|3441}}<br />
| nvac=None<br />
| next=Title abandoned<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=''[[Celebrimbor]], as its creator''<br />
| list=[[Three Keepers|Keeper]] of [[Vilya]]<br />
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} - {{SA|1701|n}}<br />
| next=[[Elrond]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]<br />
[[Category:Moriquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Gil-galad]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:gil-galad]]<br />
[[fi:Gil-galad]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nerdanel&diff=379196
Nerdanel
2023-08-19T02:46:09Z
<p>Mord: hair color cleanup - Mahtan had the red per POME, Nerdanel brown per VT41</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Nerdanel<br />
| image=[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Nerdanel.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=''Nerdanel'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]<br />
| pronun=[[Quenya|Q]], {{IPA|[ˈnerdanel]}}<br />
| othernames="the Wise"<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Tirion]]<br />
| affiliation=''Not'' [[Oath of Fëanor]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]]<br />
| birth=During the [[Years of the Trees]]<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=[[Mahtan]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=[[Fëanor]]<br />
| children=[[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]], [[Celegorm]], [[Caranthir]], [[Curufin]], [[Amrod]], and [[Amras]]<br />
| gender=Female<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Brown<ref name=VT41>{{VT|41b}}</ref><br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Nerdanel''' was the daughter of the [[Noldor|Noldorin]] smith [[Mahtan]] and the wife of [[Fëanor]]. <br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
===Early life===<br />
[[File:Svirina Vera - Nerdanel.jpg|200px|left|thumb|''Nerdanel'' by [[:Category:Images by Svirina Vera|Svirina Vera]]]]<br />
Nerdanel was a skilful sculptor. She made statues so lifelike that people thought they were real at first, and if they did not know her art, tried to speak to them.<ref name=nerdanel>{{S|Feanor}}</ref> She also created sculptures from her own imaginings, which were "strong and strange but beautiful."<ref name=Feanor/> In her youth, Nerdanel loved to wander along the shore or in the hills of [[Aman]]. Whilst wandering, she met Fëanor, and they "were companions in many journeys."<ref name=Feanor>{{MR|P3II5}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Nerdanel married Fëanor, others wondered at his choice for she was not considered among "the fairest of her people."<ref name=Feanor/>{{rp|272}} For a time, since Fëanor would seek the counsel of none save her, she was able to influence and restrain her prideful husband.<ref name=nerdanel/> <br />
===Marriage and Motherhood===<br />
Nerdanel bore Fëanor [[Sons of Fëanor|seven sons]]: [[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]], [[Celegorm]], [[Caranthir]], [[Curufin]], [[Amrod]], and [[Amras]]. Elves typically have four children or fewer, so the size of their family was particularly noteworthy.<ref name=NotesB>{{MR|P3II3e}}</ref>{{rp|Note 4}} Some inherited her colors, others inherited her character and patience.<br />
<br />
When Fëanor was banished from [[Túna]] for drawing a sword against [[Fingolfin|his brother]], Nerdanel asked for leave to abide with [[Indis]] during that time.<ref name=Unrest>{{MR|P3II6}}</ref>{{rp|279}}<br />
<br />
However, Fëanor's later deeds deeply grieved her and in the end they became estranged from one another.<ref name=nerdanel/><br />
<br />
When Nerdanel, who had since returned to her father's house, learned that her husband and sons were planning to go into exile to [[Middle-earth]], she begged Fëanor to leave with her their youngest sons, Amrod and Amras, or at least one of them. Fëanor's response was that, if she would not follow him, she was an untrue wife for deserting both her husband and her children.<ref name=Feanor/>{{rp|354}} <br />
<br />
Regardless, Nerdanel refused to follow because she heeded the warning of Aulë that: "'It [the rebellion] will in the end only lead Fëanor and all your children to death.'"<ref name=Feanor/> As predicted she lost all her children in Middle-earth.<ref name=nerdanel/><ref>{{S|24}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Though her father, whose nickname meant 'fox',<ref name=Sons>{{PM|Feanor}}</ref>{{rp|353}} was specifically noted as having an unusual hair colour for a Noldo, auburn or brown hair mixed with copper, she had brown hair.<ref name=VT41/> Through her, this coppery-red hair color was passed down to her eldest son Maedhros and her youngest sons, Amrod and Amras.<ref name=Sons/>{{rp|365}} She was not considered among "the fairest of her people."<ref name=Feanor/>{{rp|272}}<br />
<br />
Known as '''Nerdanel the wise''', she was strong, free of mind, and filled with the desire for knowledge.<ref name=Feanor/> Though she was strong-willed, she was more patient than her husband. She would seek to understand others instead of master them. Her calmer temperament had passed to some of her sons while others were fiery more like their father.<ref name=nerdanel/><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
The original (rejected) version of her name was ''Istarnië''.<ref name=Feanor/>{{rp|273}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name ''Nerdanel'' is [[Quenya]], but it is given no clear meaning or etymology in the published writings of Tolkien. <br />
<br />
Editor and linguist [[Patrick H. Wynne]] has suggested that the element ''nerd-'' in ''Nerdanel'' perhaps derives from ''nerdo'' ("large, strong man"), noting that the name "''might refer to her strength of body and mind, and her pursuits of crafts more commonly practiced by men.''" Wynne also suggests that ''Istarnië'' derives from Quenya ''[[ista-]]'' ("know"), apparently "''referring to her 'desire for knowledge'''".<ref>{{VT|47a}}, p. 33-4</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| MHT | | MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | |MHT=[[Mahtan]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>| MIR=[[Míriel]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| NRD |~|y|~| FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF | | |NRD='''NERDANEL'''<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FEA=[[Fëanor]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FRF=[[Finarfin]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| MDH | | MAG | | CEL | | CAR | | CUR | | AMD | | AMR |MDH=[[Maedhros]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|587}}''</small>|MAG=[[Maglor]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celegorm]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CAR=[[Caranthir]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CUR=[[Curufin]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|AMD=[[Amrod]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>|AMR=[[Amras]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLB | | | | | | | | |CLB=[[Celebrimbor]]<br/><small>''d. {{SA|1697}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.silmarillionwritersguild.org/reference/references/nerdanel.php A Woman in Few Words: The Character of Nerdanel and Her Treatment in Canon and Fandom], by Dawn Felagund<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Quenya names]]<br />
[[de:Nerdanel]]<br />
[[fi:Nerdanel]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/nerdanel]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Caranthir&diff=379195
Caranthir
2023-08-19T02:36:34Z
<p>Mord: /* Other names */ Nerdanel isn't stated to have reddish hair, only her kin and father</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Caranthir<br />
| image=[[File:Elena Kukanova - Caranthir.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Caranthir" by [[Elena Kukanova]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="the Dark"<br/>''Morifinwë'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]]),<br/>''Carnistir'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]])<br />
| titles=Lord of Thargelion<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Eldamar]], [[Thargelion]] ([[Dor Caranthir]]), [[Amon Ereb]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Oath of Fëanor]], [[Union of Maedhros]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]] and [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth=Between {{YT|1190}} & {{YT|1362|n}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Tirion]]<br />
| rule={{FA|7}} - {{FA|455|n}}<br />
| death={{FA|506}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Second Kinslaying]]: [[Menegroth]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Fëanor]]<br />
| parentage=[[Fëanor]] & [[Nerdanel]]<br />
| siblings=[[Maedhros]], [[Maglor]], [[Celegorm]], [[Curufin]], [[Amrod]] and [[Amras]]<br />
| spouse=Unnamed<ref>{{PM|XNotes}}, p. 318 (note 7)</ref><br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Tall<br />
| hair=Dark<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Caranthir''', the fourth of the [[Sons of Fëanor]], was also the harshest and the quickest to anger. He was known as "Caranthir the Dark".<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
[[File:Marya Filatova - The one who stays - 2.jpg|thumb|left|The Wife of Caranthir. Art by [[Marya Filatova]]|125px]]<br />
As with the other [[Sons of Fëanor]], Caranthir was bound by the [[Oath of Fëanor]] to recover his [[Fëanor|father]]'s [[Silmarils]], which had been stolen by the Dark Lord [[Morgoth]]. This oath brought the [[Noldor]] to [[Middle-earth]] near the end of the [[First Age]].<ref>{{S|Flight}}</ref> [[Angrod]] of the [[House of Finarfin]] was the first messenger of the Noldor to come to King [[Thingol]] who gave his permission to the Noldor to dwell in some free lands, but not in [[Doriath]], as he considered himself Lord of Beleriand. Maedhros laughed at Thingol's claims, remarking that Thingol had merely given them lands in which he had no power. But Caranthir despised the children of [[Finarfin]], and spoke in anger against Angrod, saying that he ought not to have been the spokesperson of the Noldor. Maedhros rebuked him, but division between Noldor increased after the outburst.<ref name=Return>{{S|Return}}</ref><br />
<br />
The people of Caranthir went to the furthermost [[East Beleriand]], reaching [[Ered Luin]], and there they became the first of Noldor to encounter the [[Dwarves]]. Caranthir disliked the Dwarves for their unloveliness, but though there was little love between the two peoples, they allied against their common enemy: Morgoth. The alliance brought great profit, for all the trading that came to Beleriand from the Dwarves went first through Caranthir's hands, and he gained great wealth.<ref name=Return>{{S|Return}}</ref> Caranthir's realm was in [[Thargelion]], and was sometimes called ''[[Dor Caranthir]]'' ("Land of Caranthir"). His abode was on the shores of [[Helevorn|Lake Helevorn]].<ref>{{S|Beleriand}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{FA|375}}, Caranthir rescued [[Haleth]] and her people, the [[Haladin]], when they were [[Battle of the Gelion-Ascar Stockade|besieged]] by [[Orcs]]. At last recognizing the valour of [[Men]], he offered the Haladin a fiefdom in his lands to the North. However, Haleth's heart was proud, and wanting her people to serve no lord she thanked him but removed to the [[Forest of Brethil]].<ref>{{S|West}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Dagor Bragollach]], Caranthir was forced to retreat and joined the remnant of his people to the scattered folk of [[Amrod]] and [[Amras]]. They fled to the south and maintained a watch upon [[Amon Ereb]], aided by the [[Laegil]].<ref name=Fingolfin>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{FA|463}}, the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterling]] [[Ulfang]] led his people over the [[Blue Mountains]], and they allied themselves with [[Maedhros]]. They swore allegiance to Caranthir, whom they followed,<ref name=Fingolfin></ref> and were given land in [[Lothlann]].<ref>{{WJ|One}}</ref><br />
<br />
In {{FA|472}}, the disaster of the [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]] ("Battle of Unnumbered Tears") occurred, caused by the betrayal of the people of Ulfang, and the sons of Fëanor were scattered.<ref>{{S|Fifth}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In {{FA|506}}, he perished along with his brothers [[Celegorm]] and [[Curufin]] during the [[Second Kinslaying]], the attack by the Sons of Fëanor on [[Menegroth]] in an attempt to recover a Silmaril from King [[Dior|Dior Eluchíl]] of Doriath.<ref>{{S|22}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Caranthir.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Caranthir'' is the [[Sindarized]] version of his name ''Carnistir'' ("Red-face"), being the compound of ''[[caran]]'' + ''thir''.<ref>{{VT|41b}}, p. 10</ref><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
Caranthir's [[father-name]] was '''''Morifinwë''''' ("Dark [[Finwë]]"), as he was black-haired as his paternal grandfather. The short version of the name was '''''Moryo'''''.<ref name=Feanor>{{PM|Feanor}}, p. 353</ref><br />
<br />
His [[Amilessë|mother-name]] was '''''Carnistir''''' ("Red-face"). He inherited his mother's rudddy complexion,<ref name=Feanor/> but not his grandfather's coppery-red hair.<ref name=Feanor2>{{PM|Feanor}}, p. 366</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| MHT | | MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | |MHT=[[Mahtan]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>| MIR=[[Míriel]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| NRD |~|y|~| FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF | | |NRD=[[Nerdanel]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FEA=[[Fëanor]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FRF=[[Finarfin]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| MDH | | MAG | | CEL | | CAR | | CUR | | AMD | | AMR |MDH=[[Maedhros]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|587}}''</small>|MAG=[[Maglor]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celegorm]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CAR='''CARANTHIR'''<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CUR=[[Curufin]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|AMD=[[Amrod]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>|AMR=[[Amras]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLB | | | | | | | | |CLB=[[Celebrimbor]]<br/><small>''d. {{SA|1697}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part Two]]'', within the chapter called "[[The Nauglafring]]", he was called '''''Cranthor''''', while in the early version of the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion (Lost Road)|Quenta Silmarillion]]'', found in ''[[The Lost Road and Other Writings]]'', he was named '''''Cranthir'''''.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
|race=noldor<br />
|house=[[House of Fëanor]]<small><br/>Cadet branch of the [[House of Finwë]]</small><br />
|born=Between {{YT|1190}} & {{YT|1362|n}}<br />
|died={{FA|506}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
|pvac=None<br />
|prev=Title established<br />
|list=Lord of [[Thargelion]]<br />
|dates={{FA|7}} – {{FA|455|n}}<br />
|next=[[Dagor Bragollach|Realm destroyed]]<br />
|nvac=None<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Book of Lost Tales]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Beleriand]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[Category:Sons of Fëanor]]<br />
[[de:Caranthir]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:caranthir]]<br />
[[fi:Caranthir]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Secret_Fire&diff=378293
Secret Fire
2023-08-09T20:47:48Z
<p>Mord: /* See also */ added link to Airefëa</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{disambig-more|Secret Fire|[[Secret Fire (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{object infobox<br />
| name=Secret Fire<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Ainulindale - Harmony.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption=''Ainulindale - Harmony'' by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| othernames=Flame Imperishable<br>Imperishable Flame<br />
| location=[[Eä]]<br />
| owner=[[Eru Ilúvatar]]<br />
| notablefor=Power of Creation<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Therefore Ilúvatar gave to their vision Being, and set it amid the Void, and the Secret Fire was sent to burn at the heart of the World; and it was called Eä.|''[[Valaquenta]]''}}<br />
<br />
The '''Secret Fire''', also known as the '''Flame Imperishable''' and the '''Imperishable Flame''', was Eru [[Ilúvatar]]'s mysterious power of creation.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Secret Fire is that aspect of Eru which is his Power of Creation. Only by means of the Secret Fire can something with substance or life be made from nothing. It was by means of the Secret Fire that Eru gave to the [[Music of the Ainur]] real being and existence as [[Eä]]. <br />
<br />
Eru created all [[fëa|fëar]], including those of the [[Ainur]], [[Elves]], [[Dwarves]], and [[Men]], through the Secret Fire, and it is a part of each of them. Only a being animated with the Secret Fire can have its own true life and free will. Without it, creatures lack sentience and independent thought, though they may be puppeteered by a greater will. Aulë's Dwarves were such automata until Eru endowed them with their own fëar born of the Secret Fire.<ref>{{S|Aule}}</ref><br />
<br />
Even before the Music was sung, [[Morgoth|Melkor]] envied this power and sought it in the [[Void]], but the Flame Imperishable was with Eru.<ref>{{S|Ainu}}</ref> After the Music, Eru sent it to burn at the center of the [[World]].<ref>{{S|IIa}}</ref><br />
<br />
Only Eru as Creator could command the Secret Fire; no created being could claim this power.<ref>{{L|212}}</ref> Given this, it is unclear as to how Melkor could have "made" such creatures as [[Orcs]] and [[Dragons]] or how these could have acted in the apparently rational and self-directed manner in which they did. See [[Orcs/Origin]] for a fuller examination of this thorny issue.<br />
<br />
[[Gandalf]] the Grey referred to both the Secret Fire and the [[flame of Anor]] while facing [[Durin's Bane|a Balrog]] on the Bridge of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], saying "''I am a servant of the Secret Fire, wielder of the flame of Anor.''"<ref>{{FR|II5}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
This is an alternate name of the Holy Spirit in Tolkien's mythos, like [[Ilúvatar|Eru]] is the name of God. [[Clyde S. Kilby]] mentions a discussion he had with Tolkien: "Professor Tolkien talked to me at some length about the use of the word 'holy' in ''The Silmarillion''. Very specifically he told me that the 'Secret Fire sent to burn at the heart of the World' in the beginning was the [[Airefëa|Holy Spirit]]."<ref>[[Clyde S. Kilby]], ''[[Tolkien and The Silmarillion]]'', "Tolkien as Christian Writer", p. 59</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Fëa and hröa]]<br />
* [[Orcs/Origin]]<br />
* [[Airefëa]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://jonathansmcintosh.wordpress.com/2015/01/06/tolkien-servant-of-the-secret-fire/ Tolkien, Servant of the Secret Fire] by Jonathan McIntosh<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Concepts]]<br />
[[category:Cosmology]]<br />
[[de:Das Geheime Feuer]]<br />
[[fi:Salainen Tuli]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Three_Rings&diff=378155
Three Rings
2023-08-08T01:58:50Z
<p>Mord: /* History */ corrected factual error, replaced with properly cited statement</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Ringbearers.jpg|thumb|''Ringbearers'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
<br />
{{quote|And of all the Elven-rings Sauron most desired to possess them, for those who had them in their keeping could ward off the decays of time and postpone the weariness of the world.|''[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]''}}<br />
<br />
The '''Three Rings''' were magical artefacts, three of the [[Rings of Power]]. They were forged by [[Celebrimbor]] and his smiths with the desire of "understanding, making, and healing" and granted the power to preserve all things unstained.<ref name=l144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=council>{{FR|Council}}</ref> They were named '''[[Vilya]]''', '''[[Narya]]''', and '''[[Nenya]]''' after the principal elements of air, fire, and water (respectively). <br />
<br />
Whereas the other [[Rings of Power]] gave the power to control and conquer, and [[Wraith-world|made their wearers invisible]], the Three were different. [[Sauron]] did not assist in their making nor ever did he touch them, and his taint was not directly upon them.<ref name=l131>{{L|131}}</ref> But, as they were created according to the craft taught by him, they would fall under the power of [[The One Ring]].<ref name=rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Names and descriptions==<br />
* '''[[Nenya]]''', the '''Ring of Adamant'''<ref name="Mirror">{{FR|II7}}</ref> and the '''Ring of Water''',<ref name=rings/> was made of ''[[mithril]]'' with a stone of adamant;<ref name=rings/> it was the chief of the Three,<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}, p. 251</ref> originally — and only ever — worn by [[Galadriel]].<br />
* '''[[Narya]]''', the '''Ring of Fire''' and the '''Red Ring''', set with a ruby,<ref name=rings/> originally worn by [[Círdan]]<ref name="SA">{{App|SA}}</ref><ref name=rings/> who gave it to [[Gandalf]].<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref> <br />
* '''[[Vilya]]''', the '''Ring of Sapphire''', '''Blue Ring''', and the '''Ring of Air''', and mightiest of the Three,<ref name="Grey">{{RK|VI9}}</ref> a ring of gold with a sapphire stone,<ref name=rings/> originally worn by [[Gil-galad]] but given to [[Elrond]].<ref name=rings/><br />
<br />
The Rings were named after the three principal elements, each matching the colour of their stones. They were originally given to the three greatest [[Eldar]] in [[Middle-earth]] at that time.<ref name=rings/><ref name="SA"/> Their names also match the fates of the three [[Silmarils]].<ref group=note>[[Earendil]] kept one in the sky, [[Maedhros]] cast one with himself in deep fire, and [[Maglor]] either threw one into the sea or cast himself with it into the sea.</ref><ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref><Ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Concerning ... 'The Hoard']]''</ref> However, not much is known about their specific powers and whether they had anything to do with each element.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
After "[[Annatar]]" taught and assisted the [[Gwaith-i-Mirdain]] with creating the [[Rings of Power]], he left [[Eregion]]. Celebrimbor went on to forge another Three Rings alone, with the knowledge he had gained from Annatar. This was completed by around {{SA|1590}}.<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> These Three were "unsullied," never touched by the hand of Sauron.<ref name=rings/> Sauron learned of their making, and desired to possess these Three over all the others.<ref name=rings/><br />
<br />
When Sauron created the One Ring, the Elves who wore the Rings of Power heard his voice, realized they had been deceived, and took off their rings.<ref name=rings/><br />
<br />
As the Elves failed him, Sauron [[War of the Elves and Sauron|waged war]] against Eregion in {{SA|1693}}. Celebrimbor immediately sent his three rings away for safekeeping:<ref>{{App|SA}}</ref> he gave Nenya to [[Galadriel]] in [[Lothlórien]], who advised him to send the other two to [[Lindon]], away from Sauron, so he gave Vilya to [[High King of the Noldor|High King]] [[Gil-galad]] and Narya to [[Círdan]].<ref name=rings/><br />
<br />
Sauron succeeded in claiming the Rings of Power. But the Three remained outside his grasp and their whereabouts were seldom revealed. <br />
<br />
After Sauron's defeat in the [[War of the Last Alliance]] at the end of the [[Second Age]], the [[Keepers of the Three Rings]] were free to wear them. During the [[Third Age]], the Rings were not idle.<ref>{{FR|Council}}, Elrond's words to Gloin</ref> They were used to create enclaves of peace and protection where memory and beauty were preserved from wear and decay.<ref name=rings/><ref name=l131/> <br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], [[Frodo Baggins]] found out that Galadriel held Nenya, using it to preserve [[Lothlórien]] from withering, and [[Aragorn]] reprimanded him for revealing this. The other two rings were revealed at the end of the Third Age, after Frodo destroyed [[the One Ring]], and the Dark Lord Sauron was completely overthrown. It transpired that [[Elrond]] had wielded [[Vilya]] and presumably used its powers to keep [[Rivendell]] a haven safe from attack. It was [[Gandalf]] who wielded [[Narya]], given to him by [[Círdan]].<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, p. 389</ref> <br />
<br />
After the destruction of the One Ring, their power diminished, and the Three became plain relics. Not being able to hold back time and preserve the High-elven lore and beauty, their bearers, in the [[Last Riding of the Keepers]], left [[Middle-earth]] on the [[White Ship]].<ref name=l144/><ref>{{RK|Havens}}</ref> The [[Third Age]] ended and the [[Dominion of Men]] began.<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Films===<br />
'''1978: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)]]'':'''<br />
:In the introduction of the movie, the Three Rings are said to be made "for the tall Elf Kings" as three unidentified silhouettes are seen holding and lifting the Rings.<br />
<br />
'''2001-3: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]'':'''<br />
:In the prologue to the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|first film]], the Three Rings are show briefly being borne by [[Galadriel]], [[Gil-galad]] and [[Círdan]]; later in the film Galadriel reveals to [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] that she possesses [[Nenya]]. In the final film, although [[Gandalf]] can be seen wearing [[Narya]], its significance is never stated.<br />
<br />
'''2014: [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]:'''<br />
:In the [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (extended edition)|Extended Edition]] of the film, we see Narya on Gandalf's finger as an [[Orcs|Orc]] attempts to cut off his hand in an attempt to claim it for [[Sauron]]. However, Galadriel arrives to rescue Gandalf and vanquishes the Orc in the nick of time. She can be seen wielding Nenya on her finger throughout the scene. During the subsequent battle against the [[Nazgûl]], Vilya can be glimpsed on Elrond's finger.<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:'''October 14: ''[[Alloyed]]:'':'''<br />
::The concept of the ''Three Rings'' were first thought of as a crown to be put upon the [[Gil-Galad|High King Gil-Galad's]] brow, as they needed something circular to keep the power going in an unbroken round. Yet, since there ultimately was not enough mithril to do this, the concept changed to something smaller: two [[Rings of Power]]. After Galadriel found out about [[Halbrand]] being [[Sauron]] from an [[Lambengolmor|Elven Loremaster]], she tells [[Celebrimbor|Lord Celebrimbor]] that they cannot make two rings, for she says that ''"one will only corrupt"''. [[Elrond]] immediately picks up Galadriel's meaning as Galadriel adds that ''"two will always divide"''. At that point, Lord Celebrimbor finally glimpses the meaning of her words and concludes that ''"with three, there is balance"''. However, at the same time, Lord Celebrimbor reveals that the mithril will not bond with the lesser ores, unless they be pure, naming [[Gold]] and [[Silver]] from [[Valinor]] as an example, but clearly meaning that he needs [[Finrod|Finrod's dagger]]. Galadriel picks up on this and she gains the willpower between scenes to be able to give it up, dropping the dagger into a container like thing which is then placed by the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] in a furnace, where it melts as Galadriel watches the doors close. When the melting is done, Galadriel states that the power that they craft here must be solely for the [[Elves]]. Upon taking the melted dagger out of the furnace and onto a spinning device, Elrond is forced to give up the [[Mithril]] ore that [[Durin IV|Prince Durin IV]] had given him as a token of their friendship. The mithril melts into the dagger, and the liquid is poured into three small steel cups to outline the physical appearance of the future rings. These outlines are then taken by the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], and bent into the shape of the ''Three Rings''. Only after that, Lord Celebrimbor binds the three jewels to each ring. As Elrond rushes into the Tower after having learned what Galadriel knew already of Halbrand, he sees Galadriel and Lord Celebrimbor looking down upon the ''Three Rings'' with Lord Celebrimbor proud of what they all had accomplished.<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
{{rings}}<br />
[[Category:Rings and jewels]]<br />
[[de:Elbenringe]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/artefacts/bijoux/anneaux/trois_anneaux]]<br />
[[fi:Kolme Sormusta]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Stella_Vespertina&diff=377985
Stella Vespertina
2023-08-06T06:52:10Z
<p>Mord: fixed statement added reference thanks @tolkienthoughts !</p>
<hr />
<div>'''''Consolatrix Afflictorum''''' or '''''Stella Vespertina''''' is a poem by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] written in September [[1916]] during his military training. It is devoted to the [[Virgin Mary]] and begins with "''O Lady Mother throned amid the stars''".<ref>[[Christina Scull]] and [[Wayne G. Hammond]] ([[2017]]), ''[[The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide]]'' (Revised and Expanded Edition): I. Chronology, p. 30</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Holly Ordway]] claims that Tolkien derived both names of the poem from the [[Litany of Loreto]], a prayer that invokes the Virgin Mary. "''Consolatrix afflictorum''" is a Latin phrase that means "[[:Wikipedia:Our Lady of Consolation|consoler of the afflicted]]" and is one of the many honorifics used in the Litany to address the Virgin Mary. "''Stella vespertina''" ("[[Evenstar|evening star]]") is not a Marian title used in the Litany, but "''stella matutina''" ("morning star") is. According to Ordway, Tolkien had the latter in mind but chose to substitute "evening" for "morning" because he felt it was more applicable to his physical and spiritual struggle in the trenches.<ref>Interview with Holly Ordway, author of "Tolkien's Faith: A Spiritual Biography," uploaded to YouTube channel "Word on Fire Institute" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhUKyxbR1W4&t=1938s</ref><br />
<br />
Like many other early poems by Tolkien, it remains [[Index:Unpublished material|unpublished]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Index:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien|Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Poems by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Unpublished material]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Round_World_version_of_the_Silmarillion&diff=377096
Talk:Round World version of the Silmarillion
2023-07-14T03:49:44Z
<p>Mord: /* "Legends" and canonicity */</p>
<hr />
<div>===Year of emergence===<br />
"This version emerged in writings from 1958-1960"<br />
Are you sure of that ? <br />
<br />
HOME 10 foreword of Ainulindalë : "as will be seen in a moment there is certain evidence that the text C* was in existence by 1948. "<br />
<br />
Should not be "1948-1950" ? {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
:This article is about the revision of the whole Silmarillion that was intended in later writings. Like explained in the article, the Ainulindale C* was an experimental text that was rejected and had no impact in the Legendarium at that moment. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:17, 23 June 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::But the Ainulindalë C*, where the new conception emerged is about 1946-48 it seems, so this conception emerged before 1958. I don't understand why theses dates have been chosen for the "emerge time" {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
::sorry, i'm not from english culture, so may be I don't understand what is really meaning.<br />
<br />
::You can forget my last talk :) {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
:::Nonetheless, the description of this conception (Arda = solar system, no lamps, moon wrought from a piece of earth...) is what we can found in the Ainulindalë C*<br />
<br />
:::I only found one second text where these this other version : the Myths transformed # 2 in the Home 10 (with a brief mention in the fifth).<br />
<br />
:::But the article says : "The Round World version is one of the variants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium, published in the final volume'''S''' of The History of Middle-earth. "<br />
<br />
:::Is there other texts in other HOME ?<br />
<br />
:::If not, it should be more precise to say : "The Round World version is one of the variants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium, treated in the second text of the Myths Transformed, published in the HOME 10"<br />
<br />
:::Shouldn't it ?{{unsignedanon|88.121.55.128}}<br />
<br />
==="Legends" and canonicity===<br />
The subject of canonicity is a thorny one, about which TG has had considerable internal debate in the past, but is now very much settled: as [[TG:CANON]] states, "It is not - and can not - be our place to decide what is canon and what is not." (Obviously this applies to the writings of JRRT, not adaptations!) Consequentially, we concern ourselves first and foremost with documenting what the man wrote, and we strive to interact with the question of what "counts" as little as possible.<br />
<br />
JRRT himself regularly referred to his stories as "legends" and "myths" - as folks who are here to document his work, we can't help but do the same. Here are a few fuller excerpts from the letters referenced in the article that show this: <br />
{{blockquote|As the high Legends of the beginning are supposed to look at things through Elvish minds, so the middle tale of the Hobbit takes a virtually human point of view – and the last tale blends them.<br />
[...]<br />
These tales are 'new', they are not directly derived from other myths and legends, but they must inevitably contain a large measure of ancient wide-spread motives or elements. After all, I believe that legends and myths are largely made of 'truth', and indeed present aspects of it that can only be received in this mode; and long ago certain truths and modes of this kind were discovered and must always reapper.|{{L|131}}}}<br />
{{blockquote|Actually in the imagination of this story we are now living on a physically round Earth. But the whole 'legendarium' contains a transition from a flat world (or at least an ''οικουμένη'' with borders all about it) to a globe: an inevitable transition, I suppose, to a modern 'myth-maker' with a mind subjected to the same 'appearances' as ancient men, and partly fed on their myths, but taught that the Earth was round from the earliest years. [...]<br />
The particular 'myth' which lies behind this tale, and the mood both of Men and Elves at this time, is the Downfall of Númenor: a special variety of the Atlantis tradition. That seems to me so fundamental to 'mythical history' – whether it has any kind of basis in real history, ''pace'' Saurat and others, is not relevant – that some version of it would have to come in.|{{L|154}}}}<br />
JRRT himself freely called his writings "stories," "legends," and "myths," and to all appearances thought of them as such. Therefore, I can't agree with you that referring to them with the same language he used diminishes them in any way. Additionally, given TG's stated policy of canon neutrality, I believe it is inappropriate to insert statements regarding "canonicity" into an article whose purpose is to document the (considerable) evolution of JRRT's written ideas over time. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 01:24, 13 July 2023 (UTC)<br />
:I've made another revision, this time entirely removing the problematic "legend" terminology and letting JRRT speak in his own words - metatextual stuff gets messy but I hope the quotes make things clear enough. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 02:14, 13 July 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::"''The subject of canonicity is a thorny one, about which TG has had considerable internal debate in the past, but is now very much settled: as [[TG:CANON]] states, "It is not - and can not - be our place to decide what is canon and what is not." (Obviously this applies to the writings of JRRT, not adaptations!) Consequentially, we concern ourselves first and foremost with documenting what the man wrote, and we strive to interact with the question of what "counts" as little as possible.''" - As much as I agree with everything else you said in this post, I can't help but disagree with you on the "it isn't our place to decide what is and isn't canon" part of your argument.<br />
<br />
::For better or worse, each and every editor on TG decides what does or doesn't count as 'canon' whenever they make even a seemingly minor decision while editing, much less creating brand new articles.<br />
<br />
::And also (again, for better or worse), TG is and has been a go-to reference source for a ''whole lot'' of the fandom (my former teenage self included) - so, while the goal of being impartial in regards to 'canon' is admirable (and preferred), it's simply not practicable IMO. See my recent post on the [[Template talk:History of Arda]] (or basically any article with an OVOTL) to get a feel for what I'm talking about. [[User:IvarTheBoneless|IvarTheBoneless]] ([[User talk:IvarTheBoneless|talk]]) 05:50, 13 July 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::"each and every editor on TG decides what does or doesn't count as 'canon' whenever they make even a seemingly minor decision while editing"<br />
:::I don't think that's necessarily true. Someone who goes about trying to enforce a "canon" would act according to a desire to establish this word as "true" and that word as "false." Obviously, when the mood strikes a person to edit one article versus another, that person displays a preference for or interest in that subject, but ideally that person isn't doing that out of a conscious desire to promote any one option among the choices available as "true" and the rest "false."<br />
:::Impartiality is not always possible and often the need to organize the wiki in a usable manner takes precedence. As you point out, we have separate History and OVOTL sections on many pages. However, I see this as a necessary concession to usability for the hypothetical average user. For characters with a lot of history (both Primary and Secondary World), any attempt to assemble a coherent narrative understandable to the average reader demands that sources be separated in some manner.<br />
:::In some articles, such as those about broader concepts - such as [[Orcs/Origin]] - it's possible to take a stand of principled agnosticism and fully present all options on equal terms. I believe the Round vs Flat World topic is of this kind. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 03:49, 14 July 2023 (UTC)</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Round_World_version_of_the_Silmarillion&diff=377062
Talk:Round World version of the Silmarillion
2023-07-13T02:14:38Z
<p>Mord: /* "Legends" and canonicity */ post-edit</p>
<hr />
<div>===Year of emergence===<br />
"This version emerged in writings from 1958-1960"<br />
Are you sure of that ? <br />
<br />
HOME 10 foreword of Ainulindalë : "as will be seen in a moment there is certain evidence that the text C* was in existence by 1948. "<br />
<br />
Should not be "1948-1950" ? {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
:This article is about the revision of the whole Silmarillion that was intended in later writings. Like explained in the article, the Ainulindale C* was an experimental text that was rejected and had no impact in the Legendarium at that moment. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:17, 23 June 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::But the Ainulindalë C*, where the new conception emerged is about 1946-48 it seems, so this conception emerged before 1958. I don't understand why theses dates have been chosen for the "emerge time" {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
::sorry, i'm not from english culture, so may be I don't understand what is really meaning.<br />
<br />
::You can forget my last talk :) {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
:::Nonetheless, the description of this conception (Arda = solar system, no lamps, moon wrought from a piece of earth...) is what we can found in the Ainulindalë C*<br />
<br />
:::I only found one second text where these this other version : the Myths transformed # 2 in the Home 10 (with a brief mention in the fifth).<br />
<br />
:::But the article says : "The Round World version is one of the variants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium, published in the final volume'''S''' of The History of Middle-earth. "<br />
<br />
:::Is there other texts in other HOME ?<br />
<br />
:::If not, it should be more precise to say : "The Round World version is one of the variants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium, treated in the second text of the Myths Transformed, published in the HOME 10"<br />
<br />
:::Shouldn't it ?{{unsignedanon|88.121.55.128}}<br />
<br />
==="Legends" and canonicity===<br />
The subject of canonicity is a thorny one, about which TG has had considerable internal debate in the past, but is now very much settled: as [[TG:CANON]] states, "It is not - and can not - be our place to decide what is canon and what is not." (Obviously this applies to the writings of JRRT, not adaptations!) Consequentially, we concern ourselves first and foremost with documenting what the man wrote, and we strive to interact with the question of what "counts" as little as possible.<br />
<br />
JRRT himself regularly referred to his stories as "legends" and "myths" - as folks who are here to document his work, we can't help but do the same. Here are a few fuller excerpts from the letters referenced in the article that show this: <br />
{{blockquote|As the high Legends of the beginning are supposed to look at things through Elvish minds, so the middle tale of the Hobbit takes a virtually human point of view – and the last tale blends them.<br />
[...]<br />
These tales are 'new', they are not directly derived from other myths and legends, but they must inevitably contain a large measure of ancient wide-spread motives or elements. After all, I believe that legends and myths are largely made of 'truth', and indeed present aspects of it that can only be received in this mode; and long ago certain truths and modes of this kind were discovered and must always reapper.|{{L|131}}}}<br />
{{blockquote|Actually in the imagination of this story we are now living on a physically round Earth. But the whole 'legendarium' contains a transition from a flat world (or at least an ''οικουμένη'' with borders all about it) to a globe: an inevitable transition, I suppose, to a modern 'myth-maker' with a mind subjected to the same 'appearances' as ancient men, and partly fed on their myths, but taught that the Earth was round from the earliest years. [...]<br />
The particular 'myth' which lies behind this tale, and the mood both of Men and Elves at this time, is the Downfall of Númenor: a special variety of the Atlantis tradition. That seems to me so fundamental to 'mythical history' – whether it has any kind of basis in real history, ''pace'' Saurat and others, is not relevant – that some version of it would have to come in.|{{L|154}}}}<br />
JRRT himself freely called his writings "stories," "legends," and "myths," and to all appearances thought of them as such. Therefore, I can't agree with you that referring to them with the same language he used diminishes them in any way. Additionally, given TG's stated policy of canon neutrality, I believe it is inappropriate to insert statements regarding "canonicity" into an article whose purpose is to document the (considerable) evolution of JRRT's written ideas over time. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 01:24, 13 July 2023 (UTC)<br />
:I've made another revision, this time entirely removing the problematic "legend" terminology and letting JRRT speak in his own words - metatextual stuff gets messy but I hope the quotes make things clear enough. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 02:14, 13 July 2023 (UTC)</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Round_World_version_of_the_Silmarillion&diff=377061
Round World version of the Silmarillion
2023-07-13T02:10:48Z
<p>Mord: removed statements about canonicity, replaced potentially confusing statements about "legends" with direct quotations</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Sage - Arda in the Third Age.png|right|250px]]<br />
The '''Round World''' version is one of the variants of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[legendarium]], published in the final volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. In this version, the setting of his legendarium is more scientifically realistic and less mythological: the Earth was always round, and [[Arda]] was the name for the whole solar system instead of just the Earth. <br />
<br />
In the Round World version the [[Sun]] and the [[Moon]] were not the fruit of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]], but actually preceded their creation, and the [[Two Lamps]] which preceded them all in the Flat World cosmology had never truly existed and were instead a subject of Númenórean legend. The significance of the Trees and the [[Silmarils]] was that they preserved the light of the Sun before it was tainted by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] when he ravished [[Arien]]. The Moon in this tale was instead a remnant of the [[First War]] from a time when Melkor sought to destroy all the earth but could not succeed in his attempts, and the Moon is what broke away from Arda in the destruction. However, another tale from this cosmology tells that the Valar wrought the Moon out of the earth to counteract the night when Melkor was most active.<br />
<br />
Similarly, the [[stars]] were not created with the [[Awakening of the Elves]], but the occluding clouds were removed to reveal them, and it wasn't Varda who kindled them, since her power was limited to Arda while the stars were set in [[Eä]].<br />
==History==<br />
Tolkien himself did not believe the earth was flat or had ever been so, but chose to depict the "primeval world" of his legendarium as "flat and bounded" due to his affinity for the myths of "ancient men."<ref>{{L|131}}</ref><ref>{{L|154}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien first experimented writing a round world version of the ''[[Ainulindalë_(Morgoth's_Ring)#Ainulindalë_C*|Ainulindalë]]'' and ''The Fall of Númenor'', in a time before the writing of ''[[The Return of the King]]''. In that draft of the ''Ainulindale'', the [[Sun]] already exists. Having sent both [[Ainulindalë_(Lost_Road)|the "Flat World"]] and the "Round World" versions to Katherine Ferrar in [[1948]], she replied that she preferred the old version better because "The hope of Heaven is the only thing which makes modern astronomy tolerable: otherwise there must be an East and a West and Walls: aims and choices and not an endless circle of wandering". Christopher Tolkien guesses that her commentary influenced his father to return to the flat-earth model, but he didn't totally abandon it.<ref>{{MR|P1f}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Drowning}}</ref><br />
<br />
References to the seas being first "bent" after the Fall of Númenor, to the "Sunless Years," and to the trolls of the Twilight survived in ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="house">{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref><ref>{{App|Other}}</ref> However, these may be interpreted as statements made by characters which reflect their own understanding of their world, rather than authorial declarations of objective fact.<br />
<br />
The Round World mythology emerged again in writings between 1958-1960, but it was never developed beyond the stage of drafting and Tolkien didn't continue the revisions. Thus the Flat World version was chosen by [[Christopher Tolkien]] for the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<ref>{{MR|Myths}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Towards the end of his life, Tolkien put forth an alternative which permitted Arda to have been round for the whole history of the [[Secondary World]] without rewriting the existing tales. He recharacterized the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' as a compilation of "traditions... handed on by ''Men'' [...] ''blended and confused with their own Mannish myths and cosmic ideas.''"<ref>{{MR|P5I}}, p. 373</ref> <br />
<br />
In this late view of Tolkien's, "nearly all the matter of ''The Silmarillion'' is contained in myths and legends that have passed through Men's hands and minds, and are (in many points) plainly influenced by contact and confusion with the myths, theories, and legends of Men."<ref>{{PM|XIII}}, Note 17, p. 390</ref> Thus, there would be no need for readers in the [[Primary World]] or even characters within the [[Secondary World]] to accept the story of the reshaping of the world as "geologically or astronomically 'true.'"<ref>{{L|325}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Cosmology]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Secondary_World&diff=377060
Secondary World
2023-07-13T02:09:49Z
<p>Mord: Redirected page to Secondary world</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Secondary world]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mord&diff=377059
User talk:Mord
2023-07-13T01:24:27Z
<p>Mord: see full reply on article Talk page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Mord}}<br />
<br />
-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 12:15, 25 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== User name Mord ==<br />
Are you aware that your user name means "murder" (i.e. the crime) in german? {{unsigned|Akhorahil}}<br />
:So I have been told, yes, but I assure you the similarity is coincidental. :) The original derivation is from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordred#Name Mordred], son of King Arthur, but shortened from long use as an online handle. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 07:53, 27 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
::Don't worry, my name means many awful things in various languages, cannot be avoided existing so many different languages. But in Tolkien's early Gnomish, ''mord'' was the word for 'man, warrior'. --Tik 08:42, 28 November 2020 (UTC)<br />
==Fourth Age==<br />
Hi, I am sorry but I reverted your recent edits on the Fourth Age articles because they were incorrect. The mention of the SR 1952 exists already in the earlier editions and it is not a matter of the 50th Anniv edition as you say in your edits. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 18:56, 4 December 2020 (UTC)<br />
:On closer inspection, you are correct. That's what I get for thinking I found a eureka moment at 3AM... --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 20:57, 4 December 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==About Finduilas==<br />
Finduilas was an adult, as she was betrothed to [[Gwindor]], and most probably she chosed to stay in Nargothrond till she had news from him, or even till he came back, as eventually happened. Or maybe she just stayed there supporting his father (I always imagine Orodreth with low morale). Good question, I had never thought about it. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 10:48, 5 December 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Massive essay incoming... my apologies for the length; but I wanted to get my thoughts out. Reading is always optional. :)<br />
<br />
:I agree with your assessment: I do think Finduilas was an adult in the Dagor Bragollach and the elder sister of Gil-galad. However, I don't think I can prove that.<br />
{{blockquote|Children of Men might reach their full height '''[Ed: roughly 20?]''' while Eldar of the same age were still in body like to mortals of no more than seven years. Not until the fiftieth year did the Eldar attain the stature and shape in which their lives would afterwards endure, and for some a hundred years would pass before they were full-grown.]<br>The Eldar wedded for the most part in their youth and '''soon after their fiftieth year'''.<br>[...]<br>Those who would afterwards become wedded might choose one another early in youth, even as children (and indeed this happened often in days of peace); but unless they desired soon to be married and were of fitting age, the betrothal awaited the judgement of the parents of either party.<br>[...]<br>According to the laws of the Eldar this betrothal was bound then to stand for '''one year at least, and it often stood for longer.'''<br>[...]<br>But at whatever age they married, their children were born within a short space of years after their wedding.*<br>* Short as the Eldar reckoned time. In mortal count there was often a long interval between the wedding and the first child-birth, and even longer between child and child. |[[Morgoth's Ring|Laws and Customs among the Eldar]]}}<br />
<br />
:In light of that info about the Elven life cycle, the timeline of known events in Orodreth, Gil-galad, and Finduilas' lives (as gathered from the [[Silmarillion]] and [[The Grey Annals]] is as follows:<br />
*''Unknown, unlikely later than Y.T. 1490:'' Birth of Orodreth.<br />
*{{YT|1495}}: Orodreth, presumably an adult (at least 50 Years of the Sun AKA ~5.25 Years of the Trees), accompanies his father Angrod across the Helcaraxë in the Flight of the Noldor. His mother does not come with them.<br />
*''Unknown, unlikely earlier than {{FA|20}}:'' Orodreth betrothed to his unnamed Sinda wife, perhaps meeting at the [[Mereth Aderthad]]. The couple may dwell in Dorthonion with Orodreth's father Angrod or somewhere in West Beleriand with Finrod. If the couple were betrothed in F.A. 20:<br />
**F.A. 21: the earliest possible year of Orodreth's marriage<br />
**F.A. 22: the earliest possible year of Finduilas' birth<br />
*{{FA|52}}: Finrod begins the delving of Nargothrond.<br />
*{{FA|60}}: Dagor Aglareb; construction of Minas Tirith.<br />
*{{FA|102}}: Completion of Nargothrond; Finrod leaves Minas Tirith in keeping of Orodreth.<br />
*{{FA|455}}: Dagor Bragollach; deaths of Angrod and Aegnor; fall of Dorthonion.<br />
*{{FA|456}}: Gil-galad's father sends him to Círdan at the Falas for protection. (Note - this event was written in a draft in which Gil-galad is the "young son" of Fingon and connects the sending with the death of Fingolfin and succession of Fingon.)<br />
*{{FA|457}}: Fall of Minas Tirith to Sauron; Orodreth removes to Nargothrond.<br />
*{{FA|465}}: Death of Finrod; Tol-in-Gaurhoth destroyed; Orodreth becomes King of Nargothrond.<br />
*{{FA|472}}: Latest possible betrothal of Finduilas to Gwindor; Nirnaeth Arnoediad; Gwindor captured by Morgoth.<br />
*{{FA|490}}: Gwindor escapes Morgoth and brings Túrin to Nargothrond.<br />
*{{FA|495}}: Fall of Nargothrond; death of Finduilas.<br />
<br />
:Also in 495, there's a very interesting passage from the Silmarillion:<br />
{{blockquote|Now it came to pass, when four hundred and ninety-five years had passed since the rising of the Moon, in the spring of the year, there came to Nargothrond two Elves, named Gelmir and Arminas; they were of Angrod’s people, but since the Dagor Bragollach they dwelt in the south with Círdan the Shipwright. From their far journeys they brought tidings of a great mustering of Orcs and evil creatures under the eaves of Ered Wethrin and in the Pass of Sirion; and they told also that Ulmo had come to Círdan, giving warning that great peril drew nigh to Nargothrond.<br>‘Hear the words of the Lord of Waters!’ said they to the King. ‘Thus he spoke to Círdan the Shipwright: “The Evil of the North has defiled the springs of Sirion, and my power withdraws from the fingers of the flowing waters. But a worse thing is yet to come forth. Say therefore to the Lord of Nargothrond: Shut the doors of the fortress and go not abroad. Cast the stones of your pride into the loud river, that the creeping evil may not find the gate.”’<br>Orodreth was troubled by the dark words of the messengers, but Túrin would by no means hearken to these counsels, and least of all would he suffer the great bridge to be cast down; for he was become proud and stern, and would order all things as he wished.}}<br />
:This establishes that there were many of Angrod's people (and presumably also Aegnor's) who had gone to the Falas rather than Nargothrond, so if indeed Orodreth had chosen to send Gil-galad to Brithombar or Eglarest rather than Nargothrond, he would have gone in the company of kin of the House of Finarfin and indeed the House of Angrod. So, it is much less remarkable that Orodreth would send away his young son to the Falas rather than bring him to Nargothrond, even though Nargothrond was at that time still secret and safe. So that actually answers some of my questions regarding why Orodreth would even send Gil-galad away in the first place.<br />
<br />
:Anyway, past that, what can we prove and what inferences can we make?<br />
<br />
:Gil-galad is a "young son" in need of protection in F.A. 456, meaning that he must be under 100 years old, almost certainly under 50 years. It's possible that Gil-galad was conceived in FA. 455 prior to the Dagor Bragollach and is literally a newborn at the time he is sent to the Falas, but to my mind it seems more likely that an Elf would be called a "young son" between the ages of 20 and 50 years. So at the absolute maximum ends of the range, Gil-galad would have been born between '''F.A. 406 and F.A. 456'''. I consider it most likely that he was born between F.A. 416 and F.A. 436, probably closer to the younger end of that range.<br />
<br />
:As for Finduilas, basically the only firm date we have for her is that she was old enough to be formally and publicly betrothed at the time Gwindor left for the Nirnaeth Arnoediad, suggesting she was at least 50 years old in F.A. 472 (but possibly much older). If Orodreth and his wife were betrothed in F.A. 20, Finduilas has a possible range of birth dates between '''F.A. 22 and F.A. 422'''.<br />
<br />
:Placing Orodreth's marriage in the timeline offers difficulties whether early or late in the First Age - '''if Orodreth married early''', we would expect all his children to be born shortly thereafter and thus wonder: why did Orodreth and his wife delay in having children so long after their marriage; or if Finduilas were born shortly after her parents' marriage, why did Finduilas wait until so late in her own life to be betrothed to Gwindor, and why there is such a large gap between the births of Finduilas and Gil-galad? '''If Orodreth married late''', that moots any questions related to the timing of the births of his children, but it must then be considered why he himself married so late in life. <br />
<br />
:Based on all previous evidence, the earliest possible birth of Gil-galad in F.A. 406 is before the latest possible birth of Finduilas in F.A. 422 which would heighten the contradiction of Orodreth sending Gil-galad to safety but not Finduilas in F.A. 456; Gil-galad could have been near adulthood while Finduilas could have been only 34. <br />
<br />
:If we suppose (and indeed, this would be an assumption without evidence) that Finduilas was rather an adult at the time of the Dagor Bragollach and thus not in need of special protection, that would make her latest possible birth year F.A. 405 rather than 422. However, there is no reason this '''has''' to have been the case - a birth year of 422 would make Finduilas a child of 33 years at the Dagor Bragollach, and still a young adult of 50 years at the time we know her to have been betrothed to Gwindor.<br />
<br />
:As you say, it is possible that Finduilas and Gwindor were betrothed at the time of the Dagor Bragollach, which would explain her unwillingness to fly to the Havens and mean that their betrothal lasted for 17 years or more prior to the Nirnaeth Arnoediad. Tolkien explicitly calls out the possibility that betrothals could stand for longer than one year, though 17 years seems remarkably excessive; you could counter that by considering the period between the Dagor Bragollach and Nirnaeth Arnoediad to be a "time of war," and the Eldar do not marry during such.<br />
<br />
:But all these are possibilities, hypotheticals, and "what ifs." We don't '''know''' whether Gil-galad or Finduilas is the elder sibling. Likewise, we don't '''know''' that Finduilas was an adult at the time of the Dagor Bragollach. We also don't '''know''' when Finduilas became engaged to Gwindor. <br />
<br />
:I consider it most likely that Finduilas is indeed the elder sister of Gil-galad and that she was an adult at the time of the Dagor Bragollach, whether or not she was engaged to Gwindor at that time. If I had to bet, I would place Finduilas' birth in the range '''F.A. 385 - 405''' and Gil-galad's birth in the range '''F.A. 416 - 436'''. I would place Orodreth's marriage sometime during the Siege of Angband, in the mid to late 300s. (That means he would have married about 350 years later in life than might be usual, but I think it's more likely for him to have married late than for him to have married early and gone for centuries without offspring.)<br />
<br />
:I concur with your notion that Orodreth would be someone with "low morale" - he seems to have spent his life getting bossed around and bullied by others... He did not found his own realm in Beleriand and instead passively received Finrod's old castle as a gift; Sauron drove him and his people from their home mainly by fear rather than force; Celegorm and Curufin usurped the mastery of Nargothrond from him and he had enough willpower neither to drive them out himself nor to punish them after the people turned against them; Túrin commanded Nargothrond to suit his pleasure even when Orodreth wanted to heed the warning of Ulmo regarding the bridge. Poor Orodreth really does seem like the black sheep of the House of Finarfin. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 04:26, 7 December 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Sorry, I posposed to read this and then I forgot. It is a nice essay. I disagree with some things tho. We concur that Finduilas was born before Gil-galad (btw, this should be fixed in the Genealogy section of some articles). <br />
<br />
::The main point to everything: do we even know if Finduilas was even born in Beleriand? Maybe I missed something explicit against it, but she could easily be born in Valinor before the Exile (probably being a child when this happened, as she would be the only known exile of the fourth generation). This would solve the problem of Orodreth being married so late: he was already married to his anonymous wife (it's funny that we know the names of the Noldorin wives that remain in Valinor but not of this one). This would also explain the birth of Gil-galad: the Elves did not marry or had children during war times (as explained in ''Laws and Customs among the Eldar''), so Orodreth and his wife could have make a reproduction break during the first centuries of the First Age. However, surely a realm like Nargothrond during the [[Long Peace]] would invite Elvish breeding (this is clearly seen in Gondolin), so Gil-galad could be product of the relative confidence. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:31, 2 February 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Aaand... I forgot Orodreth married a Sindarin lady. Forgot what I said. Must check the sources. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:36, 2 February 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Orc origin controversy == <br />
<br />
Both Morgoth's Ring and Nature of Middle Earth mention the possibility of Sauron's involvement in the breeding of Orc-kind - Sauron is credited as having made them in mockery of Men according to an idea of Morgoth. Therefore I thought to add that possibility to the page, given it appears in the late writings of J.R.R. Tolkien and is mentioned in more than one source. No need to write comments in edits that seem to suggest your looking down on at least some users. But if we're at it, I was not about to simply immediately agree with someone who doesn't always necessarily do all their research (from what I remember on the Sauron article). You're not an admin and not necessarily with more knowledge than me. But since I don't like edit wars or to keep others from editing articles that really need editing, there's always a talk page in articles to discuss this stuff. I'll ask on the talk page if my point on Sauron's part in Orc-making is deemed valid and until then we'll leave your edit. I think it sounds fair enough. --[[User:LordoftheEarth|LordoftheEarth]] ([[User talk:LordoftheEarth|talk]]) 12:51, 19 September 2022 (UTC)<br />
:Yes, some sources mention the possibility of Sauron's involvement in the genesis of the Orcs - but not all. The [[Orcs/Origin]] article exists in order to deal fairly and neutrally with the issue, giving each source the full attention it deserves without putting TG editors in the position of deciding what is canon (q.v. [[TG:CANON]]).<br />
:As for edit summaries: people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones. You came out swinging with a catty call-out - about an issue about which you were wrong, no less - and now you feign offense. May I suggest you treat others as you would like to be treated and perhaps familiarize yourself with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith WP:GOODFAITH]? --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 23:07, 19 September 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== "Legends" and canonicity == <br />
Hi <br />
<br />
Thanks for the edits to the Round World page. My only concern about the Wording of the page is that the term "legends" could be misunderstood to denote something which isn't canon but that's not what it means in relation to Tolkiens' work. <br />
<br />
This part in particular comes over as ambigious "<ins> the tales may be understood to contain a germ of truth, embellished in literary tradition" </ins><br />
<br />
Since it appears to suggest "Legends" somehow have a lesser place in Tolkien's work, when it is all Legends. [[User:English Lady|English Lady]] ([[User talk:English Lady|talk]]) 20:53, 12 July 2023 (UTC)<br />
:I appreciate your concern! Please see my full reply on the article Talk page. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 01:24, 13 July 2023 (UTC)</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Round_World_version_of_the_Silmarillion&diff=377058
Talk:Round World version of the Silmarillion
2023-07-13T01:24:07Z
<p>Mord: statement re: canon policy, use of word "legend"</p>
<hr />
<div>===Year of emergence===<br />
"This version emerged in writings from 1958-1960"<br />
Are you sure of that ? <br />
<br />
HOME 10 foreword of Ainulindalë : "as will be seen in a moment there is certain evidence that the text C* was in existence by 1948. "<br />
<br />
Should not be "1948-1950" ? {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
:This article is about the revision of the whole Silmarillion that was intended in later writings. Like explained in the article, the Ainulindale C* was an experimental text that was rejected and had no impact in the Legendarium at that moment. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 15:17, 23 June 2020 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::But the Ainulindalë C*, where the new conception emerged is about 1946-48 it seems, so this conception emerged before 1958. I don't understand why theses dates have been chosen for the "emerge time" {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
::sorry, i'm not from english culture, so may be I don't understand what is really meaning.<br />
<br />
::You can forget my last talk :) {{unsigned|Erendis}}<br />
<br />
:::Nonetheless, the description of this conception (Arda = solar system, no lamps, moon wrought from a piece of earth...) is what we can found in the Ainulindalë C*<br />
<br />
:::I only found one second text where these this other version : the Myths transformed # 2 in the Home 10 (with a brief mention in the fifth).<br />
<br />
:::But the article says : "The Round World version is one of the variants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium, published in the final volume'''S''' of The History of Middle-earth. "<br />
<br />
:::Is there other texts in other HOME ?<br />
<br />
:::If not, it should be more precise to say : "The Round World version is one of the variants of J.R.R. Tolkien's Legendarium, treated in the second text of the Myths Transformed, published in the HOME 10"<br />
<br />
:::Shouldn't it ?{{unsignedanon|88.121.55.128}}<br />
<br />
==="Legends" and canonicity===<br />
The subject of canonicity is a thorny one, about which TG has had considerable internal debate in the past, but is now very much settled: as [[TG:CANON]] states, "It is not - and can not - be our place to decide what is canon and what is not." (Obviously this applies to the writings of JRRT, not adaptations!) Consequentially, we concern ourselves first and foremost with documenting what the man wrote, and we strive to interact with the question of what "counts" as little as possible.<br />
<br />
JRRT himself regularly referred to his stories as "legends" and "myths" - as folks who are here to document his work, we can't help but do the same. Here are a few fuller excerpts from the letters referenced in the article that show this: <br />
{{blockquote|As the high Legends of the beginning are supposed to look at things through Elvish minds, so the middle tale of the Hobbit takes a virtually human point of view – and the last tale blends them.<br />
[...]<br />
These tales are 'new', they are not directly derived from other myths and legends, but they must inevitably contain a large measure of ancient wide-spread motives or elements. After all, I believe that legends and myths are largely made of 'truth', and indeed present aspects of it that can only be received in this mode; and long ago certain truths and modes of this kind were discovered and must always reapper.|{{L|131}}}}<br />
{{blockquote|Actually in the imagination of this story we are now living on a physically round Earth. But the whole 'legendarium' contains a transition from a flat world (or at least an ''οικουμένη'' with borders all about it) to a globe: an inevitable transition, I suppose, to a modern 'myth-maker' with a mind subjected to the same 'appearances' as ancient men, and partly fed on their myths, but taught that the Earth was round from the earliest years. [...]<br />
The particular 'myth' which lies behind this tale, and the mood both of Men and Elves at this time, is the Downfall of Númenor: a special variety of the Atlantis tradition. That seems to me so fundamental to 'mythical history' – whether it has any kind of basis in real history, ''pace'' Saurat and others, is not relevant – that some version of it would have to come in.|{{L|154}}}}<br />
JRRT himself freely called his writings "stories," "legends," and "myths," and to all appearances thought of them as such. Therefore, I can't agree with you that referring to them with the same language he used diminishes them in any way. Additionally, given TG's stated policy of canon neutrality, I believe it is inappropriate to insert statements regarding "canonicity" into an article whose purpose is to document the (considerable) evolution of JRRT's written ideas over time. --[[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 01:24, 13 July 2023 (UTC)</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Round_World_version_of_the_Silmarillion&diff=376975
Round World version of the Silmarillion
2023-07-12T04:36:43Z
<p>Mord: Tolkien's late reimagining of the Flat World as legendary *within the legendarium* affirmed the truth of the Round World *within the legendarium*, not IRL. Added references.</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Sage - Arda in the Third Age.png|right|250px]]<br />
The '''Round World''' version is one of the variants of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]'s [[legendarium]], published in the final volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''. In this version, the setting of his legendarium is more scientifically realistic and less mythological: the Earth was always round, and [[Arda]] was the name for the whole solar system instead of just the Earth. <br />
<br />
In the Round World version the [[Sun]] and the [[Moon]] were not the fruit of the [[Two Trees of Valinor|Two Trees]], but actually preceded their creation, and the [[Two Lamps]] which preceded them all in the Flat World cosmology had never truly existed and were instead a subject of Númenórean legend. The significance of the Trees and the [[Silmarils]] was that they preserved the light of the Sun before it was tainted by [[Morgoth|Melkor]] when he ravished [[Arien]]. The Moon in this tale was instead a remnant of the [[First War]] from a time when Melkor sought to destroy all the earth but could not succeed in his attempts, and the Moon is what broke away from Arda in the destruction. However, another tale from this cosmology tells that the Valar wrought the Moon out of the earth to counteract the night when Melkor was most active.<br />
<br />
Similarly, the [[stars]] were not created with the [[Awakening of the Elves]], but the occluding clouds were removed to reveal them, and it wasn't Varda who kindled them, since her power was limited to Arda while the stars were set in [[Eä]].<br />
==History==<br />
Tolkien himself did not believe the earth was flat or had ever been so, but chose to depict the "primeval world" of his legendarium as "flat and bounded" due to his affinity for the myths of "ancient men."<ref>{{L|131}}</ref><ref>{{L|154}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien first experimented writing a round world version of the ''[[Ainulindalë_(Morgoth's_Ring)#Ainulindalë_C*|Ainulindalë]]'' and ''The Fall of Númenor'', in a time before the writing of ''[[The Return of the King]]''. In that draft of the ''Ainulindale'', the [[Sun]] already exists. Having sent both [[Ainulindalë_(Lost_Road)|the "Flat World"]] and the "Round World" versions to Katherine Ferrar in [[1948]], she replied that she preferred the old version better because "The hope of Heaven is the only thing which makes modern astronomy tolerable: otherwise there must be an East and a West and Walls: aims and choices and not an endless circle of wandering". Christopher Tolkien guesses that her commentary influenced his father to return to the flat-earth model, but he didn't totally abandon it.<ref>{{MR|P1f}}</ref><ref>{{SD|Drowning}}</ref><br />
<br />
References to the seas being first "bent" after the Fall of Númenor, to the "Sunless Years," and to the trolls of the Twilight survived in ''The Lord of the Rings''.<ref name="house">{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><ref>{{App|Eriador}}</ref><ref>{{FR|Three}}</ref><ref>{{App|Other}}</ref> However, these may be interpreted as statements made by characters which reflect their own understanding of their world, rather than authorial declarations of objective fact.<br />
<br />
The Round World mythology emerged again in writings between 1958-1960, but it was never developed beyond the stage of drafting and Tolkien didn't continue the revisions. Thus the Flat World version was chosen by [[Christopher Tolkien]] for the published ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<ref>{{MR|Myths}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Towards the end of his life, Tolkien gave an explanation which affirmed the truth of the Round World version within the legendarium and did not require him to rewrite the tales to reflect this. He recharacterized the tales and histories of the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]'' as legends, chiefly those of Men but blended with those of the Sindar, rather than as objective historical and scientific facts.<ref>{{PM|XI}}, Note 17</ref><ref>{{PM|XIII}}, Note 17</ref> From the perspective of a character within the legendarium, the tales may be understood to contain a germ of truth, embellished in literary tradition, but there is no need to accept the story of the reshaping of the world as "geologically or astronomically 'true.'"<ref>{{L|325}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Cosmology]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth&diff=376431
The Atlas of Middle-earth
2023-07-05T05:35:18Z
<p>Mord: /* Translated editions */ capitalization</p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
|title=The Atlas of Middle-Earth<br />
|image=[[Image:The Atlas of Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]<br />
|author=[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]]<br />
|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]<br />
|date=[[29 May]] [[1981]]<br/>1991 (revised edition)<br />
|format=Paperback<br />
|pages=210<br />
|noisbn=0395286654 (1981 first edition)<br />
0395535166 (1991 revised edition)<br />
0618126996 (2001 reprint, pictured)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Atlas of Middle-earth''''' by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] is an atlas of various lands in [[Arda]]. It includes specific maps for ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', for which it is intended as a reading companion.<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
The maps are treated as if they are of real landscapes, and are drawn according to the same rules that a real atlas is drawn: for each area the history of the land is taken into account, as well as geography on a larger scale and from there maps are drawn. Discussion includes suggestions as to the geology that could explain various formations, and points that are contradictory between multiple accounts.<br />
<br />
City maps and floor plans for important buildings are also included; these are very often useful for making sense of the narratives, especially in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As well, many battles such as [[Battles of Beleriand|those]] of [[Beleriand]], the [[Last Alliance]] and the [[War of the Ring]] are illustrated.<br />
<br />
The book was published in [[1981]], but in [[1991]] a revised and updated version was published, which took information from ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' into account. In [[2001]], the publishers issued a reprint of the 1991 revised edition with a new cover (pictured) but identical contents.<br />
<br />
Fonstad also made a bold attempt to fill the gaps by using early conceptual work, mainly from ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' and the ''[[Ambarkanta]]'', combining the later known maps with the sketches used by Tolkien to provide "world maps" of [[Arda]] in its entirety and show [[Aman]], [[Beleriand]]'s position relative to [[Eriador]], and the place of [[Númenor]] in the Sea.<br />
<br />
It was, however, published before the final three volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', and thus some maps are based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early works, which were revised in later writings.<br />
<br />
==Errors and criticism==<br />
Despite being a thoroughly researched and well-respected reference book, the ''Atlas'' is known to contain several errors. However, a number of these were corrected in the revised edition, as noted below.<br />
<br />
===Inconsistencies with earlier publications===<br />
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Grey Mountains (ancient)|Grey Mountains]] are shown in western [[Haradwaith]] south of the [[Great Gulf]] rather than in the [[Dark Land|Southlands]].<ref>{{SM|5b}} p. 239</ref><br />
*Page 13: Nogrod is shown north of Belegost, and both south of Mount Dolmed. ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' states that Belegost was "to the north of the great height of Mount Dolmed" and that Nogrod was the more southerly of the two.<ref>{{S|10}}</ref><br />
*Pages 39 and 88: On both pages, [[Drúwaith Iaur]] is shown north of the [[Ered Nimrais]] and south of the [[Angren]], and on page 39 extending east below the [[Adorn]]. In the Unfinished Tales map, Drúwaith Iaur is in the narrow area between the ocean and the southern Ered Nimrais, south of the mouth of the [[Angren]].<ref>{{UT|Index}}, "Map"</ref><br />
*Page 71: [[Hardbottle]] is shown in the [[Southfarthing]] rather than the [[Northfarthing]].<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 771</ref> Sackville, shown in the Southfarthing, is entirely invented (compare the [[Sackville Family]]).<br />
*Page 89: [[Tarnost]] is shown as a city separate from [[Ethring]] though it may be a discarded name for the latter from early drafts.<ref>{{HM|AoL}}, p. 139</ref><br />
*Pages 92 and 93: [[Lithlad]] is shown in the south of [[Mordor]] rather than the northeast.<br />
*Page 99: It is written that Bilbo gave the Arkenstone to the Elvenking and Bard on 22 November, then Dáin arrived in the early morning on 23 November. In ''The Hobbit'', [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] gave away the [[Arkenstone]] and then returned before midnight to wake up Bombur.<ref>{{H|Thief}}</ref> The next day, there was a new parley, it was revealed that the Elves and Men had the Arkenstone, and [[Thorin|Thorin]] expelled Bilbo from the [[Lonely Mountain]]. On the ''next'' morning, Dáin arrived.<ref name="Burst">{{H|Burst}}</ref> Fonstad's timeline has Dáin arrive in one day, while the text of ''The Hobbit'' has him arrive in two days. Either Dáin must have arrived on 24 November or Bilbo must have handed over the Arkenstone late on 21 November.<br />
*Page 106: In ''The Hobbit'', when the Dwarves saw a fire off in the woods, "The light was ahead of them and to the ''left'' of the path".<ref>{{H|Flies}}</ref> In Fonstad's map, the Dwarves left the path to the right. ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''<br />
*Page 125: [[Combe]] is shown laying to the northwest of [[Staddle]] on the east side of the [[Bree-hill]], while in fact Combe should lie a little east of Staddle's location.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Inconsistencies with later publications===<br />
Both the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'' were written before the final three volumes of [[The History of Middle-earth]] were published, so at certain points it is contradicted by this later material. [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], which was published between the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'', is not taken into account in the revision.<br />
*Page viii: [[Middle-earth]] dominates much of the northern hemisphere of [[Arda]] [[Changing of the World|made round]], with [[Forochel]] being high in the polar regions of the world and [[Umbar]] laying more than halfway southward between the northern pole and the [[Girdle of Arda|equator]].<br />
**In [[Letter 294]], Tolkien confirms that [[Hobbiton]] is intended to be at the latitude of [[wikipedia:Oxford|Oxford]], with [[Minas Tirith]] 600 miles south being near to the latitude of [[wikipedia:Florence|Florence]]. With this information, it is clear that Middle-earth would be hardly as large as it appears on the ''Atlas'' map of a round Arda.<br />
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Sea of Helcar]] is seen to cover the area of future [[Mordor]], [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]], and the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] are shown as its remnants.<br />
**In ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', there are references to the Sea of Rhûn existing in the [[First Age]], as well as the forest to its northeast and the hills to its southwest, indicating that it must be separate from the Sea of Helcar.<br />
*Pages 38 and 39: The western shores of [[Lindon]] and the [[Ethir Anduin]] are shown to exist in the [[Second Age]] of the world as they did in the [[Third Age]].<br />
**''The Peoples of Middle-earth'' tells that during the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]], Lindon lost much land to the advancing shores, while the eastern and southern portions of the [[Bay of Belfalas]] retreated back, putting the city of [[Pelargir]], which had been only a few miles from the coast, much farther inland.<br />
* The [[Little Lune]] river appears on many maps but is never labeled, because its name was first published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref>{{PM|Atani}} p.313</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Internal inconsistencies===<br />
*Pages 12 and 53: [[Dorthonion]] and [[Himring]] are slightly above parallel J, but [[Tol Fuin]] and [[Himling]] are shown further north, above parallel I.<br />
*Pages 38 and 41: [[Belegost]] has been moved 150 miles further south than previously shown to the middle of the southern [[Blue Mountains]].<br />
*Pages 53, 76, and 80: On page 53, [[Rhosgobel]] is located near the border of [[Mirkwood]] well ''south'' of the [[Old Forest Road]], due east of [[Moria]]. On pages 76 and 80, Rhosgobel is still at the edge of the forest, but ''north'' of the Old Forest Road. One or the other location should have been used, not both.<br />
**In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', it is stated that in December of [[TA|TA3019]], scouts "had climbed the pass at the source of the [[Gladden River]], and had come down into [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]] and over the [[Gladden Fields]] and so at length had reached the old home of [[Radagast]] at Rhosgobel", which supports the page 53 location.<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> <br />
**In ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] states that Rhosgobel was "in the forest borders between the [[Carrock]] and the Old Forest Road".<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note 4</ref><br />
*Pages 89 and 210: In the map on p.89, [[Tarnost]] is located in Q-34, but the "Index of Selected Place Names" on p.210 places it at R-35.<br />
*Pages 97 and 200: In the text of p.97, Fonstad refers to the book ''[[Journeys of Frodo]]'' by Barbara Strachey, but there is no reference to this work in "Selected References" on pp. 200-201.<br />
*Page 144: In the upper-right inset, the cleft of the brazen gate (which appears in the upper-left inset) is not depicted.<br />
*Pages 205 and 209: The index entry "Grey Mountains" is a mix of references to the "[[Grey Mountains]]" (or Ered Mithrin, located at coordinates I-35) and the "[[Grey Mountains_(ancient)|Grey Mountains (of the South)]]" (located at coordinates V/Zh-30). Additionally, the index entry "[[Grey Mountains_(ancient)|Grey Mountains (of the South)]]" is incomplete. A more complete and accurate list of maps on which each set of Grey Mountains appear and are labeled is as follows (they appear unlabeled on many more):<br />
**Northern: pp. 53, 65, 76, 80 <br />
**Southern: pp. 2, 4, 38<br />
<br />
===Typographical errors===<br />
*Page 2: [[Mountains of the Wind|Mts. of the Wind]] is written as "Mts. of the World".<br />
*Page 2: [[Sea of Ringil]] is written as "Sea of Ringol".<br />
*Page 7: [[Ezellohar]] is written as "Ezollahar". [[Ilmarin]] is written as "Ilmaren". [[Tol Eressëa|Eressëa]] is written as "Erresëa". [[Hyarmentir]] is written as "Hyamentir".<br />
*Pages 6 and 38: [[Avallónë]] is written as "Avalónnë" and "Avalonnë" respectively.<br />
*Pages 7 and 38: [[Alqualondë]] is written as "Aqualondë" and "Aqualóndë", respectively.<br />
*Page 13: [[Gabilgathol]] is written as "Gabilgathod".<br />
*Page 53: [[Caras Galadhon]] is written as "Caras Galadon".<br />
*Page 58 : River [[Lhûn|Lune]] is written "River Lûne".<br />
*Page 71: [[Tuckborough]] is written as "Tuckburrow".<br />
*Page 113: [[Bolg]] is written as "Borg".<ref name="Burst"/> ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''<br />
*Page 135: [[Methedras]] is written as "Mathedras".<br />
*Page 148: [[Gamling|Gamling the Old]] is written as "Gambling the Old".<br />
*Pages 189 and 190: [[Khuzdul]], the language of the [[Dwarves]], is labeled as "[[Khazâd]]".<br />
<br />
===Use of early sources===<br />
Fonstad uses early names from the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One|Book of Lost Tales]]'' era of Tolkien's development of the [[legendarium]] for some locations, particularly in [[Aman]] and [[Tol Eressëa]].<br />
<br />
In [[Aman]], Fonstad identifies the place where [[Mandos]] delivered the [[Doom of the Noldor]] with the early name "[[Hanstovánen]]" rather than [[Araman]]. She also describes various dwellings of the [[Valar]] in [[Valinor]]. In the Second Age map of [[Tol Eressëa]], she uses the early names [[Tavrobel]] and [[Kortirion]], rather than the later names "Tathrobel" and "Cortirion" for the same places.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}</ref> In the map of [[Gondolin]], she identifies several landmarks that are only said to exist in the earliest works.<br />
<br />
Incorporation of these names and places on equal footing with those from later in the legendarium's evolution is questionable, but Fonstad seems to have been aware of the potential issues and explicitly notes in the accompanying text the speculative nature of the maps of the Undying Lands.<br />
<br />
===="Dor Daidelos"====<br />
One clear error relating to use of early materials appears on the maps of the far north of Beleriand in the First Age printed on pages 4, 5, and 15. In the ''Atlas'', the lands at the foot of [[Thangorodrim]] are labeled "[[Dor Daedeloth]] (Land of Shadow Horror)" on various maps, while the wide region north of the [[Ered Engrin]] is labeled "Dor Daidelos (Region of Everlasting Cold)" (the p.15 map uses "Regions" plural). <br />
<br />
However, the published ''Silmarillion'' uses "Dor Daedeloth" (Land of the Shadow of Horror) as the name for the northern lands under the control of Morgoth without distinguishing the regions north and south of the mountains.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Dor Daedeloth"</ref> The name "Daidelos" for the lands north of the Ered Engrin was used only on Ambarkanta Map V; in other draft material this was changed or corrected variously to "Dor-na-Dhaideloth ('Sky-roof')," "Daideloth ('High plain')," "Dor-Daidelos," "Dor-Daedeloth," and, ultimately, "Dor Daedeloth" as it appears in the published ''Silmarillion''.<ref>{{SM|Index}}, entry "Dor-Daideloth"</ref> It seems clear from this documented evolutionary process that Tolkien intended "Dor Daedeloth" to be equivalent to, and a replacement of, the earlier term "Daidelos," not for the two to be separate coexisting regions. <br />
<br />
As such, the label "Dor Daidelos" is in error in three ways: First, the lands north of the Ered Engrin should share the name "Dor Daedeloth" with the lands in the shadow of Thangorodrim to the south. Second, the spelling "Dor Daidelos," unhyphenated, never appears in any primary source material. Third, the translation "Region(s) of Everlasting Cold" is entirely unattested and appears to be Fonstad's own invention.<br />
<br />
== Translated editions ==<br />
* ''Atlas de la Tierra Media'' (Spanish), editor Timun Mas Narrativa, 1993.<br />
* ''L'atlante della Terra-di-mezzo di Tolkien'' (Italian), editor Rusconi Libri, 1997, translated by Isabella Murro.<br />
* ''Historischer Atlas von Mittelerde'' (German), editor Klett-Cotta, translated by Hans J. Schütz. The first german edition was published in 2001.<br />
* ''Atlas Śródziemia'' (Polish), editor Wydawnictwo Amber, 2016, translated by Tadeusz Andrzej Olszański.<br />
* ''Középfölde atlasza'' (Hungarian), editor Cicero, 2017, translated by Gabriella Buki, Tamás Füzessy, and Balázs Tallian.<br />
* ''O Atlas da Terra-média'' (Portuguese), HarperCollins Brasil, 2022, translated by Cristina Casagrande.<br />
* ''L'Atlas de la Terre du Milieu'' (French), Bragelonne, 2022, translated by Daniel Lauzon. All the maps were redrawn by the freelance illustrator Stéphane Arson in a similar style than Fonstad but modernized.<br />
* A Japanese edition was published in 2002.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?913898 List] of English-language versions of the first edition<br />
* [https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?468211 List] of English-language versions of the revised edition<br />
* [https://www.tolkiendil.com/tolkien/sur-tolkien/karen_wynn_fonstad_-_atlas_terre_du_milieu Webpage] about the ''Atlas'' on Tolkiendil.com (French language)<br />
* [https://www.tolkiendil.com/tolkien/sur-tolkien/critiques/atlas_fonstad_premiere_edition Webpage] on the first edition on Tolkiendil.com (French language)<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlas of Middle-earth, The}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Map books]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth&diff=376430
Talk:The Atlas of Middle-earth
2023-07-05T05:33:02Z
<p>Mord: /* Lists of versions, bibliography, reviews, etc. */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>==Oakbottom==<br />
I added that one to Oatbarton some time ago, but can't find reference anymore. It's spelled correctly on 70-1. <br />
<br />
Also useful might be the inclusion of [[Tarnost]] on pp 88-9, and the inclusion of "Sackville" as a town name (70-1). And maybe something about "things that are now shown to be incorrect", like Hardbottle. Fonstad placed it in the SF, but [[Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings|Nomenclature]] placed it in the NF. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 04:56, 6 August 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:I am not aware of these, so I would love it if you could make the additions. Also, I am afraid if the article is a bit too negative. I really love this book. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 05:27, 6 August 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Maybe a rewrite is necessary. I don't like articles that have a bulk of text first and their first section header at the bottom. -- [[User:Ederchil|Ederchil]] 05:41, 6 August 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Third edition==<br />
<br />
Did the 3rd edition add anything new or was it just a reprint? --[[User:Olwe|Olwe]] 15:28, 15 July 2014 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I think a reprint but the TolkienBooks.net might have a better idea. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 11:59, 16 July 2014 (UTC)<br />
:: Yup, that's what I thought, too. It was only done for the films. But I'll check with Tolkienbooks.net and emend here. --[[User:Olwe|Olwe]] 12:15, 16 July 2014 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Lists of versions, bibliography, reviews, etc. ==<br />
<br />
I made a comprehensive edit to everything that's been added since the last time I checked in on this article, and first want to say Airyn made additions of new inconsistencies and errors that greatly contribute to the article's value to a reader of the ''Atlas''.<br />
<br />
The thing I wanted to open to discussion is this: I removed several of the sections that Airyn added. I don't think it's usual for us to include lists of reviews, other works by the author, etc. on pages for a particular work, unless there's something directly relevant to the encyclopedia reader about said reviews or other works. Is there some significance to those that I missed?<br />
<br />
I could see that 4 of the 6 reviews were from the ISBN lookup page, so I figured they would be covered via inclusion of the external link. I left the foreign language edition list in because I couldn't tell where that information came from. Airyn, if you have a source for that similar to isfdb.org, maybe you would consider removing that list from the article and replacing it with an external link? [[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 05:33, 5 July 2023 (UTC)</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Nameless_things&diff=376428
Nameless things
2023-07-05T04:34:07Z
<p>Mord: /* History */ removed pointless note</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Unnamed}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Heather Hudson - Nameless Thing.jpg|thumb|[[Heather Hudson]] - ''Nameless Thing'']]<br />
<br />
{{Quote|Far, far below the deepest delving of the Dwarves, the world is gnawed by nameless things. Even Sauron knows them not. They are older than he. Now I have walked there, but I will bring no report to darken the light of day.|[[Gandalf]]<ref name="tWR">{{TT|White}}, p. 501</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The '''nameless things''' were gnawing things that were said by [[Gandalf]] to dwell so far beneath [[Arda]] that not even the [[Dwarves]] had ever chanced to come upon them.<ref name="tWR"/><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Gandalf claimed that these nameless things under Arda were older than [[Sauron]], suggesting that they were alive before the physical arrival of some [[Maiar]] to Arda.<ref group=note>Hammond and Scull suggest this could have been a rhetorical flourish on Gandalf's part. Cf. {{HM|RC}}, pp. 392-393. Note that [[Tom Bombadil]] also claims to have been on Arda before the arrival of "the [[Dark Lord]]".</ref><br />
<br />
Some such creatures were said to be "slimier than fish" and preferred to dwell in darkness. They were known to have inhabited the caves deep within the hearts of mountains as far back as the [[Elder Days]]. When the [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] dug around [[Goblin-town]], digging new tunnels and expanding and joining those that already existed, their original owners withdrew to the deepest depths and lurked beyond their knowledge.<ref name=Riddles>{{H|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Gandalf, [[Durin's Bane]] had learned to navigate the nameless things' tunnels during its long stay in [[Moria]]. After the two fell from the [[Bridge of Khazad-dûm]] into an underground lake, the [[Balrogs|Balrog]] fled through these tunnels. Gandalf pursued it closely, believing that its knowledge of the tunnels was his only hope of escape. Their chase led them to the foot of the [[Endless Stair]], which they climbed to eventually emerge on the peak of [[Celebdil|Zirakzigil]].<ref name="tWR"/><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
In ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]'', [[Nan Dungortheb|Nan Dumgorthin]], the "Land of the Dark Idols" ''"(dum ‘secret, not to be spoken’, dumgort, dungort ‘an (evil) idol’)"'', was a dark forested land that was located to the east of [[Doriath|Artanor]] where a collection of ''"evil tribes of renegade men"'' made sacrifices to [[Gods]] whose idols were hidden upon a wooded mountain.<ref>{{HM|LT2}}, pp. 35, 62, 374</ref> In the ''[[Lay of the Children of Húrin]]'', there are shrines are hidden in secret places for the worship of '''nameless gods''' older than both [[Morgoth]] and the [[Valar]].<ref>{{LB|1d}}, lines 1472-1490</ref><br />
<br />
== Inspiration ==<br />
Todd Jensen suggests that the nameless things may have been inspired by the dragon Nidhog of Norse mythology, who gnawed at the roots of Yggdrasil the World Tree.<ref name=RC>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 392-393</ref><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Nameless things in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:Heather Hudson - Nameless Thing.jpg|A ''Nameless Thing'' by Heather Hudson for the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''.<br />
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Worm.jpeg|The "''worm''" in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power|The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:'''1 September: ''[[Adrift]]'':'''<br />
::While adrift on a makeshift raft in the [[Sundering Seas]], [[Galadriel]], [[Halbrand]], and five [[Pre-Númenóreans|Southlanders]] are attacked by a creature referred to as "''the worm''", which had destroyed the Southlanders' ship two weeks before. The scene is accompanied by the following on-screen trivia: "''The Great Sea, or The Sundering Seas, divides the Undying Lands from Middle-earth - where there are still nameless things in the deepest places of the world.''" The trivia entry cites [[The White Rider|Book III, Chapter 5]].<br />
<br />
=== Games ===<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Nameless is a creature type categorized as "Ancient Evil". They have a variety of shapes, but most of them are humanoid, only with no eyes or no head at all. They can be found in the [[Drúadan Forest]], having come out of the [[White Mountains]] during the [[Dawnless Day]]; and beneath the [[Iron Hills]], where a horde of [[Morgoth|Morgoth's]] monsters were sealed away by the Dwarves long ago. The largest concentration of Nameless, however, are within the Foundations of Stone, the deepest level of Moria. The [[Watcher in the Water]] is also classified as Nameless, as is "Helchgam", another tentacled creature, found in the sewers of [[Carn Dûm]].<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2014/01/21/what-are-the-nameless-things-gandalf-refers-to-below-khazad-dum/ What Are the Nameless Things Gandalf Refers to Below Khazad-dum?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
<br />
{{Legend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Enigmas]]<br />
[[Category:Other races]]<br />
[[de:Namenlose Wesen]]<br />
[[fi:Nimettömät olennot]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Orcs&diff=376427
Orcs
2023-07-05T04:24:31Z
<p>Mord: /* First Age */ added article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{rewrite}}<br />
{{sources}}<br />
{{race infobox<br />
| name=Orcs<br />
| image=[[File:John Howe - In Mordor.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="In Mordor" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Goblins, [[Glamhoth]], Ork, Yrch<br />
| origin=Disputed; ''see [[Orcs/Origin]]''<br />
| location=[[Utumno]], [[Angband]], [[Mordor]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]], [[Mount Gundabad]], [[High Pass]], [[Dol Guldur]], [[Isengard]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Morgoth]], [[Sauron]]<br />
| rivalry=[[Elves]], [[Men]], [[Dwarves]]<br />
| language=[[Black Speech]]; numerous [[Orkish]] languages; [[Westron]]<br />
| people=[[Uruk-hai]], [[Goblin-men]], [[Half-orcs]], [[Hobgoblins]], [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains|Mountain Orcs]], [[Eastern Orcs]], [[Orcs of Mordor|Mordor Orcs]], [[Orcs of Isengard|Isengard Orcs]]<br />
| members=[[Othrod]], [[Azog]], [[Bolg]], [[Gorbag]], [[Great Goblin]], [[Grishnákh]]<br />
| lifespan=Unknown<br />
| distinctions=Evil footsoldiers of the [[Dark Lord|Enemy]]; preferred darkness<br />
| height=Short<ref>{{FR|II5}} The "huge" orc-chieftain is described as "almost man high"</ref><br />
| hair=<br />
| skin=Sallow<ref>{{L|210}}</ref>, black<ref>{{RK|Shadow}}</ref><br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|You must dig swift and deep, if you wish to hide from Orcs.|[[Legolas]] to [[Pippin]] in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[Lothlórien (chapter)|Lothlórien]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Orcs''' were a race of humanoid creatures best known for their service as footsoldiers and slaves to the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lords]] of Middle-earth. Even when not in thrall to an evil master, Orcs rarely if ever had non-violent interactions with Elves, Men, or Dwarves. They were known by many names by the various peoples of Middle-earth.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===First Age===<br />
{{Main|Orcs/Origin}}<br />
[[File:Anna Kulisz - The vilest deed of Melkor.jpg|thumb|left|''The vilest deed of Melkor'' by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]]]<br />
The true origins of the Orc race are a matter of dispute among fictional scholars within the legendarium and Tolkienists alike, though all agree that they would not have come to be without the [[Arda Marred|corrupting]] influence of [[Morgoth]].<br />
<br />
The first documented appearance of Orcs was in {{YT|1330}}, when the [[Sindar]] observed a variety of "evil creatures" roaming [[Beleriand]] that included Orcs, [[Wolves]], and "other fell beings of shadow." Small numbers of these evil creatures, thought to be scouting parties, had entered Beleriand over passes in the mountains as well as through the southern forests. In light of this new threat, [[Thingol]] commissioned the Dwarves of [[Nogrod]] and [[Belegost]] to craft arms for the Sindar, which they used to drive away the evil creatures and restore the peace.<ref>{{GA|26-27}}</ref> Around this time the Dwarves told the Sindar that these "fell beasts" came from the ruins of [[Angband]], and that they could also be found east of the [[Blue Mountains]], where they troubled the Elves who dwelt there.<ref>{{GA|25}}</ref> <br />
<br />
When the first [[Dark Lord]] returned to Middle-earth in {{YT|1495}}, he rebuilt Angband from ruins and raised the triple peaks of [[Thangorodrim]] to defend it. At this time, Morgoth found fresh hosts readied by Sauron, for the Orcs had kept breeding under the command of his yet-devoted lieutenant.<ref>{{MR|P5X}}, pp. 415-422</ref> The Enemy's hordes of beasts, [[demons]], and Orcs left Angband in {{YT|1497}} to assault the Sindar in the [[First Battle of Beleriand]] and the Noldor in the [[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]]. The Elves were victorious in both battles, and few of the Orcs returned to Angband.<ref>{{S|Sindar}}</ref> The Orcs' other major engagement was the [[Battle of the Lammoth]], where they were also defeated by [[Fingolfin]] and his host.<ref>{{PM|Shibboleth}}, p. 345</ref><br />
<br />
During the last six centuries of the [[First Age]], as the core force of Morgoth, hundreds of thousands of Orcs were bred in [[Angband]] to participate in the [[Battles of Beleriand]] and thus fought in the [[Dagor Aglareb]], [[Dagor Bragollach]], [[Nirnaeth Arnoediad]], [[Fall of Nargothrond|Sack of Nargothrond]], [[Fall of Gondolin]], and finally in the [[War of Wrath]], where they were almost extinguished.<ref>{{S|Earendil}}</ref> Those that survived the defeat of Morgoth fled east of the Blue Mountains and hid probably in the northern reaches of the [[Misty Mountains|Hithaeglir]] near [[Angmar]] or the [[Grey Mountains]].<br />
[[File:John Howe - Orc Swordsman.jpg|thumb|''Orc Swordsman'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Nonetheless, even before this time, the [[Eastern Orcs|Orcs living east]] remained outside Morgoth's reach ever since he made the fortress of Angband a seat of his power and thus ruled themselves, though they squabbled amongst themselves as much as they troubled both kinds of the [[Children of Ilúvatar]].<ref name=Cuv>{{NM|P3xviii}}, p. 370</ref><br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
Around the year {{SA|1000}} Sauron reappeared, took the land of [[Mordor]] as his realm and started the construction of [[Barad-dûr]]. His servants among Orc-kind were at this time of northern stock, who had escaped Morgoth's vanquishment. It was not only until later that he gathered all of their foul race under his command - as long as he went among the Elves in a fair visage, the long-autonomous Eastern Orcs resented him. <ref name=Cuv>{{NM|P3xviii}}, p. 370</ref> Still for a long time Sauron's minions did not play an important role, for the Dark Lord had chosen a more subtle way to bring the Free Peoples under his sway through guileful trickery, whose chief personification were the [[Rings of Power]].<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Elves and Sauron]], in {{SA|1700}}, Orcs formed the main power of Sauron's host. Despite the immeasurable number of Orcs, the Dark Lord was defeated by the united hosts of Elves and [[Númenóreans]]. Still Sauron was powerful east of the [[Misty Mountains]] and the Orcs that inhabited the mountains and the eastern lands multiplied.<br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] started a war against the [[Dwarves]], resulting in the [[First Sack of Gundabad]] and its occupation by the Orcs. Finally, Orcs were the core force of the Dark Lord's legions during the [[War of the Last Alliance]], and fought in great battles such as the [[Battle of Dagorlad]] and the [[Siege of Barad-dûr]].<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
[[File:Richard Sullivan - Orc.jpg|thumb|left|''Orc'' by [[:Category:Images by Richard Sullivan|Richard Sullivan]]]]<br />
During the [[Third Age]], Orcs were once more the standard troops of Sauron, both in [[Mordor]] and in [[Dol Guldur]]. The Enemy's great vassals- such as the [[Witch-king of Angmar]] and the corrupted [[Wizard]] [[Saruman]] in [[Isengard]] - made use of the Orcs as the backbone of their forces. <br />
<br />
In [[Angmar]], Orcs fought for the Witch-king in [[Angmar War|his campaign]] against the realm of [[Arnor]]. Years later, they invaded [[Eriador]] under the remote leadership of the Necromancer (Sauron). <br />
<br />
The Orcs of the Misty Mountains, one of the few Orcish societies who enjoyed more autonomy despite still paying homage to the Necromancer (Sauron), and their chieftain [[Azog]] started out the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]], and after their vanquishment they retreated in their caves. They appeared again in {{TA|2941}}, when the [[Battle of Five Armies]] took place, suffering yet another terrible defeat with the loss of the spawn of Azog, [[Bolg]]. <br />
<br />
Both for the Dark Lord's war on [[Rohan]] and for his own interests regarding the [[Ring-bearer]], the Wizard Saruman began to assemble Orcs into his own army in [[Isengard]] - these troops were gathered from amidsts the tribes of the Misty Mountains, which were supplemented by others he bred, some being crossed with Men. The [[Orcs of Isengard]] fought in the early-mid battles of the [[War of the Ring]], such as the [[First Battle of the Fords of Isen|First]] and [[Second Battle of the Fords of Isen|Second Battles of the Fords of Isen]], but were crushed or scattered at the [[Battle of the Hornburg]]. <br />
<br />
The [[Orcs of Mordor]] fought in major battles during the War of the Ring, such as the [[Battle of the Pelennor Fields]], but the majority of Mordor's forces were destroyed or scattered at the [[Battle of the Morannon]]. Sporadic fighting in the following weeks led to the Orcs finally being driven out of the western end of Mordor, though it is unclear how many Orcs the Dark Lord had in his armies, and it is also unclear how many survived after his defeat. <br />
<br />
The Orcs in [[Dol Guldur]] remained in [[Mirkwood]] until the [[Fall of Dol Guldur]], one of the last battles of the War of the Ring.<br />
<br />
===Later history===<br />
The fate of the Orcs after the Third Age is unknown. Though many of the Dark Lord's footsoldiers fought on and were slain in the weeks following the Battle of the Morannon, the true number of Sauron's hosts is unclear, as are the numbers of Orcs not within Mordor that may still inhabit the rest of Middle-earth. It is at least known that the Orcs of Moria either fled or were slain by the Fourth Age, as it is mentioned that the Dwarves managed to retake Moria and the mines within it.<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
===Culture===<br />
[[File:Jan Pospíšil - Orc Army.jpg|thumb|''Orc Army'' by [[:Category:Images by Jan Pospíšil|Jan Pospíšil]]]]<br />
Orcs were pitiless and took pleasure in all kinds of cruel and wicked acts; they did evil deeds for their own amusement, purely for the sport of it. Their fractious and vicious natures made them unreliable servants – when outside their master's reach, Orcs would often disobey their commands or fight amongst themselves, to the detriment of their master's designs.<ref>{{MR|P5X}}, p. 418</ref> <br />
<br />
In battle, Orcs fought with reckless ferocity and delighted in the slaughter and torture of their foes. However, many had a cowardly nature and were often regarded as inferior to the soldiers of Men, Elves, and Dwarves, though far more expendable.{{fact}} Orcs also proved themselves adept at taming and riding [[Wolves]] and [[Wargs]], an ability harnessed by the Dark Lords for their armies.<br />
<br />
The corruption inherent to Orc being made them virtually powerless to resist the domination of a greater will – at first, this was Morgoth's, later Sauron's. While under such domination, Orcs were reduced to an "ant-like life." This was most plainly seen under Sauron's tyranny, as he operated on a smaller scale than did Morgoth and his foes were far weaker than the Noldor of the Elder Days.<ref>{{MR|P5X}}, p. 419</ref> The Orcish people thus cycled between periods of unity when they had a Dark Lord to unite them, and disunity when there was no Dark Lord. <br />
<br />
After the War of Wrath, the Orcs were confused and dismayed without Morgoth, and were easily scattered by their enemies. In the millennia after his defeat and banishment from Arda, they were without a leader and degenerated into small, quarrelsome tribes hiding in wild places, such as the [[Misty Mountains]] and the [[Mountains of Angmar]]. In this state, Orcs remained a threat to travelers and isolated settlements, and when united could pose a regional threat, but without a unifying will they could never become the menace they were under a Dark Lord.<br />
<br />
Even when united, the Orcs were consumed with petty rivalries and hatreds. Each time he rose as Dark Lord, Sauron had to contend with many tribes of "wild" Orcs who spoke many tongues and had become accustomed to independence. To meld these disparate, mutually despised groups into a coherent force and prevent them from slaying each other, Sauron had to keep their hatred focused on an outside enemy: the Men and Elves of the West. In this he was highly successful: the Orcs he pressed into his direct service in his trained armies were so completely dominated by his will that they would die for him on command without hesitation.<ref>{{MR|P5X}}, p. 420</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
===Lifespan===<br />
It is unknown if the Orcs were immortal like the Elves. There is, in any case, a hint for a long lifespan in the story of two of the most famous Orc-chieftains: Azog and Bolg. Bolg, being the son of Azog, was the chieftain of the Orcs who attacked Erebor in the Battle of Five Armies in {{TA|2941}}. Azog himself was killed in the Battle of Azanulbizar in {{TA|2799}}, so Bolg was at least 142 years old.<br />
<br />
===Appearance===<br />
Orcs were described as smaller in stature than Men on average, strong but crooked in frame and bow-legged. One "huge orc-chieftain" was described as "almost Man-high", but some must have been of a similar size to Hobbits (Frodo and Sam succeeded in disguising themselves as Orcs in Mordor). Their overall appearance varied: they had long arms and fanged mouths; Tolkien describes them as "swart" or "sallow", although one in Mordor is "black-skinned" and others are described generally as "black" (possibly not a reference to skin colour).<br />
<br />
===Kinds of Orcs===<br />
*[[Eastern Orcs]]<br />
*[[Snaga]]<br />
*[[Snufflers]]<br />
*[[Orcs of Mordor]]<br />
*[[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]]<br />
*[[Orcs of Isengard]]<br />
*[[Half-orcs]] (and [[Goblin-men]])<br />
*[[Uruk-hai]]<br />
*[[Hobgoblins]]<br />
<br />
===Orcs and goblins===<br />
[[File:Darek Zabrocki - Goblins.jpg|thumb|250px|''Goblins'' by [[:Category:Images by Darek Zabrocki|Darek Zabrocki]]]]<br />
The term ''goblin'' was used primarily in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' but also in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' where it is used synonymously with "Orc".<ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. 24</ref> It is said to be a translation of ''Orc'' in a note on languages and runic letters in ''[[The Hobbit]]''.<br />
{{blockquote|Orc is not an English word. It occurs in one or two places but is usually translated goblin|''[[The Hobbit]]''}}<br />
{{blockquote|There were four goblin-soldiers of greater stature [...] Upon their shields they bore [...] a small white hand in the centre of the black field|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[The Departure of Boromir]]"}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{quote|The word as far as I am concerned actually derived from [[Old English]] ''orc'', demon, but only because of its phonetic suitability.|[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] in [[Letter 144]]}}<br />
===Orc===<br />
The word '''''Orc''''' is said to be the "''form of the name that other races had for this foul people as it was in the [[Rohanese|language of Rohan]]''".<ref name=App|F1iv/><br />
<br />
In his late, post-''Lord of the Rings'' writings, Tolkien preferred the spelling '''''Ork'''''.<ref>{{HM|PM}}</ref><br />
<br />
It also is "supposed to be the CS[Common Speech] name of these creatures at that time".<ref name=Nomenclature>{{HM|N}}</ref><br />
<br />
The statement may be ambiguous due to Tolkien's use of the term Common Speech for both Westron and English. But Tolkien continued to say "It should therefore according to the system be translated into E[English]. or the LT[Language of Translation]. It was translated 'goblin' in The H.[Hobbit]"<ref name=Nomenclature></ref>. This may suggest it is a genuine Westron word, which Tolkien kept untranslated because he liked the sound of it: "In any case orc seemed to me, and seems, in sound a good name for these creatures. It should be retained."<ref name=Nomenclature></ref><br />
<br />
Fictionally, it is then possibly derived from 'orch', the [[Sindarin]] word for Orc. The original sense of the word seems to be "bogey", "bogeyman", that is, something that provokes fear, as seen in the Quenya cognate ''urko'', pl. ''urqui''.<ref>{{HM|WJ}} Quendi and Eldar</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien derived the word ''orc'' from [[Old English]] believing it refers to a kind of evil spirits,<ref name=L144/> which in turn is thought to derive from Latin ''Orcus'' "Hades", although Tolkien doubted this etymology.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], "[[Letter to Gene Wolfe]]" (letter)</ref> He also thought it survives in the modern language for sea-beasts,<ref>{{HM|N}}, p. 762</ref> such as the [[Wikipedia:Orca Whale|Orca Whale]].<br />
<br />
''Orc'' is an [[Old English]] word that refers mainly to a kind of metal cup (from Latin ''Urceus'').<ref group="note">The word ''Orc'' occurs twice in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]''.</ref> However, in an 11th century glossary, this entry was conflated with another entry which refers to evil giants such as ''[[Wikipedia:Jötunn|þyrs]]'' and other monsters, also glossed in Latin as ''Orcus''. This merge of the two entries made many philologists of the previous centuries, like Tolkien, to believe that ''Orc'' was an actual Old English word that refers to any kind of evil creature from the underworld.<ref>Bosworth and Toller's ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'' (1898), corrected in later editions</ref><br />
<br />
The word ''Orcnéas'' is once found only in ''[[Beowulf (poem)|Beowulf]]'' (lines 112-113) and is cited as an example of the word "Orc" in Old English text. Actually its meaning is not clear, and it is thought to refer to corpses (''néas'') from the Underworld.<br />
<br />
==="Orcs" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
Tolkien said that one of the reason of choosing "Orc" over "Goblin" was the similarity with his fictional languages.<ref name=WJAC>{{WJ|AC}}, pp. 389-91</ref> Indeed most [[Elvish]], [[Mannish]] and other words for Orc, are similar to the English word.<br />
<br />
The basic [[Primitive Quendian]] [[Sundocarme|root]], from which the words for Orc derive, is [[RUKU]] (said to refer to any "bogey" that scared the Elves)<ref name=WJAC/>:<br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]] '''''orco'''''<ref name=PE17_47/> (pl. '''''Orkor'''''<ref>{{GA|27}}, p. 12</ref><ref>{{HM|MR}}, pp. 74, 194</ref>); [[Exilic Quenya]] '''''urko''''' (pl. '''''orkor''''' and '''''orqui''''')<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Sindarin]]: '''''orch'''''/'''''Orch''''' (pl. '''''yrch'''''/'''''Yrch''''', class pl. '''''Orchoth'''''/'''''orchoth'''''<ref group="note">''Orchoth'' is likely a compound of ''orch'' + ''[[hoth]]''.</ref>)<ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144/><ref name=PE17_52-4/><ref name=PE17_47/><ref name=App|F1iv/>; '''''[[glamhoth]]'''''<br />
*[[Nandorin]]: '''''ūriʃ'''''<ref name=PE17_52-4>{{PE|17}}, pp. 52-4</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Adûnaic]]: '''''urku''''', '''''urkhu'''''<ref name=WJAC/><br />
*[[Westron]]: '''''orka'''''<ref name=PE17_47>{{PE|17}}, p. 47</ref>, possibly '''orc''' <ref name=Nomenclature></ref><br />
*[[Black Speech]]: '''''[[Uruk-hai#Etymology|uruk]]'''''<ref name=App|F1iv>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><ref name=WJAC/><ref name=L144>{{L|144}}</ref><ref name=PE17_47/><br />
*[[Khuzdul]]: '''''Rukhs''''' (pl. '''''Rakhās'''''), possibly derived from an unknown [[Avarin]] word of the same meaning<ref name=WJAC/><ref group="note">''Rukhs'' appears to contain the radical R-Kh-S.<!-- this note needs to be clarified: what is a radical? add internal link to something? --></ref><br />
*[[Drúadan language]]: '''''gorgûn''''' ("orc-folk"; the form ''gorgûn'' is perhaps plural of an unknown singular form)<ref name=PE17_99>{{PE|17}}, p. 99</ref><ref>{{RK|V5}}</ref>, which is possibly derived from the Elvish words<ref name=WJAC/><br />
<br />
In the earliest versions of [[Qenya]], Tolkien had words such as "'''Ork (orq-)''' pl. '''Orqi''' and fem. "'''orqindi'''".{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In [[Noldorin]], the earlier version of Sindarin, the word for Orc is the same: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'').<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><ref>{{MR|P3I7}}, p. 195</ref><ref>{{MC|Secret}}, p. 217</ref> The [[Gnomish]] word for "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin" is said to be '''''Gong'''''.<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
*''See also: [[Entish]] ''[[burárum]]''<br />
<br />
===Goblin===<br />
''[[Wiktionary:goblin|Goblin]]'' is a folk word which according to ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English'' is probably derived from the Anglo-French ''[[Wiktionary:gobelin|gobelin]]'' a diminutive of ''gobel'' (cf. ''[[Wiktionary:kobold|kobold]]''). William D.B. Loos notes that ''goblin'' is a Romance-derived word, unlike other Germanic words preferred by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]].<ref>William D.B. Loos, [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/EnemyMisc.html#Orcs Enemies and Miscellaneous: What was the relationship between Orcs and Goblins?] at [http://tolkien.slimy.com/tfaq/ The Tolkien Frequently Asked Questions List] (accessed 3 July 2011)</ref><br />
<br />
==="Goblin" in Tolkien's languages===<br />
In the [[The Etymologies|''Etymologies'']], the Elvish names used to translate "goblin" derive from root [[RUKU#Other versions|ÓROK]] and are:<ref name=LR379>{{LR|Etymologies}}, p. 379 (entry for ÓROK)</ref><br />
<br />
*[[Quenya]]: '''''orko''''' (pl. '''''orqi''''')<br />
*[[Noldorin]]: ''orch'' (pl ''yrch'', archaic ''yrchy''<ref>{{VT|46a}}, p. 7</ref>)<br />
*[[Nandorin|Danian]]: '''''urc''''' (pl. '''''yrc''''')<br />
*[[Doriathrin]]: '''''urch''''' (pl. '''''urchin''''')<br />
<br />
In an early linguistic writing, Tolkien translated the [[Gnomish]] word ''Gong'' as "one of a tribe of the orcs. a goblin."<ref>{{PE|11}}, p. 41</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
{{Main|Orcs/Origin}}<br />
<br />
==Controversy==<br />
Tolkien's Orcs have been a subject of criticism of [[racism]]. Tolkien described Orcs as "squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types".<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other writings==<br />
In ''[[The Father Christmas Letters]]'', goblins appear as the enemies of [[Father Christmas]] and the [[Red Elves]].<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
===Orcs===<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Orcs in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Orcs.jpg|Orcs in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Gothmog with troops.jpg|Orcs in ''[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings- The Treason of Isengard - Ork.jpg|Concept art of an orc in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Orc3.jpg|An Orc in [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Due to timing and certain legal issues, the radio series uses the term ''skirt'' (pron. "skeert") and ''skirti'' for an "orc" and "orcs" (a neologism derived from the Czech translation's ''skrět'', ''skrěti'', "goblins"). Some of the orc characters are credited, e.g. [[Grishnakh]] in ''The Two Towers'' is portrayed by Eduard Vitek, and in ''The Return of the King'', a Mordor orc commander whipping a disguised Frodo and Sam into shape is played by Jozef Šimonovič.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Orc-kind is a genus that includes the species of Orcs, Goblins, [[Hobgoblins]], [[Half-orcs]], [[Boggarts]], [[Bugans]] and [[Uruk-hai]].<br />
<br />
:Orcs are very common in Middle-earth. They are about the size of a man with a hunchback, though some of the sub-races are of larger or smaller stature.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Orcs are first seen in [[Fornost]], where they immediately attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] as they near the citadel.<ref name=Main>[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]], Chapter 1: Fornost, ''Main Gate''</ref> ''Orc warriors'' are stronger then normal Orcs. Some Orcs have been taught [[Magic|sorcery]] by [[Agandaûr]], these are known as ''Orc Sorcerers'<br />
<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:'''30 September: ''[[Udûn (episode)|Udûn]]'':'''<br />
::[[Adar (The Rings of Power)|Adar]] reveals to [[Galadriel]] that he was one of the [[Moriondor]] and that he supposedly "split open" [[Sauron]] for needlessly sacrificing his Uruk "children" in his pursuit of a power over flesh. During the interrogation, Galadriel and Adar philosophically debate on whether or not Orcs, or Uruks as Adar prefers, are worthy of life. The debate is left open-ended and Adar orchestrates the eruption of [[Mount Doom|Orodruin]], destroying [[Tirharad]] and turning the [[Mordor|Southlands into Mordor]] in order to give his "children" a home where they did not have to fear the [[Sun]].<br />
<br />
===Goblins===<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Goblins in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings War in the North - Goblins1.jpg|Goblins in the pits of [[Fornost]] in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]''<br />
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Goblins.jpg|Goblins in ''[[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins have been made clearly distinct from Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are a separate race and can be found in [[Evendim]], [[the Shire]], [[Ered Luin]], [[Bree-land]], [[Lone-lands]], [[North Downs]], [[Misty Mountains]], [[Angmar]] and [[Moria]]. They are small in stature; a little shorter than [[Hobbits]]. In contrast, Orcs are about the size of [[Men]]. Goblins are also weaker than the orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2011: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War in the North]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins first appear in [[Fornost Erain]], where they attack [[Eradan (video game character)|Eradan]], [[Andriel]] and [[Farin (video game character)|Farin]] immediately when they reach the city.<ref name=Main></ref> Goblins are weaker than Orcs.<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''<br />
:Goblins are again made clearly distinct from Orcs in the film series. They are lesser relatives of Orcs; they are smaller (the very large Great Goblin notwithstanding), less powerful, and generally have pale, diseased skin, riddled with warts.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
:A band of "Goblin mercenaries" appear on [[Ravenhill]] during the [[Battle of Five Armies]], but are taken care of by the Dwarves without much trouble.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Gongs]], evil beings obscurely related to [[Orcs]] that appeared within ''[[The Book of Lost Tales]]''.<ref>{{LT2|Index}}, entry "Gongs"</ref><br />
* [[:Category:Images of Goblins|Images of Goblins]]<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
[[Category:Orcs| ]]<br />
[[Category:Races]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Melkor]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Saruman]]<br />
[[Category:Servants of Sauron]]<br />
[[de:Orks]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/peuples/orques/orques]]<br />
[[fi:Örkit]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth&diff=376426
The Atlas of Middle-earth
2023-07-05T04:21:52Z
<p>Mord: /* Inconsistencies with earlier publications */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
|title=The Atlas of Middle-Earth<br />
|image=[[Image:The Atlas of Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]<br />
|author=[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]]<br />
|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]<br />
|date=[[29 May]] [[1981]]<br/>1991 (revised edition)<br />
|format=Paperback<br />
|pages=210<br />
|noisbn=0395286654 (1981 first edition)<br />
0395535166 (1991 revised edition)<br />
0618126996 (2001 reprint, pictured)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Atlas of Middle-earth''''' by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] is an atlas of various lands in [[Arda]]. It includes specific maps for ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', for which it is intended as a reading companion.<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
The maps are treated as if they are of real landscapes, and are drawn according to the same rules that a real atlas is drawn: for each area the history of the land is taken into account, as well as geography on a larger scale and from there maps are drawn. Discussion includes suggestions as to the geology that could explain various formations, and points that are contradictory between multiple accounts.<br />
<br />
City maps and floor plans for important buildings are also included; these are very often useful for making sense of the narratives, especially in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As well, many battles such as [[Battles of Beleriand|those]] of [[Beleriand]], the [[Last Alliance]] and the [[War of the Ring]] are illustrated.<br />
<br />
The book was published in [[1981]], but in [[1991]] a revised and updated version was published, which took information from ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' into account. In [[2001]], the publishers issued a reprint of the 1991 revised edition with a new cover (pictured) but identical contents.<br />
<br />
Fonstad also made a bold attempt to fill the gaps by using early conceptual work, mainly from ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' and the ''[[Ambarkanta]]'', combining the later known maps with the sketches used by Tolkien to provide "world maps" of [[Arda]] in its entirety and show [[Aman]], [[Beleriand]]'s position relative to [[Eriador]], and the place of [[Númenor]] in the Sea.<br />
<br />
It was, however, published before the final three volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', and thus some maps are based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early works, which were revised in later writings.<br />
<br />
==Errors and criticism==<br />
Despite being a thoroughly researched and well-respected reference book, the ''Atlas'' is known to contain several errors. However, a number of these were corrected in the revised edition, as noted below.<br />
<br />
===Inconsistencies with earlier publications===<br />
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Grey Mountains (ancient)|Grey Mountains]] are shown in western [[Haradwaith]] south of the [[Great Gulf]] rather than in the [[Dark Land|Southlands]].<ref>{{SM|5b}} p. 239</ref><br />
*Page 13: Nogrod is shown north of Belegost, and both south of Mount Dolmed. ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' states that Belegost was "to the north of the great height of Mount Dolmed" and that Nogrod was the more southerly of the two.<ref>{{S|10}}</ref><br />
*Pages 39 and 88: On both pages, [[Drúwaith Iaur]] is shown north of the [[Ered Nimrais]] and south of the [[Angren]], and on page 39 extending east below the [[Adorn]]. In the Unfinished Tales map, Drúwaith Iaur is in the narrow area between the ocean and the southern Ered Nimrais, south of the mouth of the [[Angren]].<ref>{{UT|Index}}, "Map"</ref><br />
*Page 71: [[Hardbottle]] is shown in the [[Southfarthing]] rather than the [[Northfarthing]].<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 771</ref> Sackville, shown in the Southfarthing, is entirely invented (compare the [[Sackville Family]]).<br />
*Page 89: [[Tarnost]] is shown as a city separate from [[Ethring]] though it may be a discarded name for the latter from early drafts.<ref>{{HM|AoL}}, p. 139</ref><br />
*Pages 92 and 93: [[Lithlad]] is shown in the south of [[Mordor]] rather than the northeast.<br />
*Page 99: It is written that Bilbo gave the Arkenstone to the Elvenking and Bard on 22 November, then Dáin arrived in the early morning on 23 November. In ''The Hobbit'', [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] gave away the [[Arkenstone]] and then returned before midnight to wake up Bombur.<ref>{{H|Thief}}</ref> The next day, there was a new parley, it was revealed that the Elves and Men had the Arkenstone, and [[Thorin|Thorin]] expelled Bilbo from the [[Lonely Mountain]]. On the ''next'' morning, Dáin arrived.<ref name="Burst">{{H|Burst}}</ref> Fonstad's timeline has Dáin arrive in one day, while the text of ''The Hobbit'' has him arrive in two days. Either Dáin must have arrived on 24 November or Bilbo must have handed over the Arkenstone late on 21 November.<br />
*Page 106: In ''The Hobbit'', when the Dwarves saw a fire off in the woods, "The light was ahead of them and to the ''left'' of the path".<ref>{{H|Flies}}</ref> In Fonstad's map, the Dwarves left the path to the right. ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''<br />
*Page 125: [[Combe]] is shown laying to the northwest of [[Staddle]] on the east side of the [[Bree-hill]], while in fact Combe should lie a little east of Staddle's location.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Inconsistencies with later publications===<br />
Both the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'' were written before the final three volumes of [[The History of Middle-earth]] were published, so at certain points it is contradicted by this later material. [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], which was published between the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'', is not taken into account in the revision.<br />
*Page viii: [[Middle-earth]] dominates much of the northern hemisphere of [[Arda]] [[Changing of the World|made round]], with [[Forochel]] being high in the polar regions of the world and [[Umbar]] laying more than halfway southward between the northern pole and the [[Girdle of Arda|equator]].<br />
**In [[Letter 294]], Tolkien confirms that [[Hobbiton]] is intended to be at the latitude of [[wikipedia:Oxford|Oxford]], with [[Minas Tirith]] 600 miles south being near to the latitude of [[wikipedia:Florence|Florence]]. With this information, it is clear that Middle-earth would be hardly as large as it appears on the ''Atlas'' map of a round Arda.<br />
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Sea of Helcar]] is seen to cover the area of future [[Mordor]], [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]], and the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] are shown as its remnants.<br />
**In ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', there are references to the Sea of Rhûn existing in the [[First Age]], as well as the forest to its northeast and the hills to its southwest, indicating that it must be separate from the Sea of Helcar.<br />
*Pages 38 and 39: The western shores of [[Lindon]] and the [[Ethir Anduin]] are shown to exist in the [[Second Age]] of the world as they did in the [[Third Age]].<br />
**''The Peoples of Middle-earth'' tells that during the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]], Lindon lost much land to the advancing shores, while the eastern and southern portions of the [[Bay of Belfalas]] retreated back, putting the city of [[Pelargir]], which had been only a few miles from the coast, much farther inland.<br />
* The [[Little Lune]] river appears on many maps but is never labeled, because its name was first published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref>{{PM|Atani}} p.313</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Internal inconsistencies===<br />
*Pages 12 and 53: [[Dorthonion]] and [[Himring]] are slightly above parallel J, but [[Tol Fuin]] and [[Himling]] are shown further north, above parallel I.<br />
*Pages 38 and 41: [[Belegost]] has been moved 150 miles further south than previously shown to the middle of the southern [[Blue Mountains]].<br />
*Pages 53, 76, and 80: On page 53, [[Rhosgobel]] is located near the border of [[Mirkwood]] well ''south'' of the [[Old Forest Road]], due east of [[Moria]]. On pages 76 and 80, Rhosgobel is still at the edge of the forest, but ''north'' of the Old Forest Road. One or the other location should have been used, not both.<br />
**In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', it is stated that in December of [[TA|TA3019]], scouts "had climbed the pass at the source of the [[Gladden River]], and had come down into [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]] and over the [[Gladden Fields]] and so at length had reached the old home of [[Radagast]] at Rhosgobel", which supports the page 53 location.<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> <br />
**In ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] states that Rhosgobel was "in the forest borders between the [[Carrock]] and the Old Forest Road".<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note 4</ref><br />
*Pages 89 and 210: In the map on p.89, [[Tarnost]] is located in Q-34, but the "Index of Selected Place Names" on p.210 places it at R-35.<br />
*Pages 97 and 200: In the text of p.97, Fonstad refers to the book ''[[Journeys of Frodo]]'' by Barbara Strachey, but there is no reference to this work in "Selected References" on pp. 200-201.<br />
*Page 144: In the upper-right inset, the cleft of the brazen gate (which appears in the upper-left inset) is not depicted.<br />
*Pages 205 and 209: The index entry "Grey Mountains" is a mix of references to the "[[Grey Mountains]]" (or Ered Mithrin, located at coordinates I-35) and the "[[Grey Mountains_(ancient)|Grey Mountains (of the South)]]" (located at coordinates V/Zh-30). Additionally, the index entry "[[Grey Mountains_(ancient)|Grey Mountains (of the South)]]" is incomplete. A more complete and accurate list of maps on which each set of Grey Mountains appear and are labeled is as follows (they appear unlabeled on many more):<br />
**Northern: pp. 53, 65, 76, 80 <br />
**Southern: pp. 2, 4, 38<br />
<br />
===Typographical errors===<br />
*Page 2: [[Mountains of the Wind|Mts. of the Wind]] is written as "Mts. of the World".<br />
*Page 2: [[Sea of Ringil]] is written as "Sea of Ringol".<br />
*Page 7: [[Ezellohar]] is written as "Ezollahar". [[Ilmarin]] is written as "Ilmaren". [[Tol Eressëa|Eressëa]] is written as "Erresëa". [[Hyarmentir]] is written as "Hyamentir".<br />
*Pages 6 and 38: [[Avallónë]] is written as "Avalónnë" and "Avalonnë" respectively.<br />
*Pages 7 and 38: [[Alqualondë]] is written as "Aqualondë" and "Aqualóndë", respectively.<br />
*Page 13: [[Gabilgathol]] is written as "Gabilgathod".<br />
*Page 53: [[Caras Galadhon]] is written as "Caras Galadon".<br />
*Page 58 : River [[Lhûn|Lune]] is written "River Lûne".<br />
*Page 71: [[Tuckborough]] is written as "Tuckburrow".<br />
*Page 113: [[Bolg]] is written as "Borg".<ref name="Burst"/> ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''<br />
*Page 135: [[Methedras]] is written as "Mathedras".<br />
*Page 148: [[Gamling|Gamling the Old]] is written as "Gambling the Old".<br />
*Pages 189 and 190: [[Khuzdul]], the language of the [[Dwarves]], is labeled as "[[Khazâd]]".<br />
<br />
===Use of early sources===<br />
Fonstad uses early names from the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One|Book of Lost Tales]]'' era of Tolkien's development of the [[legendarium]] for some locations, particularly in [[Aman]] and [[Tol Eressëa]].<br />
<br />
In [[Aman]], Fonstad identifies the place where [[Mandos]] delivered the [[Doom of the Noldor]] with the early name "[[Hanstovánen]]" rather than [[Araman]]. She also describes various dwellings of the [[Valar]] in [[Valinor]]. In the Second Age map of [[Tol Eressëa]], she uses the early names [[Tavrobel]] and [[Kortirion]], rather than the later names "Tathrobel" and "Cortirion" for the same places.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}</ref> In the map of [[Gondolin]], she identifies several landmarks that are only said to exist in the earliest works.<br />
<br />
Incorporation of these names and places on equal footing with those from later in the legendarium's evolution is questionable, but Fonstad seems to have been aware of the potential issues and explicitly notes in the accompanying text the speculative nature of the maps of the Undying Lands.<br />
<br />
===="Dor Daidelos"====<br />
One clear error relating to use of early materials appears on the maps of the far north of Beleriand in the First Age printed on pages 4, 5, and 15. In the ''Atlas'', the lands at the foot of [[Thangorodrim]] are labeled "[[Dor Daedeloth]] (Land of Shadow Horror)" on various maps, while the wide region north of the [[Ered Engrin]] is labeled "Dor Daidelos (Region of Everlasting Cold)" (the p.15 map uses "Regions" plural). <br />
<br />
However, the published ''Silmarillion'' uses "Dor Daedeloth" (Land of the Shadow of Horror) as the name for the northern lands under the control of Morgoth without distinguishing the regions north and south of the mountains.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Dor Daedeloth"</ref> The name "Daidelos" for the lands north of the Ered Engrin was used only on Ambarkanta Map V; in other draft material this was changed or corrected variously to "Dor-na-Dhaideloth ('Sky-roof')," "Daideloth ('High plain')," "Dor-Daidelos," "Dor-Daedeloth," and, ultimately, "Dor Daedeloth" as it appears in the published ''Silmarillion''.<ref>{{SM|Index}}, entry "Dor-Daideloth"</ref> It seems clear from this documented evolutionary process that Tolkien intended "Dor Daedeloth" to be equivalent to, and a replacement of, the earlier term "Daidelos," not for the two to be separate coexisting regions. <br />
<br />
As such, the label "Dor Daidelos" is in error in three ways: First, the lands north of the Ered Engrin should share the name "Dor Daedeloth" with the lands in the shadow of Thangorodrim to the south. Second, the spelling "Dor Daidelos," unhyphenated, never appears in any primary source material. Third, the translation "Region(s) of Everlasting Cold" is entirely unattested and appears to be Fonstad's own invention.<br />
<br />
== Translated editions ==<br />
* ''Atlas de la Tierra Media'' (Spanish), editor Timun Mas Narrativa, 1993.<br />
* ''L'atlante della Terra-di-mezzo di Tolkien'' (Italian), editor Rusconi Libri, 1997, translated by Isabella Murro.<br />
* ''Historischer Atlas von Mittelerde'' (German), editor Klett-Cotta, translated by Hans J. Schütz. The first german edition was published in 2001.<br />
* ''Atlas Śródziemia'' (Polish), editor Wydawnictwo Amber, 2016, translated by Tadeusz Andrzej Olszański.<br />
* ''Középfölde atlasza'' (Hungarian), editor Cicero, 2017, translated by Gabriella Buki, Tamás Füzessy, and Balázs Tallian.<br />
* ''O Atlas da Terra-média'' (Portuguese), HarperCollins Brasil, 2022, translated by Cristina Casagrande.<br />
* ''L'Atlas de la Terre du Milieu'' (French), Bragelonne, 2022, translated by Daniel Lauzon. All the maps were redrawn by the freelance illustrator Stéphane Arson in a similar style than Fonstad but modernized.<br />
* A japanese edition was published in 2002.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?913898 List] of English-language versions of the first edition<br />
* [https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?468211 List] of English-language versions of the revised edition<br />
* [https://www.tolkiendil.com/tolkien/sur-tolkien/karen_wynn_fonstad_-_atlas_terre_du_milieu Webpage] about the ''Atlas'' on Tolkiendil.com (French language)<br />
* [https://www.tolkiendil.com/tolkien/sur-tolkien/critiques/atlas_fonstad_premiere_edition Webpage] on the first edition on Tolkiendil.com (French language)<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlas of Middle-earth, The}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Map books]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth&diff=376425
The Atlas of Middle-earth
2023-07-05T04:21:14Z
<p>Mord: /* Internal inconsistencies */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
|title=The Atlas of Middle-Earth<br />
|image=[[Image:The Atlas of Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]<br />
|author=[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]]<br />
|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]<br />
|date=[[29 May]] [[1981]]<br/>1991 (revised edition)<br />
|format=Paperback<br />
|pages=210<br />
|noisbn=0395286654 (1981 first edition)<br />
0395535166 (1991 revised edition)<br />
0618126996 (2001 reprint, pictured)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Atlas of Middle-earth''''' by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] is an atlas of various lands in [[Arda]]. It includes specific maps for ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', for which it is intended as a reading companion.<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
The maps are treated as if they are of real landscapes, and are drawn according to the same rules that a real atlas is drawn: for each area the history of the land is taken into account, as well as geography on a larger scale and from there maps are drawn. Discussion includes suggestions as to the geology that could explain various formations, and points that are contradictory between multiple accounts.<br />
<br />
City maps and floor plans for important buildings are also included; these are very often useful for making sense of the narratives, especially in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As well, many battles such as [[Battles of Beleriand|those]] of [[Beleriand]], the [[Last Alliance]] and the [[War of the Ring]] are illustrated.<br />
<br />
The book was published in [[1981]], but in [[1991]] a revised and updated version was published, which took information from ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' into account. In [[2001]], the publishers issued a reprint of the 1991 revised edition with a new cover (pictured) but identical contents.<br />
<br />
Fonstad also made a bold attempt to fill the gaps by using early conceptual work, mainly from ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' and the ''[[Ambarkanta]]'', combining the later known maps with the sketches used by Tolkien to provide "world maps" of [[Arda]] in its entirety and show [[Aman]], [[Beleriand]]'s position relative to [[Eriador]], and the place of [[Númenor]] in the Sea.<br />
<br />
It was, however, published before the final three volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', and thus some maps are based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early works, which were revised in later writings.<br />
<br />
==Errors and criticism==<br />
Despite being a thoroughly researched and well-respected reference book, the ''Atlas'' is known to contain several errors. However, a number of these were corrected in the revised edition, as noted below.<br />
<br />
===Inconsistencies with earlier publications===<br />
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Grey Mountains (ancient)|Grey Mountains]] are shown in western [[Haradwaith]] south of the [[Great Gulf]] rather than in the [[Dark Land|Southlands]].<ref>{{SM|5b}} p. 239</ref><br />
*Page 13: Nogrod is shown north of Belegost, and both south of Mount Dolmed. ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' states that Belegost was "to the north of the great height of Mount Dolmed" and that Nogrod was the more southerly of the two<ref>{{S|10}}</ref>.<br />
*Pages 39 and 88: On both pages, [[Drúwaith Iaur]] is shown north of the [[Ered Nimrais]] and south of the [[Angren]], and on page 39 extending east below the [[Adorn]]. In the Unfinished Tales map, Drúwaith Iaur is in the narrow area between the ocean and the southern Ered Nimrais, south of the mouth of the [[Angren]].<ref>{{UT|Index}}, "Map"</ref><br />
*Page 71: [[Hardbottle]] is shown in the [[Southfarthing]] rather than the [[Northfarthing]].<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 771</ref> Sackville, shown in the Southfarthing, is entirely invented (compare the [[Sackville Family]]).<br />
*Page 89: [[Tarnost]] is shown as a city separate from [[Ethring]] though it may be a discarded name for the latter from early drafts.<ref>{{HM|AoL}}, p. 139</ref><br />
*Pages 92 and 93: [[Lithlad]] is shown in the south of [[Mordor]] rather than the northeast.<br />
*Page 99: It is written that Bilbo gave the Arkenstone to the Elvenking and Bard on 22 November, then Dáin arrived in the early morning on 23 November. In ''The Hobbit'', [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] gave away the [[Arkenstone]] and then returned before midnight to wake up Bombur.<ref>{{H|Thief}}</ref> The next day, there was a new parley, it was revealed that the Elves and Men had the Arkenstone, and [[Thorin|Thorin]] expelled Bilbo from the [[Lonely Mountain]]. On the ''next'' morning, Dáin arrived.<ref name="Burst">{{H|Burst}}</ref> Fonstad's timeline has Dáin arrive in one day, while the text of ''The Hobbit'' has him arrive in two days. Either Dáin must have arrived on 24 November or Bilbo must have handed over the Arkenstone late on 21 November.<br />
*Page 106: In ''The Hobbit'', when the Dwarves saw a fire off in the woods, "The light was ahead of them and to the ''left'' of the path".<ref>{{H|Flies}}</ref> In Fonstad's map, the Dwarves left the path to the right. ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''<br />
*Page 125: [[Combe]] is shown laying to the northwest of [[Staddle]] on the east side of the [[Bree-hill]], while in fact Combe should lie a little east of Staddle's location.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Inconsistencies with later publications===<br />
Both the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'' were written before the final three volumes of [[The History of Middle-earth]] were published, so at certain points it is contradicted by this later material. [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], which was published between the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'', is not taken into account in the revision.<br />
*Page viii: [[Middle-earth]] dominates much of the northern hemisphere of [[Arda]] [[Changing of the World|made round]], with [[Forochel]] being high in the polar regions of the world and [[Umbar]] laying more than halfway southward between the northern pole and the [[Girdle of Arda|equator]].<br />
**In [[Letter 294]], Tolkien confirms that [[Hobbiton]] is intended to be at the latitude of [[wikipedia:Oxford|Oxford]], with [[Minas Tirith]] 600 miles south being near to the latitude of [[wikipedia:Florence|Florence]]. With this information, it is clear that Middle-earth would be hardly as large as it appears on the ''Atlas'' map of a round Arda.<br />
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Sea of Helcar]] is seen to cover the area of future [[Mordor]], [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]], and the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] are shown as its remnants.<br />
**In ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', there are references to the Sea of Rhûn existing in the [[First Age]], as well as the forest to its northeast and the hills to its southwest, indicating that it must be separate from the Sea of Helcar.<br />
*Pages 38 and 39: The western shores of [[Lindon]] and the [[Ethir Anduin]] are shown to exist in the [[Second Age]] of the world as they did in the [[Third Age]].<br />
**''The Peoples of Middle-earth'' tells that during the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]], Lindon lost much land to the advancing shores, while the eastern and southern portions of the [[Bay of Belfalas]] retreated back, putting the city of [[Pelargir]], which had been only a few miles from the coast, much farther inland.<br />
* The [[Little Lune]] river appears on many maps but is never labeled, because its name was first published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref>{{PM|Atani}} p.313</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Internal inconsistencies===<br />
*Pages 12 and 53: [[Dorthonion]] and [[Himring]] are slightly above parallel J, but [[Tol Fuin]] and [[Himling]] are shown further north, above parallel I.<br />
*Pages 38 and 41: [[Belegost]] has been moved 150 miles further south than previously shown to the middle of the southern [[Blue Mountains]].<br />
*Pages 53, 76, and 80: On page 53, [[Rhosgobel]] is located near the border of [[Mirkwood]] well ''south'' of the [[Old Forest Road]], due east of [[Moria]]. On pages 76 and 80, Rhosgobel is still at the edge of the forest, but ''north'' of the Old Forest Road. One or the other location should have been used, not both.<br />
**In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', it is stated that in December of [[TA|TA3019]], scouts "had climbed the pass at the source of the [[Gladden River]], and had come down into [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]] and over the [[Gladden Fields]] and so at length had reached the old home of [[Radagast]] at Rhosgobel", which supports the page 53 location.<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> <br />
**In ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] states that Rhosgobel was "in the forest borders between the [[Carrock]] and the Old Forest Road".<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note 4</ref><br />
*Pages 89 and 210: In the map on p.89, [[Tarnost]] is located in Q-34, but the "Index of Selected Place Names" on p.210 places it at R-35.<br />
*Pages 97 and 200: In the text of p.97, Fonstad refers to the book ''[[Journeys of Frodo]]'' by Barbara Strachey, but there is no reference to this work in "Selected References" on pp. 200-201.<br />
*Page 144: In the upper-right inset, the cleft of the brazen gate (which appears in the upper-left inset) is not depicted.<br />
*Pages 205 and 209: The index entry "Grey Mountains" is a mix of references to the "[[Grey Mountains]]" (or Ered Mithrin, located at coordinates I-35) and the "[[Grey Mountains_(ancient)|Grey Mountains (of the South)]]" (located at coordinates V/Zh-30). Additionally, the index entry "[[Grey Mountains_(ancient)|Grey Mountains (of the South)]]" is incomplete. A more complete and accurate list of maps on which each set of Grey Mountains appear and are labeled is as follows (they appear unlabeled on many more):<br />
**Northern: pp. 53, 65, 76, 80 <br />
**Southern: pp. 2, 4, 38<br />
<br />
===Typographical errors===<br />
*Page 2: [[Mountains of the Wind|Mts. of the Wind]] is written as "Mts. of the World".<br />
*Page 2: [[Sea of Ringil]] is written as "Sea of Ringol".<br />
*Page 7: [[Ezellohar]] is written as "Ezollahar". [[Ilmarin]] is written as "Ilmaren". [[Tol Eressëa|Eressëa]] is written as "Erresëa". [[Hyarmentir]] is written as "Hyamentir".<br />
*Pages 6 and 38: [[Avallónë]] is written as "Avalónnë" and "Avalonnë" respectively.<br />
*Pages 7 and 38: [[Alqualondë]] is written as "Aqualondë" and "Aqualóndë", respectively.<br />
*Page 13: [[Gabilgathol]] is written as "Gabilgathod".<br />
*Page 53: [[Caras Galadhon]] is written as "Caras Galadon".<br />
*Page 58 : River [[Lhûn|Lune]] is written "River Lûne".<br />
*Page 71: [[Tuckborough]] is written as "Tuckburrow".<br />
*Page 113: [[Bolg]] is written as "Borg".<ref name="Burst"/> ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''<br />
*Page 135: [[Methedras]] is written as "Mathedras".<br />
*Page 148: [[Gamling|Gamling the Old]] is written as "Gambling the Old".<br />
*Pages 189 and 190: [[Khuzdul]], the language of the [[Dwarves]], is labeled as "[[Khazâd]]".<br />
<br />
===Use of early sources===<br />
Fonstad uses early names from the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One|Book of Lost Tales]]'' era of Tolkien's development of the [[legendarium]] for some locations, particularly in [[Aman]] and [[Tol Eressëa]].<br />
<br />
In [[Aman]], Fonstad identifies the place where [[Mandos]] delivered the [[Doom of the Noldor]] with the early name "[[Hanstovánen]]" rather than [[Araman]]. She also describes various dwellings of the [[Valar]] in [[Valinor]]. In the Second Age map of [[Tol Eressëa]], she uses the early names [[Tavrobel]] and [[Kortirion]], rather than the later names "Tathrobel" and "Cortirion" for the same places.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}</ref> In the map of [[Gondolin]], she identifies several landmarks that are only said to exist in the earliest works.<br />
<br />
Incorporation of these names and places on equal footing with those from later in the legendarium's evolution is questionable, but Fonstad seems to have been aware of the potential issues and explicitly notes in the accompanying text the speculative nature of the maps of the Undying Lands.<br />
<br />
===="Dor Daidelos"====<br />
One clear error relating to use of early materials appears on the maps of the far north of Beleriand in the First Age printed on pages 4, 5, and 15. In the ''Atlas'', the lands at the foot of [[Thangorodrim]] are labeled "[[Dor Daedeloth]] (Land of Shadow Horror)" on various maps, while the wide region north of the [[Ered Engrin]] is labeled "Dor Daidelos (Region of Everlasting Cold)" (the p.15 map uses "Regions" plural). <br />
<br />
However, the published ''Silmarillion'' uses "Dor Daedeloth" (Land of the Shadow of Horror) as the name for the northern lands under the control of Morgoth without distinguishing the regions north and south of the mountains.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Dor Daedeloth"</ref> The name "Daidelos" for the lands north of the Ered Engrin was used only on Ambarkanta Map V; in other draft material this was changed or corrected variously to "Dor-na-Dhaideloth ('Sky-roof')," "Daideloth ('High plain')," "Dor-Daidelos," "Dor-Daedeloth," and, ultimately, "Dor Daedeloth" as it appears in the published ''Silmarillion''.<ref>{{SM|Index}}, entry "Dor-Daideloth"</ref> It seems clear from this documented evolutionary process that Tolkien intended "Dor Daedeloth" to be equivalent to, and a replacement of, the earlier term "Daidelos," not for the two to be separate coexisting regions. <br />
<br />
As such, the label "Dor Daidelos" is in error in three ways: First, the lands north of the Ered Engrin should share the name "Dor Daedeloth" with the lands in the shadow of Thangorodrim to the south. Second, the spelling "Dor Daidelos," unhyphenated, never appears in any primary source material. Third, the translation "Region(s) of Everlasting Cold" is entirely unattested and appears to be Fonstad's own invention.<br />
<br />
== Translated editions ==<br />
* ''Atlas de la Tierra Media'' (Spanish), editor Timun Mas Narrativa, 1993.<br />
* ''L'atlante della Terra-di-mezzo di Tolkien'' (Italian), editor Rusconi Libri, 1997, translated by Isabella Murro.<br />
* ''Historischer Atlas von Mittelerde'' (German), editor Klett-Cotta, translated by Hans J. Schütz. The first german edition was published in 2001.<br />
* ''Atlas Śródziemia'' (Polish), editor Wydawnictwo Amber, 2016, translated by Tadeusz Andrzej Olszański.<br />
* ''Középfölde atlasza'' (Hungarian), editor Cicero, 2017, translated by Gabriella Buki, Tamás Füzessy, and Balázs Tallian.<br />
* ''O Atlas da Terra-média'' (Portuguese), HarperCollins Brasil, 2022, translated by Cristina Casagrande.<br />
* ''L'Atlas de la Terre du Milieu'' (French), Bragelonne, 2022, translated by Daniel Lauzon. All the maps were redrawn by the freelance illustrator Stéphane Arson in a similar style than Fonstad but modernized.<br />
* A japanese edition was published in 2002.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?913898 List] of English-language versions of the first edition<br />
* [https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?468211 List] of English-language versions of the revised edition<br />
* [https://www.tolkiendil.com/tolkien/sur-tolkien/karen_wynn_fonstad_-_atlas_terre_du_milieu Webpage] about the ''Atlas'' on Tolkiendil.com (French language)<br />
* [https://www.tolkiendil.com/tolkien/sur-tolkien/critiques/atlas_fonstad_premiere_edition Webpage] on the first edition on Tolkiendil.com (French language)<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlas of Middle-earth, The}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Map books]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth&diff=376424
The Atlas of Middle-earth
2023-07-05T04:20:43Z
<p>Mord: revised added content; removed unnecessary bibliography & reviews sections; added links to external sources that publication history was sourced from</p>
<hr />
<div>{{book<br />
|title=The Atlas of Middle-Earth<br />
|image=[[Image:The Atlas of Middle-earth.jpg|225px]]<br />
|author=[[Karen Wynn Fonstad]]<br />
|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]<br />
|date=[[29 May]] [[1981]]<br/>1991 (revised edition)<br />
|format=Paperback<br />
|pages=210<br />
|noisbn=0395286654 (1981 first edition)<br />
0395535166 (1991 revised edition)<br />
0618126996 (2001 reprint, pictured)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Atlas of Middle-earth''''' by [[Karen Wynn Fonstad]] is an atlas of various lands in [[Arda]]. It includes specific maps for ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and ''[[The Hobbit]]'', for which it is intended as a reading companion.<br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
The maps are treated as if they are of real landscapes, and are drawn according to the same rules that a real atlas is drawn: for each area the history of the land is taken into account, as well as geography on a larger scale and from there maps are drawn. Discussion includes suggestions as to the geology that could explain various formations, and points that are contradictory between multiple accounts.<br />
<br />
City maps and floor plans for important buildings are also included; these are very often useful for making sense of the narratives, especially in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. As well, many battles such as [[Battles of Beleriand|those]] of [[Beleriand]], the [[Last Alliance]] and the [[War of the Ring]] are illustrated.<br />
<br />
The book was published in [[1981]], but in [[1991]] a revised and updated version was published, which took information from ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'' into account. In [[2001]], the publishers issued a reprint of the 1991 revised edition with a new cover (pictured) but identical contents.<br />
<br />
Fonstad also made a bold attempt to fill the gaps by using early conceptual work, mainly from ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One]]'' and the ''[[Ambarkanta]]'', combining the later known maps with the sketches used by Tolkien to provide "world maps" of [[Arda]] in its entirety and show [[Aman]], [[Beleriand]]'s position relative to [[Eriador]], and the place of [[Númenor]] in the Sea.<br />
<br />
It was, however, published before the final three volumes of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]'', and thus some maps are based on [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]]'s early works, which were revised in later writings.<br />
<br />
==Errors and criticism==<br />
Despite being a thoroughly researched and well-respected reference book, the ''Atlas'' is known to contain several errors. However, a number of these were corrected in the revised edition, as noted below.<br />
<br />
===Inconsistencies with earlier publications===<br />
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Grey Mountains (ancient)|Grey Mountains]] are shown in western [[Haradwaith]] south of the [[Great Gulf]] rather than in the [[Dark Land|Southlands]].<ref>{{SM|5b}} p. 239</ref><br />
*Page 13: Nogrod is shown north of Belegost, and both south of Mount Dolmed. ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' states that Belegost was "to the north of the great height of Mount Dolmed" and that Nogrod was the more southerly of the two<ref>{{S|10}}</ref>.<br />
*Pages 39 and 88: On both pages, [[Drúwaith Iaur]] is shown north of the [[Ered Nimrais]] and south of the [[Angren]], and on page 39 extending east below the [[Adorn]]. In the Unfinished Tales map, Drúwaith Iaur is in the narrow area between the ocean and the southern Ered Nimrais, south of the mouth of the [[Angren]].<ref>{{UT|Index}}, "Map"</ref><br />
*Page 71: [[Hardbottle]] is shown in the [[Southfarthing]] rather than the [[Northfarthing]].<ref name="Nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 771</ref> Sackville, shown in the Southfarthing, is entirely invented (compare the [[Sackville Family]]).<br />
*Page 89: [[Tarnost]] is shown as a city separate from [[Ethring]] though it may be a discarded name for the latter from early drafts.<ref>{{HM|AoL}}, p. 139</ref><br />
*Pages 92 and 93: [[Lithlad]] is shown in the south of [[Mordor]] rather than the northeast.<br />
*Page 99: It is written that Bilbo gave the Arkenstone to the Elvenking and Bard on 22 November, then Dáin arrived in the early morning on 23 November. In ''The Hobbit'', [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] gave away the [[Arkenstone]] and then returned before midnight to wake up Bombur.<ref>{{H|Thief}}</ref> The next day, there was a new parley, it was revealed that the Elves and Men had the Arkenstone, and [[Thorin|Thorin]] expelled Bilbo from the [[Lonely Mountain]]. On the ''next'' morning, Dáin arrived.<ref name="Burst">{{H|Burst}}</ref> Fonstad's timeline has Dáin arrive in one day, while the text of ''The Hobbit'' has him arrive in two days. Either Dáin must have arrived on 24 November or Bilbo must have handed over the Arkenstone late on 21 November.<br />
*Page 106: In ''The Hobbit'', when the Dwarves saw a fire off in the woods, "The light was ahead of them and to the ''left'' of the path".<ref>{{H|Flies}}</ref> In Fonstad's map, the Dwarves left the path to the right. ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''<br />
*Page 125: [[Combe]] is shown laying to the northwest of [[Staddle]] on the east side of the [[Bree-hill]], while in fact Combe should lie a little east of Staddle's location.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Inconsistencies with later publications===<br />
Both the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'' were written before the final three volumes of [[The History of Middle-earth]] were published, so at certain points it is contradicted by this later material. [[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]], which was published between the first and second editions of the ''Atlas'', is not taken into account in the revision.<br />
*Page viii: [[Middle-earth]] dominates much of the northern hemisphere of [[Arda]] [[Changing of the World|made round]], with [[Forochel]] being high in the polar regions of the world and [[Umbar]] laying more than halfway southward between the northern pole and the [[Girdle of Arda|equator]].<br />
**In [[Letter 294]], Tolkien confirms that [[Hobbiton]] is intended to be at the latitude of [[wikipedia:Oxford|Oxford]], with [[Minas Tirith]] 600 miles south being near to the latitude of [[wikipedia:Florence|Florence]]. With this information, it is clear that Middle-earth would be hardly as large as it appears on the ''Atlas'' map of a round Arda.<br />
*Pages 4 and 5: The [[Sea of Helcar]] is seen to cover the area of future [[Mordor]], [[Khand]], and [[Rhûn]], and the [[Sea of Rhûn]] and [[Sea of Núrnen]] are shown as its remnants.<br />
**In ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'', there are references to the Sea of Rhûn existing in the [[First Age]], as well as the forest to its northeast and the hills to its southwest, indicating that it must be separate from the Sea of Helcar.<br />
*Pages 38 and 39: The western shores of [[Lindon]] and the [[Ethir Anduin]] are shown to exist in the [[Second Age]] of the world as they did in the [[Third Age]].<br />
**''The Peoples of Middle-earth'' tells that during the [[Akallabêth|Downfall of Númenor]], Lindon lost much land to the advancing shores, while the eastern and southern portions of the [[Bay of Belfalas]] retreated back, putting the city of [[Pelargir]], which had been only a few miles from the coast, much farther inland.<br />
* The [[Little Lune]] river appears on many maps but is never labeled, because its name was first published in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]''<ref>{{PM|Atani}} p.313</ref>.<br />
<br />
===Internal inconsistencies===<br />
*Pages 12 and 53: [[Dorthonion]] and [[Himring]] are slightly above parallel J, but [[Tol Fuin]] and [[Himling]] are shown further north, above parallel I.<br />
*Pages 38 and 41: [[Belegost]] has been moved 150 miles further south than previously shown to the middle of the southern [[Blue Mountains]].<br />
*Pages 53, 76, and 80: On page 53, [[Rhosgobel]] is located near the border of [[Mirkwood]] well ''south'' of the [[Old Forest Road]], due east of [[Moria]]. On pages 76 and 80, Rhosgobel is still at the edge of the forest, but ''north'' of the Old Forest Road. One or the other location should have been used, not both.<br />
**In ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', it is stated that in December of [[TA|TA3019]], scouts "had climbed the pass at the source of the [[Gladden River]], and had come down into [[Rhovanion|Wilderland]] and over the [[Gladden Fields]] and so at length had reached the old home of [[Radagast]] at Rhosgobel", which supports the page 53 location.<ref>{{FR|II3}}</ref> <br />
**In ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'', [[Christopher Tolkien]] states that Rhosgobel was "in the forest borders between the [[Carrock]] and the Old Forest Road".<ref>{{UT|Istari}}, Note 4</ref><br />
*Pages 89 and 210: In the map on p.89, [[Tarnost]] is located in Q-34, but the "Index of Selected Place Names" on p.210 places it at R-35.<br />
*Pages 97 and 200: In the text of p.97, Fonstad refers to the book ''[[Journeys of Frodo]]'' by Barbara Strachey, but there is no reference to this work in "Selected References" on pp.200-201.<br />
*Page 144: In the upper-right inset, the cleft of the brazen gate (which appears in the upper-left inset) is not depicted.<br />
*Pages 205 and 209: The index entry "Grey Mountains" is a mix of references to the "[[Grey Mountains]]" (or Ered Mithrin, located at coordinates I-35) and the "[[Grey Mountains_(ancient)|Grey Mountains (of the South)]]" (located at coordinates V/Zh-30). Additionally, the index entry "[[Grey Mountains_(ancient)|Grey Mountains (of the South)]]" is incomplete. A more complete and accurate list of maps on which each set of Grey Mountains appear and are labeled is as follows (they appear unlabeled on many more):<br />
**Northern: pp. 53, 65, 76, 80 <br />
**Southern: pp. 2, 4, 38<br />
<br />
===Typographical errors===<br />
*Page 2: [[Mountains of the Wind|Mts. of the Wind]] is written as "Mts. of the World".<br />
*Page 2: [[Sea of Ringil]] is written as "Sea of Ringol".<br />
*Page 7: [[Ezellohar]] is written as "Ezollahar". [[Ilmarin]] is written as "Ilmaren". [[Tol Eressëa|Eressëa]] is written as "Erresëa". [[Hyarmentir]] is written as "Hyamentir".<br />
*Pages 6 and 38: [[Avallónë]] is written as "Avalónnë" and "Avalonnë" respectively.<br />
*Pages 7 and 38: [[Alqualondë]] is written as "Aqualondë" and "Aqualóndë", respectively.<br />
*Page 13: [[Gabilgathol]] is written as "Gabilgathod".<br />
*Page 53: [[Caras Galadhon]] is written as "Caras Galadon".<br />
*Page 58 : River [[Lhûn|Lune]] is written "River Lûne".<br />
*Page 71: [[Tuckborough]] is written as "Tuckburrow".<br />
*Page 113: [[Bolg]] is written as "Borg".<ref name="Burst"/> ''(Corrected in 2nd edition.)''<br />
*Page 135: [[Methedras]] is written as "Mathedras".<br />
*Page 148: [[Gamling|Gamling the Old]] is written as "Gambling the Old".<br />
*Pages 189 and 190: [[Khuzdul]], the language of the [[Dwarves]], is labeled as "[[Khazâd]]".<br />
<br />
===Use of early sources===<br />
Fonstad uses early names from the ''[[The Book of Lost Tales Part One|Book of Lost Tales]]'' era of Tolkien's development of the [[legendarium]] for some locations, particularly in [[Aman]] and [[Tol Eressëa]].<br />
<br />
In [[Aman]], Fonstad identifies the place where [[Mandos]] delivered the [[Doom of the Noldor]] with the early name "[[Hanstovánen]]" rather than [[Araman]]. She also describes various dwellings of the [[Valar]] in [[Valinor]]. In the Second Age map of [[Tol Eressëa]], she uses the early names [[Tavrobel]] and [[Kortirion]], rather than the later names "Tathrobel" and "Cortirion" for the same places.<ref>{{LR|Quenta}}</ref> In the map of [[Gondolin]], she identifies several landmarks that are only said to exist in the earliest works.<br />
<br />
Incorporation of these names and places on equal footing with those from later in the legendarium's evolution is questionable, but Fonstad seems to have been aware of the potential issues and explicitly notes in the accompanying text the speculative nature of the maps of the Undying Lands.<br />
<br />
===="Dor Daidelos"====<br />
One clear error relating to use of early materials appears on the maps of the far north of Beleriand in the First Age printed on pages 4, 5, and 15. In the ''Atlas'', the lands at the foot of [[Thangorodrim]] are labeled "[[Dor Daedeloth]] (Land of Shadow Horror)" on various maps, while the wide region north of the [[Ered Engrin]] is labeled "Dor Daidelos (Region of Everlasting Cold)" (the p.15 map uses "Regions" plural). <br />
<br />
However, the published ''Silmarillion'' uses "Dor Daedeloth" (Land of the Shadow of Horror) as the name for the northern lands under the control of Morgoth without distinguishing the regions north and south of the mountains.<ref>{{S|Index}}, entry "Dor Daedeloth"</ref> The name "Daidelos" for the lands north of the Ered Engrin was used only on Ambarkanta Map V; in other draft material this was changed or corrected variously to "Dor-na-Dhaideloth ('Sky-roof')," "Daideloth ('High plain')," "Dor-Daidelos," "Dor-Daedeloth," and, ultimately, "Dor Daedeloth" as it appears in the published ''Silmarillion''.<ref>{{SM|Index}}, entry "Dor-Daideloth"</ref> It seems clear from this documented evolutionary process that Tolkien intended "Dor Daedeloth" to be equivalent to, and a replacement of, the earlier term "Daidelos," not for the two to be separate coexisting regions. <br />
<br />
As such, the label "Dor Daidelos" is in error in three ways: First, the lands north of the Ered Engrin should share the name "Dor Daedeloth" with the lands in the shadow of Thangorodrim to the south. Second, the spelling "Dor Daidelos," unhyphenated, never appears in any primary source material. Third, the translation "Region(s) of Everlasting Cold" is entirely unattested and appears to be Fonstad's own invention.<br />
<br />
== Translated editions ==<br />
* ''Atlas de la Tierra Media'' (Spanish), editor Timun Mas Narrativa, 1993.<br />
* ''L'atlante della Terra-di-mezzo di Tolkien'' (Italian), editor Rusconi Libri, 1997, translated by Isabella Murro.<br />
* ''Historischer Atlas von Mittelerde'' (German), editor Klett-Cotta, translated by Hans J. Schütz. The first german edition was published in 2001.<br />
* ''Atlas Śródziemia'' (Polish), editor Wydawnictwo Amber, 2016, translated by Tadeusz Andrzej Olszański.<br />
* ''Középfölde atlasza'' (Hungarian), editor Cicero, 2017, translated by Gabriella Buki, Tamás Füzessy, and Balázs Tallian.<br />
* ''O Atlas da Terra-média'' (Portuguese), HarperCollins Brasil, 2022, translated by Cristina Casagrande.<br />
* ''L'Atlas de la Terre du Milieu'' (French), Bragelonne, 2022, translated by Daniel Lauzon. All the maps were redrawn by the freelance illustrator Stéphane Arson in a similar style than Fonstad but modernized.<br />
* A japanese edition was published in 2002.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?913898 List] of English-language versions of the first edition<br />
* [https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?468211 List] of English-language versions of the revised edition<br />
* [https://www.tolkiendil.com/tolkien/sur-tolkien/karen_wynn_fonstad_-_atlas_terre_du_milieu Webpage] about the ''Atlas'' on Tolkiendil.com (French language)<br />
* [https://www.tolkiendil.com/tolkien/sur-tolkien/critiques/atlas_fonstad_premiere_edition Webpage] on the first edition on Tolkiendil.com (French language)<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlas of Middle-earth, The}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
[[Category:Map books]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers&diff=376423
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
2023-07-05T03:37:28Z
<p>Mord: Undo revision 376389 by English Lady (talk) | Let's try this again, eh?</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Two Towers|[[Two Towers (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{film infobox<br />
| image=[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Two Towers - Ensemble poster.jpg|250px]]<br />
| name=The Two Towers<br />
| director=[[Peter Jackson]]<br />
| producer=Peter Jackson<br>Barrie M. Osborne<br>[[Fran Walsh]]<br />
| writer='''Novel:'''<br>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br>'''Screenplay:'''<br>[[Fran Walsh]]<br>[[Philippa Boyens]]<br>Peter Jackson<br />
| narrator=<br />
| starring= see below<br />
| music=[[Howard Shore]]<br />
| cinematography=[[Andrew Lesnie]]<br />
| editing=Michael J. Horton<br />
| studio=[[WingNut Films]]<br>[[New Line Cinema]]<br />
| distributor=[[New Line Cinema]]<br />
| released=[[December 18]], [[2002]]<br />
| runtime='''Theatrical:'''<br>179 min.<br>'''Extended Edition:'''<br>223 min.<br />
| country=New Zealand & USA<br />
| language=English<br />
| budget= $94 million<br />
| website=[http://www.lordoftherings.net Official website]<br />
| imdb_id=0120737<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers''''' is a film which was directed by [[Peter Jackson]], with a theatrical runtime of 179 minutes (2 hours, 59 minutes). It is the second part in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|The Lord of the Rings film trilogy]], following ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. It's screenplay is written by Peter Jackson, [[Fran Walsh]] and [[Philippa Boyens]]. It is an adaptation of the book ''[[The Two Towers]]'', the second part of the three-volume novel ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], although some of the later events are held over to the later third movie, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''.The film premiered at Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City, on Thursday, 5 December, [[2002]]. It was very well received critically and was an enormous box-office success, making over $900 million worldwide (making it the fourth most successful film of all time at that point in time).<br />
<br />
==Synopsis==<br />
The surviving members of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] have split into three groups. Frodo and Sam face many perils on their continuing quest to save [[Middle-earth]] by destroying [[the One Ring]] in the fires of [[Mount Doom]]. Merry and Pippin escape from the [[Orcs]] and must convince the [[Ents]] to join the battle against evil. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas encounter a mysteriously transformed Gandalf and battle [[Saruman]]'s army at [[Helm's Deep]].<br />
<br />
==Scenes==<br />
# [[The Foundations of Stone]]<br />
# [[Elven Rope]] *<br />
# [[The Taming of Sméagol (scene)|The Taming of Sméagol]] **<br />
# [[The Uruk-hai (scene)|The Uruk-hai]] **<br />
# [[The Three Hunters]]<br />
# [[The Burnings of the Westfold]] **<br />
# [[Massacre at the Fords of Isen]] *<br />
# [[The Banishment of Éomer]] **<br />
# [[On the Trail of the Uruk-hai]]<br />
# [[Night Camp at Fangorn]] **<br />
# [[The Riders of Rohan (scene)|The Riders of Rohan]]<br />
# [[The Fate of Merry and Pippin]]<br />
# [[Treebeard (scene)|Treebeard]]<br />
# [[The Passage of the Marshes (scene)|The Passage of the Marshes]] **<br />
# [[The White Rider (scene)|The White Rider]] **<br />
# [[The Songs of the Entwives]] *<br />
# [[The Heir of Númenor]] *<br />
# [[The Black Gate is Closed (scene)|The Black Gate is Closed]]<br />
# [[Ent Draft]] *<br />
# [[The King of the Golden Hall (scene)|The King of the Golden Hall]] **<br />
# [[The Funeral of Théodred]] *<br />
# [[Simbelmynë on the Burial Mounds]]<br />
# [[The King's Decision]]<br />
# [[Brego (scene)|Brego]] *<br />
# [[The Ring of Barahir]] *<br />
# [[A Daughter of Kings]] **<br />
# [[Exodus from Edoras]]<br />
# [[The Forests of Ithilien]]<br />
# [[Gollum and Sméagol]]<br />
# [[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit (scene)|Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]] **<br />
# [[Dwarf Women]] **<br />
# [[One of the Dúnedain]] *<br />
# [[The Evenstar (The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers scene)|The Evenstar]] **<br />
# [[The Wolves of Isengard]]<br />
# [[Helm's Deep (scene)|Helm's Deep]] **<br />
# [[Isengard Unleashed]]<br />
# [[The Grace of the Valar]]<br />
# [[Arwen's Fate]]<br />
# [[The Story Foreseen from Lórien]]<br />
# [[The Window on the West (scene)|The Window on the West]] **<br />
# [[Sons of the Steward]] *<br />
# [[The Forbidden Pool (scene)|The Forbidden Pool]] **<br />
# [[Aragorn's Return]]<br />
# [[Entmoot (scene)|Entmoot]]<br />
# [[The Glittering Caves]] **<br />
# [["Where is the Horse and the Rider?"]]<br />
# [["Don't Be Hasty Master Meriadoc!"]] *<br />
# [[The Host of the Eldar]]<br />
# [[The Battle of the Hornburg]] **<br />
# [[Old Entish]]<br />
# [[The Breach of the Deeping Wall]]<br />
# [[The Entmoot Decides]]<br />
# [[The Retreat of the Hornburg]] **<br />
# [[Master Peregrin's Plan]]<br />
# [[Osgiliath (scene)|Osgiliath]]<br />
# [[The Last March of the Ents]] **<br />
# [[The Nazgûl Attack]]<br />
# [[Forth Eorlingas]]<br />
# [[The Flooding of Isengard]]<br />
# [[The Tales That Really Mattered...]]<br />
# [[Fangorn Comes to Helm's Deep]] *<br />
# [[The Final Tally]] *<br />
# [[Flotsam and Jetsam (scene)|Flotsam and Jetsam]] *<br />
# [[Farewell to Faramir]] *<br />
# [["The Battle for Middle-earth is About to Begin"]]<br />
# [[Gollum's Plan]]<br />
# Credits<br />
# Official Fan Club Credits *<br />
<br />
<nowiki> *</nowiki> denotes a scene only available in the Extended Edition cut of the film.<br />
<br />
<nowiki> **</nowiki> denotes a scene which includes extended content only available in the Extended Edition cut of the film.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="# CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bruce Allpress]] || [[Aldor (film character)|Aldor]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sean Astin]] || [[Samwise Gamgee|Sam]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[John Bach]] || [[Madril]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sala Baker]] || [[Lugdush|Man Flesh Uruk]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cate Blanchett]] || [[Galadriel]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Orlando Bloom]] || [[Legolas]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Billy Boyd]] || [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jed Brophy]] || [[Sharku]]/[[Snaga (orc of Isengard)|Snaga]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sam Comery]] || [[Éothain (film character)|Éothain]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brad Dourif]] || [[Gríma|Wormtongue]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Calum Gittins]] || [[Haleth (film character)|Haleth]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bernard Hill]] || [[Théoden]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bruce Hopkins]] || [[Gamling]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Paris Howe Strewe]] || [[Théodred]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Christopher Lee]] || [[Saruman]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nathaniel Lees]] || [[Uglúk]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[John Leigh]] || [[Háma]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Robbie Magasiva]] || [[Mauhúr]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Robyn Malcolm]] || [[Morwen (film character)|Morwen]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ian McKellen]] || [[Gandalf]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dominic Monaghan]] || [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Viggo Mortensen]] || [[Aragorn]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Miranda Otto]] || [[Éowyn]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Craig Parker]] || [[Haldir]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bruce Phillips]] || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Soldier]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Robert Pollock]] || [[Orcs of Mordor|Mordor Orc]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[John Rhys-Davies]] || [[Gimli]]/[[Treebeard|Voice of Treebeard]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Andy Serkis]] || [[Gollum]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Olivia Tennet]] || [[Freda]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ray Trickitt|Ray Trickett]] || [[Bereg (film character)|Bereg]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Liv Tyler]] || [[Arwen]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karl Urban]] || [[Éomer]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Stephen Ure]] || [[Grishnákh]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hugo Weaving]] || [[Elrond]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[David Wenham]] || [[Faramir]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Elijah Wood]] || [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Victoria Beynon-Cole]], Lee Hartley, Philip Grieve || [[Orcs|Hero Orcs]]<br />
|-<br />
| Billy Jackson, [[Katie Jackson]] || [[Rohirrim|Cute Rohan Refugee Children]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sean Bean]] || [[Boromir]] ([[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|Extended Edition]] only)<br />
|-<br />
| Timothy Lee || [[Dunlendings|Wildman]] ([[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|Extended Edition]] only)<br />
|-<br />
| [[John Noble]] || [[Denethor]] ([[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|Extended Edition]] only)<br />
|-<br />
| Phillip Spencer-Harris || [[Ranger of Ithilien|Ranger 1]] ([[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|Extended Edition]] only)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Uncredited===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"<br />
! Actor !! Role<br />
|-<br />
| Richard Alexander, Geoff Allen, Daniel Andrews, Sean Button, Ryan Coray, Rodney Cook, Tack Daniel, Augie Davis, Mana Hira Davis, Shane Dawson, David Gatward Ferguson, Siaosi Fonua, Winham Hammond, Michael Harrison, Lani Jackson, Ralph Johnson, Sam Kelly, Greg Lane, Lance Louez, Joseph Mika-Hunt, Dean Morganty, Francis Mountjoy, Nooroa Poa, Allan Poppleton, Ken Stratton, Robbie Titchener, Tim Wong, Robert Young || [[Uruk-Hai]]<br />
|-<br />
| Geoff Allen, Daniel Andrews, Ben Barrington, Mana Hira Davis, Michael Harrison, Ron Kerkmeester, Joseph Mika-Hunt, Francis Mountjoy, Matthew J. Saville || [[Gondorians|Gondorian Soldiers]]<br />
|-<br />
| Geoff Allen, Frazer Anderson, Daniel Andrews, Ben Barrington, Mana Hira Davis, Siaosi Fonua, Michael Harrison, Paul Holmes, Ralph Johnson, Ron Kerkmeester, Lance Louez, Francis Mountjoy, Shaneel Sidal, Melvin Te Wani, John Turner || [[Orcs]]<br />
|-<br />
| Geoff Allen, Colin Bleasdale, Mana Hira Davis, Aron Eastwood, Michael Harrison, Davey Hughes, Ralph Johnson, Ron Kerkmeester, Richard Knowles, Ken Stratton, John Turner || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Soldiers]]<br />
|-<br />
| Frazer Anderson, Ben Barrington, Michael Harrison, Dean Morganty, Ken Stratton || [[Ranger of Ithilien|Rangers]]<br />
|-<br />
| Jarl Benzon, [[Jørn Benzon]], Ben Britton, Alexia Fairbrother, [[Daniel Falconer]], Kester Fordham, Ben Fransham, Jonathan Harding, Gareth Jensen, Sam Kelly, Sandro Kopp || [[Elves|Elven Warriors]]<br />
|-<br />
| Jarl Benzon || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Stable Boy]]<br />
|-<br />
| Owen Black, [[Daniel Falconer]] || [[Elves|Rivendell Elves]]<br />
|-<br />
| Dorothy Anne Bonner, June Hancock, Dra McKay, Dianne Smith || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Women]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ben Britton || [[Rohirrim|Man of Rohan]]<br />
|-<br />
| Riley Brophy || [[Rohirrim|Cute Rohan Refugee Child]]<br />
|-<br />
| Alistair Browning || [[Damrod]]<br />
|-<br />
| Alix Bushnell, Kelly Corbishley, Frank Goldingham, Lew Hewson, Jaime Lawrence, Cameron Lemon, Miranda Rivers, Samuel E. Shore, Sarah Thomas || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Refugees]]<br />
|-<br />
| Erin Cassie || [[Rohirrim|Village Girl]]<br />
|-<br />
| Robert Catto, Michael Fowler, Jaime Lawrence, Francis Mountjoy, Samuel E. Shore || [[Elves]]<br />
|-<br />
| Mana Hira Davis, Shane Dawson, Clint Elvy, Are Manea Karati, Jeremy Sciascia || [[Haradrim|Harad Warriors]]<br />
|-<br />
| Karlos Drinkwater || [[Easterlings|Easterling Warrior]]<br />
|-<br />
| Frank Edwards, Tony Shaw || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Men]]<br />
|-<br />
| Michael Harrison, Ron Kerkmeester, Paul Norell, Ken Stratton, Robbie Titchener || [[Easterlings]]<br />
|-<br />
| Michael Harrison, Michael Lawrence || [[Dunlendings|Wildmen]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lucas Hayward, James Ordish || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Boys]]<br />
|-<br />
| Dan Hennah, Alan Lee, Arnold Montey || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Recruits]]<br />
|-<br />
| Lew Hewson, Gareth Reeves || [[Elves|Fighting Elves]]<br />
|-<br />
| Jason Hood || [[Rohirrim|Théoden's Royal Guard]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Peter Jackson]] || [[Rohirrim|Spear-Throwing Rohan Soldier]]<br />
|-<br />
| Sam La Hood || [[Orcs|Orc Pitmaster]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Greg Lane]] || [[Berserker|Berserker Torch-Bearer]]<br />
|-<br />
| Don Langridge, Robbie Titchener || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Guards]]<br />
|-<br />
| Jono Manks || [[Ringwraith|Twilight Ringwraith]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brent McIntyre]] || [[Witch-king]]<br />
|-<br />
| Dean Morganty, Ken Stratton || [[Haradrim|Haradrim Warriors]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Henry Mortensen]] || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Boy Recruit]]<br />
|-<br />
| Barrie M. Osborne || [[Rohirrim|Rock-throwing Rohan Soldier]]<br />
|-<br />
| Wayne Phillips || [[Gondorians|Captain of the Guards]]<br />
|-<br />
| Campbell Rousselle || [[Isengarders|Tree-cutting Orc]]<br />
|-<br />
| Nancy Ruck || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Refugee Child]]<br />
|-<br />
| Allan Smith || [[Elves|Dead Marshes Elf]]<br />
|-<br />
| Ken Stratton || [[Isengarders|Isengard Orc]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Marcus Thorne]] || [[Orcs|Featured Orc]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Greg Tozer]] || [[Rohirrim|Conscripting Rohan Soldier]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Piripi Waretini]] || [[Uruk-Hai|Uruk-Hai Warrior]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hannah Wood]] || [[Rohirrim|Rohan Woman in Cave]]<br />
|-<br />
| John Wraight || [[Rohirrim|Stable Hand]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Trivia ==<br />
Below is a list of trivia from Amazon's "X-Ray" feature that accompanied the film upon streaming it on Prime Video.<br />
<br />
==Filming locations==<br />
<table class="wikitable"><br />
<tr bgcolor="# CCCCCC"><br />
<th>Fictional<br>Location</th><th>Specific Location<br>in New Zealand</th><th>General Area<br>in New Zealand</th><br />
</tr><tr><br />
<td>Plains of [[Rohan]]</td><td>Greenstone Station</td><td>Kinloch</td><br />
</tr><tr><br />
<td>[[Rohan]]</td><td>Poolburn Lake</td><td>Maniototo Plain</td><br />
</tr><tr><br />
<td>[[Edoras]]</td><td>[[Mount Sunday]]</td><td>Rangitata Valley</td><br />
</tr><tr><br />
<td>[[Dead Marshes]]</td><td>Kepler Mire</td><td>Te Anau</td><br />
</tr><tr><br />
<td>The [[Black Gate]]</td><td>Rangipo Desert</td><td>Lake Taupo</td><br />
</tr><tr><br />
<td>[[Helm's Deep]]</td><td>Hayward's Hill</td><td>Lower Hutt</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br />
==Deviations from the source material==<br />
<br />
Jackson's ''The Two Towers'' differs from Tolkien's in several important ways. Arwen does not appear in the second book at all. Interviews with Jackson and the other writers on the extended DVD version of the movie make it clear that they are fully aware of the implications of these changes in terms of the original story, and have chosen to make them not out of ignorance but in order to make the story work better in terms of motion picture storytelling.<br />
<br />
Notably the meaning of the title itself, 'The Two Towers', has been changed. Tolkien considered many possible combinations, but eventually settled on [[Orthanc]] and [[Minas Morgul]] being the 'two towers'. However, in Jackson's movie Saruman instead names them as Orthanc and [[Barad-dûr]], which is also reflected in the movie poster.<br />
<br />
====Structure====<br />
<br />
Tolkien divided ''The Two Towers'' into two distinct parts. The first told the stories of Merry, Pippin, Aragorn, Gimli, Legolas and Gandalf. The second concerned Frodo, Sam and Gollum. Jackson chose to intercut between the two to present the events in chronological order.<br />
<br />
====Events====<br />
<br />
Jackson and his co-writers added several events to the story, notably:<br />
* In the movie, Faramir speaks of taking the Ring from Frodo, for the defence of Gondor; in the book, he denies having any such desire: ''not even if I found it by the side of a road'', he repeats. According to Jackson, this does not work dramatically, as Faramir has no "character arc" (i.e. he does not change as a character from his first scene to his last). Jackson justifies this change as a means of making Faramir seem more of a rounded character as well as not wanting the line to deflate the perceptions of the Ring's power.<br />
* In the movie, Faramir takes Frodo, Sam and Gollum to the besieged city of [[Osgiliath]], but subsequently lets them go. In the theatrical version it is not clear how Frodo and his companions get back from Osgiliath to [[Ithilien]], but this is explained in the extended cut - they escape through the ruined city's sewers and so make their way out behind the enemy lines. (It is not explained why the Gondorians have made no military use of this apparent asset.)<br />
* An attack on the Rohirrim travelling to Helm's Deep by Orcs mounted on [[Wargs]] results in Aragorn's near death; he is revived by a vision of Arwen in a dream sequence. Nothing like this is present in the book.<br />
* Galadriel persuades Elrond (via long-distance [[ósanwe|telepathy]]) to send Elven archers to Helm's Deep. Interestingly, they appear nonetheless to be Elves of [[Lothlórien]], one of whom ([[Haldir]]) we met previously in the Golden Wood. Jackson originally planned to have Arwen herself fighting at Helm's Deep and filmed some scenes along those lines, but abandoned that tack. It is still possible to pick her out in the battle, as some footage was used in the Extended Edition. This addition might have been inspired by a single line spoken in passing by Legolas, when he was waiting for the coming forces of Saruman at the walls of Helm's Deep: he wished that he could have had a hundred Elven archers with him to strengthen the defence.<br />
* Arwen has a vision of her future which is taken somewhat loosely from ''The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen'' in the books' Appendices.<br />
* Elrond almost forcibly sends Arwen "to the West". Her final decision on the matter, and her reason for making it, is revealed in ''The Return of the King''.<br />
<br />
Two important events from Tolkien's ''The Two Towers'' did not make it into the film, but were held over for the next one:<br />
* Gandalf and Saruman's confrontation at [[Isengard]]; this was originally intended to appear at the beginning of ''The Return of the King'', but a late decision by Peter Jackson meant that this scene was not part of the theatrical version, though it has since been included in the extended cut.<br />
* Sam and Frodo's encounter with the monstrous [[Shelob]]. (This is foreshadowed by [[Gollum]]'s line: "We could let ''her'' do it!") Shelob's Lair did indeed feature prominently in the third film.<br />
<br />
====Characters====<br />
<br />
Four of the characters in the film are presented somewhat differently than their counterparts in the book:<br />
* Faramir requires much more convincing to let Sam and Frodo continue on their quest; in the book he immediately recognizes the wisdom of permitting them to leave freely.<br />
* Treebeard, chief among the Ents, is unaware of what is happening on the borders of his forest and has to be "tricked" into attacking Isengard. In the theatrical release he is not seen sending [[Huorns]] to Helm's Deep, but does so in the extended video version - see below.<br />
* Continuing a trend from the first movie, [[Elrond]] (who doesn't appear in the book) is much more protective of Arwen and is almost antagonistic toward [[Aragorn]], thus the [[Thingol]] portrayal and the stereotypical "father-daughter theme" are both apparent.<br />
* King [[Théoden]]'s reaction upon learning of [[Gríma]]'s treachery differs greatly from the novel: In the book, he offers Wormtongue a chance to redeem himself by riding to war with the Rohirrim, whereas in the film, a dazed Théoden tries to personally execute the traitor. <br />
<br />
Théoden's attitude towards the coming conflict is also presented differently in Jackson's film: In the novel, Théoden chooses to ride to war, and only goes to Helm's Deep in order to assist [[Erkenbrand]]'s forces, which had been dealt a defeat by Saruman's armies. In the film, he opts to avoid open confrontation, and treats Helm's Deep as a shelter for the civilian population of Rohan. Only the ensuing orc siege forces him into battle.<br />
<br />
==Score==<br />
*[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]<br />
*[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - The Complete Recordings]]<br />
<br />
==Awards and critical opinion==<br />
* Academy Awards<br />
** Winner: Visual Effects, Sound Editing.<br />
** Nominee: Best Picture, Best Art Direction - Set Decoration, Best Editing, and Best Sound.<br />
* American Film Institute: Digital Effects, Production Design, Movie of the Year<br />
* Apex Awards: Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Viggo Mortensen), Best Production Design, Best Original Song Score, Best Visual Effects, Best Make-up<br />
* 2003 Art Directors Guild: Best Production Design (Period or Fantasy feature Film)<br />
* Australian Film Awards: Best Foreign Film<br />
* British Academy Film Awards: Best Costume Design, Best Special Visual Effects, Orange Film of the Year (voted on by the public)<br />
* Broadcast Film Critics Association: Best Digital Acting Performance (Gollum)<br />
* Central Ohio Film Critics: Best Cinematography<br />
* Cinemarati Awards: Best Film, Best Ensemble Cast, Best Director (Peter Jackson), Best Film Editing<br />
* Dallas Fort Worth Film Critics: Best Director (Peter Jackson)<br />
* Empire Awards: Best Picture<br />
* Golden Satellite Awards: Outstanding Motion Picture Ensemble, Best Visual Effects<br />
* Golden Trailer Awards: Best Action Trailer<br />
* Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hairstylist Guild Awards: Best Character Makeup, Best Character Hair Styling, Best Special Makeup Effects<br />
* Hugo Award (World Science Fiction Society): Best Dramatic Presentation - Long Form<br />
* International 3-D Awards (computer graphics industry): Best Feature Film VFX (Weta)<br />
* Kansas City Film Critics: Best Director<br />
* Las Vegas Film Critics: Best Director (Peter Jackson), Best Costume Design, Best Film Editing, Best Visual Effects<br />
* Phoenix Film Critics Awards [http://www.moviecitynews.com/awards/phoenix_fca.htm]: "Best Picture", "Best Ensemble Acting", "Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Medium", "Best Cinematography", "Best Production Design", "Best Visual Effects", and "Best Makeup" "Gollum's Song", the theme played during the end credits, won the award for "Best Original Song". The song was written by [[Howard Shore]] and sung by the Icelandic singer [[Emiliana Torrini]].<br />
* Rotten Tomatoes Awards: Best Film<br />
* Saturn Awards: Best Fantasy Film, Best Costume (Ngila Dickson), Best Supporting Actor (Andy Serkis)<br />
* Visual Effects Society Awards: Best Special Effects, Best Effects in Art Direction, Best Visual Effects in Photography, Best Models and Miniatures, Best Performance by an Actor in an Effects Film, Best Character Animation in a Live-Action Feature Film, Best Compositing and Visual Effects in an Effects-Driven Film<br />
* Followers of the Oscars predicted that the movie had a poor chance of winning Best Picture, because it received no other nominations in the major Oscar categories (Director, Actor and Actress, Supporting Actor and Actress and Screenplay). This proved to be true, though the film did win the Academy Award for Visual Effects. It was speculated that the Academy was biding its time for the concluding film, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]'', to be released so that they could honour Peter Jackson for creating such a successful and acclaimed film trilogy. The third film was awarded 11 Oscars in 2004.<br />
<br />
==Video release==<br />
<br />
The theatrical edition of the movie was released on VHS and DVD on Tuesday, August 26, 2003. The DVD was a 2-disc set with extras on the second disc. This was intended to be a simultaneous worldwide release, but some British stores began selling the videos on Friday 22 because it was a Bank Holiday weekend, much to the ire of the film's UK distributor, which has threatened to withhold advance supplies of subsequent video releases.<br />
<br />
An extended version of the movie including 44 minutes of additional material was released on video on Tuesday, November 18, 2003, with a total of 223 minutes (3 hours, 43 minutes). One of the additional scenes features Sean Bean and John Noble, who do not appear in the theatrical version, in a flashback in which brothers [[Boromir]] and [[Faramir]] are seen together with their father [[Denethor]]. This is available on VHS and on a 4-disc DVD set, with the movie on discs 1 and 2 including four audio commentaries by the crew and actors, and extensive bonus material on discs 3 and 4. There is also a "Special Edition" DVD package containing the 4-disc set, a sculpture of [[Gollum]], a booklet about the process of designing Gollum for the movie and a short DVD documentary on the process of designing collectible sculptures based on the movies' characters and artefacts.<br />
<br />
In December, 2003 there were also limited back-to-back theatrical releases of the extended versions of ''The Fellowship of the Ring'' and ''The Two Towers'' followed by premieres of ''The Return of the King'', in all nine hours and seventeen minutes long.<br />
<br />
==References in other media==<br />
In the ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends'' episode "Duchess of Wails", the end of the episode is a homage to [[Battle of the Hornburg|the attack on Helm's Deep]] from the movie. Certain lines are used in the scene's dialogue as well as memorable visual moments, like the initial volley of arrows (tomatoes in the episode) are also used.<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{Screen}}<br />
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings (film series)]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Der Herr der Ringe: Die Zwei Türme (Film)]]<br />
[[fi:The Two Towers (2002)]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Faithful&diff=376419
Faithful
2023-07-04T23:14:20Z
<p>Mord: added references and quotes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{organization infobox<br />
| name=The Faithful<br />
| image=[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Ships of the Faithful.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Ships of the Faithful" by [[Ted Nasmith]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=[[Elendili]], [[Nimruzîrim]], [[Elf-friends]]<br />
| founded=c. {{SA|2221}}<br />
| founder=<br />
| purpose=Faithful to the [[Eldar]] and [[Valar]]; opposed the [[King's Men]]<br />
| members=[[Amandil]], [[Tar-Palantir]], [[Elendil]]<br />
| location=[[Númenor]]<br />
| disbanded=<br />
| notablefor=Surviving the [[Downfall of Númenor]], and founding the [[Realms in Exile]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''Faithful''' ([[Quenya|Q.]] '''[[Elendili]]''', [[Adûnaic|A.]] '''[[Nimruzîrim]]''', both terms meaning "[[Elf-friends]]") were those among the [[Númenóreans]] who remained loyal to the [[Valar]] and [[Ilúvatar]] throughout the history of [[Númenor]], and turned aside from the policies of the later [[King of Númenor|Kings of Númenor]] and the [[King's Men]]. <br />
<br />
Being the opposing party, the King's Men composed of the majority of the people, especially in the later part of the [[Second Age]], while the Faithful were a far smaller and increasingly oppressed group. The Faithful lived mostly on the west side of Númenor until [[Ar-Gimilzôr]], the twenty-third King, commanded them to move eastwards near [[Rómenna]].<br />
<br />
==Policies, beliefs and customs==<br />
The Faithful maintained the use of the [[Elvish|Elven tongues]] and welcomed the [[Elves]] of [[Tol Eressëa]] to their land, in spite of the growing hostility from the King's Men. The Faithful also respected and loved the Valar still, and made no attempt to speak against the [[Ban of the Valar|Ban]] that the Valar had set against the Númenóreans sailing into [[Aman|the West]]. Nevertheless, they "did not escape the affliction of their people" regarding the fear of Death that the [[Shadow]] had brought upon all the Númenóreans, and they were troubled by the fate of [[Men]]. Unlike the King's Men, though, the Faithful had chosen to believe the words of the [[messengers of the Valar]] and [[Estel (philosophical concept)|trust]] that death, called the [[Gift of Men]] by the Elves, was not an evil. It was in this choice that they differed most from the majority of the people of Númenor.<br />
<br />
Before the darkening of Númenor, the Númenóreans were permitted to climb the [[Meneltarma]], which was "sacred to the worship of Eru Ilúvatar,"<ref>{{UT|Numenor}}</ref> at will. Three times a year, the King would lead the people in a procession to the hallow on the mountain's summit and give a prayer of thanks to Ilúvatar. After the reign of Tar-Ancalimon, these processions ceased and "men went seldom any more to the Hallow." Ar-Pharazôn forbade any man to ascend to the summit on pain of death, "not even those of the Faithful who kept Ilúvatar in their hearts."<ref name="Akk">{{S|Akallabeth}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early History===<br />
The Faithful became a party distinct from the King's Men during the reign of [[Tar-Ancalimon]] the fourteenth King ({{SA|2251}}),<ref>{{App|B1}}; note that the reference to [[Tar-Atanamir]] in the source is wrong. Cf. "[[The Line of Elros: Kings of Númenor]]", Note 10</ref> and insisted in keeping the old customs of their people. In later days, the Faithful looked to the [[Lords of Andúnië]] for guidance; held in high esteem by all the Númenóreans, the Lords kept their connection with the Faithful a secret for a long time, because they wished to use their power in the [[Council of the Sceptre|King's Council]] to steer the Kings to wiser courses of action. Nevertheless, the rulers of the isle became increasingly antagonistic to all those who were recognized to be members of the minority party.<br />
<br />
Like the King's Men, the Faithful also made settlements in [[Middle-earth]], most notably [[Pelargir]] ({{SA|2350}})<ref name=sa>{{App|B1}}</ref>, but unlike the trends of those days, the Faithful did not seek to subjugate the natives of the [[Middle-earth|Great Lands]]. Because of the coldness between the two parties, the Faithful built Pelargir far away from the colonies of the King's Men, which were a great distance to the south.<ref name="Akk" /> The Faithful also sailed northwards to [[Lindon]] to converse with the [[Elves of Lindon|Elves there]].<br />
<br />
===Treatment by the Later Kings of Númenor===<br />
The Kings of Númenor looked upon the Faithful and their continuing friendship with the Elves with increasing suspicion; they banned the use of the [[Eldarin]] tongues and eventually moved the Elf-friends to the east of the island so that they could no longer communicate with these "spies of the [[Valar]]". The Kings even kept them under surveillance to make sure they did nothing subversive. <br />
[[File:Juliana Pinho - Faithful Family - Lindorie and Inzilbeth.png|thumb|left|''Faithful Family - Lindorie and Inzilbeth'' by Juliana Pinho]]<br />
The situation of the Faithful only became more bearable when Ar-Gimilzôr, who was the greatest enemy of the Elf-friends, married [[Inzilbêth]], one of the Faithful. His son, [[Tar-Palantir]], followed her faith and attempted to repent of the past actions of the Kings. He treated the Faithful kindly and allowed them to speak the Elven tongues again. But this caused a civil war of rebellion and strife.<ref name=sa/> His daughter [[Tar-Míriel]] was also a Faithful and would follow his policies, but his nephew seized the [[Sceptre]] after his death and proclaimed himself King [[Ar-Pharazôn]]. Tar-Palantir's rule was only a minor break in what would become an increasingly cruel policy of oppression.<br />
<br />
Ar-Pharazôn did not immediately begin harassing the Faithful after he was secure in power; his attention was chiefly on [[Sauron]], who had begun to assail the settlements of the Númenóreans. Seeing that he could not defeat the Númenóreans by arms, Sauron decided to corrupt them to their destruction. The King brought Sauron to Númenor as a hostage, and it was then that the worst of the Faithful's misfortunes befell them.<br />
<br />
It was not long before Sauron had turned the hearts of most of the Númenóreans towards his counsels. As Ar-Pharazôn's life waned, he became desperate to escape death. Taking advantage of his fear, Sauron persuaded Ar-Pharazôn that Ilúvatar was a "phantom" invented by the Valar and [[Morgoth|Melkor]] was the "Lord of All" and "Giver of Freedom," who would prolong the King's life in exchange for worship in the form of human sacrifice. Thus, the King and the greater part of the Númenóreans turned to worship Melkor.<ref name="Akk" /><br />
<br />
Naturally, "it was most often from among the Faithful" that the Númenóreans chose their victims for these sacrifices. They never said that they killed the Faithful for not worshiping Melkor, however; instead the Númenóreans accused them of plotting against the King and the rest of the people of the land.<ref name="Akk" /><br />
<br />
===Escape from the Downfall===<br />
This cruel treatment lasted several decades until Ar-Pharazôn grew old and was in great fear of the approaching end of his life. Therefore he listened to Sauron's suggestion that he gather a massive [[Great Armament|Armament]] and sail to [[Aman]], land of the Valar, to claim everlasting life. When [[Amandil]] the last Lord of [[Andúnië]] heard this news, he knew that the Númenóreans would surely come to ruinous defeat in war against the Valar, and so he decided to make a preemptive voyage into the West to beg them for mercy and deliverance from Sauron. Before he left, he advised his son [[Elendil]] to furnish nine ships and anchor them off the east coast of Númenor and wait for what would happen next. After he sailed west, Amandil was never heard from again, but by taking his advice, Elendil and his sons survived the disastrous [[Downfall of Númenor]] that was the result of Ar-Pharazôn's war. A mighty wind took their ships eastward and swept them onto the shores of Middle-earth. There they set up the realms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]]. These kingdoms were populated by both the descendants of the Faithful and indigenous Men of Middle-earth.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{numenor}}<br />
[[Category:Faithful of Númenor| ]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Lammoth&diff=376417
Battle of the Lammoth
2023-07-04T22:14:07Z
<p>Mord: corrected factual statements, corrected references, removed unsupported speculation about CJRT's motivations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{battle<br />
| name=Battle of the Lammoth<br />
| image=[[Image:Jenny_Dolfen_-_The_Coming_of_Fingolfin.jpg|300px]]<br />
| conflict=[[War of the Jewels]]<br />
| date={{FA|1}}<br />
| place=[[Lammoth]]<br />
| result=Victory for the [[Exiles]]<br />
*Death of [[Argon]]<br />
*The followers of [[Fingolfin]] establish themselves in [[Mithrim]]<br />
| side1=[[Exiles]] (Followers of [[Fingolfin]])<br />
| side2=Forces of [[Morgoth]]<br />
| commanders1=<br />
[[Fingolfin]]<br />
<br>[[Argon]] †<br />
| commanders2=<br />
Unnamed [[Orc]]-captain †<br />
| forces1=Unknown<br />
| forces2=Unknown, except only [[Orcs]]<br />
| casual1=Unknown<br />
| casual2=Unknown<br />
|}}<br />
The '''Battle of the Lammoth''' was fought against the [[Orcs]] in the [[Lammoth]] soon after [[Fingolfin]] and his host arrived in [[Middle-earth]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Prelude===<br />
After [[Fëanor]]'s host acquired the ships of the [[Teleri]] following the [[First Kinslaying]], Fëanor and his followers used them to sail across the sea. Fëanor burned the ships after reaching [[Middle-earth]], stranding the others, for he thought the followers of Fingolfin would prove to be useless.<ref>{{S|9}}</ref> [[Fingolfin]] and his people saw the smoke of the ships from afar, and chose to travel through the icy [[Helcaraxë]], for they were ashamed to go back to [[Valinor]], and were angry at Fëanor. The journey was hard and many died, yet they were filled with hope when they saw the [[Moon]] for the first time.<ref name=Return>{{S|Return}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Battle===<br />
With the first rising of the [[Moon]], [[Fingolfin]] and the second, greater host of the Noldor marched southward into the [[Lammoth]]. There they were attacked by [[Orcs]] issued from [[Angband]]. The Orcs made a surprise attack upon the [[Elves]], who were caught off-guard and began to give way when [[Argon]], Fingolfin's youngest son, dashed forward and cut a path to the Orc-captain, whom he slew. Although the Orcs surrounded and killed Argon, his brave deed turned the tide of the battle and the [[Noldor]] pursued the Orcs with slaughter.<ref name="ShibN38">{{PM|Shibboleth}}, p. 362, note 38 </ref><br />
<br />
===Aftermath===<br />
Soon after, Fingolfin's host passed into [[Mithrim]] as the [[Sun]] first rose. He led his host unopposed through [[Dor-Daedeloth]] to the [[Gates of Angband]] and smote upon them, but [[Morgoth]] and all his servants stayed hidden inside. Fingolfin realized that he and his host lacked the strength to force the entrance, so they withdrew to [[Lake Mithrim]], where the other Noldor had encamped.<br />
<br />
Owing to the great animosity that had come between the two hosts due to the burning of the ships, Fingolfin and his people made camp on the northern shores of the lake and the late [[Fëanor]]'s people withdrew to its southern shores.<ref name=Return>{{S|Return}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
The Battle of the Lammoth and the character Argon do not appear in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<br />
<br />
According to Christopher Tolkien, Argon, "of whom there had never before been any mention, entered (as it seems) without a story" in the genealogies of "[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]."<ref name="ShibN38" /> In his notes on that essay, Christopher Tolkien observed that the account of Fingolfin's arrival in Beleriand given in the "Shibboleth" contradicts that of "[[The Grey Annals]]," in which Fingolfin's host "marched from the North unopposed."<ref name="ShibN38" /> "The Grey Annals" was the source for the version published in ''[[The Silmarillion]]''.<ref name="Return">{{S|Return}}</ref> <br />
<br />
J.R.R. Tolkien wrote two other versions of Argon's death in a pencilled note on a draft of the genealogy tables of the "Shibboleth:" the first, later struck out, was that Argon was killed in the First Kinslaying; the second, that Argon perished in the ice of the Helcaraxë.<ref name="ShibN38" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dagor-nuin-Giliath]]<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Conflicts of the First Age]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Underhill_(house)&diff=375764
Talk:Underhill (house)
2023-06-21T05:05:55Z
<p>Mord: /* Rename? */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Rename?==<br />
I am skeptical about the name Underhill. It means several other things already. The mention of the name in Tolkien's timeline draft is hard to understand, and I find the interpretation that "Underhil is Tom Bombadil's house" a bit tentative. He could write "Underhill" in confusion or uncertainty. <br />
<br />
I agree that we need an article about his house (Fonstad even dedicates a page to it in the Atlas) but I suggest we stick to "House of Tom Bombadil" which is used in the chapter name. We can add the name "Underhill" in Tolkien's draft in the text. [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 09:25, 20 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
: We have been having a discussion about it in the [[TG:Chat|discord]] server, but we were also thinking of renaming it to ''House of Tom Bombadil''. I myself am the guy that made this page, and I made it because I was looking in [[Index:Locations]], and saw this stated as the name of his house, so I thought it was more "official". But yeah, House of Tom Bombadil is a better name. [[User:Aenorean|Aenorean]] ([[User talk:Aenorean|talk]]) 13:02, 20 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
: I'm not sure. I also find the note in the ''Chronology'' to be vague, but I can't think of any other plausible interpretation it may have. [[Special:Contributions/Mord|Mord]] 05:05, 21 June 2023 (UTC)</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Underhill_(house)&diff=375708
Underhill (house)
2023-06-20T04:03:14Z
<p>Mord: /* Description */ missing word</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Alan Lee - Tom Bombadil's Cottage.jpg|thumb|200px|''Tom Bombadil's Cottage'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
'''Underhill''' was the home of [[Tom Bombadil|Tom Bombadil]] and his wife [[Goldberry]]. It was a house on the eastern edge of the [[Old Forest]], not far from the [[Barrow-downs]]. <br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Underhill was built atop a grassy knoll, under a steep shoulder of bare stone on the westernmost edge of the Barrow-downs. Its location was described as "up, down, under hill."<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref><br />
<br />
Little is known about the exterior of the house, except that it had windows and its door had a wide stone threshold. A penthouse with stone walls and flagstone floor was attached to the north end.<br />
<br />
The interior had several rooms. The main room was long and low, with a large table of dark polished wood and low rush-seated chairs. It was lit by overhead lamps as well as candles on the table and a wide stone hearth. The house had a kitchen, which was not described. Outside, there was a kitchen-garden that extended from the eastern wall of the house.<br />
<br />
When [[Frodo]] visited the house, he and his companions stayed in the penthouse, which was connected to the main hall by a short passageway with a sharp turn. The walls of the penthouse were decorated with green hanging mats. It had two windows, one facing east and one west, which were covered by yellow curtains. The east window opened directly onto the kitchen-garden. There were four mattresses on the floor against one wall and a long bench on the opposite.<ref>{{FR|I7}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The house of Tom Bombadil is not named in ''The Lord of the Rings''. The name "Underhill" appears only in ''[[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]]''. Its entry for September 28th reads "Set out from Underhill. Captured by Barrow-wight."<ref>''[[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]]'', p. 34; footnote p. 37</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:Lord of the Rings Online - Tom Bombadil's House.jpg|thumb|left|The House of Tom Bombadil in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]<br />
* '''2007: ''[[Lord of the Rings Online]]'':''' <br />
:The House of Tom Bombadil is a round house hidden in the east of the Old Forest.<br />
<br />
{{References}}<br />
[[Category:Buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Eriador]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Two_Towers&diff=375652
The Two Towers
2023-06-19T05:04:46Z
<p>Mord: cleaned up timeline</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Two Towers|[[Two Towers (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{book<br />
|title=The Two Towers<br />
|image=[[Image:The Lord of the Rings 1954-v2.png|275px]]|<br />
|author=[[J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
|publisherUK=[[George Allen and Unwin]]<br />
|publisherUS=[[Houghton Mifflin]]<br />
|date=[[11 November]] [[1954]] (UK)<br>[[21 April]] [[1955]] (US)<br />
|format=Hardcover; paperback; deluxe-edition; audio-book<br />
|pages=352<br />
|precededby=[[The Fellowship of the Ring]] (1954)<br />
|followedby=[[The Return of the King]] (1955)<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Two Towers''''' is the second of three volumes in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It is preceded by ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' and followed by ''[[The Return of the King]]''. <br />
<br />
''The Two Towers'' was originally released on [[11 November]] [[1954]] in the United Kingdom. 3,250 copies were printed in the first UK edition, with another 1,000 for the American edition.<br />
<br />
==Title and structure==<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - The Two Towers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tolkien's design for the dust-jacket of ''The Two Towers'' as submitted to Allen & Unwin.]]<br />
Tolkien intended ''The Lord of the Rings'' to be published as one volume and believed that it was naturally divided into six "books." However, at the urging of his publishers, [[Allen and Unwin]], he agreed to release the work in three volumes to be sold separately. Even so, Tolkien considered the division into three volumes to be artificial and was dissatisfied that the "not really related" Books III and IV would have be published together.<ref name="l136">{{L|136}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On 24 March [[1953]], Tolkien wrote to [[Rayner Unwin]] with ideas for the titles of each volume. At that time, he suggested that each volume be named for the two books it contained. For the middle volume, this was "''The Lord of the Rings'' Vol. II: ''The Treason of Isengard'', and ''The Ring goes East''." As an alternative in case Unwin found the previous to be unsuitable, Tolkien suggested "''The Ring in the Shadow''."<ref name="l136" /><br />
<br />
A galley proof of the combined table of contents for the three volumes of ''The Lord of the Rings'' from around that time includes a list of contents that gives the title of the middle volume as "Vol. II ''The Treason of Isengard'' and ''The Journey of the Ring-bearers''," being a combination of the then-current draft titles for Books III and IV.<ref name="l136n">{{L|136}}, note 1</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, p. xxxii</ref> None of these individual book titles would ultimately be used, but decades later, "''[[The Treason of Isengard]]''" was recycled as the title of the seventh volume of ''[[The History of Middle-earth]]''.<br />
<br />
On 28 July 1953, Unwin wrote to Tolkien proposing that the overall title ''The Lord of the Rings'' be abandoned and that the second volume be named either "''The Ring in the Shadow''" or "''The Shadow and the Ring''."<ref name="hs">{{webcite|author=[[Wayne G. Hammond]] & [[Christina Scull]]|articleurl=https://www.hammondandscull.com/papers/Hammond_Scull_Scholars_Forum.html#r50|articlename=Truth or Consequences: A Cautionary Tale of Tolkien Studies|website=HS|accessed=6 January 2022}}, footnote 50</ref> Tolkien replied on 8 August 1953, stating his opposition to having individual volume titles without an overall title. By that time, Tolkien had forgotten the volume titles he had sent in his letter of 24 March, and made a new suggestion of "''The Shadow Lengthens''" for volume two.<ref name="l139">{{L|139}}</ref><br />
<br />
Finally, on [[17 August]] 1953, Unwin met with Tolkien in person; later that day, Tolkien wrote to Unwin, partially to summarize and put to paper the results of their discussion. This letter contains Tolkien's final suggestions that the overall title ''The Lord of the Rings'' be retained and that volume two be titled ''The Two Towers''.<ref name="OneForty">{{L|140}}</ref> Hammond & Scull note that it is unclear as to whether these volume names were first suggested by Tolkien or Unwin.<ref name=hs/><br />
<br />
At that time, the identities of the titular towers themselves were unclear in Tolkien's mind. In his letters<ref name=OneForty/> and sketches,<ref name=hs/> Tolkien considered several sets of towers, including [[Minas Tirith]] and the [[Barad-dûr]], and even the possibility of leaving the matter ambiguous. Most pairs from a set of five towers in the story could plausibly fit the title: [[Tower of Cirith Ungol|Cirith Ungol]], [[Orthanc]], Minas Tirith, Barad-dûr, and [[Minas Morgul]].<br />
<br />
Tolkien settled on the final identities of the towers no later than 23 February [[1954]], on which date he sent to Allen and Unwin this note, which appears at the end of most editions of ''The Fellowship of the Ring'':<ref name=hs/><br />
{{blockquote|The second part is called THE TWO TOWERS, since the events recounted in it are dominated by ORTHANC, the citadel of Saruman, and the fortress of MINAS MORGUL that guards the secret entrance to Mordor.}}<br />
<br />
Tolkien produced an illustration depicting these towers for the volume's dust jacket. He sent it to Allen and Unwin on 23 March [[1954]], but it would ultimately go unused, as Tolkien and the publishers agreed to use variants of the ''Fellowship'' illustration for the dust jackets of all three volumes.<ref name=hs/><br />
<br />
;Structure<br />
Because ''The Two Towers'' is the central portion of a longer work, its structure differs from that of a conventional novel. It begins and ends abruptly, without introduction to the characters, explanations of major plot elements or a satisfying conclusion. The first section follows the divergent paths of several important figures from ''The Fellowship of the Ring'', but tells nothing of its central character, on whose fate so much depends, enabling the reader to share in the suspense and uncertainty of the characters themselves. The narrative of the second part returns to the hero's quest to destroy the evil that threatens the world. While the first section tells of an epic battle, the struggles in much of the second section are internal.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis — Book III==<br />
[[Hobbits]] [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]] escape from the [[Orcs]] who captured them when the orcs themselves are attacked by the Riders of Rohan. Merry and Pippin head into nearby Fangorn Forest where they encounter treelike giants called [[Ents]]. These guardians of the forest generally keep to themselves, but are moved to oppose the menace posed to the trees by the [[Wizards|wizard]] [[Saruman]], who has been chopping down trees in the forest to fuel fires for his furnaces.<br />
<br />
[[Aragorn]], Gimli the [[Dwarves|Dwarf]] and Legolas the [[Elves|Elf]], tracking Merry and Pippin, come across the riders of rohan who tell them that they attacked the orcs and left no survivors. However, Strider is able to find small prints and they follow these into Fangorn, where they meet a white wizard who they at first believe to be Saruman, but who turns out to be their wizard friend [[Gandalf]], whom they believed had perished in the mines of [[Moria]]. He tells them of his fall into the abyss, his battle to the death with the [[balrogs|Balrog]] and his reawakening. The four ride to [[Edoras]] and persuade King [[Théoden]] that his people are in danger. In the process, Saruman's agent in Edoras, [[Gríma|Gríma Wormtongue]], is expelled from the city. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas then travel to the defensive fortification [[Helm's Deep]] while Gandalf goes north in search of Éomer's men in Rohan to bring as reinforcements. At Helm's Deep, they resist an onslaught of Orcs and Men sent by Saruman, and Gandalf arrives the next morning with the Riders of Rohan just in time. The fleeing orcs run into a forest of Huorn half-tree, half-ent creatures and none escape. Aragorn, Gimli, Legolas, Gandalf and the Rohan army then head to Saruman's stronghold in Isengard.<br />
<br />
There, they reunite with Merry and Pippin and find the city overrun by Ents, who have flooded it with the nearby river, and the central tower of Orthanc besieged, with Saruman in it. After giving Saruman a chance to repent, Gandalf casts him out of the order of wizards. Wormtongue throws something from a window at Gandalf and those with him. This turns out to be one of the ''[[palantíri]]''. Pippin, unable to resist the urge, looks into it and has an encounter with Sauron. Gandalf and Pippin then head for Minas Tirith in preparation for the upcoming war.<br />
<br />
===Book III chapters===<br />
[[File:J.R.R. Tolkien - Orthanc I.jpg|200px|thumb|''Orthanc'' by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]]]]<br />
*'''I · [[The Departure of Boromir]]''' — An uncertain and troubled Aragorn finds Boromir wounded with with many orc-arrows; Boromir tells him that orcs had taken Merry and Pippin alive. Boromir dies, and Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli send his body down the stream on a 'funeral boat.' After much debate, the 'Three Hunters' set forth to track the [[Uruk-hai]] who had captured Merry and Pippin, rather than pursuing Frodo and Sam, who were making their way to Mordor. <br />
*'''II · [[The Riders of Rohan]]''' — They follow the trail of the orcs and find several clues as to what happened with the hobbits, then meet a company of [[Rohirrim]] led by [[Éomer]], who tell them that the orcs were destroyed and none were left alive. They camp near the site of the orc massacre.<br />
*'''III · [[The Uruk-hai]]''' — This chapter begins further back in time, telling the story of Merry and Pippin being captured by the orcs, who are led by [[Uglúk]] from Saruman's army, and [[Grishnákh]] from Mordor. The two sides of orcs are constantly arguing. The orcs camp near Fangorn, and Grishnakh attempts to take the hobbits away with him. The hobbits escape as Grishnákh is killed from an arrow. They flee into Fangorn Forest as the orcs are attacked by the men of Rohan.<br />
*'''IV · [[Treebeard (chapter)|Treebeard]]''' — Merry and Pippin meet Treebeard the Ent, who calls an Entmoot, a gathering of Ents in Derndingle. The hobbits meet another ent, [[Quickbeam]]. The ents decide at the entmoot after three days, to attack Isengard.<br />
*'''V · [[The White Rider]]''' — The chapter goes back to the story of Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli, who discover signs that the hobbits escaped the orcs into the forest. They meet an old man, who they at first presume to be Saruman, but who turns out to be Gandalf. They set off for Edoras.<br />
*'''VI · [[The King of the Golden Hall]]''' — The four of them reach Edoras and talk with King Théoden. Wormtongue is kicked out of the city. Théoden gives Gandalf the horse [[Shadowfax]].<br />
*'''VII · [[Helm's Deep (chapter)|Helm's Deep]]''' — Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli are at Helm's Deep with the Rohan army, defending the people of Rohan from attack by the army of Saruman.<br />
*'''VIII · [[The Road to Isengard]]''' — They travel to Isengard, and see that it has been destroyed. At Isengard they find Merry and Pippin.<br />
*'''IX · [[Flotsam and Jetsam]]''' — Merry and Pippin tell the story of how the ents attacked Isengard, in amongst the ruins or 'flotsam and jetsam' of the city. <br />
*'''X · [[The Voice of Saruman]]''' — Saruman has a very persuasive voice, which he almost uses to persuade Théoden and the others until Gandalf casts him from the order of wizards. Wormtongue throws the palantir of Orthanc from the tower, which misses Gandalf, and is picked up by Pippin.<br />
*'''XI · [[The Palantír]]''' — Pippin picks up the ''Palantir'' and is seen by Sauron. Gandalf explains the origin of the ''Palantir''; Gandalf sets off with Pippin for Minas Tirith, riding on Shadowfax.<br />
<br />
==Synopsis — Book IV==<br />
Frodo and Sam discover [[Gollum]] stalking them as they try to reach [[Mount Doom]] to destroy [[the One Ring]]. Gollum hopes to reclaim the Ring. Sam loathes and distrusts him, but Frodo pities him. Gollum promises to lead them to a secret entrance to Mordor and for a time appears to be a true ally. They first stop at the Black gate of Mordor, where Gollum persuades them not to go in, where they would have been surely caught. They head south into Ithilien, and are captured by [[Faramir]], the brother of Boromir. Faramir learns from Frodo of his brother, with Faramir expressing his belief that Boromir is dead. Frodo tells of the plan to destroy the ring, and Faramir allows them to go on their way. Gollum leads them into the lair of [[Shelob]], an enormous spiderlike creature, who inflicts her poisonous bite on Frodo. Sam resolves to finish the quest himself and takes the Ring. But when Orcs take Frodo's body, he follows them and learns that Frodo is not dead but unconscious and now their prisoner. The last line of the book is "Frodo was alive but taken by the enemy."<br />
<br />
===Book IV chapters===<br />
*'''I · [[The Taming of Sméagol]]''' — Gollum joins Frodo and Sam, after Sam captures him.<br />
*'''II · [[The Passage of the Marshes]]''' — They pass through the [[Dead Marshes]].<br />
*'''III · [[The Black Gate is Closed]]''' — They reach the gate of Mordor, Gollum persuades them not to go in, and to head south.<br />
*'''IV · [[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]''' — They reach the pleasant country of [[Ithilien]]. Title refers to the rabbits Gollum catches that Sam cooks; the smoke from the fire causes them to be seen by men of Gondor led by Faramir, and they witness an attack on a Southron army, and an [[Oliphaunts|Oliphaunt]]. <br />
*'''V · [[The Window on the West]]''' — Frodo and Sam are captured by Faramir's men and they are blindfolded on their way to [[Henneth Annûn]]. Frodo tells Faramir of his brother Boromir's part in the Fellowship.<br />
*'''VI · [[The Forbidden Pool]]''' — Faramir shows Frodo they have found Gollum at the Forbidden pool. Frodo saves him from being shot by Faramir's men.<br />
*'''VII · [[Journey to the Cross-Roads]]''' — Frodo, Sam and Gollum leave Faramir. They travel to the crossroad of the road east between [[Osgiliath]] and [[Minas Morgul]], and the north-south road from the Black Gate to the southlands.<br />
*'''VIII · [[The Stairs of Cirith Ungol]]''' — They witness an army leaving Minas Morgul.<br />
*'''IX · [[Shelob's Lair (chapter)|Shelob's Lair]]''' — encounter with Shelob the spider.<br />
*'''X · [[The Choices of Master Samwise]]''' — Frodo is taken by the orcs. Sam listens to the orcs talking about him, which is how he finds out that he is still alive, having thought that Frodo had been killed by Shelob.<br />
<br />
==Adaptations==<br />
A trailer for ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers film]]'' interprets the title as referring to the alliance between Orthanc and Barad-dûr.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvCktPUwkW0 Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - Trailer] (Galadriel: "There is a union now between the Two Towers: Barad-dûr, fortress of the Dark Lord Sauron; and Orthanc, stronghold of the Wizard Saruman.")</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the events of ''The Two Towers'' were depicted in a 1978 film of ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|The Lord of the Rings]]'' by [[Ralph Bakshi]] and the 2002 ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers|The Two Towers]]'' by [[Peter Jackson]]. Both films abandoned the parallel storytelling of the book in favour of a more chronological presentation. The first chapter from the book actually appears at the end of Jackson's ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Later events of ''The Two Towers'' were filmed for Jackson's ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King|The Return of the King]]''. Various games also adapt ''The Two Towers'', including online role-playing games like ''[[The Two Towers MUD]]'' and graphically-oriented console games.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{lotr}}<br />
{{Publishedmajorbooks}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Two Towers, The}}<br />
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:The Lord of the Rings chapters]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]<br />
[[de:Die Zwei Türme]]<br />
[[fi:Kaksi tornia]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Age&diff=375647
Fourth Age
2023-06-19T03:42:30Z
<p>Mord: /* Reckoning of years */ syntax</p>
<hr />
<div>{{History of Arda}}<br />
The '''Fourth Age''' began after [[Sauron]] was finally defeated, when his [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed, and the [[Keepers of the Three Rings]] left Middle-earth for the [[Valinor|Uttermost West]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Third Age]] was held to have ended when Elrond left Middle-earth on [[29 September]] of {{TA|3021}}.<ref name=Calendars>{{App|Calendars}}</ref> There is no information on more than the first few centuries of this age, so it is not known when it ended, if it ever did, although it was probably shorter than 3 millennia.<ref name="Letter211"/> <br />
<br />
This age was marked by the recovery of the [[Númenor]]ean kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], while the [[House of Durin]] retook [[Moria]] until the race of [[Dwarves]] failed.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> The [[Last Ship]] of the [[Elves]], carrying [[Círdan]], [[Celeborn]], and all remaining Elves of the [[First Age]] left Middle-earth some time after {{FoA|171}}.<ref name=Records/> Eventually that would lead to the final [[Dominion of Men]] over [[Arda]], coming together with the total waning of the [[Elves]] and other dwindling races, such as the [[Ents]] and probably the Dwarves.<br />
<br />
[[Eldarion]]'s reign would have lasted for about 100 years after the death of [[Aragorn]].<ref name="L338">{{L|338}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Further future?==<br />
A footnote in a letter written by Tolkien in [[1958]] suggests that the Fourth and [[Ages#Further future|later Ages]] had quickened, so Tolkien lived in the end of the Sixth Age or in the Seventh rather than in the end of the Fifth.<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}.</ref><br />
<br />
==Reckoning of years==<br />
Not all calendars in Middle-earth reset their count of years to {{FoA|1}} in the same year, on the same date, or indeed at all. As such, years given for certain events in the Fourth Age differ according to the calendar used. <br />
<br />
The [[Shire-reckoning]] is the calendar system used for all dates in the [[Red Book]], with {{SR|1}} corresponding to {{TA|1601}}.<ref name=Hobbits>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Years in Shire-reckoning did not restart at the end of the Third Age; they continued uninterrupted from {{SR|1421}} to {{SR|1422}}, and "in so far as the Hobbits took any account of the change of Age, they maintained that it began with [[2 Yule]] 1422."<ref name=Calendars/> This means that {{SR|1422}} is also {{TA|3022}} and {{FoA|1}} as far as dates in the Red Book are concerned.<br />
<br />
However, in [[Gondor]] and the rest of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] outside the Shire, the [[New Reckoning]] calendar entered use starting in {{TA|3019}}. Under this calendar, [[25 March]] {{TA|3021}} is the first day of {{FoA|1}}, some 9 months earlier than the new year in the Shire.<ref name=Calendars/> The [[Shire Calendar]] and the [[New Reckoning]] begin their years on different days: 2 Yule for the Shire and 25 March for the rest of the Reunited Kingdom.<ref group="note">As these days are named in the Shire Calendar; their New Reckoning equivalents are 7 [[Narvinyë]] and [[Yestarë]] respectively.</ref> <br />
<br />
There are few dates given in the [[legendarium]] that require the reader to account for this difference, because most dates of the Fourth Age are already explicitly expressed in terms of the Shire Reckoning. For example, [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]]'s departure from Middle-earth is given as {{SR|1541}}.<ref name="Later"/> The exceptions are both from the [[Note on the Shire Records]] and are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Tolkien explains that the text of ''The Lord of the Rings'' descends from a copy of the Red Book made in Gondor that bore the note "Findegil, King’s Writer, finished this work in IV 172."<ref name=Records>{{FR|Records}}</ref> The accompanying text notes the equivalent year {{SR|1592}}, which is {{FoA|171}} in the Shire Reckoning, so this note must have been written with regard to the New Reckoning calendar before 7 Narvinyë.<br />
* In the same paragraph, Tolkien refers to [[Peregrin Took]]'s retirement to Gondor in "IV 64."<ref name=Records>{{FR|Records}}</ref> We are told elsewhere that Peregrin and his companion [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] arrived in Gondor sometime between the autumn and the ending of {{SR|1484}}, which is {{FoA|63}} in the Shire Reckoning.<ref name="Later">{{App|Later}}</ref> As such, the stated "IV 64" must be in reference to the New Reckoning calendar, again, prior to 7 Narvinyë.<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the Legendarium==<br />
The Prologue of the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' mistakenly mentions that the [[Third Age]] "ended with the great years {{SR|1418|n}} and {{SR|1419|n}} of the Shire."<ref>{{HM|FR}}, p. "Foreword", p. 8</ref> whereas the Age ended in {{SR|1421|n}} and {{SR|1422|n}}. This reference was removed in the second edition.<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Timeline/Fourth Age|Timeline of the Fourth Age]]<br />
* ''[[The New Shadow]]''<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* The [https://psarando.github.io/shire-reckoning Shire Reckoning] project, dedicated to simulations and detailed analysis of all the calendars of ''The Lord of the Rings'' [[Appendix D]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ages]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age]]<br />
[[de:Das Vierte Zeitalter]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/chronologie/quatrieme_age]]<br />
[[fi:Neljäs Aika]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Age&diff=375645
Fourth Age
2023-06-19T03:40:00Z
<p>Mord: /* Reckoning of years */ phrasing</p>
<hr />
<div>{{History of Arda}}<br />
The '''Fourth Age''' began after [[Sauron]] was finally defeated, when his [[The One Ring|Ruling Ring]] was destroyed, and the [[Keepers of the Three Rings]] left Middle-earth for the [[Valinor|Uttermost West]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Third Age]] was held to have ended when Elrond left Middle-earth on [[29 September]] of {{TA|3021}}.<ref name=Calendars>{{App|Calendars}}</ref> There is no information on more than the first few centuries of this age, so it is not known when it ended, if it ever did, although it was probably shorter than 3 millennia.<ref name="Letter211"/> <br />
<br />
This age was marked by the recovery of the [[Númenor]]ean kingdoms of [[Arnor]] and [[Gondor]], while the [[House of Durin]] retook [[Moria]] until the race of [[Dwarves]] failed.<ref>{{PM|Dwarves}}</ref> The [[Last Ship]] of the [[Elves]], carrying [[Círdan]], [[Celeborn]], and all remaining Elves of the [[First Age]] left Middle-earth some time after {{FoA|171}}.<ref name=Records/> Eventually that would lead to the final [[Dominion of Men]] over [[Arda]], coming together with the total waning of the [[Elves]] and other dwindling races, such as the [[Ents]] and probably the Dwarves.<br />
<br />
[[Eldarion]]'s reign would have lasted for about 100 years after the death of [[Aragorn]].<ref name="L338">{{L|338}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Further future?==<br />
A footnote in a letter written by Tolkien in [[1958]] suggests that the Fourth and [[Ages#Further future|later Ages]] had quickened, so Tolkien lived in the end of the Sixth Age or in the Seventh rather than in the end of the Fifth.<ref name="Letter211">{{L|211}}.</ref><br />
<br />
==Reckoning of years==<br />
Not all calendars in Middle-earth reset their count of years to {{FoA|1}} in the same year, on the same date, or indeed at all. As such, years given for certain events in the Fourth Age differ according to the calendar used. <br />
<br />
The [[Shire-reckoning]] is the calendar system used for all dates in the [[Red Book]], with {{SR|1}} corresponding to {{TA|1601}}.<ref name=Hobbits>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Years in Shire-reckoning did not restart at the end of the Third Age, rather it continued uninterrupted from {{SR|1421}} to {{SR|1422}}, and "in so far as the Hobbits took any account of the change of Age, they maintained that it began with [[2 Yule]] 1422."<ref name=Calendars/> This means that {{SR|1422}} is also {{TA|3022}} and {{FoA|1}} as far as dates in the Red Book are concerned.<br />
<br />
However, in [[Gondor]] and the rest of the [[Reunited Kingdom]] outside the Shire, the [[New Reckoning]] calendar entered use starting in {{TA|3019}}. Under this calendar, [[25 March]] {{TA|3021}} is the first day of {{FoA|1}}, some 9 months earlier than the new year in the Shire.<ref name=Calendars/> The [[Shire Calendar]] and the [[New Reckoning]] begin their years on different days: 2 Yule for the Shire and 25 March for the rest of the Reunited Kingdom.<ref group="note">As these days are named in the Shire Calendar; their New Reckoning equivalents are 7 [[Narvinyë]] and [[Yestarë]] respectively</ref> <br />
<br />
There are few dates given in the [[legendarium]] that require the reader to account for this difference, because most dates of the Fourth Age are already explicitly expressed in terms of the Shire Reckoning. For example, [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]]'s departure from Middle-earth is given as {{SR|1541}}.<ref name="Later"/> The exceptions are both from the [[Note on the Shire Records]] and are as follows:<br />
<br />
* Tolkien explains that the text of ''The Lord of the Rings'' descends from a copy of the Red Book made in Gondor that bore the note "Findegil, King’s Writer, finished this work in IV 172."<ref name=Records>{{FR|Records}}</ref> The accompanying text notes the equivalent year {{SR|1592}}, which is {{FoA|171}} in the Shire Reckoning, so this note must have been written with regard to the New Reckoning calendar before 7 Narvinyë.<br />
* In the same paragraph, Tolkien refers to [[Peregrin Took]]'s retirement to Gondor in "IV 64."<ref name=Records>{{FR|Records}}</ref> We are told elsewhere that Peregrin and his companion [[Meriadoc Brandybuck]] arrived in Gondor sometime between the autumn and the ending of {{SR|1484}}, which is {{FoA|63}} in the Shire Reckoning.<ref name="Later">{{App|Later}}</ref> As such, the stated "IV 64" must be in reference to the New Reckoning calendar, again, prior to 7 Narvinyë.<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the Legendarium==<br />
The Prologue of the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' mistakenly mentions that the [[Third Age]] "ended with the great years {{SR|1418|n}} and {{SR|1419|n}} of the Shire."<ref>{{HM|FR}}, p. "Foreword", p. 8</ref> whereas the Age ended in {{SR|1421|n}} and {{SR|1422|n}}. This reference was removed in the second edition.<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Timeline/Fourth Age|Timeline of the Fourth Age]]<br />
* ''[[The New Shadow]]''<br />
<br />
{{references|note}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* The [https://psarando.github.io/shire-reckoning Shire Reckoning] project, dedicated to simulations and detailed analysis of all the calendars of ''The Lord of the Rings'' [[Appendix D]].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ages]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age]]<br />
[[de:Das Vierte Zeitalter]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/chronologie/quatrieme_age]]<br />
[[fi:Neljäs Aika]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Underhill_(house)&diff=375571
Underhill (house)
2023-06-18T06:18:20Z
<p>Mord: /* Description */ phrasing kitchen and garden</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Underhill''' was the home of [[Tom Bombadil|Tom Bombadil]] and his wife [[Goldberry]]. It was a house on the eastern edge of the [[Old Forest]], not far from the [[Barrow-downs]]. <br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Underhill was built atop a grassy knoll, under a steep shoulder of bare stone on the westernmost edge of the Barrow-downs. Its location was described as "up, down, under hill."<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref><br />
<br />
Little is about the exterior of the house, except that it had windows and its door had a wide stone threshold. A penthouse with stone walls and flagstone floor was attached to the north end.<br />
<br />
The interior had several rooms. The main room was long and low, with a large table of dark polished wood and low rush-seated chairs. It was lit by overhead lamps as well as candles on the table and a wide stone hearth. The house had a kitchen, which was not described. Outside, there was a kitchen-garden that extended from the eastern wall of the house.<br />
<br />
When [[Frodo]] visited the house, he and his companions stayed in the penthouse, which was connected to the main hall by a short passageway with a sharp turn. The walls of the penthouse were decorated with green hanging mats. It had two windows, one facing east and one west, which were covered by yellow curtains. The east window opened directly onto the kitchen-garden. There were four mattresses on the floor against one wall and a long bench on the opposite.<ref>{{FR|I7}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The house of Tom Bombadil is not named in ''The Lord of the Rings''. The name "Underhill" appears only in [[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]]. Its entry for September 28th reads "Set out from Underhill. Captured by Barrow-wight."<ref>[[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]], p. 34; footnote p. 37</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:Lord of the Rings Online - Tom Bombadil's House.jpg|thumb|left|The House of Tom Bombadil in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]<br />
* '''2007: ''[[Lord of the Rings Online]]'':''' <br />
:The House of Tom Bombadil is a round house hidden in the east of the Old Forest.<br />
<br />
{{References}}</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Underhill_(house)&diff=375569
Underhill (house)
2023-06-18T06:14:28Z
<p>Mord: grammar</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Underhill''' was the home of [[Tom Bombadil|Tom Bombadil]] and his wife [[Goldberry]]. It was a house on the eastern edge of the [[Old Forest]], not far from the [[Barrow-downs]]. <br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Underhill was built atop a grassy knoll, under a steep shoulder of bare stone on the westernmost edge of the Barrow-downs. Its location was described as "up, down, under hill."<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref><br />
<br />
Little is about the exterior of the house, except that it had windows and its door had a wide stone threshold. A penthouse with stone walls and flagstone floor was attached to the north end.<br />
<br />
The interior had several rooms. The main room was long and low, with a large table of dark polished wood and low rush-seated chairs. It was lit by overhead lamps as well as candles on the table and a wide stone hearth. The house had a kitchen, with a kitchen-garden on its east side.<br />
<br />
When [[Frodo]] visited the house, he and his companions stayed in the penthouse, which was connected to the main hall by a short passageway with a sharp turn. The walls of the penthouse were decorated with green hanging mats. It had two windows, one facing east and one west, which were covered by yellow curtains. The east window opened directly onto the kitchen-garden. There were four mattresses on the floor against one wall and a long bench on the opposite.<ref>{{FR|I7}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The house of Tom Bombadil is not named in ''The Lord of the Rings''. The name "Underhill" appears only in [[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]]. Its entry for September 28th reads "Set out from Underhill. Captured by Barrow-wight."<ref>[[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]], p. 34; footnote p. 37</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:Lord of the Rings Online - Tom Bombadil's House.jpg|thumb|left|The House of Tom Bombadil in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]<br />
* '''2007: ''[[Lord of the Rings Online]]'':''' <br />
:The House of Tom Bombadil is a round house hidden in the east of the Old Forest.<br />
<br />
{{References}}</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Underhill_(house)&diff=375568
Underhill (house)
2023-06-18T06:13:45Z
<p>Mord: expanded description of house and improved references</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Underhill''' was the home of [[Tom Bombadil|Tom Bombadil's]] and his wife [[Goldberry]]. It was on the eastern edge of the [[Old Forest]], not far from the [[Barrow-downs]]. <br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Underhill was built atop a grassy knoll, under a steep shoulder of bare stone on the westernmost edge of the Barrow-downs. Its location was described as "up, down, under hill."<ref>{{FR|I6}}</ref><br />
<br />
Little is about the exterior of the house, except that it had windows and its door had a wide stone threshold. A penthouse with stone walls and flagstone floor was attached to the north end.<br />
<br />
The interior had several rooms. The main room was long and low, with a large table of dark polished wood and low rush-seated chairs. It was lit by overhead lamps as well as candles on the table and a wide stone hearth. The house had a kitchen, with a kitchen-garden on its east side.<br />
<br />
When [[Frodo]] visited the house, he and his companions stayed in the penthouse, which was connected to the main hall by a short passageway with a sharp turn. The walls of the penthouse were decorated with green hanging mats. It had two windows, one facing east and one west, which were covered by yellow curtains. The east window opened directly onto the kitchen-garden. There were four mattresses on the floor against one wall and a long bench on the opposite.<ref>{{FR|I7}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The house of Tom Bombadil is not named in ''The Lord of the Rings''. The name "Underhill" appears only in [[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]]. Its entry for September 28th reads "Set out from Underhill. Captured by Barrow-wight."<ref>[[The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings]], p. 34; footnote p. 37</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:Lord of the Rings Online - Tom Bombadil's House.jpg|thumb|left|The House of Tom Bombadil in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'']]<br />
* '''2007: ''[[Lord of the Rings Online]]'':''' <br />
:The House of Tom Bombadil is a round house hidden in the east of the Old Forest.<br />
<br />
{{References}}</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Tom_Bombadil&diff=375567
Tom Bombadil
2023-06-18T06:08:09Z
<p>Mord: /* Appearance and traits */ removed redlink and unnecessary ref</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Tom|[[Tom (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{other infobox<br />
| image=[[Image:John Howe - Tom Bombadil.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Tom Bombadil" by [[John Howe]]<br />
| name=Tom Bombadil<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''Iarwain Ben-adar'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />''Orald'' ([[Rohan language|R]])<br />''Forn'' ([[Khuzdul|K]])<br />
| titles=The [[Eldest]], [[Master]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Underhill (house)|Underhill]], [[Old Forest]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=saving [[Frodo]], [[Sam]], [[Merry]] and [[Pippin]] from [[Old Man Willow]] and the [[Barrow-wights]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=[[Goldberry]]<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Tom Bombadil/Nature|Tom Bombadil]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=Short<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=Blue jacket and hat, boots<br />
| weapons=Song<br />
| steed=[[Fatty Lumpkin]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Eldest, that's what I am... Tom remembers the first raindrop and the first acorn... he knew the dark under the stars when it was fearless – before the Dark Lord came from Outside.|Tom Bombadil in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[In the House of Tom Bombadil]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Tom Bombadil''' was an enigmatic figure that lived throughout the history of [[Arda]]. Living in the depths of the [[Old Forest]], he seemed to possess unequaled power in the land around his dwelling. Although seemingly benevolent, he took no stance against the [[Dark Lord|Dark Lords]].<br />
<br />
==Appearance and traits==<br />
{{quote|Old Tom Bombadil is a merry fellow;<br>Bright blue his jacket is, and his boots are yellow.|Tom Bombadil}}<br />
<br />
Tom looks like a male figure, with a red "ripe" face, with many laughing wrinkles, sporting a long brown beard. His eyes are bright blue. He wears a blue coat and an old tall hat with a long blue feather. His thick legs wear big yellow boots.<ref name="OldF"/> Earlier he wore a [[swans|swan]] feather, which he later replaced with a blue one from a [[kingfisher]].<ref>{{AB|2}}</ref><br />
<br />
He lived in a [[Underhill (house)|house]] on the eastern edge of the [[Old Forest]] by the river [[Withywindle]], together with his lovely wife [[Goldberry]].<br />
<br />
The [[Bucklanders]] had little understanding of his powers and nature. They saw him as a mysterious, unpredictable, but benevolent and comic person; more or less as the [[Shire-folk]] thought of [[Gandalf]].<ref name="Adv"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Origins===<br />
[[Image:Olanda Fong-Surdenas - Tom Bombadil.jpg|thumb|left|''Tom Bombadil'' by [[Olanda Fong-Surdenas]]]]<br />
{{quote|He is a strange creature.|[[Elrond]], ''[[The Council of Elrond]]''}}<br />
The origins and [[Tom Bombadil/Nature|nature of Tom Bombadil]] are unknown; however, he already existed when the [[Morgoth|Dark Lord]] came to [[Arda]],<ref name="house">{{FR|Bombadil}}</ref> signifying he was alive even before the coming of the [[Valar]].<br />
<br />
He was on Arda "before the river and the trees", before the first rain and made paths before the [[Great March]] of the [[Eldar]] and later of the [[Middle Men]] and their [[Barrow Downs|tombs]]. He also witnessed the [[Changing of the World]], the arrival of the [[Exiles of Númenor]] and the [[Barrow-wights]],<ref name="house"/> but his role and nature in the [[Elder Days]] and later is unknown. He also witnessed the reducing of the great forests that covered all [[Middle-earth]], and perhaps of his powers.<ref name="CoE"/> <br />
<br />
The level of his interactions with the outside world is also unclear; however, he seemed to have names among many peoples and perhaps became a folkloric figure in the traditions and legends of Elves, Dwarves, Men. [[Elrond]] knew of him when he ventured in his lands.<ref name="CoE"/><ref name="Adv">{{AB|Preface}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Third Age]], he had contact with the [[Bucklanders]]<ref name="Adv"/> and [[Farmer Maggot]], and perhaps it was this to which he owed his jolly and whimsical attitude.<br />
<br />
===War of the Ring===<br />
[[Image:Ted Nasmith - The Willow Man is Tamed.jpg|thumb|''The Willow Man is Tamed'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
On [[26 September]], {{TA|3018}}, he encountered [[travellers|four hobbits]] while he was searching for water-lilies for his wife. Two of those Hobbits, [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry]] and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin]], had been captured by [[Old Man Willow]]. Tom, who was the master of the Old Forest, rescued them, and took all four of them to his house.<ref name="OldF">{{FR|Forest}}</ref><br />
<br />
The four hobbits stayed two nights, and he told them many tales and songs. With cunning questions, he made [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] tell him of the [[The One Ring|Ring]]. When Tom tried it on, nothing happened, but he then took it off and flipped it in the air and made the ring itself disappear, showing that indeed within his realm Tom was master. However, when Frodo put the ring on, Tom could still see him. He bade the Hobbit to come back and sit down; his hand was fairer without the ring.<br />
<br />
Before his guests went to sleep, Tom warned them of the [[Barrow-downs]], and advised them to pass any barrow on the western side. He also taught them a song, should they come to peril.<ref name="house"/><br />
<br />
And they did come to peril. Tom chased off a [[Barrow-wights|wight]] with song, and broke the spells on the barrow in which the four hobbits were captured. While he sent the Hobbits to calm down, he went for provisions. He also brought the ponies that had belonged to Merry. After that, he broke the spells of the barrow. From the barrow's mighty hoard, he took a blue-jewelled brooch for Goldberry (probably belonging to the spouse of the [[last prince of Cardolan]] he seemingly met long ago),<ref>{{HM|RC}}, "Fog on the Barrow-downs", pp. 146-7</ref><ref>{{RS|Wight}}, p. 127-8</ref> and gave a [[Daggers of Westernesse|dagger]] to each of the hobbits. He then advised them to make for ''[[The Prancing Pony]]'' in [[Bree]].<ref>{{FR|Barrow}}</ref><br />
<br />
The peril of the hobbits was not over; an attack on their lives was carried out, and their ponies were set loose. The ponies apparently remembered the care they were given in the house of Tom Bombadil, and returned to stay beside Tom's own pony, [[Fatty Lumpkin]]. He returned them to [[Barliman Butterbur]], the proprietor of ''The Prancing Pony''. Since he had paid eighteen pence as compensation for the loss, he was now the owner of five fine ponies.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As he was merry and benevolent, some of the [[Free Peoples]] considered him a potential ally against [[Sauron]] during the [[War of the Ring]]. [[Elrond]] and [[Erestor]] considered that he should be present at the [[Council of Elrond]]. However, according to [[Gandalf]], Tom Bombadil was perhaps not fully aware of the struggle of Light and Darkness and could not prove useful to their causes.<ref name="CoE"/><br />
<br />
Eventually the defeat of Sauron in the end of the War, and the victory of the [[West]] allowed Tom to continue and "survive" in the following Ages.<ref>{{L|144}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Legacy===<br />
Tom Bombadil’s existence passed into Hobbit lore and was referenced in poems such as ''[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]'' and ''[[Bombadil Goes Boating]]''. The Hobbit, [[Samwise Gamgee]], based and modeled his protagonist in ''[[The Stone Troll]]'', [[Tom (The Stone Troll)|Tom]], after Bombadil, considering that Sam composed the poem soon after their meeting.<ref name=RF>{{HM|Guide}}, p. 385</ref>. In the poem, Tom encounters an old [[Stone-trolls|troll]], gnawing for years on the shinbone of Tim, his [[Unusual words|nuncle]], and Tom demands for the troll to let it down.<ref>{{FR|I12}}</ref><ref>{{AB|7}}</ref> It is likely that Tim was only an invention by Sam rather than actually being Tom Bombadil's nuncle.<ref name=RF/><br />
<br />
==Other names==<br />
He also went by other names: <br />
* To the [[Elves]] and [[Dúnedain]], he was known with the [[Sindarin]] name '''''[[iaur|Iar]][[gwain|wain]] [[penadar|Ben-adar]]''''', which translates to "Oldest and Fatherless".<ref name="CoE">{{FR|Council}}</ref> ''Iarwain'' literally means "Old-young"<ref>''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' p. 128; quoting an unpublished letter by Tolkien</ref><br />
* To the [[Northmen]]<ref name="CoE"/> (perhaps specifically the [[Rohirrim]]) he was known with the [[Rohanese]] name '''''Orald'''''.<ref name="CoE"/> This is an [[Old English]] word meaning "very ancient.<ref name="nomen">{{HM|N}}, p. 761</ref><br />
* The Dwarves knew him as '''''Forn'''''. This too is a reference to his age: it is [[North Germanic languages|Old Norse]] for "(belonging to) ancient (days)".<ref name="nomen"/><ref group=note>In some imprints of ''[[The History of Middle-earth Index]]'', this name was accidentally spelled with a "P" as the first letter: {{HM|IX}}, "Tom Bombadil (VII)", p. 435</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Tom Bombadil'' is said to be a [[Bucklandish]] name, added by Hobbit chroniclers to his many older ones. It is, like many names of the Bucklanders, untranslatable.<ref name="Adv"/><br />
<br />
[[Paula Marmor]] notes that ''bobadil'' is an archaic word meaning "braggart", as seen in the character "Captain Bobadill" in the English play ''[[Wikipedia:Every Man in His Humour|Every Man in His Humour]]''. Because of its Bucklandish form, ''[[An Introduction to Elvish]]'' lists the name Bombadil under the "[[Celtic]]-sounding names". However, it is said that the word derives from '''[[Wikipedia:Boabdil|Boabdil]]''', the Spaniard name of [[Wikipedia:Muhammad XII of Granada|'''Abu Abdillah''' Muhammad XII]], the last Moorish ruler of Granada.<ref>{{HM|IE}}, Giving of Names</ref><br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
Tom Bombadil was inspired primarily from a [[Wikipedia:Peg wooden doll|dutch doll]] Tolkien's child(ren) toyed with.<ref name=intro/> The doll had a feathered hat. One time they found it in the lavatory, being stuffed there by little [[John Tolkien]], who perhaps didn't like it much.<ref>{{HM|Bio}}, p. 165</ref><br />
<br />
Probably in the 1920s he began writing a story entitled ''Tom Bombadil'' set during the reign of "King Bonhedig" in the British prehistory, far before any recorded events or invasions. The protagonist Tombombadil is mentioned as one of the oldest inhabitants of Bonhedig's kingdom, that spanned many miles on either side of the Thames. Only the 3 opening paragraphs survive of the shortly-abandoned, story, and the fragment ends at the description of Tombombadil who "wore a tall hat with a blue feather; his jacket was blue, and his boots were yellow".<Ref>{{AB|Prose}}</ref><br />
<br />
Around the 1930s or earlier Tolkien wrote a poem about some Tom Bombadil rowing down a River, a poem which Tolkien later identified as his "germ of Tom Bombadil".<ref>{{RS|1VT}}</ref> Later in [[1934]] he put him into [[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (poem)|a poem]], again described according to the appearance of the aforementioned doll (something that he did with other toys of his children, like [[Rover]]).<ref name=intro>{{AB|Intro}}</ref> At one time he described him as a "spirit of the (vanishing) [[Oxford]] and Berkshire countryside"<ref name=L19>{{L|19}}</ref> <br />
<br />
When asked to make a sequel for ''[[The Hobbit]]'', Tolkien briefly considered if he would base it around that figure of his poem.<ref name=L19/> Although it didn't happen, he eventually [[The Old Forest|appeared]] in the narrative as a supporting character. Tolkien wrote Bombadil as a direct contrast to the artistry and (sub)creative force of the [[Elves]]; whereas they seek to create, devise, alter and control, Bombadil only observes and contemplates the world outside him and takes joy in it. He is the fearless theoretical study of the world, and history.<ref name=coghill>[[Letter to Nevill Coghill]] (Excerpt reproduced [http://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2014/12/30/tom-bombadil-addenda-corrigenda/ here]</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Justin Noetzel in his paper "Beorn and Tom Bombadil: Mythology, Narrative, and The Most (Non) Essential Characters in Middle-earth", suggests an association of Tom Bombadil with the [[Wikipedia:Celtic Otherworld|Celtic Otherworld]] and tales of the [[Wikipedia:Tuatha Dé Danann|Tuatha Dé Danann]].<ref>{{webcite|author=[[John D. Rateliff]]|articleurl=http://sacnoths.blogspot.se/2013/03/valparaiso-day-three.html|articlename=Valparaiso, Day Three|dated=12 March 2013|website=Sac|accessed=14 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
David Elton Gay compares Tom to the demigod [[Wikipedia:Väinämöinen|Väinämöinen]] from the ''[[Kalevala]]'': both are extremely old and powerful immortal figures who express their power in rhymes, and both have control over their small forested country.<ref>Gay, David Elton (2004). Chance, Jane (ed.). ''J.R.R. Tolkien and the Kalevala. Tolkien and the invention of myth : a reader''. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 295–304.</ref><br />
<br />
==Outside the legendarium==<br />
Except the aforementioned earlier works written independently to the Legendarium, a figure that hints to Bombadil appears in the much later poem ''[[Once upon a Time]]''. Tolkien wrote it around [[1964]] and reused the names of "Tom" and "Goldberry" (although the epithet "Bombadil" is not mentioned, the association can be made as he appears with Goldberry). Hammond & Scull note that in this poem Tom appears less omnipotent; while he is known to talk to all creatures, who always obey him, the mysterious ''[[lintips]]'' are the only ones who refuse to talk to him and hide away.<ref>{{AB|Once}}, p. 283</ref> No specific events are mentioned that can connect it to Tom Bombadil or the legendarium of Arda.<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
Because he is left out of the three major adaptations ([[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|Ralph Bakshi]], [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|BBC's 1981 series]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring|Peter Jackson's]]), Tom Bombadil's main role (providing the [[Daggers of Westernesse|Barrow-blades]]) is omitted. He does have several appearances in other adaptations, though.<br />
<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Tom Bombadil in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:War in Middle Earth - Tom Bombadil.png|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]''</small><br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Tom Bombadil.JPG|[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game - Tom Bombadil, The Master.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]''<br />
|File:BFME2 - Tom Bombadil 03.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]''</small><br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Tom Bombadil.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''1955: ''[[The Lord of the Rings (1956 radio series)|BBC Radio's The Lord of the Rings]]'':'''<br />
:[[Norman Shelley]] voiced Bombadil, and Tolkien thought his portrayal "dreadful". [[Goldberry]] was portrayed as his daughter, rather than his wife<ref>{{L|175}}</ref>. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:In this series, Tom was voiced by [[Bernard Mayes]]. Like Norman Shelley before him, he also voiced [[Gandalf]].<br />
<br />
'''1988: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's War in Middle Earth]]'':'''<br />
:Tom Bombadil can be found outside his house in the Old Forest.<br />
<br />
'''1990: ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)|J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I]]'':'''<br />
:Tom Bombadil rescues the party from the Willow Man, and provides information, supplies, shelter, and side-quests for the party. He later rescues the party from the Barrow Wights, and very briefly joins as a temporary playable character while inside the barrow. His role runs almost directly parallel to the original, with some related passages of ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' quoted directly. However, [[Goldberry]]'s role is significantly changed to provide a quest for the party.<br />
<br />
'''1992: [[Der Herr der Ringe (1992 German radio series)|''Der Herr der Ringe'' (1992 German radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Tom Bombadil is played by Peter Ehrlich.<br />
<br />
'''1992: [[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|''Tales from the Perilous Realm'' (1992 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:When he adapted the 1981 [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|radio series]], [[Brian Sibley]] deeply regretted cutting Bombadil from the radio series.<ref>[[Brian Sibley]], ''[http://briansibleytheworks.blogspot.com/2008/01/this-page-is-still-under-construction_23.html The Ring Goes Ever On]''</ref> When he made ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'' into a radio series, he decided to change the section "[[The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]". Rather than several (unadaptable) Hobbitish poems, Sibley adapted the chapters from ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]''. Bombadil is voiced by [[Ian Hogg]].<br />
<br />
'''1993: ''[[Hobitit]]'':'''<br />
:Tom Bombadil is portrayed by [[Esko Hukkanen]]. It is the only screen adaptation that features him so far.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:Although Tom Bombadil does not appear in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' film series]], Decipher produced a card for the character. He was portrayed by Harry Weller-Chew.<br />
<br />
'''2001-present: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game]]'':'''<br />
:Despite not appearing in the films the game is based on, Tom Bombadil and Goldberry were given several models by [[Games Workshop]], which has held rights for tabletop games since 1980.<br />
<br />
'''2001: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Tom Bombadil is provided by Milan Lasica. He appears in the final third of the first episode, helping the four hobbits with Old Man Willow, guiding them to his house and taking them in as his guests for the night, along with his wife Goldberry. After they depart and get lost on the Barrow Downs, he once again aids in their rescue, and provides them with barrow-blades from the barrow of the defeated barrow-wight.<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Daran Norris]] portrayed Bombadil with a Scottish accent. His role is much like that in the book, and as one of the few characters in this video game, he keeps most of his songs. <br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''<br />
:In the [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (extended edition)|extended edition]], some of Bombadil's poems are transferred to [[Treebeard]], and so is his encounter with [[Old Man Willow]].<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Bombadil is a summonable power. Once summoned, he can plow through enemy lines. His most powerful weapon is a "Sonic Song". As soon as [[Electronic Arts|EA]] secured the rights to the books, it was decided that Tom Bombadil should be in it; his appearance is kept close to his description in the book.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/battleformiddleearth2/news.html?sid=6139678 The Lord of the Rings, The Battle for Middle-earth II Q&A - Enter Tom Bombadil], [http://www.gamespot.com/ GameSpot.com]</ref><br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Tom can be found either inside or outside his house in the Old Forest. He helps the player track down crebain scouts possessing important information, and later arrives to rescue the player from the Barrow-Downs when (s)he gets himself in more than (s)he is prepared for, much like the Hobbits in the Book. He later aids the player against agents of the Barrow-downs when the latter attempts to corrupt Old Man Willow with a [[Morgul-blade]].<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[Lego The Lord of the Rings: The Video Game]]'':'''<br />
:Bombadil is a playable character. He uses a trowel as a weapon and for digging in certain spots. Tom can be found in his house on the road to the north of [[Bucklebury Ferry]] in the forested area between [[Bree]] and the Shire. It is unclear if this forest is meant to be the Old Forest or not; it is in the right location, but the game never specifically names it and its physical appearance does not fit the book's description.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[Lego The Hobbit: The Video Game]]'':'''<br />
:Bombadil also appears as a playable character, and again wields a trowel. This time, Tom is found in a forest southwest of Bree, near a house atop a hill (likely his house in the Old Forest).<br />
<br />
===Collectibles===<br />
In [[April]] [[2008]], [[Gentle Giant]] released the Tom Bombadil Mini Bust.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*'''[[Tom Bombadil/Nature|The Nature of Tom Bombadil]]'''<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.glyphweb.com/arda/t/tombombadil.html Entry in the Encyclopedia of Arda] (a concise overview of the discussion) <br />
* [http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/08/27/count-count-weigh-divide/ Count, Count, Weigh, Divide] by [[Michael Martinez]] (discusses Tom Bombadil's moral aspects at length)<br />
* [http://www.whoistombombadil.blogspot.com/2013/01/tom-bombadil-as-music-of-ainur_9.html Tom as the Music of the Ainur] discusses the major theories of Tom's origins and proposes a new theory. <br />
* [http://www.cas.unt.edu/~hargrove/tombomb.html Who Is Tom Bombadil?] (an essay by Gene Hargrove)<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Enigmas]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Spirits]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Tom Bombadil]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/tom_bombadil]]<br />
[[fi:Tom Bombadil]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Chronology_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings&diff=375566
The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings
2023-06-18T05:21:58Z
<p>Mord: /* Comments from the editors */ typo</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Chronology of The Lord of the Rings page 10.jpeg|thumb|275px|Manuscript page 10 of the ''Chronology'']]<br />
'''''The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings''''' is a lengthy article that comprises the majority of ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 19 Supplement|Tolkien Studies vol.19 supplement]]'', a special volume of the scholarly journal ''[[Tolkien Studies (journal)|Tolkien Studies]]''. The article is edited by William Cloud Hicklin, published on [[July 31]], [[2022]].<br />
<br />
For the first time, the article publishes the complete document of the time-scheme, titled '''"Chronology"''', used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] when he was writing the ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The document consists of 14 pages, each containing a synoptic timeline over a certain period in the story, that together cover the entire time spanned by the book: from Bilbo's birthday party to Sam's return to Bag End.<br />
<br />
Some excerpts from this document were previously published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (2005), and a few manuscript pages had been displayed in certain [[exhibitions]], such as ''[[Voyage en Terre du Milieu]]'' (2019). The full manuscripts were finally revealed to the public in ''[[The Art of the Manuscript]]'' exhibition (2022), and were printed in its accompanying catalogue.<br />
<br />
==The time-scheme==<br />
Out of the 14 pages, 9 are written in a spreadsheet form, with columns representing characters or character-groups and rows representing days, while other pages are in a more linear form. Tolkien used [[Shire Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
The timelines presented in these pages are as follows:<br />
<div style="-moz-column-width: 400px; -webkit-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px; -moz-column-gap: 15px; -webkit-column-gap: 15px; column-gap: 15px; -webkit-column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc; -moz-column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc; column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc;"><br />
* page 1: [[22 September]], {{SR|1418}} - [[15 October]]<br />
<br />
* page 2: [[16 October]] - [[15 January]], {{SR|1419}}<br />
<br />
* page 3: [[15 January]] - [[22 January]]<br />
<br />
* page 4: [[23 January]] - [[16 February]]<br />
<br />
* page 5: [[17 February]] - [[25 February]]<br />
<br />
* page 6: [[26 February]] - [[29 February]]<br />
<br />
* page 7: [[30 February]] - [[3 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 8: [[4 March]] - [[7 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 9: [[8 March]] - [[12 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 10: [[13 March]] - [[17 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 11: [[18 March]] - [[25 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 12: [[8 August]] - [[10 August]]<br />
<br />
* page 13: [[14 August]] - [[22 September]]<br />
<br />
* page 14: [[5 October]] - [[6 October]], {{SR|1421}}</div><br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
[[File:Chronology of The Lord of the Rings page 13.jpeg|thumb|225px|Manuscript page 13 of the ''Chronology'']]<br />
The article in the ''vol.19 supplement'' contains:<br />
* A 30-page introduction, by the editor William Hicklin and several other Tolkien scholars.<br />
<br />
* 50 pages, the document of the time-scheme itself, transcribed, together with extensive notes by William.<br />
<br />
* 50 pages of commentaries on the development of the time-scheme.<br />
** There are three versions of the time-scheme. Two earlier versions were made by Tolkien when he was developing the story, which were later proven insufficient. The third one (the one presented here) was made in late 1940s after he had completed the first draft, and was used by him for the revisions in the text.<br />
<br />
==New information==<br />
This time-scheme is significant because it includes information that does not appear in the published text. For example, concerning the fate of [[Shagrat]], Orc Captain of the Tower of Cirith Ungol, the scheme states that on Saturday March 17th,<br />
<br />
:"''Shagrat brings the mithril coat and other spoils to Barad-dȗr; but is slain by Sauron''".<br />
<br />
Another hidden fact shows that, while the Fellowship is resting in Lothlórien on Tuesday, January 24th, [[Gollum]] lurks on the borders of that country; and there he is captured by [[Uglúk]] and the Isengarders. The time-scheme entry reads under the heading Gollum: <br />
<br />
:"''Gollum captured by Uglúk, but escapes after revealing that Hobbits of Shire were with Gandalf, and enough is said to make Uglúk certain that Ring was with the Company''".<br />
<br />
While under the heading of Enemies it reads:<br />
<br />
:"''Isengarders capture Gollum, and torment him for news. Uglúk sends news to Isengard of Hobbits; but not of the Ring''".<ref name="W.F.">{{webcite|author=Fliss, William M. (2017)|articleurl=http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=lib_fac|articlename=Things That Were, and Things That Are, and Things That Yet May Be: The J.R.R. Tolkien Manuscript Collection at Marquette University|website=marquette.edu}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Comments from the editors==<br />
{{blockquote|As Tolkien wrote The Lord of the Rings he became preoccupied with time and distance, resulting in some archival gems. Among the manuscripts are synoptic time-schemes where Tolkien tracked the movements of different characters in the story. . . . Before I saw this time-scheme I never fully appreciated the importance of January 15th to the course of events. On that day Gandalf the Grey fought the Balrog on the Bridge of Khazad-dȗm and fell into the shadow of Moria. It was also the day when, to use an anachronism, the clock started ticking on the Fellowship. We learn from the time-scheme that when night fell on January 15th messages were sent forth from Moria to Isengard and to Mordor, setting evil forces in motion. Suddenly questions confronted Tolkien such as how long would it take for the message to reach Barad-dȗr? How exactly would it get there? When would Grishnákh and company be sent from Mordor? How quickly would they travel? The need for such a day-by-day reckoning intensified on February 26th with the Breaking of the Fellowship. Suddenly this tight group of characters that had moved together through Book II splinters in different directions, and Tolkien must track their every move.|William Fliss<ref name="W.F."/>}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/20/article/861624 The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings] at Project Muse<br />
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienfans/comments/wwl40m/tolkiens_chronology_of_the_lord_of_the_rings_ask/ Reddit "Ask me Anything" with Bill Hicklin]<br />
* [https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/7304/what-is-the-timeline-for-the-lord-of-the-rings-trilogy/254496#254496 A forum post with images of the manuscripts]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chronology of The Lord of the Rings, The}}<br />
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>
Mord
https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Chronology_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings&diff=375565
The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings
2023-06-18T05:21:12Z
<p>Mord: grammar</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Chronology of The Lord of the Rings page 10.jpeg|thumb|275px|Manuscript page 10 of the ''Chronology'']]<br />
'''''The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings''''' is a lengthy article that comprises the majority of ''[[Tolkien Studies: Volume 19 Supplement|Tolkien Studies vol.19 supplement]]'', a special volume of the scholarly journal ''[[Tolkien Studies (journal)|Tolkien Studies]]''. The article is edited by William Cloud Hicklin, published on [[July 31]], [[2022]].<br />
<br />
For the first time, the article publishes the complete document of the time-scheme, titled '''"Chronology"''', used by [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] when he was writing the ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The document consists of 14 pages, each containing a synoptic timeline over a certain period in the story, that together cover the entire time spanned by the book: from Bilbo's birthday party to Sam's return to Bag End.<br />
<br />
Some excerpts from this document were previously published in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'' (2005), and a few manuscript pages had been displayed in certain [[exhibitions]], such as ''[[Voyage en Terre du Milieu]]'' (2019). The full manuscripts were finally revealed to the public in ''[[The Art of the Manuscript]]'' exhibition (2022), and were printed in its accompanying catalogue.<br />
<br />
==The time-scheme==<br />
Out of the 14 pages, 9 are written in a spreadsheet form, with columns representing characters or character-groups and rows representing days, while other pages are in a more linear form. Tolkien used [[Shire Reckoning]].<br />
<br />
The timelines presented in these pages are as follows:<br />
<div style="-moz-column-width: 400px; -webkit-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px; -moz-column-gap: 15px; -webkit-column-gap: 15px; column-gap: 15px; -webkit-column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc; -moz-column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc; column-rule: 1px solid #cccccc;"><br />
* page 1: [[22 September]], {{SR|1418}} - [[15 October]]<br />
<br />
* page 2: [[16 October]] - [[15 January]], {{SR|1419}}<br />
<br />
* page 3: [[15 January]] - [[22 January]]<br />
<br />
* page 4: [[23 January]] - [[16 February]]<br />
<br />
* page 5: [[17 February]] - [[25 February]]<br />
<br />
* page 6: [[26 February]] - [[29 February]]<br />
<br />
* page 7: [[30 February]] - [[3 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 8: [[4 March]] - [[7 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 9: [[8 March]] - [[12 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 10: [[13 March]] - [[17 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 11: [[18 March]] - [[25 March]]<br />
<br />
* page 12: [[8 August]] - [[10 August]]<br />
<br />
* page 13: [[14 August]] - [[22 September]]<br />
<br />
* page 14: [[5 October]] - [[6 October]], {{SR|1421}}</div><br />
<br />
==Contents==<br />
[[File:Chronology of The Lord of the Rings page 13.jpeg|thumb|225px|Manuscript page 13 of the ''Chronology'']]<br />
The article in the ''vol.19 supplement'' contains:<br />
* A 30-page introduction, by the editor William Hicklin and several other Tolkien scholars.<br />
<br />
* 50 pages, the document of the time-scheme itself, transcribed, together with extensive notes by William.<br />
<br />
* 50 pages of commentaries on the development of the time-scheme.<br />
** There are three versions of the time-scheme. Two earlier versions were made by Tolkien when he was developing the story, which were later proven insufficient. The third one (the one presented here) was made in late 1940s after he had completed the first draft, and was used by him for the revisions in the text.<br />
<br />
==New information==<br />
This time-scheme is significant because it includes information that does not appear in the published text. For example, concerning the fate of [[Shagrat]], Orc Captain of the Tower of Cirith Ungol, the scheme states that on Saturday March 17th,<br />
<br />
:"''Shagrat brings the mithril coat and other spoils to Barad-dȗr; but is slain by Sauron''".<br />
<br />
Another hidden fact shows that, while the Fellowship is resting in Lothlórien on Tuesday, January 24th, [[Gollum]] lurks on the borders of that country; and there he is captured by [[Uglúk]] and the Isengarders. The time-scheme entry reads under the heading Gollum: <br />
<br />
:"''Gollum captured by Uglúk, but escapes after revealing that Hobbits of Shire were with Gandalf, and enough is said to make Uglúk certain that Ring was with the Company''".<br />
<br />
While under the heading of Enemies it reads:<br />
<br />
:"''Isengarders capture Gollum, and torment him for news. Uglúk sends news to Isengard of Hobbits; but not of the Ring''".<ref name="W.F.">{{webcite|author=Fliss, William M. (2017)|articleurl=http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=lib_fac|articlename=Things That Were, and Things That Are, and Things That Yet May Be: The J.R.R. Tolkien Manuscript Collection at Marquette University|website=marquette.edu}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Comments from the editors==<br />
{{blockquote|As Tolkien wrote The Lord of the Rings he became preoccupied with time and distance, resulting in some archival gems. Among the manuscripts are synoptic time-schemes where Tolkien tracked the movements of different characters in the story. . . . Before I saw this time-scheme I never fully appreciated the importance of January 15th to the course of events. On that day Gandalf the Grey fought the Balrog on the Bridge of Khazad-dȗm and fell into the shadow of Moria. It was also the day when, to use an anachronism, the clock started ticking on the Fellowship. We learn from the time-scheme that when night fell on January 15th messages were sent forth from Moria to Isengard and to Mordor, setting evil forces in motion. Suddenly questions confronted Tolkien such as how long would it take for the message to reach Barad-dȗr? How exactly would it get there? When would Grishnákh and company be sent from Mordor? How quickly would they travel? The need for such a day-by-day reckoning intensified on February 26th with the Breaking of the Fellowship. Suddenly this tight group of characters that had moved together through Book II splinters in different directions, and Tolkien must track their every move.|Willian Fliss<ref name="W.F."/>}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/20/article/861624 The Chronology of The Lord of the Rings] at Project Muse<br />
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/tolkienfans/comments/wwl40m/tolkiens_chronology_of_the_lord_of_the_rings_ask/ Reddit "Ask me Anything" with Bill Hicklin]<br />
* [https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/7304/what-is-the-timeline-for-the-lord-of-the-rings-trilogy/254496#254496 A forum post with images of the manuscripts]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{title|italics}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chronology of The Lord of the Rings, The}}<br />
[[Category:Books by J.R.R. Tolkien]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Posthumous publications]]<br />
[[Category:Publications by title]]</div>
Mord