https://tolkiengateway.net/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=SingingOrc&feedformat=atomTolkien Gateway - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T05:44:53ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3https://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=William&diff=376801William2023-07-10T19:40:51Z<p>SingingOrc: /* William's "pity" */ A few links. I wonder… should this say "Stone-troll"?</p>
<hr />
<div>{{evil infobox<br />
| name=William Huggins<br />
| image=[[File:Liz Danforth - William.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="William" by [[Liz Danforth]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="Bill"<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{TA|2941}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Trollshaws]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=Capturing [[Thorin and Company]]<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Trolls|Troll]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''William Huggins''', also known as '''Bill''', was with [[Tom]] and [[Bert]], one of the three trolls encountered by [[Bilbo Baggins]] and the [[Dwarves]] on their eastward journey to the [[Lonely Mountain]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Bill seems to have been the leader of the troll-band — at least, it was he who led them to the woodlands of [[Trollshaws]], according to his companions. It was [[Talking purse|William's purse]] that [[Bilbo Baggins]] tried to pickpocket as his first act of "burglary", an attempt that brought the entire expedition close to disaster. Luckily, [[Gandalf]] was able to trick William and his two companions into arguing together until sunrise, whereupon they all turned to stone.<br />
<br />
== William's "pity" ==<br />
{{quote|Poor little blighter! Let him go!|William<ref name="mutton">{{H|2}}</ref>}}<br />
The troll William twice states that they ought to let Bilbo go rather than eat him, calling Bilbo a "poor little blighter" as in the quote above. This leads to a row between him and Bert. William's sentiments have led to some controversy as trolls are evil by nature, having been created by [[Morgoth]] in the twilight of the [[Elder Days]]. William, however, is explained to have "had already had as much supper as he could hold; also he had had lots of beer."<ref name="mutton" /><ref>{{App|F1iv}}</ref><br />
<br />
Peter Hastings, manager of the Newman Bookshop (a [[Christianity|Catholic]] bookshop in [[Oxford]]), wrote to Tolkien expressing these same concerns, to which Tolkien responded as follows.<br />
{{quote|I do not say William felt ''pity'' — a word to me of moral and imaginative worth: it is the Pity of Bilbo and later [[Frodo]] that ultimately allows the [[Quest of the Ring|Quest]] to be achieved — and I do not think he showed Pity. I might not (if ''The Hobbit'' had been more carefully written, and my world so much thought about 20 years ago) have used the expression 'poor little blighter', just as I should not have called the troll ''William''. But I discerned no pity even then, and put in a plain caveat. Pity must restrain one from doing something immediately desirable and seemingly advantageous. There is no more 'pity' here than in a beast of prey yawning, or lazily patting a creature it could eat, but does not want to, since it is not hungry. Or indeed than there is in many of men's actions, whose real roots are in satiety, sloth, or a purely non-moral natural softness, though they may dignify them by 'pity's' name.|J.R.R. Tolkien<ref>{{L|153}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=William in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Trolls.png|[[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:Omar Rayyan - Wuluag.jpg|Wûluag in the ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring - Tom, Bert and Bill.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' <br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Tom, Bert and Bill.jpg|''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Bert, Bill and Tom.jpg|''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]''<br />
|File:Games Workshop - The Hobbit - Bill.png|''[[The Hobbit Strategy Battle Game]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''[[1968]]: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The Trolls are encountered in the second episode, "Out of the Frying-pan into the Fire". [[Brian Haines]] plays [[Bert]], [[Victor Lucas]] Bill, and [[Francis de Wolff]] [[Tom]]. The scene is taken verbatim from the book.<br />
<br />
'''[[1979]]: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The troll's scene is abbreviated but largely adapted without alterations. No actors are credited for the individual parts of the three trolls.<br />
<br />
'''[[1982]]: [[The Hobbit (1982 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (1982 video game)]]:'''<br />
:The three trolls are the first obstacle encountered after leaving Bag End.<br />
<br />
'''1982-97: ''[[Middle-earth Role Playing]]'':'''<br />
:William is a member of the Hugath tribe of Stone Trolls of the Trollshaw. In Hobbit lore he is known as "William Huggins", while his real name is ''Wûluag Hugath''.<ref>{{ICE|8004}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''1989: [[Hobit (1989 Slovak radio series)|''Hobit'' (1989 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voices of William, Bert and Tom are provided by Peter Debnár, Vlado Černý and Ivan Gogál.<br />
<br />
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:William is playable both as a Hazard Creature and as a Minion. The troll is also given the [[Middle-earth Role Playing|MERP]] variant name, ''Wûluag''.<br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:[[Aragorn]] and the Hobbits rest at the petrified Trolls after Frodo is stabbed by the [[Witch-king]]. <br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:Bert, Bill and Tom are the first bosses of the game, though they cannot be fought. Bilbo has to sneak around the Trolls, waiting for them to turn or walk away. <br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Bert, Tom and Bill, turned to stone, can be found in the wilderness of the [[Trollshaws]].<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey|''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'']]'''<br />
:William is portrayed (through motion capture) by [[Peter Hambleton]].<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{hobbitfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Trolls]]<br />
[[de:Bill Huggins]]<br />
[[fi:Viljami (peikko)]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376737Samwise Gamgee2023-07-09T15:10:52Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Commentary */ There was a remark without a source, so I think by rephrasing the line to simply be about what Tolkien said works better.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton Family|Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name="short">{{FR|Mushrooms}}, p. 87</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}, p. 186</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. When Frodo reunited with Bilbo, Sam sat near near them and listened as they spoke together until he fell asleep.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}, p. 270-271</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come. At that point, he lamented that he had not brought rope but found that it was too late to find some now.<ref>{{FR|South}}, p. 280</ref> Sam was dismayed when he learned they were to enter [[Moria]], and he was even more dismayed that they had to send Bill away when they entered Moria when wolves were about. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. As they passed by fissures and chasms there, Sam once again remarked that he wished he had brought rope. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines. When Frodo was pinned against the wall by an Orc-spear, Sam hacked and broke the spear-shaft.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], the Elves remarked that Sam breathed so loudly that they could shoot him in the dark. Sam was the only one of the four hobbits who had no trouble sleeping upon the Elves' [[flet]], and he remarked that he will go on sleeping whether or not he rolled off in his slumber.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}, p. 342, 344</ref> In [[Cerin Amroth]], once the Fellowship was unblindfolded, Sam was surprised by the bright daylight in an Elven realm, and he remarked that he "thought that Elves were all for moon and stars: but this is more elvish than anything I ever heard tell of".<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}, p. 351</ref><br />
<br />
Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
In one of his letters, Tolkien described Sam is as the "chief hero" and placed special emphasis on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Galadriel&diff=376735Talk:Galadriel2023-07-09T14:31:09Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Galadriel's Departure From Beleriand & "Of Amroth and Nimrodel" */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
==Asterisk==<br />
Does anyone else feel the asterisk for Aragorn's being a member of the Fellowship a bit irrelevant? I'm gonna delete it, someone can revert it if I'm wrong. --[[User:Quidon88|Quidon88]] 01:30, 5 January 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
:I also find it unneccessary. I'll go ahead and remove it (as I have several other minor edits I would like to perform on the page). --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 07:35, 5 January 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Where the death date comes from? ==<br />
<br />
As far as I know, Galadriel is immortal. So where can you conclude her date of death? [[User:58.187.53.142|58.187.53.142]] 23:02, 22 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:The infobox says "Passed into the West" and the article states "aged approx. 8,370 years when she took the Straight Road to Valinor". There is no statement of death. --[[User:Fleela|fleela]] 23:12, 22 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::But the infobox says that :"Date of death" and "Age at death", those look like she died already, if my eyes don't betray me.<br />
<br />
:::The infobox is a standard template used in many articles, hence the descriptive parenthetical phrase. --[[User:Fleela|fleela]] 23:58, 22 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::I think we should clear out the information from infobox since it can mislead the readers about her "death". Also, there's an asynchronism here when the lead section state she's aged approx. 8,370 years when she took the Straight Road to Valinor while the infobox says "approximately 7114 years". To have it out, I favor the information of 7114 rather than the number 8370 (in wikipedia version they calculate that "500 (FA) + 3400 (SA) + 3300 (TA) = apx. 7000". Merge the infomation in infobox to lead section is my solution. [[User:58.187.51.25|58.187.51.25]] 00:09, 23 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::::Actually it's 8374. Most people forget that [[Years of the Trees]] are 9.582 [[years of the Sun]] in lenght. There are several other errors in the quoted (wikipedia) calculation. -- [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 19:18, 21 May 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::::Right now Galadriel is using a Royalty infobox, but I think we should change it to be an Elf-specific infobox. As most Elves passed on to the Undying lands and did not die, we can use that in place of death. I'll double check the dates and fix the article, thanks for your input. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 00:30, 23 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::::Galadriel should be using the Noldor infobox, which I'll put up after a rewrite (or someone can change it before the rewrite). Most of the Noldor Tolkien writes about ''did'' die at one point or another (almost the entire [[House of Finwë]], for instance); I'd say about 9/10. For Elves I suppose we could put Died/Passed West, but it's rather more annoying to have to explain on every article which they did (whereas here the few that survived to pass west are explained as such). On the other hand, since the elves that died in Middle-earth were usually reborn in Aman, we could probably think up a variation on "departed mortal lands", etc. Personally, I'm contented with the way it is. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 06:17, 23 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::::I believe I put down the age. That was based on the dates calculated for the ages plus a hundred or so years to make her old enough for what she did during the Exile of the Noldor. I'm not sure why I added "14". Also, I was thinking, for the Elves passing west is very much like death (only they don't. . . die. They skip the step of being disembodied and going through Mandos). With proper word choice we might be able to work out something. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 06:21, 23 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::::::The [[Elrond]] article has an age for when he sailed to the West, while Galadriel (who left with the same ship) has not. Using the information in Elrond's article, in [[Fingolfin]]'s article, and [[Years of the Trees]], I calulate her age at that point in time as being 8374 years old (which others above already have calculated).<br />
:::::::Think her age at the departure should be mentioned as it shows how old and ancient (and noble) she really is (also, why not give her the same honour as Elrond?). [[Special:Contributions/37.196.206.40|37.196.206.40]] 05:27, 3 October 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Going East==<br />
The article fails in elaborating all the differences in the story of Galadriel. When did she leave Aman, how did she leave, where did she meet Celeborn? Also it completely lacks information about Galadriel and Celeborn passing east into Eriador before the end of the FA. --[[User:Thalion|Thalion]] 14:36, 9 September 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Different versions ==<br />
Isn't the section about the different versions of the legends a bit confusing? It seems to mix several sources into one.<br />
As far as I know, there are more or less three different versions. The one of "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn" found in UT, in which they were the kings of Eregion instead of Celebrimbor, with Amroth as their son. A later one, that comes right after this one in UT, and that clearly rejects their parentage with Amroth, and says nothing about them ruling Eregion (roughly speaking, the "canon" version that appears in the main section of the article and is coherent with all the published works). And the last one, that makes Celeborn a Telerin Elf (thus contradicting LotR and The Road Goes Ever On), in which Galadriel sails from Aman separately but nothing is told about what happened to her in Middle Earth thereafter.<br />
Shouldn't these be given as separate, contradictory versions, instead of as a single, amalgamated one? {{unsigned|95.22.63.145}}<br />
<br />
== Portrayals of Galadriel in adaptions ==<br />
<br />
The passage where it talks about Galadriel in the Two Towers in Peter's film trilogy I think makes a mistake. It says Galadriel sending elven soldiers to Helm's Deep is practically unthinkable, but in the film, Haldir clearly states that he "brings word from Elrond of Rivendell". So that would imply that Elrond sent them, and not Galadriel. {{unsigned|Zaccarius}}<br />
<br />
:I certainly agree that there are way too many value judgements in this section which breaks neutrality. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 21:27, 10 March 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Suggestions for improvement ==<br />
<br />
It is my understanding that this website (as is general among Tolkienists), holds the policy that any work published by Tolkien during his lifetime is the true canon, while in the case of unpublished works, what came later is more correct than what came earlier (except if it contradicts the canon). However, I’ve noticed that this article doesn’t seem to follow that policy at some places. I would like to edit it, but first I wanted to consult it here, to see if the changes are agreed upon.<br />
<br />
As for this line: “During the troubles that followed, it is unclear if she took any part in the Kinslaying of Alqualondë.”<br />
<br />
In a late essay published in Unfinished Tales, is said that Galadriel revolted along with the other Noldor, but “Even after the merciless assault upon the Teleri and the rape of their ships, though she fought fiercely against Fëanor in defence of her mother's kin, she did not turn back.” <br />
Since I’m not aware that this is contradicted by any other work published or later than this one, I think it’s safe to say that she fought against the Kinslayers.<br />
<br />
“Given the choice whether to stay in Middle-earth or not, Galadriel and Celeborn surprisingly decided to remain. Galadriel was still very proud, even arrogant, and refused to accept the pardon of the Valar and therefore exiled herself in Middle-earth.”<br />
<br />
A passage in The Road Goes Ever On says: “After the overthrow of Morgoth at the end of the First Age a ban was set upon her return, and she had replied proudly that she had no wish to do so.”<br />
This is the only canon explanation of why Galadriel remained in Middle-earth, so it should replace the current line in the main article.<br />
<br />
“Eventually Galadriel and Celeborn made contact with the Nandor of Amdír, who dwelt in a forest realm called Lórinand across the Misty Mountains.”<br />
A note in Unfinished Tales says that the concept that Lórinand was the original name was abandoned. The original name would be Lindórinand. Only after Galadriel became ruler of the forest and brought the mallorns, was the name changed to Lórinand, and later, Lorien.<br />
<br />
“It was during their days of power and glory in Lothlórien (either before or after the deaths of Amdír and Amroth) that Galadriel bore her first and only child: a daughter exceedingly fair named Celebrían.”<br />
In “Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn” (Unfinished Tales) it’s said that right after Sauron’s defeat in Eregion, a Council was held in Rivendel in which Elrond fell in love with Celebrian. This happened clearly before Amdír and Amroth died. It wouldn’t be either during Galadriel’s days of power and glory in Lothlórien. That came much later.<br />
<br />
Apart from this, I’d like to rearrange the section in “Other versions of the legendarium” to separate the different contradictory versions. Right now, they’re all mixed as if it was a single one.<br />
--[[Special:Contributions/90.174.2.72|90.174.2.72]] 11:43, 18 September 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I support all of this. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 14:45, 18 September 2015 (UTC)<br />
:: Same here. [[User:Amaranth|Amaranth]] 14:17, 10 October 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Propose the removal of the 'Sources' tag ==<br />
<br />
This tag has been in place since at least 2010 (if not earlier), at that time the page had zero references but it now has twenty two, so I would suggest that this is sufficient for the removal of the 'Sources' tag but I did not want to do so myself. --[[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] 16:44, 10 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I think the template can be remove because there are many references (save for the dates maybe). However, there is a lack of pagination for the references from TLOTR and UT (the manual says there is not need to include pagination for UT, but I disagree). I don't have the required TLOTR edition, but I want to improve the references from UT (the section of OVOTL needs a lot of rework) and I'll remove the template then. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 17:17, 10 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Ok, I removed the template because I don't know when I'll be able to revise it. Inline citations, pagination and OVOTL should be improved: this is an important article! --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:24, 23 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Possibly Information To Look Over? ==<br />
I found a posting on a website by someone who quoted a lot of information on Galadriel critiquing this article. I have not looked at the second half of it, but I do think it should be looked at, and some of it incorporated into the article. Such as Galadriel being born in [[Eldamar]] since it is never said exactly which city in Eldamar she was born in.<br />
Edited: I just forgot to put the link to the information: https://www.thetolkienforum.com/threads/galadriel-article-tolkiengateway-is-not-trustworthy.30127/<br />
<br />
--[[User:Dour1234| Dour1234]], 10 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:The same post was already done in the wiki's forum some months ago: [[Forums:Galadriel page needs fixing]]. I find it quite hypocritical that the user made such a LONG study criticizing the wiki instead of actually improving the article. I finally got my 50th anniversay edition of TLOTR, so I'll get into this article anytime soon and I'll make use of the criticisms there, although I'm considering making the article from zero. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 12:25, 13 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Rewriting==<br />
Well, I finished rewriting the "History" section. I'd wish I had finished the OVOTL already, but I'm considering making a shorter explanation, which means more work. Please, somebody revise the grammar of what I added! Any suggestions or corrections?--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] ([[User talk:LorenzoCB|talk]]) 09:43, 2 September 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
Btw, notice that the notes I included are deliberately vague. I intend to include links to the sections that will explain the contraditions in more detail. So please, keep them as they are. But everyone is now free to improve the article as they think it's better. I'm sure I missed a lot of details. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] ([[User talk:LorenzoCB|talk]]) 16:30, 3 September 2022 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Galadriel's Departure From Beleriand & "Of Amroth and Nimrodel" ==<br />
<br />
This article claims that Galadriel and Celeborn left Beleriand before the Fall of Nargothrond. I'm not sure if this is actually Tolkien's intent. According to Christopher Tolkien, the line Galadriel states can simply be explained because "In all probability Celeborn was in this conception a Nandorin Elf" (see ''Unfinished Tales'' page 228). I would note in Tolkien's own published writings, within his lifetime, he directly implies Galadriel remained in Beleriand until after the War of Wrath in this line: "After the overthrow of Morgoth at the end of the First Age a ban was set upon her return, and she had replied proudly that she had no wish to do so. She passed over the Mountains of ''Eredluin'' witt her husband Celeborn (one of the ''Sindar'') and went to ''Eregion''." (''The Road Goes Ever On'' p. 60)<br />
<br />
Christopher Tolkien reflects this in this line:<br />
<br />
It is a natural assumption that Celeborn and Galadriel were present at the ruin of Doriath (it is said in one place that Celeborn ‘escaped the sack of Doriath’), and perhaps aided the escape of Elwing to the Havens of Sirion with the Silmaril – but this is nowhere stated. Celeborn is mentioned in Appendix B to The Lord of the Rings as dwelling for a time in Lindon south of the Lune; but early in the Second Age they passed over the Mountains into Eriador. (UT 233)<br />
<br />
Also, are we implementing corrections to "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn" from later works or not? This wiki seems to consider "Of Amroth and Nimrodel" canon, and it was written later than "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn". At any rate, this article does not say Amroth was Galadriel's son. However, according to the later version, Galadriel did not depart to Lórien so early but rather, at the Sack of Eregion, apparently went to Lindon with Celebrían while Celeborn helped Noldorin exiles to Lórien (see UT 243-244). So, what are everyone's thoughts? [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 05:20, 26 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Hi. I kept the idea of G&C leaving Beleriand before the Fall of Nargothrond and Gondolin because that's what she states to the Fellowship in TLOTR. No matter what we have, another reader will come complaining we are ommiting something. That's why I chose to simply assemble the most known info in the most coherent way possible and explain '''everything''' in the [[Galadriel#Unsolved contradictions|Unsolved contradictions]] section. I'd have answered you by simply pointing to Note 11 in the article, but Christopher's explanation of G&C's presence in the ruin of Doriath is something I had overlooked. It will be great to include it. About your points on Celeborn, I wanted to include that info in the mentioned section, but never got the chance to finish it completely. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] ([[User talk:LorenzoCB|talk]]) 12:04, 3 July 2023 (UTC)<br />
::I think I see what you mean. I missed that section. Still, this article says, "Hence in the chapter "The Mirror of Galadriel" she said Celeborn dwelt in the West before the Dawn, and that she crossed the mountains from Beleriand (apparently alone)." Galadriel does not say "from Beleriand", but simply "I passed over the mountains". Personally, in light of Christopher Tolkien's words, I am almost inclined to think she is talking about a different mountain range, one she crossed when coming to Doriath. That said, when Tolkien first wrote it, he meant the Misty Mountains, so I don't know how seriously we can take this. Further, I think there is something to be said of the ambiguous wording. And generally, this wiki seems to go by Christopher Tolkien's methods and Christopher Tolkien disagrees. Also, things such as "The Road Goes Ever On" were also published in Tolkien's lifetime but were less vague.<br />
::My points were more about "Of Amroth and Nimrodel" just because I'm not sure how consistent the page's standard is about the sources we're using, and I'm almost inclined to think that if Amroth is not the son of Galadriel, we should at least try to edit this just to make it consistent with "Of Amroth and Nimrodel entirely. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 14:31, 9 July 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376275Samwise Gamgee2023-07-02T21:57:35Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Fellowship of the Ring */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton Family|Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name="short">{{FR|Mushrooms}}, p. 87</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}, p. 186</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. When Frodo reunited with Bilbo, Sam sat near near them and listened as they spoke together until he fell asleep.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}, p. 270-271</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come. At that point, he lamented that he had not brought rope but found that it was too late to find some now.<ref>{{FR|South}}, p. 280</ref> Sam was dismayed when he learned they were to enter [[Moria]], and he was even more dismayed that they had to send Bill away when they entered Moria when wolves were about. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. As they passed by fissures and chasms there, Sam once again remarked that he wished he had brought rope. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines. When Frodo was pinned against the wall by an Orc-spear, Sam hacked and broke the spear-shaft.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], the Elves remarked that Sam breathed so loudly that they could shoot him in the dark. Sam was the only one of the four hobbits who had no trouble sleeping upon the Elves' [[flet]], and he remarked that he will go on sleeping whether or not he rolled off in his slumber.<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}, p. 342, 344</ref> In [[Cerin Amroth]], once the Fellowship was unblindfolded, Sam was surprised by the bright daylight in an Elven realm, and he remarked that he "thought that Elves were all for moon and stars: but this is more elvish than anything I ever heard tell of".<ref>{{FR|Lorien}}, p. 351</ref><br />
<br />
Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376212Samwise Gamgee2023-07-01T21:36:24Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Fellowship of the Ring */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton Family|Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name="short">{{FR|Mushrooms}}, p. 87</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}, p. 186</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. When Frodo reunited with Bilbo, Sam sat near near them and listened as they spoke together until he fell asleep.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}, p. 270-271</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come. At that point, he lamented that he had not brought rope but found that it was too late to find some now.<ref>{{FR|South}}, p. 280</ref> Sam was dismayed when he learned they were to enter [[Moria]], and he was even more dismayed that they had to send Bill away when they entered Moria when wolves were about. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. As they passed by fissures and chasms there, Sam once again remarked that he wished he had brought rope. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines. When Frodo was pinned against the wall by an Orc-spear, Sam hacked and broke the spear-shaft.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376211Samwise Gamgee2023-07-01T21:26:33Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Fellowship of the Ring */ Expanding the page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton Family|Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name="short">{{FR|Mushrooms}}, p. 87</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}, p. 186</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. When Frodo reunited with Bilbo, Sam sat near near them and listened as they spoke together until he fell asleep.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}, p. 270-271</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come. At that point, he lamented that he had not brought rope but found that it was too late to find some now.<ref>{{FR|South}}, p. 280</ref> Sam was dismayed when he learned they were to enter [[Moria]], and he was even more dismayed that they had to send Bill away when they entered Moria when wolves were about. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. As they passed by fissures and chasms there, Sam once again remarked that he wished he had brought rope. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SingingOrc&diff=376210User talk:SingingOrc2023-07-01T21:21:39Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Edits to the Galadriel and Celebrimbor pages */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=SingingOrc}}<br />
<br />
-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 02:09, 7 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Use of minor edit checkbox ==<br />
<br />
Hi there. I noticed your recent edit on the [[Golf]] article, but I would just suggest to not mark these types of edits as "minor." The minor checkbox would be better suited for things like adding links to words, correcting typos, or fixing formatting mistakes. From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Minor_edit Wikipedia]: "A minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute." In this particular case, I feel like it changes the meaning of the article enough for others to review it. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 01:34, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Thank you for the correction. I will remember that in the future. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 03:00, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== References in clear Text instead of templates for references ==<br />
I noticed that you checked the minor edit box again eben you added references in clear text. Please use the templates for references. Please do not write references as clear text. I recommend that you look at pages, such as Template:FR, Template:TT, Template:RK, Template:App, Template:UT, Template:S, Template:PM and other Template: pages to get familiar with templates for references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 06:34, 31 October 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Thank you for the notice. As for the minor checkbox, I assumed it was minor since I changed none of the content, but only added citations. As for templates, I am sorry if I caused any inconvenience, but since the results are exactly the same, I do not quite see why that matters.—[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:03, 2 November 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::All the other editors that I am aware of use templates for references, which ensure the uniformity of the phrasing of references. In addition assigning names to references and using those names creates footnotes for references, which are not the same, because several references with the same Name will refer to the Same footnote for the reference with the same number. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 20:17, 2 November 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== References to The Lord of the Rings ==<br />
I noticed that you included references to The Lord of the Rings without page numbers in your recent edits. Do you have a copy of the 50th anniversary edition of LOTR or of a later edition, whose page numbering is compatible and are you already familiar with the page numbers section on the Help:References page? --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:22, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Yes, I'm sorry about that (although, in my defense, there is a remarkably large number of pages that do not do that). I will try to do better. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:13, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Edits to the Galadriel and Celebrimbor pages ==<br />
I noticed that you edited the Galadriel and Celembrimbor pages and the Galadriel talk (discussion) page. The user Quentandil spent a lot of time editing the Galadriel page and explaining the differences between different versions in the Other versions of the legendarium section of the Galadriel page. I suggest that you discuss edits on the Galadriel page and the Celebrimbor page with him (either on the talk pages or on the discord chat) before making edits to ensure that there is consistency between the version in the main sections and the information in the Other versions of the legendarium section on related pages on Tolkien Gateway. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:22, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Ah—I am sorry about that and will bear that in mind. Thank you for pointing it out. However, is there a reason why asking in the discussion page will not suffice? I thought the point of that was to talk about the specific pages. That's the reason I posted it to the Galadriel discussion page rather than simply editing it. I will try to be more careful in the future. Have I made an error? -- [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:12, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
:I have been unable to find the user "Quentandil", in the user revision history for Galadriel, so I do not know how to find this person. But again, I did post to the discussion page before doing anything major for a reason. -- [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 20:51, 1 July 2023 (UTC)<br />
::You did great! I'm not sure Akhôrahil saw your initial talk page discussion. It's just a coincidence that [[User:LorenzoCB]] ("Quentandil" on Discord) finished rewriting the Galadriel page recently and I don't think he's had time to read your discussion topic just yet. We use <nowiki>&lt;nowiki&gt;{{claimed}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;</nowiki> to indicate an article is currently being rewritten by someone, and since that was recently removed, there's nothing indicating someone should avoid making changes. There's also no set time someone needs to wait after posing a question on a talk page, so after a few days I would have also just jumped in and made the changes; better to have editors with the drive to get things done than have us all waiting a month to make a change to something. We try to use the talk pages for a lot of discussions, but sometimes a [[Tolkien Gateway:Chat|chat on Discord]] is a bit easier, so feel free to join us if you're ever interested. Keep up the great work! [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 21:14, 1 July 2023 (UTC)<br />
:::Thank you. I was wondering about that. Anyway, I thought most of the edits I made were references to fairly definitive ideas (the only thing I actually changed with Galadriel's page was a minor elaboration of what was written in the ''Shibboleth'', so I was wondering whether I made any errors). [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 21:21, 1 July 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SingingOrc&diff=376207User talk:SingingOrc2023-07-01T20:51:43Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Edits to the Galadriel and Celebrimbor pages */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=SingingOrc}}<br />
<br />
-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 02:09, 7 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Use of minor edit checkbox ==<br />
<br />
Hi there. I noticed your recent edit on the [[Golf]] article, but I would just suggest to not mark these types of edits as "minor." The minor checkbox would be better suited for things like adding links to words, correcting typos, or fixing formatting mistakes. From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Minor_edit Wikipedia]: "A minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute." In this particular case, I feel like it changes the meaning of the article enough for others to review it. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 01:34, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Thank you for the correction. I will remember that in the future. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 03:00, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== References in clear Text instead of templates for references ==<br />
I noticed that you checked the minor edit box again eben you added references in clear text. Please use the templates for references. Please do not write references as clear text. I recommend that you look at pages, such as Template:FR, Template:TT, Template:RK, Template:App, Template:UT, Template:S, Template:PM and other Template: pages to get familiar with templates for references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 06:34, 31 October 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Thank you for the notice. As for the minor checkbox, I assumed it was minor since I changed none of the content, but only added citations. As for templates, I am sorry if I caused any inconvenience, but since the results are exactly the same, I do not quite see why that matters.—[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:03, 2 November 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::All the other editors that I am aware of use templates for references, which ensure the uniformity of the phrasing of references. In addition assigning names to references and using those names creates footnotes for references, which are not the same, because several references with the same Name will refer to the Same footnote for the reference with the same number. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 20:17, 2 November 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== References to The Lord of the Rings ==<br />
I noticed that you included references to The Lord of the Rings without page numbers in your recent edits. Do you have a copy of the 50th anniversary edition of LOTR or of a later edition, whose page numbering is compatible and are you already familiar with the page numbers section on the Help:References page? --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:22, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Yes, I'm sorry about that (although, in my defense, there is a remarkably large number of pages that do not do that). I will try to do better. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:13, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Edits to the Galadriel and Celebrimbor pages ==<br />
I noticed that you edited the Galadriel and Celembrimbor pages and the Galadriel talk (discussion) page. The user Quentandil spent a lot of time editing the Galadriel page and explaining the differences between different versions in the Other versions of the legendarium section of the Galadriel page. I suggest that you discuss edits on the Galadriel page and the Celebrimbor page with him (either on the talk pages or on the discord chat) before making edits to ensure that there is consistency between the version in the main sections and the information in the Other versions of the legendarium section on related pages on Tolkien Gateway. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:22, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Ah—I am sorry about that and will bear that in mind. Thank you for pointing it out. However, is there a reason why asking in the discussion page will not suffice? I thought the point of that was to talk about the specific pages. That's the reason I posted it to the Galadriel discussion page rather than simply editing it. I will try to be more careful in the future. Have I made an error? -- [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:12, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
:I have been unable to find the user "Quentandil", in the user revision history for Galadriel, so I do not know how to find this person. But again, I did post to the discussion page before doing anything major for a reason. -- [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 20:51, 1 July 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Elur%C3%A9d&diff=376155Talk:Eluréd2023-06-30T13:36:37Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Twins? */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>== Twins? ==<br />
<br />
In the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'', there's no any mention that Eluréd and Elurín were twins, and indeed, there is note 8 on p. 372 in the ''[[The Problem of Ros|Problem of Ros]]'', where Christopher mentioned that "''the story that Dior's sons were twins had been '''abandoned'''''". -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 20:16, 28 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:That makes sense to me. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 01:27, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Good spot, strange this has been missed given my edition of The Silmarillion even says '''Elder''' and '''Younger''' brother in the appendix.<br />
:I think it is somewhere in HoMe that they are listed as twins, so that should be mentioned in OVOTL, but it certainly was not Tolkien’s first or last thought. [[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] ([[User talk:JR Snow|talk]]) 06:42, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Well, even in the case of identical twins, their seniority may depend on the fact who first came out of the [[Nimloth (elf of Doriath)|mother's]] womb.<br />
::And yes, Eluréd and Elurín are explicitly mentioned as twins in the Tale of Years from the ''[[The War of the Jewels|War of the Jewels]]'', where their [[First Age 500|birth-date]] is given, but that text predates the ''Problem of Ros'' from the ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth|Peoples of Middle-earth]]''. -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 08:05, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::Their identical names are also a sign that they were twins. I don't think we have to relegate that fact to OVOTL, but indeed it needs to be included with the correct references. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] ([[User talk:LorenzoCB|talk]]) 12:55, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::I agree, because the ''Problem of Ros'' must be treated very carefully. Since the linguistic question within it was ultimately rejected by J.R.R. Tolkien, I personally think that the whole text is not very much canonical. <br />
::::{{blockquote|But alas! This explanation fell foul of a small fact that my father had missed; and it was fatal. He noted on the text that 'most of this fails', because of the name Cair Andros (a Sindarin name, as were virtually all the place-names of Gondor), the island in the Anduin north of Minas Tirith, of which it had been said in Appendix A (RK p. 335, footnote) that it 'means "Ship of Long-foam"; for the isle was shaped like a great ship, with a high prow pointing north, against which the white foam of Anduin broke on sharp rocks.' So he was forced to accept that the element -ros in Elros must be the same as that in Cair Andros, the word must be Eldarin, not Atanic (Bëorian), and there could be no historical relationship between it and the Númenórean Adûnaic Rothinzil.| {{PM|Ros}}, p. 371}}<br />
::::Nonetheless, the Chrisopher's notion quoted in my first message should be mentioned within OVOTL section. -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 13:47, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::Besides, I personally also like the idea that they're twins. Since in the ''Problem of Ros'' Eluréd and Elurín were mentioned being the first and second son respectively, Christopher thus suggested that the idea of their twinhood was ''supposedly'' abandoned. However, he is perhaps mistaken in that matter because their seniority doesn't inevitably contradict their twinhood. After all, Eluréd would be considered the elder brother if he was the first child to come out of his mother's womb. I think it was just a little confusion from Christopher's part, and his father didn't in fact reject this idea entirely. -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 10:40, 30 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
:::::To matching names prove they're twins? Fingolfin and Finarfin were not. At very least, this issue should probably be mentioned. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 13:36, 30 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I also believed that the brothers were twins as their fates were intertwined, as all twins in the legendarium. Anyway, I suggest we leave the matter ambiguous. Let's put "c. F.A. 500" for both their birth years, with an OVOTL note that according to one (rejected) conception they were both born on that year. This needs to be done in many pages, both their own articles and also the family trees, the article [[twins]], the article for {{FA|500}} and perhaps others. [[User:Sage|Sage]] ([[User talk:Sage|talk]]) 15:57, 29 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376146Samwise Gamgee2023-06-29T17:27:56Z<p>SingingOrc: /* From Hobbiton to Crickhollow */ Fixing some of the citations and continuing to expand this page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton Family|Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
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===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name="short">{{FR|Mushrooms}}, p. 87</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
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As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}, p. 186</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. When Frodo reunited with Bilbo, Sam sat near near them and listened as they spoke together until he fell asleep.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}, p. 270-271</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come. At that point, he lamented that he had not brought rope but found that it was too late to find some now.<ref>{{FR|South}}, p. 280</ref> Sam was dismayed when he learned they were to enter [[Moria]], and he was even more dismayed that they had to send Bill away when they entered Moria. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SingingOrc&diff=376145User talk:SingingOrc2023-06-29T17:13:55Z<p>SingingOrc: /* References to The Lord of the Rings */ Reply</p>
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<div>{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=SingingOrc}}<br />
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-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 02:09, 7 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== Use of minor edit checkbox ==<br />
<br />
Hi there. I noticed your recent edit on the [[Golf]] article, but I would just suggest to not mark these types of edits as "minor." The minor checkbox would be better suited for things like adding links to words, correcting typos, or fixing formatting mistakes. From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Minor_edit Wikipedia]: "A minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute." In this particular case, I feel like it changes the meaning of the article enough for others to review it. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 01:34, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:Thank you for the correction. I will remember that in the future. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 03:00, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== References in clear Text instead of templates for references ==<br />
I noticed that you checked the minor edit box again eben you added references in clear text. Please use the templates for references. Please do not write references as clear text. I recommend that you look at pages, such as Template:FR, Template:TT, Template:RK, Template:App, Template:UT, Template:S, Template:PM and other Template: pages to get familiar with templates for references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 06:34, 31 October 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:Thank you for the notice. As for the minor checkbox, I assumed it was minor since I changed none of the content, but only added citations. As for templates, I am sorry if I caused any inconvenience, but since the results are exactly the same, I do not quite see why that matters.—[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:03, 2 November 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::All the other editors that I am aware of use templates for references, which ensure the uniformity of the phrasing of references. In addition assigning names to references and using those names creates footnotes for references, which are not the same, because several references with the same Name will refer to the Same footnote for the reference with the same number. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 20:17, 2 November 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== References to The Lord of the Rings ==<br />
I noticed that you included references to The Lord of the Rings without page numbers in your recent edits. Do you have a copy of the 50th anniversary edition of LOTR or of a later edition, whose page numbering is compatible and are you already familiar with the page numbers section on the Help:References page? --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:22, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Yes, I'm sorry about that (although, in my defense, there is a remarkably large number of pages that do not do that). I will try to do better. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:13, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Edits to the Galadriel and Celebrimbor pages ==<br />
I noticed that you edited the Galadriel and Celembrimbor pages and the Galadriel talk (discussion) page. The user Quentandil spent a lot of time editing the Galadriel page and explaining the differences between different versions in the Other versions of the legendarium section of the Galadriel page. I suggest that you discuss edits on the Galadriel page and the Celebrimbor page with him (either on the talk pages or on the discord chat) before making edits to ensure that there is consistency between the version in the main sections and the information in the Other versions of the legendarium section on related pages on Tolkien Gateway. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:22, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Ah—I am sorry about that and will bear that in mind. Thank you for pointing it out. However, is there a reason why asking in the discussion page will not suffice? I thought the point of that was to talk about the specific pages. That's the reason I posted it to the Galadriel discussion page rather than simply editing it. I will try to be more careful in the future. Have I made an error? -- [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:12, 29 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SingingOrc&diff=376144User talk:SingingOrc2023-06-29T17:12:54Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Edits to the Galadriel and Celebrimbor pages */ Reply</p>
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<div>{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=SingingOrc}}<br />
<br />
-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 02:09, 7 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Use of minor edit checkbox ==<br />
<br />
Hi there. I noticed your recent edit on the [[Golf]] article, but I would just suggest to not mark these types of edits as "minor." The minor checkbox would be better suited for things like adding links to words, correcting typos, or fixing formatting mistakes. From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Minor_edit Wikipedia]: "A minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute." In this particular case, I feel like it changes the meaning of the article enough for others to review it. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 01:34, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:Thank you for the correction. I will remember that in the future. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 03:00, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== References in clear Text instead of templates for references ==<br />
I noticed that you checked the minor edit box again eben you added references in clear text. Please use the templates for references. Please do not write references as clear text. I recommend that you look at pages, such as Template:FR, Template:TT, Template:RK, Template:App, Template:UT, Template:S, Template:PM and other Template: pages to get familiar with templates for references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 06:34, 31 October 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Thank you for the notice. As for the minor checkbox, I assumed it was minor since I changed none of the content, but only added citations. As for templates, I am sorry if I caused any inconvenience, but since the results are exactly the same, I do not quite see why that matters.—[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:03, 2 November 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::All the other editors that I am aware of use templates for references, which ensure the uniformity of the phrasing of references. In addition assigning names to references and using those names creates footnotes for references, which are not the same, because several references with the same Name will refer to the Same footnote for the reference with the same number. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 20:17, 2 November 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== References to The Lord of the Rings ==<br />
I noticed that you included references to The Lord of the Rings without page numbers in your recent edits. Do you have a copy of the 50th anniversary edition of LOTR or of a later edition, whose page numbering is compatible and are you already familiar with the page numbers section on the Help:References page? --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:22, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Edits to the Galadriel and Celebrimbor pages ==<br />
I noticed that you edited the Galadriel and Celembrimbor pages and the Galadriel talk (discussion) page. The user Quentandil spent a lot of time editing the Galadriel page and explaining the differences between different versions in the Other versions of the legendarium section of the Galadriel page. I suggest that you discuss edits on the Galadriel page and the Celebrimbor page with him (either on the talk pages or on the discord chat) before making edits to ensure that there is consistency between the version in the main sections and the information in the Other versions of the legendarium section on related pages on Tolkien Gateway. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhôrahil]] ([[User talk:Akhorahil|talk]]) 08:22, 29 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Ah—I am sorry about that and will bear that in mind. Thank you for pointing it out. However, is there a reason why asking in the discussion page will not suffice? I thought the point of that was to talk about the specific pages. That's the reason I posted it to the Galadriel discussion page rather than simply editing it. I will try to be more careful in the future. Have I made an error? -- [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:12, 29 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Celebrimbor&diff=376143Celebrimbor2023-06-29T17:07:18Z<p>SingingOrc: /* The War of the Elves and Sauron and death */ Page number added to a citation</p>
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<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Celebrimbor<br />
| image=[[File:Angus McBride - Celebrimbor.gif|250px]]<br />
| caption="Celebrimbor" by [[Angus McBride]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˌkɛlɛˈbrɪmbɔr]}}<br />
| othernames=''Telperinquar''/''Telpinquar'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| titles=Lord of Eregion<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Eldamar]]</br>[[Nargothrond]]</br>[[Eregion]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]] & [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth=Before {{YT|1495}}<ref name=PMXnotes>{{PM|XNotes}}, Note 7, pp.317-9</ref><br />
| birthlocation=[[Aman]]<br />
| rule={{SA|750}} - {{SA|1697|n}} (for 947 years)<br />
| death={{SA|1697}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Sack of Eregion]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]]<br />
| age=2,334+<br />
| notablefor=Creating the [[Three Rings]]</br>Inscribing the [[Doors of Durin]]<br />
| house=[[House of Fëanor]]<br />
| parentage=[[Curufin]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|In [[Eregion]] the craftsmen of the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], the People of the Jewel-smiths, surpassed in cunning all that have ever wrought, save only [[Fëanor]] himself; and indeed greatest in skill among them was Celebrimbor, son of [[Curufin]]...|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Celebrimbor''' forged the [[Rings of Power]], mighty artifacts whose existence shaped the history of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third Ages]] of Middle-earth. As a craftsman, he was second only to his grandfather<ref name=PMXnotes/> [[Fëanor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
=== First Age ===<br />
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Celebrimbor.jpg|thumb|left|''Celebrimbor'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
Celebrimbor was born in [[Aman]] during the [[Years of the Trees]]. Among [[Fëanor]]'s [[Sons of Fëanor|seven sons]], Celebrimbor's father [[Curufin]] was the chief inheritor of Fëanor's temperament and skills in craftsmanship.<ref name=Curufin>{{PM|XI7}}, p. 352</ref> In turn, Curufin passed these skills – but not this temper – on to Celebrimbor.<ref name=PMXnotes/><br />
<br />
Following the [[Darkening of Valinor]], Celebrimbor followed Fëanor into exile in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=Nol>{{S|9}}, p. 37</ref> His unnamed mother remained behind with the people of [[Finarfin]].<ref name=PMXnotes/> Celebrimbor did not swear the [[Oath of Fëanor]]. It is unknown whether he took part in the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]]. It is also unknown whether he crossed the [[Belegaer]] in one of the stolen Falmari ships or if he followed [[Fingolfin]] across the [[Helcaraxë]].<br />
<br />
Celebrimbor's whereabouts in Beleriand in the early [[Years of the Sun]] are unattested, but later events suggest that he dwelt with his father Curufin and uncle [[Celegorm]] in their realm of [[Himlad]].<ref>{{S|14}}, p. 58</ref> The realm lasted until the [[Dagor Bragollach]] in {{FA|455}}, in which [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]]. After this defeat, Curufin and Celegorm fled to the southwest with many of their people, including Celebrimbor,<ref name=PMXnotes/> and took refuge with [[Finrod Felagund]] in his realm of [[Nargothrond]].<ref>{{S|18}}</ref><br />
<br />
Though they were but refugees and guests in Nargothrond, Curufin and Celegorm sought power, and they quickly gained great influence among the people. For his part, Celebrimbor was not involved in his father's schemes and came to love Finrod.<ref name=PMXnotes/> <br />
<br />
In {{FA|465}}<ref>{{GA|192}}, p. 65</ref>, the brothers' [[Quest for the Silmaril|political machinations]] forced Finrod to surrender his crown to [[Orodreth]] and leave his realm. Their dominance would prove short-lived. Later that same year, captives freed from the dungeons of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] returned to Nargothrond and spoke against the brothers, revealing their treachery and turning the people against them. Orodreth would not suffer them to be slain and so exiled them from the realm.<ref name=Oro>{{S|19}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Celebrimbor learned the truth of his father and uncle's actions, he was "aghast" and parted ways with them. He was not subject to their exile and did not voluntarily follow them.<ref name=PMXnotes/> His whereabouts for the remainder of the First Age are unknown.<br />
<br />
=== Second Age ===<br />
{{expansion}}<br />
==== Establishment of Eregion and the forging of the Rings of Power ====<br />
The whereabouts of Celebrimbor during the early years of the [[Second Age]] are uncertain, but at some point, he became a great friend to [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn]],<ref name=PMXnotes/> and in {{SA|750}}, Celebrimbor with many others of the exiled Noldor followed them to establish the realm of [[Eregion]] near to [[Khazad-dûm]], the mansions of the [[Longbeards|Longbeard]] [[Dwarves]]. This they did due to the discovery of ''[[mithril]]'' in the surrounding mountains.<br />
<br />
Eventually, a great friendship arose between the Elves of Eregion and the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, such that was never before seen, and Celebrimbor became the [[Lord of Eregion]] and the greatest of the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], "People of the Jewel-smiths", who in their skill were second only to Fëanor, Celebrimbor's grandfather. There, Celebrimbor befriended [[Narvi|Narvi the Dwarf]], who built the [[Doors of Durin]], and Celebrimbor inscribed the words upon it.<ref name=Dark>{{FR|II4}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, in {{SA|1200}}, [[Sauron]], under the fair guise of ''[[Annatar]]'', came to Eriador posing as an emissary of the [[Valar]]. He was rejected by [[Gil-galad]], the [[High King of the Noldor]], in [[Lindon]] (where he was not even admitted to), but although Galadriel did not trust him and treated him with scorn, he was nonetheless accepted by the smiths of Eregion, for Celebrimbor desired in his heart to rival the skill and fame of Fëanor.<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1500}}, the Gwaith-i-Mírdain reached the height of their skill under the instruction of Sauron and began forging the [[Rings of Power]].<br />
<br />
==== The War of the Elves and Sauron and death ====<br />
Celebrimbor was ignorant of Sauron's true intentions, and he was unaware that Sauron had incorporated a binding magic into the rings. Furthermore, in secret, Sauron forged the [[One Ring]], a master ring that would rule all the lesser rings, to enable him to rule Middle-earth by controlling those that wore all the other rings. When Sauron placed the One Ring on his finger, claiming dominance over all the [[Rings of Power]] and their bearers, the Elves knew his true identity and intentions. Celebrimbor and the Elves of Eregion defied Sauron by withholding the other rings from him. Aside from the One Ring, the greatest rings were created by Celebrimbor himself, and these were never touched by Sauron and thus were uncorrupted by him, although they were still subject to the One Ring. These were the Three Rings of the Elves, and a chief source of the beauty that came about in the [[Third Age]]. Celebrimbor named them [[Vilya]], [[Narya]], and [[Nenya]] after the Middle-earth elements of air, fire and water. He sent the three rings to Elf-lords for safekeeping: Vilya and Narya to Gil-galad in Lindon; and Nenya to Galadriel. Celebrimbor also sent the mightiest of the seven to [[Durin III]] of Khazad-dûm.<ref>{{App|Durin}}, p. 1076</ref><br />
<br />
Sauron retaliated by attacking Eregion, laying waste to the realm. Celebrimbor was captured in the chaos and was forced, under torture, to disclose the locations of the lesser rings, but he would not reveal the whereabouts of the Three. Celebrimbor died from his torment, and his body was shot with arrows and hung upon a pole, and was later paraded as a banner when Sauron attacked the Grey Havens.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Renowned works ==<br />
* ''Possibly'' the [[Elessar of Eärendil]] (see [[Celebrimbor#The Elessar|below]] for more information)<br />
* The [[Doors of Durin]] (with [[Narvi]])<br />
* The [[Three Rings]]<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Celebrimbor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
The name ''Celebrimbor'' is in [[Sindarin]], meaning "Silver-fist"; it is comprised of the elements ''[[celebrin]]'' ("like silver in hue or worth") + ''[[paur]]'' ("fist, closed hand"),<ref name=Tel>{{PE|Eldarin}}, entry ''S'' '''Celebrimbor''', p. 42</ref> with the ending ''-bor'' in ''Celebrimbor'' being a suffixal form of ''paur''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689389101.html|articlename=S. ''Celebrimbor'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=11 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Its [[Quenya]] cognate is '''''Telperinquar''''' or '''''Telpinquar'''''.<ref name=Tel/><br />
<br />
For another, later etymology that contradicts the origins of the character of Celebrimbor as seen in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', see [[Celebrimbor#Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals|below]].<br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | MHT | | MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | |MHT=[[Mahtan]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>| MIR=[[Míriel]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | NRD |~|y|~| FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF | | |NRD=[[Nerdanel]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FEA=[[Fëanor]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FRF=[[Finarfin]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | MDH | | MAG | | CEL | | CAR | | CUR | | AMD | | AMR |MDH=[[Maedhros]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|587}}''</small>|MAG=[[Maglor]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celegorm]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CAR=[[Caranthir]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CUR=[[Curufin]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|AMD=[[Amrod]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>|AMR=[[Amras]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLB | | | | | | | | |CLB='''CELEBRIMBOR'''<br/><small>''d. {{SA|1697}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
=== ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'' ===<br />
The character of Celebrimbor first appears in a draft chapter of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' called ''[[The Mines of Moria (chapter)|The Mines of Moria]]'' (from [[1939]]<ref>{{CG|C}}, entry '''August-autumn 1939''', p. 229</ref>),<ref name=Ret>{{RS|Moria}}, p. 449</ref> which would later become the chapter ''[[A Journey in the Dark]]'' in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' as published.<ref group=note>Before they were envisioned as being made by Celebrimbor in ''The Lord of the Rings'', the [[Rings of Power]] were imagined as creations of [[Fëanor]] himself.</ref><ref>{{TI|Galadriel}}, p. 255</ref><br />
<br />
There, as in ''The Lord of the Rings'', he is only mentioned by name when [[Gandalf]] was reading the inscription on the Doors of Durin:<ref name=Ret/><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|"They merely say: The Doors of Durin Lord of Moria. Speak friends and enter. And underneath very small and now faint is: [[Narvi#Other versions of the legendarium|Narfi]] made them. '''Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs'''."}}<br />
<br />
The name ''Celebrimbor'' was also added to ''[[The Etymologies]]'', a linguistic work from the late 1930s, at around the same time. There, the name is given under the root [[KWAR]] ("clutching hand, fist"), and Celebrimbor's name was explained as meaning "Silver-fist" in [[Noldorin]] (which was a precursor language to [[Sindarin]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry '''KWAR-''', p. 366</ref><br />
<br />
However, even though no origin of Celebrimbor was published until the second edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in [[1966]], Tolkien did in fact write one in the 1950s, which can be found in the next section of the article.<br />
<br />
=== ''Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn'' and ''The Elessar'' ===<br />
The first known origin story of Celebrimbor was written by Tolkien in c. [[1959]], occurring in a text called ''[[Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn]]''. There, Celebrimbor was described as an [[Gondolindrim|Elf]] of [[Gondolin]] (and one of [[Turgon]]'s "greatest artificers"), who, after the end of the First Age and the overthrow of Morgoth, became a follower of Celeborn and Galadriel,<ref name=Con>{{UT|Concerning}}, p. 235</ref> who were regarded as the "High Lord and Lady of all the Eldar of the West".<ref>{{NM|P3xvi}}, p. 347</ref><br />
<br />
After the establishment of Eregion,<ref group=note>This text states that the building of Ost-in-Edhil, the capital of Eregion, was begun in {{SA|750}}.</ref> Celebrimbor became the "chief craftsman of Eregion" with an "almost 'dwarvish' obsession with crafts", and befriended the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, of whom a dwarven craftsman called [[Narvi]] was his greatest friend<ref name=Con/> - from that friendship both Eregion and Khazad-dûm profited greatly.<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1000}}, Sauron established himself in [[Mordor]], and sent emissaries to Eriador, before finally appearing there himself, in his fairest form, in {{SA|1200}}. However, he was rejected by Gil-galad in [[Lindon]], and after heading to Eregion, was likewise rejected by Galadriel and Celeborn, the original rulers of Eregion in this conception of the legendarium.<ref name=Ceb>{{UT|Concerning}}, p. 236</ref><br />
<br />
But even though Celeborn and Galadriel (who he perceived to be his chief obstacle) rejected him, Sauron, posing as an emissary of the Valar, nonetheless managed to convince Celebrimbor and the rest of the Noldorin smiths of Eregion, who by this time have formed a powerful guild called the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], to accept his help in the forging of the Rings of Power;<ref name=Bor>{{UT|Concerning}}, pp. 236-7</ref> here Tolkien states that the story of Fëanor was repeated.<br />
<br />
Therefore, Celebrimbor and his followers (under the influence of Sauron) rebelled against Galadriel and Celeborn,<ref group=note>In this text, it is said that Celebrimbor was "secretly anxious to rival the skill and fame of Fëanor".</ref> and, sometime between {{SA|1350}} and {{SA|1400|n}}, Galadriel withdrew from Eregion and went to [[Lórinand]] (which would later be known as ''Lórien''), via Khazad-dûm, and took up rule there. However, Celeborn, owing to his distrust of the Dwarves, remained in Eregion "disregarded by Celebrimbor".<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1500}}, Sauron left Eregion, some time after the Mírdain started crafting the Rings of Power.<br />
<br />
When in c. {{SA|1600}} Sauron forged the [[One Ring]], Celebrimbor finally discovered his true intentions, and he repented. Therefore he went to Lórinand to seek Galadriel's advice;<ref group=note>Tolkien wrote here that they "should have destroyed all the Rings of Power at this time, 'but they failed to find the strength'".</ref> she advised him to hide the [[Three Rings]] (which were the three Great Rings made solely by Celebrimbor) and send them away far from Eregion, never to be used, after which Celebrimbor gave one of them ([[Nenya]]) to her keeping. Following that, he entrusted the other two rings ([[Vilya]] and [[Narya]]) to Gil-galad in Lindon.<ref group=note>According to this text, at this time, Gil-galad gave Narya to [[Círdan]]; however, according to a later note, it is said that Gil-galad kept both rings until the [[War of the Last Alliance]].</ref><br />
<br />
After Sauron learned of Celebrimbor's repentance, he invaded Eriador and besieged Eregion. And even though help was on the way, from Celeborn with his son [[Amroth]] and the [[Nandor]] of Lórinand, along with the Dwarves of Moria, ''and'' from an army sent by Gil-galad under the command of Elrond from the west, it did not arrive in time. Therefore:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Sauron breaks into Eregion and lays it waste. Celebrimbor is slain personally by Sauron, but Sauron does not get the Three Rings. His wrath now blazes. Elrond with all (the few) refugees from Eregion he can gather fight a vanguard action and draw away N.W. He founds a stronghold in Imladris.}}<br />
<br />
And:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|When Celeborn heard of onset of Sauron (fearing to keep the Three Rings himself) he sent one to Galadriel in Lórinand by Amroth. Celeborn makes a sortie and breaks out and joins Elrond but cannot get back.}}<br />
<br />
==== ''The Elessar'' ====<br />
In a text titled ''[[The Elessar]]'', written at around the same time as that of ''Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn'',<ref name=Ele>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 251</ref> Tolkien gives two in-universe accounts of the creation of the [[Elfstone|Elessar]], a gem-stone of which it was said that:<ref name=Sar>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 249</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|...those who looked through this stone saw things that were withered or burned healed again or as they were in the grace of their youth, and that the hands of one who held it brought to all that they touched healing from hurt.}}<br />
<br />
According to one of these accounts, the original Elessar was made by [[Enerdhil]], a renowned smith of [[Gondolin]], who gave it to [[Idril]] the daughter of King [[Turgon]], who in turn gave it to [[Eärendil]] her son - and so the original Elessar past into the West with him on his voyage to [[Aman]].<ref name=Sar/><br />
<br />
Many years later,<ref group=note>Before Sauron "deluded the smiths of Eregion".</ref> Galadriel confided in Celebrimbor that she lamented the inevitable decay and diminishment of the lands of Middle-earth, and wished that there was some way to counteract it - because even though she was able to go West to [[Tol Eressëa]], she was still too proud to do so.<ref>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 250</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|'I would have trees and grass about me that do not die - here in the land that is mine', she answered. 'What has become of the skill of the Eldar?' And Celebrimbor said: 'Where now is the [[Elfstone|Stone of Eärendil]]? And Enerdhil who made it is gone.' 'They have passed over Sea,' said Galadriel, 'with almost all fair things else. But must then Middle-earth fade and perish for ever?'}}<br />
<br />
Therefore Celebrimbor, who loved Galadriel (though she "turned to Celeborn of the Trees") began to work on making the second Elessar. Because unbeknownst to Galadriel, Celebrimbor used to be an Elf of Gondolin, and was a friend of Enerdhil, even though Enerdhil "in most things outrivalled him".<ref>{{UT|Elessar}}, pp. 250-1</ref><br />
<br />
However, even though Celebrimbor managed to make this stone even more "subtle and clear" than that of Enerdhil, due to the ever present influence of Morgoth on [[Arda]] even after his defeat in the First Age, the gem's light had less power than the original - because that one captured the light of the [[Sun]] in its youth.<ref name=Ele>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 251</ref><br />
<br />
Nonetheless, the Elessar of Celebrimbor was deemed the greatest of his works, save the [[Three Rings]] only, and:<ref name=Ele/><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Wielding the Elessar all things grew fair about Galadriel, until the coming of the Shadow to the Forest. But afterwards when Nenya, chief of the Three, was sent to her by Celebrimbor, she needed it (as she thought) no more, and she gave it to Celebrían her daughter, and so it came to Arwen and to Aragorn who was called Elessar.}}<br />
<br />
In the concluding words of the text, however, Tolkien rejected the notion that the first Elessar was made by Enerdhil. Instead, ''both'' Elessars were to be creations of Celebrimbor.<br />
<br />
According to the final paragraph of ''The Elessar'' text, the original Elessar of Celebrimbor (which Idril received) went into the West with Eärendil, and the second one (which Galadriel received) was made by him sometime before Sauron's appearance in Eregion.<ref name=Ele/><br />
<br />
=== ''Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals'' ===<br />
According to a late text called ''[[Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals]]'', from c. [[1968]], Tolkien changed Celebrimbor's origins from that of a grandson of Fëanor to that of a Teler of Aman (Falmar).<ref name=Eld/><ref name=Vta>{{VT|47a}}, entry '''4. Q. quár''', p. 8</ref><ref name=Nom>{{NM|P2iii}}, p. 178</ref><br />
<br />
In that version of his history, Celebrimbor, the "heroic defender of Eregion in the Second-age war against Sauron", was depicted as a great silver-smith who accompanied Celeborn in his exile to Middle-earth from Aman, along with two other Telerin elves.<br />
<br />
During the Second Age, he moved to Eregion due to the rumours of a "marvellous metal" found in Moria, which he named ''[[mithril]]''.<ref name=Eld/><ref name=Vta/><ref name=Nom/> It is said in the text that:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|In the working of this he became a rival of the Dwarves, or rather an equal, for there was great friendship between the Dwarves of Moria and Celebrimbor, and they shared their skills and craft-secrets.}}<br />
<br />
However, according to his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]], Tolkien most probably forgot the fact that he included Celebrimbor's origins as a descendant of Fëanor in the second edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'' ([[1966]]), and that, had he remembered it, he would not have changed it.<ref name=Eld>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 7, pp. 318-9</ref><br />
<br />
==== Etymology ====<br />
According to this version of his history, the name ''Celebrimbor'' is likewise in Sindarin. However, in this text, ''Celebrimbor'' is a [[Sindarization|Sindarized]] version of his original [[Telerin]] name '''''Telperimpar''''' (with '''''Tyelpinquar''''' being its Quenya cognate).<br />
<br />
The name was derived from the root [[KWAR]] ("press together, squeeze, wring"), whose derivatives were: ''[[quár]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[pār]]'' ([[Telerin|T]]) and ''[[paur]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]]).<br />
<br />
The text also says that it was a common name among the Teleri of Aman, who were renowned silver-smiths.<ref name=Vta/><ref name=Eld/><ref name=Nom/><br />
<br />
=== ''Of Dwarves and Men'' ===<br />
In a late text that Christopher Tolkien called ''[[Of Dwarves and Men]]'' (from c. [[1969]]),<ref>{{PM|XIntro}}, p. 295</ref> Tolkien changed Celebrimbor's origins yet again.<ref name=Eld/><br />
<br />
Here, Celebrimbor is depicted as a [[Sinda]] who claimed descent from [[Daeron]],<ref name=Dwa>{{PM|X}}, p. 297</ref> a famous [[Minstrels|minstrel]] and the chief loremaster of Doriath.<ref>{{S|10}}, p. 43</ref> In that text, it is explained how in Eregion, due to the influence of Celebrimbor, the ancient [[Angerthas|runic alphabet]] devised by Daeron was, along with [[Tengwar]], also known and used.<br />
<br />
And even though in Eregion these Runes were used mostly on formal occasions, due to the contact between the Elves of Eregion and the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, and because of the greater ease with which the Runes could be carved on stone, the Longbeard Dwarves adopted and modified them for their own use.<ref name=Dwa/><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Celebrimbor in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Celebrimbor.jpg|Celebrimbor in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''<br />
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Lord Celebrimbor.jpg|Lord Celebrimbor in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Celebrimbor.jpg|Celebrimbor in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
=== Television ===<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:Lord Celebrimbor is portrayed by [[Charles Edwards]] as one of the central characters of the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Alice Jones]]|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power<br />
|dated=10-February-2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com VanityFair]|accessed=12-February-2022}}</ref> He first appears in the series' [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]] at [[Lindon]] and is introduced to [[Elrond]] by [[Gil-galad]]. In the series, he seems to already be a master artisan.<br />
<br />
=== Games ===<br />
'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor plays a major role in the video game, serving as a [[wraith]] who is bound to an [[Undead|undead]] [[Gondorians|Gondorian]] [[Rangers of Ithilien|Ranger]], [[Talion]], by the will of [[Sauron]]. He is voiced by [[Alister Duncan]]. He is also the main protagonist of the ''Bright Lord'' expansion, where he is revealed to have stolen the One Ring from Sauron at some point in the Second Age, and intended to use it to turn the Dark Lord's own weapons against him. However, he is corrupted by the power of the Ring and doomed to never see the Undying Lands. Though he defeats Sauron in battle, Sauron still managed to reclaim the Ring and banish Celebrimbor's spirit to an eternity as a wraith in the Unseen world. Bound to Talion, Celebrimbor grants him Elven powers to help him seek revenge for the death of his wife and son.<br />
<br />
'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor uses [[Talion]] to create a new ring of power so they can dominate the orc forces of [[Sauron]]'s army to create one in their own service. With their army amassed they travel Sauron's Road to destroy the Dark Lord. On their way, Talion comes up against the [[Nazgûl]] [[Isildur]] and decides to free Isildur from life as a servant to Sauron. Celebrimbor, angry that Talion vanquished Isildur rather than adding his power to their army, reveals that he intends to replace Sauron instead of destroying him. Talion refuses to help him in his quest for power, so Celebrimbor removes the new ring from him. With their bond lost, Talion begins to bleed profusely and die. Celebrimbor convinces Eltariel, an Elven assassin of [[Galadriel]], to wield the new ring and continue on to defeat Sauron. During their battle, Sauron is able to overpower them and cut Eltariel's fingers off along with the new ring. Sauron then absorbs Celebrimbor and together they become the flaming Eye of Sauron atop [[Barad-dûr]].<br />
<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor appears in several flashback sequences, depicting his encounter with the "Lord of Gifts", the initial idea of creating the Rings of Power and his final doomed stand during the [[Sack of Eregion]]. His body was wrestled from Sauron's servant by a brave elf who cast herself into the waters along with it to deny the Enemy his prize.<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| name=Celebrimbor<br />
| race=noldor<br />
| house=[[House of Fëanor]]<br />
| born=Before {{YT|1495}}<br />
| died={{SA|1697}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=Title established<br />
| list=Lord of [[Eregion]]<br />
| dates={{SA|750}} - {{SA|1697|n}}<br />
| next=[[Sack of Eregion|Realm destroyed]]<br />
| nvac=None}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Fëanor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Celebrimbor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:celebrimbor]]<br />
[[fi:Celebrimbor]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=The_Hobbit_1st_edition&diff=376118The Hobbit 1st edition2023-06-29T01:31:16Z<p>SingingOrc: The entire section about how The Hobbit still does not fit into the lore is unsourced, very debatable, in my opinion, as well as irrelevant to the subject of the first edition. I am especially curious about the information about matches. This entire article could also use some citations here and there.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Cleanup}}<br />
[[File:The Hobbit 1937 First Edition.png|thumb|right|150px]]<br />
This article contains information specifically on the '''The Hobbit 1st edition''' published by [[Allen and Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]], for general information on the book see '''[[The Hobbit]]'''.<br />
<br />
==First edition==<br />
''[[The Hobbit]]'' has been published in two editions. The second intended to be more in tune with ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. For example, the first edition makes a reference to "[[tomatoes]]", which was altered to "pickles" by Tolkien in the second.<br />
<br />
In the first edition, [[Gollum]] willingly bets his magic ring on the outcome of the riddle game. During the writing of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien saw the need to revise this passage, in order to reflect the concept of [[the One Ring]] and its powerful hold on Gollum. Tolkien tried many different passages in the chapter that would become chapter 2 of ''the Lord of the Rings'', "The Shadow of the Past". Eventually Tolkien decided a rewrite of ''The Hobbit'' was in order, and he sent a sample chapter of this rewrite ("Riddles in the Dark") to his publishers. Initially he heard nothing further, but when he was sent galley proofs of a new edition he learned to his surprise the new chapter had been incorporated as the result of a misunderstanding.<br />
<br />
Tolkien explained the two different versions in the introduction of ''The Lord of the Rings'', as well as inside "The Shadow of the Past", as a "lie" that [[Bilbo]] made up, probably because of the One Ring's influence on him, and which he originally wrote down in his book. Inside ''The Lord of the Rings'', Bilbo finally confesses the real story at the Council of [[Elrond]], although [[Gandalf]] had deduced the truth earlier. As Tolkien presented himself as the translator of the supposedly historic ''[[Red Book of Westmarch]]'', where Bilbo and [[Frodo]]'s stories were recorded, he further explained the two differing stories in ''The Hobbit'' by stating he had originally used Bilbo's original story, but later retranslated the work with the "true story" recorded by Frodo.<br />
<br />
This first edition also mentions "[[gnomes]]", an earlier word Tolkien used to refer to the second kindred of the [[Calaquendi|High Elves]] &mdash; the [[Noldor]] (or "Deep Elves"). Tolkien thought that "gnome", being derived from the Greek ''gnosis'' (knowledge), was a good name for the Noldor he created to be the wisest of the other Elves. But with its English connotations of a small, secretive, and unattractive creature, Tolkien removed it from later editions. He made other minor changes in order to conform the narrative to events in ''The Lord of the Rings'' and in the ideas he was developing for the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]''.<br />
<br />
==1st impression==<br />
The first impressions was printed in 1937 included black and white illustrations only.<br />
<br />
==2nd impression==<br />
The second impression was printed in 1937 and included four color illustrations.<br />
<br />
==3rd impression==<br />
The third impression was printed in 1942 and included only 1 color illustration for the War Economy Standard.<br />
<br />
==4th impression==<br />
The fourth impression was printed in 1946 and was similar to the third impression. 4,000 copies were printed.<br />
<br />
[[Category:The Hobbit editions]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Elur%C3%A9d&diff=376116Talk:Eluréd2023-06-29T01:27:38Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Twins? */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>== Twins? ==<br />
<br />
In the published ''[[The Silmarillion|Silmarillion]]'', there's no any mention that Eluréd and Elurín were twins, and indeed, there is note 8 on p. 372 in the ''[[The Problem of Ros|Problem of Ros]]'', where Christopher mentioned that "''the story that Dior's sons were twins had been '''abandoned'''''". -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 20:16, 28 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:That makes sense to me. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 01:27, 29 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Celebrimbor&diff=376103Celebrimbor2023-06-28T18:02:51Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Establishment of Eregion and the forging of the Rings of Power */ A few more details about Galadriel's role in this, although not too many since it gets hazy with various versions of the lore. There are also added links and citations. I also removed the reference to where Galadriel was at the time she received Nenya, because that is hazy, and the final version in "Of Amroth and Nimrodel", which this wiki appears to treat as "canon", has her in Lindon, not Lórien.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Celebrimbor<br />
| image=[[File:Angus McBride - Celebrimbor.gif|250px]]<br />
| caption="Celebrimbor" by [[Angus McBride]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˌkɛlɛˈbrɪmbɔr]}}<br />
| othernames=''Telperinquar''/''Telpinquar'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| titles=Lord of Eregion<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Eldamar]]</br>[[Nargothrond]]</br>[[Eregion]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]] & [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth=Before {{YT|1495}}<ref name=PMXnotes>{{PM|XNotes}}, Note 7, pp.317-9</ref><br />
| birthlocation=[[Aman]]<br />
| rule={{SA|750}} - {{SA|1697|n}} (for 947 years)<br />
| death={{SA|1697}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Sack of Eregion]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]]<br />
| age=2,334+<br />
| notablefor=Creating the [[Three Rings]]</br>Inscribing the [[Doors of Durin]]<br />
| house=[[House of Fëanor]]<br />
| parentage=[[Curufin]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|In [[Eregion]] the craftsmen of the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], the People of the Jewel-smiths, surpassed in cunning all that have ever wrought, save only [[Fëanor]] himself; and indeed greatest in skill among them was Celebrimbor, son of [[Curufin]]...|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Celebrimbor''' forged the [[Rings of Power]], mighty artifacts whose existence shaped the history of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third Ages]] of Middle-earth. As a craftsman, he was second only to his grandfather<ref name=PMXnotes/> [[Fëanor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
=== First Age ===<br />
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Celebrimbor.jpg|thumb|left|''Celebrimbor'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
Celebrimbor was born in [[Aman]] during the [[Years of the Trees]]. Among [[Fëanor]]'s [[Sons of Fëanor|seven sons]], Celebrimbor's father [[Curufin]] was the chief inheritor of Fëanor's temperament and skills in craftsmanship.<ref name=Curufin>{{PM|XI7}}, p. 352</ref> In turn, Curufin passed these skills – but not this temper – on to Celebrimbor.<ref name=PMXnotes/><br />
<br />
Following the [[Darkening of Valinor]], Celebrimbor followed Fëanor into exile in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=Nol>{{S|9}}, p. 37</ref> His unnamed mother remained behind with the people of [[Finarfin]].<ref name=PMXnotes/> Celebrimbor did not swear the [[Oath of Fëanor]]. It is unknown whether he took part in the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]]. It is also unknown whether he crossed the [[Belegaer]] in one of the stolen Falmari ships or if he followed [[Fingolfin]] across the [[Helcaraxë]].<br />
<br />
Celebrimbor's whereabouts in Beleriand in the early [[Years of the Sun]] are unattested, but later events suggest that he dwelt with his father Curufin and uncle [[Celegorm]] in their realm of [[Himlad]].<ref>{{S|14}}, p. 58</ref> The realm lasted until the [[Dagor Bragollach]] in {{FA|455}}, in which [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]]. After this defeat, Curufin and Celegorm fled to the southwest with many of their people, including Celebrimbor,<ref name=PMXnotes/> and took refuge with [[Finrod Felagund]] in his realm of [[Nargothrond]].<ref>{{S|18}}</ref><br />
<br />
Though they were but refugees and guests in Nargothrond, Curufin and Celegorm sought power, and they quickly gained great influence among the people. For his part, Celebrimbor was not involved in his father's schemes and came to love Finrod.<ref name=PMXnotes/> <br />
<br />
In {{FA|465}}<ref>{{GA|192}}, p. 65</ref>, the brothers' [[Quest for the Silmaril|political machinations]] forced Finrod to surrender his crown to [[Orodreth]] and leave his realm. Their dominance would prove short-lived. Later that same year, captives freed from the dungeons of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] returned to Nargothrond and spoke against the brothers, revealing their treachery and turning the people against them. Orodreth would not suffer them to be slain and so exiled them from the realm.<ref name=Oro>{{S|19}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Celebrimbor learned the truth of his father and uncle's actions, he was "aghast" and parted ways with them. He was not subject to their exile and did not voluntarily follow them.<ref name=PMXnotes/> His whereabouts for the remainder of the First Age are unknown.<br />
<br />
=== Second Age ===<br />
{{expansion}}<br />
==== Establishment of Eregion and the forging of the Rings of Power ====<br />
The whereabouts of Celebrimbor during the early years of the [[Second Age]] are uncertain, but at some point, he became a great friend to [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn]],<ref name=PMXnotes/> and in {{SA|750}}, Celebrimbor with many others of the exiled Noldor followed them to establish the realm of [[Eregion]] near to [[Khazad-dûm]], the mansions of the [[Longbeards|Longbeard]] [[Dwarves]]. This they did due to the discovery of ''[[mithril]]'' in the surrounding mountains.<br />
<br />
Eventually, a great friendship arose between the Elves of Eregion and the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, such that was never before seen, and Celebrimbor became the [[Lord of Eregion]] and the greatest of the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], "People of the Jewel-smiths", who in their skill were second only to Fëanor, Celebrimbor's grandfather. There, Celebrimbor befriended [[Narvi|Narvi the Dwarf]], who built the [[Doors of Durin]], and Celebrimbor inscribed the words upon it.<ref name=Dark>{{FR|II4}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, in {{SA|1200}}, [[Sauron]], under the fair guise of ''[[Annatar]]'', came to Eriador posing as an emissary of the [[Valar]]. He was rejected by [[Gil-galad]], the [[High King of the Noldor]], in [[Lindon]] (where he was not even admitted to), but although Galadriel did not trust him and treated him with scorn, he was nonetheless accepted by the smiths of Eregion, for Celebrimbor desired in his heart to rival the skill and fame of Fëanor.<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1500}}, the Gwaith-i-Mírdain reached the height of their skill under the instruction of Sauron and began forging the [[Rings of Power]].<br />
<br />
==== The War of the Elves and Sauron and death ====<br />
Celebrimbor was ignorant of Sauron's true intentions, and he was unaware that Sauron had incorporated a binding magic into the rings. Furthermore, in secret, Sauron forged the [[One Ring]], a master ring that would rule all the lesser rings, to enable him to rule Middle-earth by controlling those that wore all the other rings. When Sauron placed the One Ring on his finger, claiming dominance over all the [[Rings of Power]] and their bearers, the Elves knew his true identity and intentions. Celebrimbor and the Elves of Eregion defied Sauron by withholding the other rings from him. Aside from the One Ring, the greatest rings were created by Celebrimbor himself, and these were never touched by Sauron and thus were uncorrupted by him, although they were still subject to the One Ring. These were the Three Rings of the Elves, and a chief source of the beauty that came about in the [[Third Age]]. Celebrimbor named them [[Vilya]], [[Narya]], and [[Nenya]] after the Middle-earth elements of air, fire and water. He sent the three rings to Elf-lords for safekeeping: Vilya and Narya to Gil-galad in Lindon; and Nenya to Galadriel. Celebrimbor also sent the mightiest of the seven to [[Durin III]] of Khazad-dûm.<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sauron retaliated by attacking Eregion, laying waste to the realm. Celebrimbor was captured in the chaos and was forced, under torture, to disclose the locations of the lesser rings, but he would not reveal the whereabouts of the Three. Celebrimbor died from his torment, and his body was shot with arrows and hung upon a pole, and was later paraded as a banner when Sauron attacked the Grey Havens.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Renowned works ==<br />
* ''Possibly'' the [[Elessar of Eärendil]] (see [[Celebrimbor#The Elessar|below]] for more information)<br />
* The [[Doors of Durin]] (with [[Narvi]])<br />
* The [[Three Rings]]<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Celebrimbor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
The name ''Celebrimbor'' is in [[Sindarin]], meaning "Silver-fist"; it is comprised of the elements ''[[celebrin]]'' ("like silver in hue or worth") + ''[[paur]]'' ("fist, closed hand"),<ref name=Tel>{{PE|Eldarin}}, entry ''S'' '''Celebrimbor''', p. 42</ref> with the ending ''-bor'' in ''Celebrimbor'' being a suffixal form of ''paur''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689389101.html|articlename=S. ''Celebrimbor'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=11 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Its [[Quenya]] cognate is '''''Telperinquar''''' or '''''Telpinquar'''''.<ref name=Tel/><br />
<br />
For another, later etymology that contradicts the origins of the character of Celebrimbor as seen in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', see [[Celebrimbor#Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals|below]].<br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | MHT | | MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | |MHT=[[Mahtan]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>| MIR=[[Míriel]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | NRD |~|y|~| FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF | | |NRD=[[Nerdanel]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FEA=[[Fëanor]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FRF=[[Finarfin]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | MDH | | MAG | | CEL | | CAR | | CUR | | AMD | | AMR |MDH=[[Maedhros]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|587}}''</small>|MAG=[[Maglor]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celegorm]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CAR=[[Caranthir]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CUR=[[Curufin]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|AMD=[[Amrod]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>|AMR=[[Amras]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLB | | | | | | | | |CLB='''CELEBRIMBOR'''<br/><small>''d. {{SA|1697}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
=== ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'' ===<br />
The character of Celebrimbor first appears in a draft chapter of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' called ''[[The Mines of Moria (chapter)|The Mines of Moria]]'' (from [[1939]]<ref>{{CG|C}}, entry '''August-autumn 1939''', p. 229</ref>),<ref name=Ret>{{RS|Moria}}, p. 449</ref> which would later become the chapter ''[[A Journey in the Dark]]'' in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' as published.<ref group=note>Before they were envisioned as being made by Celebrimbor in ''The Lord of the Rings'', the [[Rings of Power]] were imagined as creations of [[Fëanor]] himself.</ref><ref>{{TI|Galadriel}}, p. 255</ref><br />
<br />
There, as in ''The Lord of the Rings'', he is only mentioned by name when [[Gandalf]] was reading the inscription on the Doors of Durin:<ref name=Ret/><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|"They merely say: The Doors of Durin Lord of Moria. Speak friends and enter. And underneath very small and now faint is: [[Narvi#Other versions of the legendarium|Narfi]] made them. '''Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs'''."}}<br />
<br />
The name ''Celebrimbor'' was also added to ''[[The Etymologies]]'', a linguistic work from the late 1930s, at around the same time. There, the name is given under the root [[KWAR]] ("clutching hand, fist"), and Celebrimbor's name was explained as meaning "Silver-fist" in [[Noldorin]] (which was a precursor language to [[Sindarin]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry '''KWAR-''', p. 366</ref><br />
<br />
However, even though no origin of Celebrimbor was published until the second edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in [[1966]], Tolkien did in fact write one in the 1950s, which can be found in the next section of the article.<br />
<br />
=== ''Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn'' and ''The Elessar'' ===<br />
The first known origin story of Celebrimbor was written by Tolkien in c. [[1959]], occurring in a text called ''[[Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn]]''. There, Celebrimbor was described as an [[Gondolindrim|Elf]] of [[Gondolin]] (and one of [[Turgon]]'s "greatest artificers"), who, after the end of the First Age and the overthrow of Morgoth, became a follower of Celeborn and Galadriel,<ref name=Con>{{UT|Concerning}}, p. 235</ref> who were regarded as the "High Lord and Lady of all the Eldar of the West".<ref>{{NM|P3xvi}}, p. 347</ref><br />
<br />
After the establishment of Eregion,<ref group=note>This text states that the building of Ost-in-Edhil, the capital of Eregion, was begun in {{SA|750}}.</ref> Celebrimbor became the "chief craftsman of Eregion" with an "almost 'dwarvish' obsession with crafts", and befriended the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, of whom a dwarven craftsman called [[Narvi]] was his greatest friend<ref name=Con/> - from that friendship both Eregion and Khazad-dûm profited greatly.<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1000}}, Sauron established himself in [[Mordor]], and sent emissaries to Eriador, before finally appearing there himself, in his fairest form, in {{SA|1200}}. However, he was rejected by Gil-galad in [[Lindon]], and after heading to Eregion, was likewise rejected by Galadriel and Celeborn, the original rulers of Eregion in this conception of the legendarium.<ref name=Ceb>{{UT|Concerning}}, p. 236</ref><br />
<br />
But even though Celeborn and Galadriel (who he perceived to be his chief obstacle) rejected him, Sauron, posing as an emissary of the Valar, nonetheless managed to convince Celebrimbor and the rest of the Noldorin smiths of Eregion, who by this time have formed a powerful guild called the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], to accept his help in the forging of the Rings of Power;<ref name=Bor>{{UT|Concerning}}, pp. 236-7</ref> here Tolkien states that the story of Fëanor was repeated.<br />
<br />
Therefore, Celebrimbor and his followers (under the influence of Sauron) rebelled against Galadriel and Celeborn,<ref group=note>In this text, it is said that Celebrimbor was "secretly anxious to rival the skill and fame of Fëanor".</ref> and, sometime between {{SA|1350}} and {{SA|1400|n}}, Galadriel withdrew from Eregion and went to [[Lórinand]] (which would later be known as ''Lórien''), via Khazad-dûm, and took up rule there. However, Celeborn, owing to his distrust of the Dwarves, remained in Eregion "disregarded by Celebrimbor".<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1500}}, Sauron left Eregion, some time after the Mírdain started crafting the Rings of Power.<br />
<br />
When in c. {{SA|1600}} Sauron forged the [[One Ring]], Celebrimbor finally discovered his true intentions, and he repented. Therefore he went to Lórinand to seek Galadriel's advice;<ref group=note>Tolkien wrote here that they "should have destroyed all the Rings of Power at this time, 'but they failed to find the strength'".</ref> she advised him to hide the [[Three Rings]] (which were the three Great Rings made solely by Celebrimbor) and send them away far from Eregion, never to be used, after which Celebrimbor gave one of them ([[Nenya]]) to her keeping. Following that, he entrusted the other two rings ([[Vilya]] and [[Narya]]) to Gil-galad in Lindon.<ref group=note>According to this text, at this time, Gil-galad gave Narya to [[Círdan]]; however, according to a later note, it is said that Gil-galad kept both rings until the [[War of the Last Alliance]].</ref><br />
<br />
After Sauron learned of Celebrimbor's repentance, he invaded Eriador and besieged Eregion. And even though help was on the way, from Celeborn with his son [[Amroth]] and the [[Nandor]] of Lórinand, along with the Dwarves of Moria, ''and'' from an army sent by Gil-galad under the command of Elrond from the west, it did not arrive in time. Therefore:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Sauron breaks into Eregion and lays it waste. Celebrimbor is slain personally by Sauron, but Sauron does not get the Three Rings. His wrath now blazes. Elrond with all (the few) refugees from Eregion he can gather fight a vanguard action and draw away N.W. He founds a stronghold in Imladris.}}<br />
<br />
And:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|When Celeborn heard of onset of Sauron (fearing to keep the Three Rings himself) he sent one to Galadriel in Lórinand by Amroth. Celeborn makes a sortie and breaks out and joins Elrond but cannot get back.}}<br />
<br />
==== ''The Elessar'' ====<br />
In a text titled ''[[The Elessar]]'', written at around the same time as that of ''Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn'',<ref name=Ele>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 251</ref> Tolkien gives two in-universe accounts of the creation of the [[Elfstone|Elessar]], a gem-stone of which it was said that:<ref name=Sar>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 249</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|...those who looked through this stone saw things that were withered or burned healed again or as they were in the grace of their youth, and that the hands of one who held it brought to all that they touched healing from hurt.}}<br />
<br />
According to one of these accounts, the original Elessar was made by [[Enerdhil]], a renowned smith of [[Gondolin]], who gave it to [[Idril]] the daughter of King [[Turgon]], who in turn gave it to [[Eärendil]] her son - and so the original Elessar past into the West with him on his voyage to [[Aman]].<ref name=Sar/><br />
<br />
Many years later,<ref group=note>Before Sauron "deluded the smiths of Eregion".</ref> Galadriel confided in Celebrimbor that she lamented the inevitable decay and diminishment of the lands of Middle-earth, and wished that there was some way to counteract it - because even though she was able to go West to [[Tol Eressëa]], she was still too proud to do so.<ref>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 250</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|'I would have trees and grass about me that do not die - here in the land that is mine', she answered. 'What has become of the skill of the Eldar?' And Celebrimbor said: 'Where now is the [[Elfstone|Stone of Eärendil]]? And Enerdhil who made it is gone.' 'They have passed over Sea,' said Galadriel, 'with almost all fair things else. But must then Middle-earth fade and perish for ever?'}}<br />
<br />
Therefore Celebrimbor, who loved Galadriel (though she "turned to Celeborn of the Trees") began to work on making the second Elessar. Because unbeknownst to Galadriel, Celebrimbor used to be an Elf of Gondolin, and was a friend of Enerdhil, even though Enerdhil "in most things outrivalled him".<ref>{{UT|Elessar}}, pp. 250-1</ref><br />
<br />
However, even though Celebrimbor managed to make this stone even more "subtle and clear" than that of Enerdhil, due to the ever present influence of Morgoth on [[Arda]] even after his defeat in the First Age, the gem's light had less power than the original - because that one captured the light of the [[Sun]] in its youth.<ref name=Ele>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 251</ref><br />
<br />
Nonetheless, the Elessar of Celebrimbor was deemed the greatest of his works, save the [[Three Rings]] only, and:<ref name=Ele/><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Wielding the Elessar all things grew fair about Galadriel, until the coming of the Shadow to the Forest. But afterwards when Nenya, chief of the Three, was sent to her by Celebrimbor, she needed it (as she thought) no more, and she gave it to Celebrían her daughter, and so it came to Arwen and to Aragorn who was called Elessar.}}<br />
<br />
In the concluding words of the text, however, Tolkien rejected the notion that the first Elessar was made by Enerdhil. Instead, ''both'' Elessars were to be creations of Celebrimbor.<br />
<br />
According to the final paragraph of ''The Elessar'' text, the original Elessar of Celebrimbor (which Idril received) went into the West with Eärendil, and the second one (which Galadriel received) was made by him sometime before Sauron's appearance in Eregion.<ref name=Ele/><br />
<br />
=== ''Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals'' ===<br />
According to a late text called ''[[Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals]]'', from c. [[1968]], Tolkien changed Celebrimbor's origins from that of a grandson of Fëanor to that of a Teler of Aman (Falmar).<ref name=Eld/><ref name=Vta>{{VT|47a}}, entry '''4. Q. quár''', p. 8</ref><ref name=Nom>{{NM|P2iii}}, p. 178</ref><br />
<br />
In that version of his history, Celebrimbor, the "heroic defender of Eregion in the Second-age war against Sauron", was depicted as a great silver-smith who accompanied Celeborn in his exile to Middle-earth from Aman, along with two other Telerin elves.<br />
<br />
During the Second Age, he moved to Eregion due to the rumours of a "marvellous metal" found in Moria, which he named ''[[mithril]]''.<ref name=Eld/><ref name=Vta/><ref name=Nom/> It is said in the text that:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|In the working of this he became a rival of the Dwarves, or rather an equal, for there was great friendship between the Dwarves of Moria and Celebrimbor, and they shared their skills and craft-secrets.}}<br />
<br />
However, according to his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]], Tolkien most probably forgot the fact that he included Celebrimbor's origins as a descendant of Fëanor in the second edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'' ([[1966]]), and that, had he remembered it, he would not have changed it.<ref name=Eld>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 7, pp. 318-9</ref><br />
<br />
==== Etymology ====<br />
According to this version of his history, the name ''Celebrimbor'' is likewise in Sindarin. However, in this text, ''Celebrimbor'' is a [[Sindarization|Sindarized]] version of his original [[Telerin]] name '''''Telperimpar''''' (with '''''Tyelpinquar''''' being its Quenya cognate).<br />
<br />
The name was derived from the root [[KWAR]] ("press together, squeeze, wring"), whose derivatives were: ''[[quár]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[pār]]'' ([[Telerin|T]]) and ''[[paur]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]]).<br />
<br />
The text also says that it was a common name among the Teleri of Aman, who were renowned silver-smiths.<ref name=Vta/><ref name=Eld/><ref name=Nom/><br />
<br />
=== ''Of Dwarves and Men'' ===<br />
In a late text that Christopher Tolkien called ''[[Of Dwarves and Men]]'' (from c. [[1969]]),<ref>{{PM|XIntro}}, p. 295</ref> Tolkien changed Celebrimbor's origins yet again.<ref name=Eld/><br />
<br />
Here, Celebrimbor is depicted as a [[Sinda]] who claimed descent from [[Daeron]],<ref name=Dwa>{{PM|X}}, p. 297</ref> a famous [[Minstrels|minstrel]] and the chief loremaster of Doriath.<ref>{{S|10}}, p. 43</ref> In that text, it is explained how in Eregion, due to the influence of Celebrimbor, the ancient [[Angerthas|runic alphabet]] devised by Daeron was, along with [[Tengwar]], also known and used.<br />
<br />
And even though in Eregion these Runes were used mostly on formal occasions, due to the contact between the Elves of Eregion and the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, and because of the greater ease with which the Runes could be carved on stone, the Longbeard Dwarves adopted and modified them for their own use.<ref name=Dwa/><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Celebrimbor in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Celebrimbor.jpg|Celebrimbor in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''<br />
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Lord Celebrimbor.jpg|Lord Celebrimbor in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Celebrimbor.jpg|Celebrimbor in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
=== Television ===<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:Lord Celebrimbor is portrayed by [[Charles Edwards]] as one of the central characters of the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Alice Jones]]|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power<br />
|dated=10-February-2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com VanityFair]|accessed=12-February-2022}}</ref> He first appears in the series' [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]] at [[Lindon]] and is introduced to [[Elrond]] by [[Gil-galad]]. In the series, he seems to already be a master artisan.<br />
<br />
=== Games ===<br />
'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor plays a major role in the video game, serving as a [[wraith]] who is bound to an [[Undead|undead]] [[Gondorians|Gondorian]] [[Rangers of Ithilien|Ranger]], [[Talion]], by the will of [[Sauron]]. He is voiced by [[Alister Duncan]]. He is also the main protagonist of the ''Bright Lord'' expansion, where he is revealed to have stolen the One Ring from Sauron at some point in the Second Age, and intended to use it to turn the Dark Lord's own weapons against him. However, he is corrupted by the power of the Ring and doomed to never see the Undying Lands. Though he defeats Sauron in battle, Sauron still managed to reclaim the Ring and banish Celebrimbor's spirit to an eternity as a wraith in the Unseen world. Bound to Talion, Celebrimbor grants him Elven powers to help him seek revenge for the death of his wife and son.<br />
<br />
'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor uses [[Talion]] to create a new ring of power so they can dominate the orc forces of [[Sauron]]'s army to create one in their own service. With their army amassed they travel Sauron's Road to destroy the Dark Lord. On their way, Talion comes up against the [[Nazgûl]] [[Isildur]] and decides to free Isildur from life as a servant to Sauron. Celebrimbor, angry that Talion vanquished Isildur rather than adding his power to their army, reveals that he intends to replace Sauron instead of destroying him. Talion refuses to help him in his quest for power, so Celebrimbor removes the new ring from him. With their bond lost, Talion begins to bleed profusely and die. Celebrimbor convinces Eltariel, an Elven assassin of [[Galadriel]], to wield the new ring and continue on to defeat Sauron. During their battle, Sauron is able to overpower them and cut Eltariel's fingers off along with the new ring. Sauron then absorbs Celebrimbor and together they become the flaming Eye of Sauron atop [[Barad-dûr]].<br />
<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor appears in several flashback sequences, depicting his encounter with the "Lord of Gifts", the initial idea of creating the Rings of Power and his final doomed stand during the [[Sack of Eregion]]. His body was wrestled from Sauron's servant by a brave elf who cast herself into the waters along with it to deny the Enemy his prize.<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| name=Celebrimbor<br />
| race=noldor<br />
| house=[[House of Fëanor]]<br />
| born=Before {{YT|1495}}<br />
| died={{SA|1697}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=Title established<br />
| list=Lord of [[Eregion]]<br />
| dates={{SA|750}} - {{SA|1697|n}}<br />
| next=[[Sack of Eregion|Realm destroyed]]<br />
| nvac=None}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Fëanor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Celebrimbor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:celebrimbor]]<br />
[[fi:Celebrimbor]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376100Samwise Gamgee2023-06-28T17:14:43Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Early life */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton Family|Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. When Frodo reunited with Bilbo, Sam sat near near them and listened as they spoke together until he fell asleep.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376099Samwise Gamgee2023-06-28T16:52:20Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Fellowship of the Ring */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. When Frodo reunited with Bilbo, Sam sat near near them and listened as they spoke together until he fell asleep.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376098Samwise Gamgee2023-06-28T16:42:53Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Fellowship of the Ring */ Correcting citation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. He sat near Frodo and Bilbo when they spoke together once they reunited until he fell asleep.<ref>{{FR|II1}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376097Samwise Gamgee2023-06-28T16:41:10Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Crickhollow to Bree */ Slowly working toward expanding Sam's page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, and Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Rivendell===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to [[Weathertop]], Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew, and he was distraught when he learned that Frodo's wound might subdue him to the Black Riders' will. When the group came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original composition of his, for the others.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on Weathertop and hardly left except to run messages. Once Frodo awoke, Sam led him to join the rest of the party. He had begged to wait on Frodo but was told that for this time he was a guest of honor. He sat near Frodo and Bilbo when they spoke together once they reunited until he fell asleep.<ref><nowiki><ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref></nowiki></ref><br />
<br />
The following day, Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and remained silent until it was revealed that Frodo would be the [[Ring-bearers|Ringbearer]]. Then Sam was unable to contain himself any longer and revealed himself, asking if Frodo was meant to go alone, to which [[Elrond]] responded that he at least should accompany Frodo as it is impossible to separate them, even when Frodo is invited to a secret council and Sam is not.<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376096Samwise Gamgee2023-06-28T16:22:10Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Early life */ Adding information about the Cottons</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. He was a friend of the [[Cotton family]] and used to play in [[Bywater Pool]] with [[Wilcome Cotton II|Jolly]], [[Tolman Cotton Junior|Tom]], [[Carl Cotton|Nibs]], and [[Rose Cotton|Rosie Cotton]] specifically.<ref>{{RK|VI3}}</ref><br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, which Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Bree===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to Weathertop, Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew. When they came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original song of his.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on [[Weathertop]]. Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and revealing himself insisted that he accompany Frodo on his [[Quest of the Ring|quest to destroy the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Misconceptions&diff=376030Talk:Misconceptions2023-06-27T15:23:45Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Do We Need This Article? */</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
<br />
I salvaged some non-trivial examples from an recent version of [[fanon]] article. Since we have already other debates liked "mistakes in Tolkien's works", we can tolerate this article too. This I consider also useful because I have also fallen victim to such misconceptions. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 20:46, 31 December 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I agree. I simply removed all of it from fanon for the sake of ease. An article is good (maybe rename it though to have some consistency. <br />
<br />
:Now I'm off. Happy new year, all. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 22:35, 31 December 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I think if this article gets a bit more polished, it might be useful to link to this on the main page.<br />
::Happy new year, Ederchil~& Sage. [[User:Grond|Grond]] 22:39, 31 December 2009 (UTC)<br />
:::Maybe we can add also something about Lurtz, Orodreth and Gil-Galad ancestery...and uhm...the location of Dorwinion.<br />
<br />
''Midden-Aarde Essays'' (a book of essays from Tolkien's work, made by a friend of my, what he is soon gonna publish in Dutch) says something about that in the chapter "Mysteries van de Hobbit, Dorwinion" ("Engimas of the Hobbit, Dorwinion") --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 15:54, 24 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Actually, [[Dorwinion]]'s location is not really a mystery - Tolkien placed it on the Western bank of the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. How is Lurtz a misconception? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:00, 24 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::About your ½ rigth. It was only not Tolkien who placed there but his illustrator, latter Tolkien agreed with it. Many people think that it was [[Lurtz]] who killed Boromir while many [[Uruks]] did it.<br />
<br />
::This comes from the chapter "Dorwinion":<br />
<br />
''Uit de tekst van ‘De Hobbit’ is dan ook niet te achterhalen waar Dorwinion juist lag en wie er woonde. Desondanks is de ligging van het land op een andere manier duidelijk geworden. Pauline Baynes, de favoriete illustrator van Tolkien , zette Dorwinion in 1969 op de landkaart. Ze plaatste het land aan de monding van de Running, aan de noordwestelijke oevers van de Zee van Rhûn (zie kaart).'' <br />
<br />
''Hoewel Tolkien bezwaar had tegen sommige andere plaatsen die Pauline Baynes op de kaart gezet had, verklaarde hij zich wel akkoord met de ligging van Dorwinion. En ondanks het feit dat de Zee van Rhûn niet de locatie was die Tolkien oorspronkelijk in gedachten had, is het land sindsdien wel op die plaats blijven liggen. Christopher Tolkien merkt hetzelfde op in ‘The Lays of Beleriand’:<br />
<br />
“Dorwinion is marked on the decorated map by Pauline Baynes, as a region on the North-western shores of the Sea of Rhun. It must be presumed that this, like other names on that map, was communicated to her by my father, but its placing seems surprising.”'' <br />
<br />
--[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 16:12, 24 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Dorwinion dan maar wel. Maar Lurtz komt alleen maar uit de film. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:24, 24 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Cleanup/Rewrite==<br />
Going through the different "misconceptions":<br />
# Definition of First Age; Third Age "of the Sun": keep.<br />
# The Arkenstone was a Silmaril: keep<br />
# Elrond visits Elros in Númenor: what part of the text implies such a thing? With the current wording it seems the "misconception" is created to highlight a trivial abandoned concept.<br />
# Arwen, the lastborn of the Elves: keep. It was portrayed sort of like that in the movies<br />
# Legolas's age: omit, already at Legolas<br />
# Legolas hair color: see previous<br />
# Names of the Nazgûl: remove or rewrite<br />
# A female Nazgûl: remove or merge with 7.<br />
# Mrs. Thranduil: there are so many characters whose mother's name is unknown, it's pointless to single out Legolas. Also, if this stays, can we at least tell the reader what the name is?<br />
# The War in the North: pointless. Maybe inspired by BfMeII, but I'm pretty sure the promotional material for the game explicitly mentioned it was fiction.<br />
# The shape of Middle-earth: we can keep this, but with a rewrite<br />
# Pointed ears: why is it under misconceptions if it's pointed out (npi) that it's true?<br />
# Hobbit feet: huge? rephrase<br />
# Déagol/Sméagol relationship: keep. Maybe also point out that they weren't Hobbits, but ancestors of Hobbits.<br />
# Gollum's age: pointless. Nothing in the text suggests such a thing.<br />
# Tengwar on Sting: pointless. We might change this to "Bilbo named Sting when he found it", because that's what happened in the RB movie, the 2003 game and I believe the radio plays too.<br />
# Saruman, the creator of Uruk-hai: rewrite. <br />
# Dorwinion: keep<br />
<br />
# Add: in light of Last Waterbender's recent edit to [[Bregalad]], we should also explain here that "beam" means "tree" here (cf. German ''baum'', Dutch ''boom'', Frisian ''beam''), not "a beam of light", and note something about translators messing up (Schuchart, for one, did).<br />
<br />
Any other ideas? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 17:52, 1 January 2011 (UTC)<br />
:As I agree that most of your points are not really misconceptions, I removed some of them (and left others). I also removed the "shape of middle-earth" thing since it doesn't seem as a misconception to me. The map was drawn by Tolkien; it is not said that it was replaced by another map; nor it is contradicted by the Silmarillion. I also collected some more from other articles. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 08:45, 10 April 2012 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Legolas' hair?==<br />
The article: "However, in The Fellowship of the Ring it is stated that Legolas' hair was "dark", and dark brown or black hair was most common among the Sindar."<br />
: Is it so? Here I would like to see the sources, so that the misconceptions would not be replaced by other misconceptions. What it comes to Legolas' dark ''hair'', I suppose the source in the ''Fellowship'' is this: "His head was dark, crowned with sharp white stars that glittered in the black pools of the sky behind." ({{FR|II9}}). But does this really tell anything about the colour of his hair or even of his skin? I suppose that we can only say, that when Frodo saw Legolas standing above him, the figure of the Elf was dark against the sky. &ndash; The source for the dark hair among the Sindar in general would also be nice to have. --Tik 11:47, 27 November 2016 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Buckland ==<br />
<br />
I'd suggest taking out the reference to Buckland or changing it. Early editions stated explicitly that Buckland was added to the Shire, and I'm not sure it's clear that the change in recent editions is the one Tolkien would have made, so I wouldn't call it a misconception. [[User:Spearwielder|Spearwielder]] 20:15, 2 January 2017 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Sex of Nazgul ==<br />
<br />
The current text says <<with their consistent references as "Men" and "kings", although it could be argued that "Men" includes women>>. The part about "men" including women can be pretty much assumed - that term is usually used in place of "humankind", not as a plural of "man" in the sense of "male". Like in https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Men. Would emphasize that, as to make clear that Tolkien hasn't given us any information about gender here. Given how the civilizations feel, a woman is not that likely, but not impossible either, but if we don't want to speculate, the fact is that no information in that regard is given.<br />
<br />
:Honestly while we cannot definitively say that all of the Nazgul were men, we cannot definitively say they weren't either. Furthermore, in the case of the Numenorians cited in the article, the three Ruling Queens are specifically referred to as such in the text. I think if Tolkien had wanted there to be a woman among the Ringwraiths, he would have included an explicit mention of a queen or sorceress or whatever among their ranks. I'm tempted to remove that part from the article, but I admit we can't 100% say one way or the other. --[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 10:47, 5 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I'm actually not sure if this part of the article should even be here. I do not know what exactly I would label this part as, to be honest, but I do acknowledge that it is a least a valid point, so I want other people to weigh in on this. Personally I think at the very least break it out from the names of the Nazgul to its own section for better page formatting.--[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 23:12, 5 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::The part about the sex of the Nazgul should stay. In Middle-earth Role Playing (MERP) publications there is a female numenorean nazgul called Adunaphel and the names and the Sex of these nazgul exist on several sites on the internet. A lot of older Tolkien Fans are familiar with those names. Tolkien legt the question open. Tolkien also explicitly mentions the Rings for the elven "Kings" in the Ring verse in The Lord of the Rings, but Galadriel is one of the bearers of the Rings for the elves and she is female and is the de facto queen of Lorien although she does not call herself so according to The History of Galadriel and Celeborn in UT. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:20, 6 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Order==<br />
I can't judge the rewriting, but this needs some kind of order, isn't it? Also, maybe a subsection for misconceptions created by the movies? --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 21:25, 2 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:It probably does, but I am not sure what kind of order it would need. Maybe by book?[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 23:01, 2 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I'd vote for alphabetical order. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 17:08, 4 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::I think that if we separated the misconceptions by book or movie, it would be easier for people to find what they are looking for. --[[User:Ancalagon the Black|Ancalagon the Black]] 18:11, 4 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::Page has been reordered according to book/adapation (includes Jackson movies as well as other adaptations) and then alphabetically within the individual sections.[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 22:30, 4 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::Perfect! --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:02, 5 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== "Age of the Sun" ==<br />
<br />
What about adding the new section about the common misconception that the First Age as if began with the first sunrise? -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 07:59, 6 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Great idea! [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 03:52, 7 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Do We Need This Article? ==<br />
<br />
The entire point of this wiki is to provide information on Tolkien's lore, so I am not sure how important this is. Also, I've never met anyone who claimed definitively that the Arkenstone is a Silmaril, and it seems firmly in the fan-theory category (albeit, I admit, a rather weak one).<br />
Also, I am not sure if we can fairly place Gil-Galad son of Fingon in here. Yes, the final version has Orodreth as his father, but that does not change the fact that ''a'' version had Fingon (I believe one also had Finrod, if I remember correctly). Gil-Galad's parentage is not mentioned in any writing published in Tolkien's lifetime, so I am not convinced it needs to be present. Following this pattern, we might add "Galadriel was involved in the Noldorin rebellion", since it is fairly clear Tolkien intended to rewrite her history so that she was not.<br />
Also, this article states, "The Ring that Celebrimbor gave to Durin was a notable exception, being the only one of the Seven or the Nine purposely intended for a non-Elf." I am not sure this is entirely true. In the Unfinished Tales, it is stated, "There Sauron took the Nine Rings and other lesser works of the Mírdain; but the Seven and the Three he could not find", which seems to suggest that at least one point, Tolkien considered Celebrimbor himself to have given out all Seven to the different Dwarf lords himself, nor, as far as I can tell, does Appendix A "On Dúrin's Folk" ever go against this idea.<br />
<br />
[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 18:40, 26 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376027Samwise Gamgee2023-06-27T13:41:19Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Crickhollow to Bree */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. <br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, which Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Bree===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to Weathertop, Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew. When they came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang "[[The Stone Troll]]", an original song of his.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on [[Weathertop]]. Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and revealing himself insisted that he accompany Frodo on his [[Quest of the Ring|quest to destroy the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=376026Samwise Gamgee2023-06-27T13:40:35Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Crickhollow to Bree */ Expanding this page.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=''[[Banazîr]]'' ([[Hobbitish|H]])<br />''[[Perhael]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]])<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, chief investigator, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Tol Eressëa]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref><br />
| birthlocation=The [[Shire]]<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being counted among the Fellowship of the Ring and following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]; founded the [[Gardner Family|Gardner family]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]] in ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[Mount Doom]]"}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise Gamgee''', commonly known as '''Sam''', was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him to the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as the "Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. <br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured his love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumours. In the evening, he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdrops on Frodo and Gandalf's discussion while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, which Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning, Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travellers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Bree===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk travelling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner. Upon their departure, Bill Ferney saw and taunted them. In response, Sam threw an apple at his head.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
As they came to Weathertop, Sam recited a poem about Gil-Galad that Bilbo had taught him.<ref>{{FR|Knife}}</ref> After Frodo was stabbed by a Ringwraith, his distrust toward Strider only grew. When they came to the old place where [[Tom]], [[Bert]], and [[William]] had been turned to stone, he sang [["The Stone Troll"]], an original song of his.<ref>{{FR|Flight}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on [[Weathertop]]. Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and revealing himself insisted that he accompany Frodo on his [[Quest of the Ring|quest to destroy the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him with one of its tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honour of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leapt into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
[[File:Irvin Rodriguez - Samwise the Stouthearted.jpg|thumb|''Samwise the Stouthearted'' by [[:Category:Images by Irvin Rodriguez|Irvin Rodriguez]]]]<br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first, he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carried Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There, Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success in their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honoured by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|''Sam and Rosie Cotton'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially shocked that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a [[Counsellor of the North-kingdom]]. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. In {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Characteristics==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside. His face is often described as red-faced, turning scarlet or blushing. At one point his face is said to have turned white, before flushing scarlet.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
''Samwise'' means "simple minded" or "half-minded". ''Gamgee'' is explained as a corruption of the name ''[[Gammidgy]]'', a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] Galpsi''' (from the complete form [[Galbasi]]) (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''''[[Perhael]]'''''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished "[[Epilogue]]", King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{blockquote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration, but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 257]]}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{blockquote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{blockquote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Sam is regarded by many{{fact}} to be the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on his "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> He was known for rescuing Frodo at [[Cirith Ungol]], and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]. He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the centre of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking are frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, cooks, transports him (or at least carries him), and carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{blockquote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflection of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
This may be compared to the relationship between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire, [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, and capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable character in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of a session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Samwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=Sailed west in {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]] - [[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}<br />
{{ringbearers}}{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Mayors of Michel Delving]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:The_Hobbit_1st_edition&diff=376025Talk:The Hobbit 1st edition2023-06-27T13:17:07Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Whose Standard Are We Following? */ Reply</p>
<hr />
<div>== Whose Standard Are We Following? ==<br />
<br />
This page has absolutely no citations. I am confused. For instance, this article says: Elves are either "silly and mischievous (Rivendell) or hostile (Mirkwood)." Is this a criticism scholars have leveled against ''The Hobbit''? If so, it is not mentioned. I do not know how the Elves are mischievous, but as for Elves who are "silly", we get that from ''Legolas'' in ''The Lord of the Rings'', and as for "hostile"—Eöl, Thingol, Curufin, Celegorm, Fëanor—need I go on?<br />
<br />
[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:56, 26 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Yeah, this article needs a lot of work (hence the disclaimer at the top). I'm not against removing that entire section as it seems to be referring to The Hobbit in general and not the 1st edition specifically. Thanks for your help! [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 02:56, 27 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
::Fair. I would also like a citation for "In the world of Lord of the Rings matches had not yet been invented and all use flints." And I actually just do not know in what sense goblins "are more like bogeymen than man-eating humanoid warriors". It is aluded that they eat people in ''The Hobbit'' and they are presumptively warriors in the Battle of Five Armies. Also Sam Gamgee has an English first and last name.<br />
::So… all in favor of simply removing that list? [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 13:17, 27 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Misconceptions&diff=375992Talk:Misconceptions2023-06-26T18:40:24Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Do We Need This Article? */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
<br />
I salvaged some non-trivial examples from an recent version of [[fanon]] article. Since we have already other debates liked "mistakes in Tolkien's works", we can tolerate this article too. This I consider also useful because I have also fallen victim to such misconceptions. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 20:46, 31 December 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I agree. I simply removed all of it from fanon for the sake of ease. An article is good (maybe rename it though to have some consistency. <br />
<br />
:Now I'm off. Happy new year, all. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 22:35, 31 December 2009 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I think if this article gets a bit more polished, it might be useful to link to this on the main page.<br />
::Happy new year, Ederchil~& Sage. [[User:Grond|Grond]] 22:39, 31 December 2009 (UTC)<br />
:::Maybe we can add also something about Lurtz, Orodreth and Gil-Galad ancestery...and uhm...the location of Dorwinion.<br />
<br />
''Midden-Aarde Essays'' (a book of essays from Tolkien's work, made by a friend of my, what he is soon gonna publish in Dutch) says something about that in the chapter "Mysteries van de Hobbit, Dorwinion" ("Engimas of the Hobbit, Dorwinion") --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 15:54, 24 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Actually, [[Dorwinion]]'s location is not really a mystery - Tolkien placed it on the Western bank of the [[Sea of Rhûn]]. How is Lurtz a misconception? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:00, 24 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::About your ½ rigth. It was only not Tolkien who placed there but his illustrator, latter Tolkien agreed with it. Many people think that it was [[Lurtz]] who killed Boromir while many [[Uruks]] did it.<br />
<br />
::This comes from the chapter "Dorwinion":<br />
<br />
''Uit de tekst van ‘De Hobbit’ is dan ook niet te achterhalen waar Dorwinion juist lag en wie er woonde. Desondanks is de ligging van het land op een andere manier duidelijk geworden. Pauline Baynes, de favoriete illustrator van Tolkien , zette Dorwinion in 1969 op de landkaart. Ze plaatste het land aan de monding van de Running, aan de noordwestelijke oevers van de Zee van Rhûn (zie kaart).'' <br />
<br />
''Hoewel Tolkien bezwaar had tegen sommige andere plaatsen die Pauline Baynes op de kaart gezet had, verklaarde hij zich wel akkoord met de ligging van Dorwinion. En ondanks het feit dat de Zee van Rhûn niet de locatie was die Tolkien oorspronkelijk in gedachten had, is het land sindsdien wel op die plaats blijven liggen. Christopher Tolkien merkt hetzelfde op in ‘The Lays of Beleriand’:<br />
<br />
“Dorwinion is marked on the decorated map by Pauline Baynes, as a region on the North-western shores of the Sea of Rhun. It must be presumed that this, like other names on that map, was communicated to her by my father, but its placing seems surprising.”'' <br />
<br />
--[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 16:12, 24 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Dorwinion dan maar wel. Maar Lurtz komt alleen maar uit de film. -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 16:24, 24 March 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Cleanup/Rewrite==<br />
Going through the different "misconceptions":<br />
# Definition of First Age; Third Age "of the Sun": keep.<br />
# The Arkenstone was a Silmaril: keep<br />
# Elrond visits Elros in Númenor: what part of the text implies such a thing? With the current wording it seems the "misconception" is created to highlight a trivial abandoned concept.<br />
# Arwen, the lastborn of the Elves: keep. It was portrayed sort of like that in the movies<br />
# Legolas's age: omit, already at Legolas<br />
# Legolas hair color: see previous<br />
# Names of the Nazgûl: remove or rewrite<br />
# A female Nazgûl: remove or merge with 7.<br />
# Mrs. Thranduil: there are so many characters whose mother's name is unknown, it's pointless to single out Legolas. Also, if this stays, can we at least tell the reader what the name is?<br />
# The War in the North: pointless. Maybe inspired by BfMeII, but I'm pretty sure the promotional material for the game explicitly mentioned it was fiction.<br />
# The shape of Middle-earth: we can keep this, but with a rewrite<br />
# Pointed ears: why is it under misconceptions if it's pointed out (npi) that it's true?<br />
# Hobbit feet: huge? rephrase<br />
# Déagol/Sméagol relationship: keep. Maybe also point out that they weren't Hobbits, but ancestors of Hobbits.<br />
# Gollum's age: pointless. Nothing in the text suggests such a thing.<br />
# Tengwar on Sting: pointless. We might change this to "Bilbo named Sting when he found it", because that's what happened in the RB movie, the 2003 game and I believe the radio plays too.<br />
# Saruman, the creator of Uruk-hai: rewrite. <br />
# Dorwinion: keep<br />
<br />
# Add: in light of Last Waterbender's recent edit to [[Bregalad]], we should also explain here that "beam" means "tree" here (cf. German ''baum'', Dutch ''boom'', Frisian ''beam''), not "a beam of light", and note something about translators messing up (Schuchart, for one, did).<br />
<br />
Any other ideas? -- {{User:Ederchil/sig}} 17:52, 1 January 2011 (UTC)<br />
:As I agree that most of your points are not really misconceptions, I removed some of them (and left others). I also removed the "shape of middle-earth" thing since it doesn't seem as a misconception to me. The map was drawn by Tolkien; it is not said that it was replaced by another map; nor it is contradicted by the Silmarillion. I also collected some more from other articles. [[User:Sage|Sage]] 08:45, 10 April 2012 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Legolas' hair?==<br />
The article: "However, in The Fellowship of the Ring it is stated that Legolas' hair was "dark", and dark brown or black hair was most common among the Sindar."<br />
: Is it so? Here I would like to see the sources, so that the misconceptions would not be replaced by other misconceptions. What it comes to Legolas' dark ''hair'', I suppose the source in the ''Fellowship'' is this: "His head was dark, crowned with sharp white stars that glittered in the black pools of the sky behind." ({{FR|II9}}). But does this really tell anything about the colour of his hair or even of his skin? I suppose that we can only say, that when Frodo saw Legolas standing above him, the figure of the Elf was dark against the sky. &ndash; The source for the dark hair among the Sindar in general would also be nice to have. --Tik 11:47, 27 November 2016 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Buckland ==<br />
<br />
I'd suggest taking out the reference to Buckland or changing it. Early editions stated explicitly that Buckland was added to the Shire, and I'm not sure it's clear that the change in recent editions is the one Tolkien would have made, so I wouldn't call it a misconception. [[User:Spearwielder|Spearwielder]] 20:15, 2 January 2017 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Sex of Nazgul ==<br />
<br />
The current text says <<with their consistent references as "Men" and "kings", although it could be argued that "Men" includes women>>. The part about "men" including women can be pretty much assumed - that term is usually used in place of "humankind", not as a plural of "man" in the sense of "male". Like in https://lotr.fandom.com/wiki/Men. Would emphasize that, as to make clear that Tolkien hasn't given us any information about gender here. Given how the civilizations feel, a woman is not that likely, but not impossible either, but if we don't want to speculate, the fact is that no information in that regard is given.<br />
<br />
:Honestly while we cannot definitively say that all of the Nazgul were men, we cannot definitively say they weren't either. Furthermore, in the case of the Numenorians cited in the article, the three Ruling Queens are specifically referred to as such in the text. I think if Tolkien had wanted there to be a woman among the Ringwraiths, he would have included an explicit mention of a queen or sorceress or whatever among their ranks. I'm tempted to remove that part from the article, but I admit we can't 100% say one way or the other. --[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 10:47, 5 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I'm actually not sure if this part of the article should even be here. I do not know what exactly I would label this part as, to be honest, but I do acknowledge that it is a least a valid point, so I want other people to weigh in on this. Personally I think at the very least break it out from the names of the Nazgul to its own section for better page formatting.--[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 23:12, 5 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::The part about the sex of the Nazgul should stay. In Middle-earth Role Playing (MERP) publications there is a female numenorean nazgul called Adunaphel and the names and the Sex of these nazgul exist on several sites on the internet. A lot of older Tolkien Fans are familiar with those names. Tolkien legt the question open. Tolkien also explicitly mentions the Rings for the elven "Kings" in the Ring verse in The Lord of the Rings, but Galadriel is one of the bearers of the Rings for the elves and she is female and is the de facto queen of Lorien although she does not call herself so according to The History of Galadriel and Celeborn in UT. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 14:20, 6 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Order==<br />
I can't judge the rewriting, but this needs some kind of order, isn't it? Also, maybe a subsection for misconceptions created by the movies? --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 21:25, 2 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:It probably does, but I am not sure what kind of order it would need. Maybe by book?[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 23:01, 2 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::I'd vote for alphabetical order. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 17:08, 4 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:::I think that if we separated the misconceptions by book or movie, it would be easier for people to find what they are looking for. --[[User:Ancalagon the Black|Ancalagon the Black]] 18:11, 4 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::Page has been reordered according to book/adapation (includes Jackson movies as well as other adaptations) and then alphabetically within the individual sections.[[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 22:30, 4 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::Perfect! --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 08:02, 5 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== "Age of the Sun" ==<br />
<br />
What about adding the new section about the common misconception that the First Age as if began with the first sunrise? -- [[User:Ar-Zigûr|Ar-Zigûr]] ([[User talk:Ar-Zigûr|talk]]) 07:59, 6 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
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:Great idea! [[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] ([[User talk:Hyarion|talk]]) 03:52, 7 June 2023 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Do We Need This Article? ==<br />
<br />
The entire point of this wiki is to provide information on Tolkien's lore, so I am not sure how important this is. Also, I've never met anyone who claimed definitively that the Arkenstone is a Silmaril, and it seems firmly in the fan-theory category (albeit, I admit, a rather weak one).<br />
Also, I am not sure if we can fairly place Gil-Galad son of Fingon in here. Yes, the final version has Orodreth as his father, but that does not change the fact that ''a'' version had Fingon (I believe one also had Finrod, if I remember correctly). Gil-Galad's parentage is not mentioned in any writing published in Tolkien's lifetime, so I am not convinced it needs to be present. Following this pattern, we might add "Galadriel was involved in the Noldorin rebellion", since it is fairly clear Tolkien intended to rewrite her history so that she was not.<br />
[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 18:40, 26 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:The_Hobbit_1st_edition&diff=375986Talk:The Hobbit 1st edition2023-06-26T17:56:13Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Whose Standard Are We Following? */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>== Whose Standard Are We Following? ==<br />
<br />
This page has absolutely no citations. I am confused. For instance, this article says: Elves are either "silly and mischievous (Rivendell) or hostile (Mirkwood)." Is this a criticism scholars have leveled against ''The Hobbit''? If so, it is not mentioned. I do not know how the Elves are mischievous, but as for Elves who are "silly", we get that from ''Legolas'' in ''The Lord of the Rings'', and as for "hostile"—Eöl, Thingol, Curufin, Celegorm, Fëanor—need I go on?<br />
<br />
[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 17:56, 26 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Galadriel&diff=375985Galadriel2023-06-26T17:41:58Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Life in Aman */ Additional information from the Shibboleth about Galadriel and Fëanor. Also, a grammatical correction.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-more|Galadriel|[[Galadriel (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Galadriel<br />
| image=[[File:Matt Stewart - Galadriel.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Galadriel" by [[:Category:Images by Matt Stewart|Matt Stewart]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ɡaˈladri.el]}}<br />
| othernames=''Artanis'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Father-name|fn]])<br/>''Nerwen'' ([[Quenya|Q]], [[Amilessë|mn]])<br/>''Alatáriel'' ([[Telerin|T]], [[epessë|an]])<br />
| titles=[[Lady of Lórien]], Lady of the Wood, Lady of the [[Galadhrim]], Mistress of Magic<ref>Called thus by [[Faramir (son of Denethor II)|Faramir]] ({{TT|Window}}).</ref><br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Eldamar]], [[Doriath]], [[Nargothrond]], [[Harlindon]], [[Eregion]], [[Imladris]], [[Belfalas]], [[Lothlórien]]<br />
| affiliation=[[White Council]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]], [[Sindarin]], [[Westron]], and [[Silvan Elvish]]<br>Probably [[Telerin]] and [[Vanyarin]]<ref group=note>It is never explicitly told she knew these two languages, but it is sure to assume that, given her [[Vanyar|Vanyarin]] and [[Teleri|Telerin]] ancestry.</ref><br />
| birth={{YT|1362}}<br />
| birthlocation=[[Eldamar]]<br />
| rule={{TA|1981}} - {{TA|3021|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=[[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}<br />
| sailedfrom=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=8374 years<ref group="note">Years of the Sun. Each Year of the Tree is equal to 9.582 Years of the Sun, and the Years of the Trees ended in the year 1500.</ref><br />
| notablefor=<br />
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]<br />
| parentage=[[Finarfin]] and [[Eärwen]]<br />
| siblings=[[Finrod]], [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]]<br />
| spouse=[[Celeborn]]<br />
| children=[[Celebrían]]<br />
| gender=Female<br />
| height=6 feet, 4 inches (193 cm)<ref>{{UT|Measures}}</ref><br />
| hair=Radiant gold touched with silver<br />''(see [[Hair of Galadriel]])''<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=White robes<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Very tall [Galadriel and Celeborn] were, and the Lady no less tall than the Lord; and they were grave and beautiful. They were clad wholly in white; and the hair of the Lady was of deep gold… but no sign of age was upon them, unless it were in the depths of their eyes; for these were keen as lances in the starlight, and yet profound, the wells of deep memory.|''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', "[[The Mirror of Galadriel]]"}}<br />
'''Galadriel''' was a [[Noldor|Noldorin]] Lady who witnessed [[Middle-earth]] during the Three [[Ages]]. <br />
<br />
Galadriel was born in [[Aman]] as one of the [[Noldor]]. She was the daughter of [[Finarfin]], and younger sister to [[Finrod|Finrod Felagund]] (later [[King of Nargothrond]]), [[Angrod]], and [[Aegnor]]. She took part in the [[Exile of the Noldor]], following [[Fëanor]] in his rebellion. However, she opposed the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]] and crossed the [[Helcaraxë]] with the rest of [[Fingolfin]]'s followers. After arriving in [[Beleriand]], she lived mainly in [[Doriath]], where she befriended [[Melian]]. Later, with her husband [[Celeborn]], she ruled over the [[Silvan Elves|woodland Elves]] of [[Lothlórien]], and together they had a daughter, [[Celebrían]], who married [[Elrond]]. <br />
<br />
She is described as "the mightiest and fairest of all the Elves that remained in [[Middle-earth]]",<ref name=Rings>{{S|Rings}}</ref> and the "greatest of Elven women".<ref>{{App|B1}}, p. 1082</ref> Throughout the Third Age it was unknown who wielded the [[Three Rings]],<ref name=Third>{{App|TA}}, pp. 1085-8</ref> but during the [[War of the Ring]], Galadriel revealed to [[Frodo Baggins]] that she was the bearer of [[Nenya]].<ref name=Mirror>{{FR|Mirror}}</ref>{{rp|365}} After the War, she returned to the [[Uttermost West]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Elder Days===<br />
====Life in Aman====<br />
:See also: ''[[#Other versions of the legendarium|Other versions of the legendarium]]''.<br />
Galadriel was born in [[Eldamar]] in the [[Year of the Trees 1362]].<ref>{{MR|P2l}}, p. 106</ref> She was the fourth child of [[Finarfin]], prince of the [[Noldor]], who named her '''''Artanis'''''.<ref name=Finwe>{{PM|Finwe}}, pp. 346-7</ref> Her mother was [[Eärwen]], princess of the [[Falathrim|Teleri]], who named her '''''Nerwen''''' ("Man-maiden"). Galadriel grew beautiful and tall, even for the women of the Noldor, being strong of body, will, and mind, "a match for both the [[loremasters]] and the athletes of the [[Eldar]] in the days of their youth."<ref name=Case>{{PM|Case}}, pp. 337-8</ref> <br />
[[File:Marya Filatova - Galadriel.jpg|left|thumb|''Galadriel'' by [[Marya Filatova]]]]<br />
Indeed, "she was then of Amazon disposition and bound up her hair as a crown when taking part in athletic feats". This custom was the origin of her [[Sindarin]] [[Epessë|name]] '''''Galadriel''''' ("Maiden crowned with gleaming hair"),<ref name=Amazon>{{L|348}}, p. 428</ref> which was given to (and accepted by) her much later, in [[Beleriand]].<ref>{{NM|P3xvi}}, p. 352, note 8</ref> The gleaming of her hair was not a mere poetic reference: [[Hair of Galadriel|her hair]] was held a marvel unmatched. It mingled and surpassed the gold hair of her father and the starlike silver of her mother, so the Eldar said that both [[light]]s of the [[Two Trees]] were captured in her tresses. It was also said that this first gave the idea to her uncle [[Fëanor]] of capturing the merged light of the Trees, which would result in the making of the [[Silmarils]]. He asked her three times for one of her tresses, but she always refused. Fëanor and Galadriel were always unfriends, both being the greatest Eldar in Valinor; and if Fëanor was greater than she, she was wiser, and her wisdom grew with the long years. For she also had an outstanding gift to see into the minds of others, and, though she judged most with kindness, she hated and feared the darkness in Fëanor, not perceiving that the shadow of the same evil had fallen upon the minds of all the Noldor, including her own.<ref name=Case/><br />
<br />
There was still bliss in Valinor when she was born, but soon she was influenced by the [[Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor|unrest of the Noldor]] and lost her inner peace ever after. She was proud, like most of the [[House of Finwë]], and like her closest brother [[Finrod]], "she had dreams of far lands and dominions that might be her own to order as she would without tutelage". But deep in herself, she had the noble spirit of the [[Vanyar]], which did not allow her to forget the reverence for the [[Valar]].<ref name=Case/><br />
<br />
During the [[Darkening of Valinor]] and the rebellion of Fëanor, Galadriel was the only woman of the Noldor who stood among the rising princes. She swore no [[Oath of Fëanor|oath]], but the words of Fëanor concerning [[Middle-earth]] kindled a desire in her heart, as she was eager to see those wide unguarded lands and rule a realm of her own.<ref name=Flight>{{S|Flight}}</ref> Like the rest of the [[House of Finarfin]], she was also supportive of the [[Exile of the Noldor|Exile]] by the desire to aid their [[Sindar|Sindarin]] relatives in Middle-earth.<ref name=Case/> <br />
<br />
Even though she was one of the leaders in this revolt,<ref name=RGEO>{{RGEO|Notes}}, p. 60</ref> during the troubles that followed she fought fiercely against Fëanor by defending her mother's kin during the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]] and the rape of the ships. Afterwards, she even desired to follow Fëanor to disturb him in all the ways that she could, but nothing could have moved her to return since she had begun her way to exile, as her pride was strong then as it was thereafter.<ref name=Case/> She kept moving forward even under the [[Doom of Mandos]], when her father Finarfin abandoned the march and returned to Valinor, and even when Fëanor left behind the hosts of Fingolfin and the children of Finarfin. Then she, along with Finrod and [[Fingolfin]] and his sons, led her people into the bitter North and crossed the terrors of [[Helcaraxë]]. After many losses, they arrived on the northern shores of the [[Outer Lands]].<ref name=Flight/><ref group=note>The nature of Galadriel's exile (if she was innocent or guilty of pride) and the subsequent idea of a ban upon her return were not defined in Tolkien's first conceptions of Galadriel, so she being a rebel exile was a later reinterpretation. He would also change his mind about it, but for this article we chose this version for having the most complete narratives. For a more complete account of this matter, see the entire ''[[#Other versions of the legendarium]]''.</ref><br />
<br />
====Arrival to Middle-earth====<br />
[[File:Līga Kļaviņa - Love at First Sight.jpg|thumb|''Love at First Sight'' by [[:Category:Images by Līga Kļaviņa|Līga Kļaviņa]]]]<br />
Once in [[Beleriand]], those of the House of Finarfin were eager to enter [[Doriath]], but King [[Elu Thingol]] received the Noldor coldly, and only allowed entrance to those invited by him after some inquiries.<ref name=Return>{{S|13}}</ref> Finally in {{FA|52}},<ref>{{GA|74}}</ref> Finrod and Galadriel became long guests in Doriath, but her brother eventually departed to the [[Caverns of Narog]] to establish the stronghold of [[Nargothrond]]. Galadriel did not go with him, and remained in Doriath with [[Celeborn]], a kinsman of Thingol, as there was great love between them.<ref name=Noldor>{{S|15}}</ref> Despite their love, they did not marry each other, following the [[Elven life cycle|custom among the Eldar]] of avoiding marriage and child-bearing during the war,<ref name=Scales>{{NM|P1ix}}, pp. 65-6</ref> but they were eventually betrothed till the war ended.<ref name=Ages>{{NM|P1xviii}}, p. 149</ref> Meanwhile, she dwelt with Queen [[Melian]], from whom she learned much of the wisdom of Middle-earth.<ref name=Return/><br />
<br />
The Western Corn necessary to make [[lembas]] had been lost in Beleriand until the Noldor brought new grain back, and it flourished by the grace of the Valar. Galadriel was one of the main inheritors of it and of the art of the making of lembas.<ref>{{NM|P3iv}}, p. 296</ref> It is safe to assume Melian benefited from this.<br />
<br />
Years passed in Doriath, and Galadriel became dear to Melian, and they spoke often to one another about Valinor. Melian was eager to learn the causes of the [[Exile of the Noldor]], but Galadriel would tell her nothing of what occurred after the death of the Trees. In the year {{FA|66|n}},<ref>{{GA|91}}</ref> Melian asked her directly about this, and Galadriel revealed the story of the [[Silmarils]] and how the Noldor fled from Aman against the will of the Valar, though she still left out the Oath of Fëanor, the Kinslaying, and the burning of the Ships at [[Losgar]]. Melian was able to discern a darkness that was left unsaid, but Galadriel refused to tell her more. Thus, Thingol became concerned regarding the Noldor, and he was informed soon afterwards of the Noldor's dark deeds in Aman, and it chanced that the children of Finarfin were visiting Galadriel in Doriath. Egged on by his accusing words, [[Angrod]] told everything, and Galadriel's brothers departed heavy-hearted.<ref name=Noldor/><br />
[[File:Ten Thousand Leaves - Galadriel and Melian.jpeg|thumb|left|''Galadriel and Melian'' by [[:Category:Images by Ten Thousand Leaves|Ten Thousand Leaves]]]]<br />
Despite all this, Galadriel stayed in Doriath until {{FA|102|n}},<ref name=Nargothrond>{{GA|108}}</ref> when the kingdom of [[Nargothrond]] was finished and a feast was held for all the children of Finarfin. She dwelt for a while in Nargothrond, and in this time she asked Finrod why he remained unmarried. Her brother answered with dark [[foresight]]s about his kingdom.<ref name=Noldor/> Back in Doriath, in {{FA|420|n}},<ref>{{GA|129}}</ref> Galadriel heard another foretelling, as Melian told her about [[Beren|a Man]] who shall cross into Doriath moved by a doom greater than the [[Girdle of Melian]].<ref>{{S|17}}</ref><br />
<br />
Galadriel did not have any significant role in the general course of events in the [[War of the Jewels]], but she might have been well informed of the deaths of her brothers [[Angrod]] and [[Aegnor]] during the [[Dagor Bragollach]]; and of Finrod's, while he was held in captivity by [[Sauron]] in the year {{FA|465|n}}.<ref>{{GA|§198-199}}</ref> At some point before the [[Fall of Nargothrond]] in {{FA|495|n}},<ref>{{GA|275}}</ref> she and Celeborn passed over [[Blue Mountains|the mountains]]<ref name=Mirror/>{{rp|357}} to [[Eriador]], far from the turmoil of the last years of the [[First Age]].<br />
<br />
After the [[War of Wrath]] at the end of the [[First Age]], [[Eönwë]], herald of [[Manwë]], summoned the [[Elves of Beleriand]] to the West, so they were received in [[Tol Eressëa]] and under the pardon of the Valar. However, some did not wish to leave Middle-earth, such as Celeborn.<ref name=Earendil>{{S|24}}</ref> Being one of the chief leaders of the Noldorin rebellion, Galadriel was not allowed to return<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 386</ref> and a ban was set upon her, to which she replied that she had no wish to do so.<ref name=RGEO/> The same pride that led her out of Aman still moved her, and she rejected the pardon of the Valar,<ref name=Case/> for as she had once lived in Aman itself, Eressëa seemed only a "second best". She was also moved by love for Celeborn, to whom she probably married around this time.<ref name=Scales/><ref group=note>The marriage of Galadriel and Celeborn, as well as when they crossed over the mountains, was not well defined by Tolkien. See ''[[#Unsolved contradictions]]''.</ref><br />
<br />
===Second Age===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Galadriel and Celeborn at Lake Evendim.jpg|thumb|''Galadriel and Celeborn at Lake Evendim'' by [[Ted Nasmith]]]]<br />
At the beginning of the Second Age, Celeborn and Galadriel dwelt for a time in [[Lindon]], south of the [[Lune]], while [[Gil-galad]] ruled in the north.<ref name=Second>{{App|B1}}, pp. 1082-4</ref> Both left Lindon before the years 10-20, when [[Gil-galad]] became king in that land, apparently thanks to her influence.<ref>{{NM|P1xi}}, p. 81</ref> They entered [[Eriador]] and dwelt for a while around [[Lake Nenuial]], being followed by many Noldor, [[Grey-elves]] and [[Green-elves]]. They were considered the Lord and Lady of the Eldar in Eriador.<ref name=Concerning>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref>{{rp|234}} Probably around {{SA|300}},<ref group=note>The birth-year of Celebrían was not well defined by Tolkien. See ''[[#Unsolved contradictions]]''.</ref> Galadriel and Celeborn had a daughter: [[Celebrían]].<ref name=Scales/><br />
<br />
Circa the year {{SA|500|n}}, [[Sauron]] began to stir in Middle-earth again,<ref name=Second/> but his name was not known. He was, however, perceived by Galadriel, who noticed there was a controlling evil, and that it was spreading above the world, coming from the East beyond the [[Misty Mountains]]. She also thought this 'residue of evil' could only be fought with an alliance of all its enemies. Therefore, she and Celeborn moved eastwards and got established in the realm of [[Eregion]] near [[Khazad-dûm]].<ref group=note>In the source used here, Galadriel and Celeborn are described as the first founders of Eregion, but later sources mention Celebrimbor as founder and lord of Eregion before their coming. See ''[[#Unsolved contradictions]]''.</ref> Celeborn was not fond of [[Dwarves]], but she saw the importance of getting close to them, for she saw military interests even with them. Also, she was a Noldo, and therefore close to them in mind and in the passion for crafts; and in Valinor she had learned from [[Yavanna]] and [[Aulë]], the creator of the Dwarves himself.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|235}} <br />
<br />
Some Noldor were also interested in establishing a realm near Khazad-dûm because they knew [[mithril]] had been discovered there. Therefore, many Elven-smiths came to Eregion and created good relations with the Dwarves. [[Celebrimbor]], a descendant of [[Fëanor]] (and therefore a distant cousin of Galadriel), was the greatest of the craft-men and the Lord of Eregion.<ref name=Second/> He was its main builder and in {{SA|750|n}} [[Ost-in-Edhil]], the main city of the realm, was begun. The power of Galadriel and Celeborn also grew: thanks to the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, they had contact with the [[Nandor|Nandorin]] realm of [[Lórinand]], on the other side of the Misty Mountains. Thanks to Galadriel's influence upon Lórinand, Sauron's machinations there were fruitless.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|236}} She also got in contact with [[Númenor]], having a meeting with King [[Aldarion]] when he came to [[Tharbad]] around {{SA|883|n}}-884.<ref>{{UT|4}}, ''The further course of the narrative'', pp. 205-6</ref><br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Galadriel in Moria.jpg|thumb|''Galadriel in Moria'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
About the year {{SA|1200|n}}, Sauron came in disguise to Eriador, but he was only welcomed in Eregion by Celebrimbor and the Elven-smiths, who were interested in his advice on craftsmanship.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|236}} Galadriel was not deceived, and rejected him, saying that he was not in the training of Aulë as he claimed.<ref>{{UT|Galadriel}}, "Notes", p. 254, note 7</ref> "''He perceived at once that Galadriel would be his chief adversary and obstacle, and he endeavoured therefore to placate her, bearing her scorn with outward patience and courtesy''". At the same time, without her knowledge, Sauron influenced Celebrimbor and his [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]] against Galadriel and Celeborn. Finally, he moved them to expell Galadriel from Eregion at some time between {{SA|1350|n}} and 1400.<ref group=note>As in the previous note, the source used here presents Celebrimbor as a subordinate of Galadriel and Celeborn, so in this episode he leads a coup against them.</ref> Thus, Galadriel and Celebrían left through Khazad-dûm to Lórinand, although Celeborn would not enter the Dwarvish realm and remained in Eregion.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|237}}<br />
<br />
When Sauron made [[the One Ring]] in {{SA|1600}}, his treachery was discovered by Celebrimbor.<ref name=Second/> The elven-smith came to Lórinand, seeking counsel from Galadriel. They did not find the strength to destroy the [[Rings of Power]], but she advised him to hide the [[Three Rings]] of the Elves where Sauron could not find them. Therefore he gave her [[Nenya]], the White Ring, and the other Rings were given to other Elven lords.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|237}} This was done in {{SA|1693|n}}, the same year Sauron began [[War of the Elves and Sauron|the war against the Elves]].<ref name=Second/><br />
<br />
With the invasion of Eriador, [[Sack of Eregion|Eregion was destroyed]] and Celebrimbor killed. Despite using torture, Sauron could not learn from him where the Elven Rings were, although he suspected they were kept by Galadriel and Gil-galad.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|238}} But thanks to the military intervention of [[Númenor]], Sauron was defeated in {{SA|1700|n}}.<ref name=Second/> Soon afterwards, Galadriel was affected by [[sea-longing]], and she decided to leave Lórinand and dwell beside the sea.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|240}} As one of the [[High-elves]], her yearning for the sea was unavoidable, and now she became burdened with the desire to cross to the Blessed Realm, but the ban upon her impeded it.<ref name=RGEO/> Thus she did not go to the sea yet, but crossed west of the mountains through Khazad-dûm with Celebrían. Seeking Celeborn, they travelled to [[Imladris]], a refuge created by [[Elrond]] during the war. Once there, a [[White Council|Council]] was held, in which it was decided that Imladris would be the Elvish stronghold in the East, rather than the desolate Eregion.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|239-40}}<br />
<br />
Galadriel, Celeborn and Celebrían dwelt a long time in Imladris, but at some point they left and moved near the sea, to [[Belfalas]], at the place later known as [[Dol Amroth]]. There were few inhabitants there, but they were visited by Nandorin parties.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|238}} Apparently, they returned to Lórien twice before the [[Last Alliance]] and the end of the Second Age,<ref name=Amroth>{{UT|Amroth}}, pp. 243-5</ref> but of their whereabouts during the final millenia of that Age nothing else is known.<br />
<br />
===Third Age===<br />
====Rule in Lórien====<br />
In early [[Third Age]], in the year {{TA|109|n}}, Galadriel and Celeborn's daughter [[Celebrían]] wedded [[Elrond]] the [[Half-elven]].<ref name=Third/> But they did not stay at first with her, for Galadriel was filled with [[Foresight|foreboding]], and was concerned about the growing shadow in [[Mirkwood]] and [[Dol Guldur]]. Therefore she and Celeborn made long journeys investigating [[Rhovanion]], going from [[Gondor]] and the borders of [[Mordor]] to [[Thranduil]] in the north. They also stayed a long time in Lórien with king [[Amroth]], for Galadriel saw with her wisdom that this prosperous realm could be a stronghold against the growing Shadow, if it had better rule.<ref name=Amroth/> At this point, the [[Istari]] arrived in Middle-earth, and only Galadriel, Elrond and [[Círdan]] knew [[Valinor|where]] they came from.<ref name=Rings/> Around the year {{TA|1100|n}}, the [[Wise]] (including Galadriel as one the chief Eldar) were well aware of the evil dwelling in Dol Guldur, but thought it was one of the [[Nazgûl]].<ref name=Third/><br />
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After their enquiries, Galadriel and Celeborn passed over the mountains to Imladris, and there dwelt for many years with their kin.<ref name=Amroth/><br />
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Between the years {{TA|1980}}-{{TA|1981|n}}, [[Durin's Bane|a terror]] appeared in Khazad-dûm and the Dwarves abandoned the realm, while the many Silvan Elves from Lórien had to flee south.<ref name=Third/> To make things worse, Amroth was lost, leaving no heir, and the Elven realm was left without a ruler. Therefore Celeborn and Galadriel went there, welcomed by the people, and took up the rule jointly, but refused to take the [[King of Lórien|royal title]] and were called the [[Lord and Lady of Galadhrim]]. Saving the realm from the perils of the moment, they dwelt and ruled permanently there.<ref name=Amroth/><br />
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As the shadow of Dol Guldur grew again, the [[White Council]] was formed in {{TA|2463|n}}.<ref name=Third/> It was summoned by Galadriel,<ref>{{FR|II7}}, p. 357</ref> who, being a good friend of [[Gandalf]], recommended that he be made head of the Council. But this distinction fell instead to [[Saruman]].<ref name=Rings/> <br />
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In {{TA|2510|n}}, her daughter Celebrían departed to the West after being wounded by Orcs.<ref name=Third/> The same year, she aided [[Eorl]] and his [[Rohirrim|riders]] in the [[Battle of the Field of Celebrant]], creating a white mist that drove out the shadows from Dol Guldur.<ref>{{UT|8b}}, pp. 298-9</ref><br />
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The White Council would not take action until Gandalf discovered that the shadow growing in Dol Guldur was [[Sauron]]. After deliberating, the Council joined forces and drove Sauron out of Dol Guldur in {{TA|2941|n}}.<ref name=Third/><br />
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Some years later, [[Aragorn]] entered Lothlórien after many travels, and was admitted by Galadriel. She bade him change his worn-out clothes and dressed him like a proper prince. At that time, Aragorn became betrothed to her granddaughter [[Arwen]].<ref>{{App|A1v}}, p. 1060</ref><br />
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====War of the Ring====<br />
[[File:Ralph Damiani - The Trial.png|thumb|right|''The Trial'' by [[:Category:Images by Ralph Damiani|Ralph Damiani]]]]<br />
Galadriel and Celeborn were well informed about the [[Company of the Ring]], its members and their mission, before its coming to Lothlórien, perhaps informed by messages from Rivendell.<ref>{{FR|II6}}, p. 350</ref> In the evening of [[17 January]] of {{TA|3019}}, the Company arrived at [[Caras Galadhon]].<ref name=Great>{{App|B3}}, pp. 1092-4</ref> Coming to the [[talan]] of the Lady and Lord, each member was greeted by name by Celeborn. Noticing that Gandalf was missing, Galadriel asked where he was, for she wished to speak with him. Hearing that they had encountered [[Durin's Bane]] and that this was in fact a [[Balrog]] from ancient times, Celeborn criticized the passing of the Company through Moria. However, Galadriel was more sympathetic, especially towards [[Gimli]], who bowed to her in respect. Before inviting the members of the Company to rest and heal there, she looked deep into their eyes and they all felt their hearts exposed.<ref name=Mirror/>{{rp|354-7}}<br />
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A month later, in [[15 February]],<ref name=Great/> [[Frodo Baggins]] the [[Ringbearer|bearer of the One Ring]], was walking in the evening with [[Sam]] when they encountered Galadriel. She led them to an enclosed garden and showed them a silver basin. Filling it with water, a [[Mirror of Galadriel|Mirror]] was formed, which allowed them to see things that were and that might come. Frodo saw the [[Eye of Sauron]], and she explained that she knew well Frodo's mind, for Sauron also tried to look into hers. She also [[Keepers of the Three Rings|kept]] a [[Ring of Power]], and showing him [[Nenya]], the Ring of Adamant, she explained that its power would disappear once Frodo destroyed the One, and Lórien would fade. Then Frodo offered the One Ring to her, and she laughed in response, saying: "''I do not deny that my heart has greatly desired to ask what you offer.''" Then she began to ponder how powerful she would become with the Ring's power, and from Nenya came a great light that covered her overwhelming height. But the light faded and she laughed again, saying: "''I pass the test. I will diminish, and go into the West, and remain Galadriel''."<ref name=Mirror/>{{rp|360-6}} Indeed, with this rejection of temptation and her long opposition against Sauron, the ban upon her return to Aman was finally lifted.<ref name=RGEO/><br />
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That night, the Lord and Lady summoned the Company and spoke of their departure, which was appointed for the following morning. The next day, she sent the Fellowship off on their Quest, furnished with [[Gifts of Galadriel|gifts]] for all the members, including [[lembas]] and [[Elven cloaks]]. Later, a farewell party was held, which the Lord and Lady attended in a [[Swan-ships|swan boat]]; from it, Galadriel sang [[Galadriel's Song of Eldamar|a song about Eldamar]]. After everyone ate and drank, she proceed to give [[Gifts of Galadriel|specific gifts]] to each member.<ref name=Farewell>{{FR|II8}}, pp. 367-78</ref><br />
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Among the gifts was the [[Elfstone]], which she gave to Aragorn from Arwen "''as a token of hope''".<ref name=Farewell/> The jewel was also in part a bridal gift and a token of the future wedding of Arwen and Aragorn, done following the [[Elven customs|Noldorin custom]] in which the bride's mother should give to the bridegroom a jewel (Arwen's mother Celebrían had departed long ago, so Galadriel did it in her place).<ref>{{MR|P3II3}}, p. 211</ref> Galadriel stated she was unsure as to what to give Gimli, and asked what he wanted. After complimenting her beauty, he requested a single strand of [[Hair of Galadriel|her hair]]. Instead, she rewarded him with three strands, which he promised to put into an imperishable crystal in memory of her. And last, to Frodo, she gave a [[Phial of Galadriel|a small crystal phial]] specially prepared by her, which contained the [[Light of Valinor|light]] of the [[star of Eärendil]].<ref name=Farewell/><br />
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The Company saw her one last time while sailing down to the [[Anduin]]: a shining figure, all clad in white, raising her arms, and Frodo was able to hear her clearly reciting [[Namárië|a long poem in Elvish]] despite the distance.<ref name=Farewell/><br />
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On [[17 February|the following day]], a resurrected Gandalf was brought to Lórien by [[Gwaihir]],<ref name=Great/> who was sent by Galadriel. He was received in Caras Galadhon, and was healed and clothed in white. He also took and gave counsel. Before he left, Galadriel gave him [[Galadriel's messages|some prophetic messages]] for Aragorn, [[Legolas]] and Gimli.<ref>{{TT|III5}}, pp. 502-3</ref><br />
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The land of Lórien was not exempt from the battles of the [[War of the Ring]]: between [[11 March|11]] and [[18 March]], the [[Galadhrim]] suffered [[assaults on Lothlórien|three assaults]] from Dol Guldur.<ref name=Great/> After the [[Fall of Barad-dûr]], Celeborn crossed the Anduin with a host and began the [[Fall of Dol Guldur|destruction of Dol Guldur]].<ref name=Chief>{{App|B4}}, pp. 1095-6</ref> Soon afterward, Galadriel threw down the walls of the fortress and opened its pits.<ref name=Great/><br />
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====Later history====<br />
[[File:Victoria Clare - On the Road to the Grey Havens.jpg|thumb|''On the Road to the Grey Havens'' by [[:Category:Images by Victoria Clare|Victoria Clare]]]]<br />
Galadriel, Celeborn and their company attended the wedding of Aragorn and Arwen. Soon afterward they joined the crowded funeral riding of King [[Théoden]] to [[Rohan]]. After the funerals in the [[Golden Hall]], they continued their travel northwards with other companions and halted in [[Isengard]]. [[Treebeard]] reveals that he had freed Saruman, and regrets that he will not see Galadriel and [[Celeborn]] again. Celeborn replied that he is unsure but Galadriel affirmed that it would be her last meeting with him, giving Treebeard some [[Arda Healed|cryptic words]]. They continued on their way and encountered [[Saruman]], who, released by [[Fangorn]], snapped that she always had hated him, and now he would find comfort knowing that her realm was destroyed as well as his.<ref>{{RK|VI6}}, pp. 976, 983, 985</ref><br />
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Two years later, on [[22 September]] {{TA|3021|n}},<ref name=Chief/> Frodo and Sam encountered a [[Wandering Companies|Wandering Company]] while travelling around [[the Shire]], and found that Elrond, Galadriel and [[Bilbo]] were part of it. Nenya was visible on Galadriel's finger, and she seemed to shine like the moon. Frodo decided to depart with them and the hobbits joined the company, led by Elrond and Galadriel.<ref name=Havens>{{RK|VI9}}, pp. 1027-30</ref> On [[29 September]], they reached the [[Grey Havens]] and departed over the Sea. Thus ended the [[Third Age]].<ref name=Chief/><br />
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Sometime later during the [[Fourth Age]], she received Celeborn, her husband.<ref>{{FR|Prologue}}, pp. 15-6</ref> And in {{FoA|120}},<ref>{{App|B5}}, p. 1098</ref> it is said that [[Gimli]] went to the West out of his desire to see Galadriel again. He may have been allowed thanks to her intervention.<ref>{{App|A3}}, p. 1081</ref><br />
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==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Galadriel.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
''Galadriel'' is a [[Sindarin]] name translated by [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] as "maiden crowned with a garland of bright radiance",<ref name=Finwe/> "Maiden crowned with gleaming hair",<ref name=Amazon></ref> "glittering garland",<ref>{{L|345}}, p. 423</ref> and "maiden crowned with a radiant garland".<ref name=SApp>{{S|Appendix}}, ''kal-''</ref><ref>{{HM|RC}}, pp. 44-5</ref> ''Galadriel'' consists of ''[[galad]]'' ("light, radiance") + ''[[rî]]'' ("crown").<ref name=Finwe/> It was an [[epessë]] given to her in her youth because, while doing exercise, she usually bound up her long golden hair as a crown.<ref name=Amazon>{{L|348}}, p. 428</ref><br />
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Tolkien notes that the element ''galad'' had no relation to Sindarin ''[[galadh]]'' or [[Silvan]] ''galað'' ("tree").<ref name=SApp/><ref>{{MR|P3I5}}, p. 182 (commentary to §42)</ref> Due to this coincidence the name ''Galadriel'' was occasionally rendered as '''''Galadhriel''''', as Tolkien explains:<br />
{{blockquote|When Celeborn and Galadriel became the rulers of the <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Galadhrim]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>, the name of Galadriel became associated with trees, an association that was aided by the name of her husband, which also appeared to contain a tree-word; so that outside [[Lórien]] among those whose memories of the ancient days and Galadriel's history had grown dim her name was often altered to 'Galadhriel', though never in Lórien itself.<ref>{{UT|6e}}, p. 267</ref>}}<br />
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==Other names==<br />
At the time of her birth, [[Finarfin]] named his only daughter '''''Artanis'''''. Her [[father-name]] meant "Noble Woman" in [[Quenya]], from ''[[arta]]'' + ''[[nís]]''.<ref name=Finwe/><br />
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Due to Artanis's height and her great strength of body and will, Eärwen chose the [[Quenya]] name '''''Nerwen''''', meaning "man-maiden".<ref name=Case/><br />
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'''''Alatáriel''''' was the [[Telerin]] name given to Galadriel by [[Celeborn]], meaning "Maiden Crowned with Radiant Garland", which referred to her hair.<ref name=Finwe/> The Quenya form of this name was '''''Altáriel''''', although the proper form would have been '''''Ñaltariel'''''. Its [[Sindarin]] cognate '''''Galadriel''''' was chosen by her to be her Sindarin name, because it was the most beautiful of her names and had been given to her as an [[epessë]] by her lover, Teleporno of the Teleri, whom she wedded later in Beleriand.<ref name=Finwe/><ref group="note">''Teleporno'' was the Teleri-styled named for Lord Celeborn: "It is only of course in the late version that Celeborn appears with a High-elven, rather than Sindarin, name: ''Teleporno''", {{UT|6e}}, p. 266</ref><br />
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== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| MIR |y|~|~|~|~|~|~| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | OLW | | | | | | | |MIR=[[Míriel]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]</br><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|OLW=[[Olwë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF |y| EAW | | SON | | | | | |FEA=[[Fëanor]]</br><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]</br><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FRF=[[Finarfin]]</br><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>|EAW=[[Eärwen]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|SON=''unknown sons''}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | FRD | | ANG |y| ELD | | AEG | | GAL |y| CEL |FRD=[[Finrod]]</br><small>''{{YT|1300}} - {{FA|465}}''</small>|ANG=[[Angrod]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|455}}''</small>|AEG=[[Aegnor]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|455}}''</small>|GAL='''GALADRIEL'''</br><small>''b. {{YT|1362}}''</small>|ELD=[[Eldalótë]]</br><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celeborn]]</br><small>''b. {{FA}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ORO | | | | | | ELR |y| CLB | | |ORO=[[Orodreth]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|495}}''</small>|CLB=[[Celebrían]]</br><small>''b. {{SA|300}}''</small>|ELR=[[Elrond]]</br><small>''b. {{FA|532}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GIL | | FIL | | ELL | | ELO | | ARW |GIL=[[Gil-galad]]</br><small>''d. {{SA|3441}}''</small>|FIL=[[Finduilas]]</br><small>''d. {{FA|495}}''</small>|ELL=[[Elladan]]</br><small>''b. {{TA|130}}''</small>|ELO=[[Elrohir]]</br><small>''b. {{TA|130}}''</small>|ARW=[[Arwen]]</br><small>''{{TA|241}} - {{FoA|121}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
[[File:Alan Lee - Galadriel.jpg|thumb|''Galadriel sketch'' by [[Alan Lee]]]]<br />
{{quote|There is no part of the history of Middle-earth more full of problems than the story of Galadriel and Celeborn...|[[Christopher Tolkien]] in "[[The History of Galadriel and Celeborn]]"}}<br />
<br />
===The History of ''The Lord of the Rings''===<br />
The first appearance of the character of Galadriel in the [[legendarium]] was during the composition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. The first reference [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] ever made to her was in some notes for the "[[Lothlórien (chapter)|Lothlórien]]" chapter, which mentioned that a "Lord of Galadrim and a Lady" went to the White Council. The following phrases are a stub of them receiving the Company of the Ring, both clad in white and with white hair. In other isolated notes about this chapter, Tolkien wondered "if Galadriel is alone and is wife of Elrond."<ref>{{TI|XII}}, pp. 233, 236</ref><br />
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The first mention of "Keleborn and Galadriel" by name was in the narrative of the [[The Mirror of Galadriel|following chapter]], although Tolkien considered other Elvish names before writing ''Galadriel'' in ink.<ref name=Galadriel>{{TI|XIII}}</ref>{{rp|261}} There Galadriel describes Keleborn and herself as "''wise beyond the measure of the Elves of Middle-earth''", and says that they "''have dwelt there since the Mountains were reared and the Sun was young''", from which [[Christopher Tolkien]] deduced they were both conceived as [[exiled Noldor]].<ref name=Galadriel/>{{rp|263}} After the episode with the Company, both names are changed, so she became ''Galadrien'' ("tree-lady") in the next pages.<ref name=Galadriel/>{{rp|249}} Other notable details that were altered later include the white colour of her hair,<ref name=Galadriel/>{{rp|256}} that she was the keeper of the [[Ring of Earth]],<ref name=Galadriel/>{{rp|252}} and that after the departure of the Company, Frodo was supposed to never see Galadriel ever again.<ref>{{TI|XIVviii}}, p. 286</ref><br />
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In a list of matters "to be explained before the end", Tolkien wondered about what happened with Galadriel after the War of the Ring:<br />
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{{blockquote|They learn [...] that Nazgûl razed Lórien and Keleborn fled with a remnant to [[Mirkwood]]. Galadriel was lost or was hidden. Or shall Lórien be left slowly to fade? Yes. Galadriel parts with Keleborn who elects to stay in the world and [?woods]. She is seen by Frodo in old age, when he and Sam see Galadriel and Bilbo...<ref>{{TI|XXVI}}, p. 451, note 18</ref>}}<br />
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In sum, earlier and rejected names during the composition of ''The Lord of the Rings'' were ''Finduilas'', ''Rhien'', ''Galdrin'', ''Galdrien'', ''Galadhrien'', and ''Galadrien''.<ref>{{TI|Index}}, p. 480, entry "Galadriel"</ref><br />
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===Expanding the First Age===<br />
In the [[Appendix F]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien had already stated that Galadriel was "of the royal house of Finrod, father of Felagund, Lord of Nargothrond" (in the Second Edition, Tolkien changed the names to ''Finarfin'' and ''Finrod Felagund'', respectively). Although not using much detail, Tolkien was thus introducing Galadriel in "The Silmarillion" tradition, and having finished ''The Lord of the Rings'', he began the work of expanding the backstory of the character. Galadriel enters this tradition in the ''[[Annals of Aman]]'', in which she is first mentioned when Tolkien decided the children of Finrod (later Finarfin) would be related to Thingol through Eärwen.<ref>{{MR|P2l}}, p. 104, §85</ref> In the ''Annals'', written after the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'',<ref>{{MR|P2}}, p. 48</ref> Galadriel stands out by being valiant and the only woman leading the Exile of the Noldor,<ref>{{AA|§135, 163}}</ref> but there is no explanation of the nature of her rebellion or its later impact on her life.<br />
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Indeed, [[Christopher Tolkien]] explains that when the chapter "Farewell to Lórien" was written, his father had not conceived the idea of a ban upon Galadriel's return due to her role in the Flight of the Noldor.<ref name=History>{{UT|6}}, pp. 228-9</ref> In a letter from [[1953]] (even before ''The Lord of the Rings'' was published), Tolkien did not object to the comparison of Galadriel with the [[Virgin Mary]],<ref>{{L|142}}, p. 172</ref> [[#Rebel exile|a comparison he would object]] to later. <br />
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Written in the same years, the ''[[Grey Annals]]'' follow the ''Annals of Aman'', telling the chronology of Beleriand, mainly after the Return of the Noldor. Here Galadriel's rol is briefly expanded, limited to her relation with Melian and a conversation with her brother Finrod.<ref>{{WJ|P1}}, pp. 35, 40-2, 44, 50</ref> The darkness pending upon all the Noldor is explicitly mentioned, but the same happens with the innocence of the children of Finrod (later Finarfin) during the discussions with Thingol and Melian. Sadly, Tolkien left these ''Annals'' unfinished at the point of the [[Wanderings of Húrin]], so nothing is told about Galadriel at the end of the First Age, neither about her relation with Celeborn.<ref group=note>Notice that both ''Annals'' were (on the matter of Galadriel) the source used by Christopher Tolkien for his edition of the ''[[Quenta Silmarillion]]''. For more details see ''[[#The published Silmarillion]]''.</ref><br />
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===Expanding the Second Age===<br />
After the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien most expanded the story of Galadriel in the Second Age in "[[Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn]]". This manuscript is the only full narrative dealing with this matter, but sadly it is a stub full of corrections, and Tolkien never solved some contradictions that would be raised later.<ref group=note>Notice that this text is the main source for the "[[#Second Age|Second Age]]" section of this article, in which the contradictions have been deliberately overlooked. For more details see ''[[#Unsolved contradictions]]''.</ref> Christopher comments that what is now remarkable is that there is still no presence of the idea of a ban upon Galadriel's return: she stays in Middle-earth out of her love for Celeborn. There could be some pride on her part, as she was eager to visit Middle-earth, but later she stays in Eriador after the first fall of Sauron as a sort of duty until he was finally defeated.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|233-4}}<br />
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The first clear mention of pride in Galadriel's decision is probably in one of many manuscripts written c. [[1959]] dealing with Elven growing. In this text it is briefly mentioned that Galadriel rejected coming back to the West and live in [[Eressëa]], moved by her love for Celeborn and (told in a footnote) maybe by her pride, as she had lived in Aman as a princess, so the Lonely Isle would be a "second best".<ref name=Scales/> We see here that she was allowed to return to the West, but limited to Eressëa, far from the blessed lands (this is, Valinor and Eldamar). There is a sort of ban, not particularly against her, but her pride stands out, as it will become in an essential aspect of her character in the following "phase" of her development.<br />
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===Rebel exile===<br />
In mid-[[1967]], Tolkien wrote long drafts of a letter, in which he first mentioned the idea of Galadriel not being allowed to return after the First Age as a punishment for being one of the leaders of the Noldor rebellion. Also, in a footnote, he interprets the ''[[Namárië]]'' as Galadriel's wish that Frodo might go West, as she cannot, believing she is to remain in Middle-earth forever. And more radically, Tolkien interprets the test of the Ring as granting Galadriel permission to return to Aman.<ref>{{L|297}}, p. 386</ref> Christopher Tolkien does not believe that this letter is proof that the ban was present when such passages were written.<ref name=History/> Given all this, we can well affirm that what is said in this letter are reinterpretations made a posteriori.<br />
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Just two months later, ''[[The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle]]'' was published in the United States, in which Tolkien included a brief biography of Galadriel in notes to the ''Namárië''. Not only the Elvish poem, but the line "''What ship will carry me again across such a wide sea?''" of the poem mentioned above, are interpreted here as expressions of Galadriel's longing, unable to return to the West. Her arrogance is connected to her rebellious role, since she replied proudly to the prohibition by saying she had no desire to return.<ref name=RGEO/><br />
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It is strange that Tolkien's new vision was so clear at this time, since there does not seem to be any intermediate text in which he considered this version or others. Now, he would go ahead with this vision, so it would also affect the character's background in the First Age.<br />
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Written in [[1968]] or later, ''[[The Shibboleth of Fëanor]]'' includes a long passage about Galadriel during her life in Aman and during the Exile. It is the first place that highlights her enmity with Fëanor before the Exile, and also her independence from him, since her desire to see and rule distant lands was already present in her before Fëanor's speech. Her role during the Flight of the Noldor is described as courageous and blameless: she had a legitimate desire to help her Teleri kin in Middle-earth, and she fought fiercely against Fëanor in the Kinslaying at Alqualondë. However, she is guilty of pride, not only in her departure, as here she is granted forgiveness after Morgoth's defeat, but she rejects it.<ref name=Case/><br />
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A few years later, in [[1971]], we see that this conception of Galadriel still remains. In response to a letter, Tolkien acknowledges the influence of the figure of the Virgin Mary on the character of Galadriel, but now points out a radical difference: Galadriel was a penitent with a past marked by pride and rebellion against divine authorities.<ref>{{L|320}}, p. 407</ref><br />
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===Unstained exile===<br />
In a letter written in August [[1973]] (one month before his death), Tolkien gave a completely different description of Galadriel: <br />
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{{blockquote|Galadriel was 'unstained': she had committed no evil deeds. She was an enemy of Fëanor. She did not reach Middle-earth with the other Noldor, but independently. Her reasons for desiring to go to Middle-earth were legitimate, and she would have been permitted to depart, but for the misfortune that before she set out the revolt of Fëanor broke out, and she became involved in the desperate measures of Manwë, and the ban on all emigrations.<ref>{{L|353}}, p. 431</ref>}}<br />
[[File:Elena Kukanova - Artanis sketch.jpg|thumb|''Artanis'' by [[:Category:Images by Elena Kukanova|Elena Kukanova]]]]<br />
This was not an isolated idea; around the same time he wrote an outline of the revised backstory of Galadriel, which he could not carry into narrative, as it ended up being probably his last writing related to the legendarium. Here Galadriel is described as totally opposed to Fëanor from the beginning, and she felt confined in Aman and desired to depart to Middle-earth in order to exercise her talents: "for being brilliant in mind and swift in action she had early absorbed all of what she was capable of the teaching which the Valar thought fit to give the Eldar". Manwë was probably aware of her desire and he had not forbidden her to depart, nor given permission yet. Nonetheless, Galadriel did not remain inactive and thought in the ships of the Teleri, so she dwelt in Alqualondë with her mother's kin. There she met Celeborn (here a Telerin prince and her cousin), and both planned to build a boat and seek the permission of the Valar to depart to Middle-earth. <br />
<br />
But then Melkor and Ungoliant destroyed the [[Two Trees]], and Fëanor began his rebellion, in which Galadriel had no part. "Indeed, she and Celeborn fought heroically in defence of Alqualondë against the assault of the Noldor, and Celeborn's ship was saved from them". Now Galadriel sailed in despair without asking Manwë, and indeed she would have been told to stay in Valinor in that hour, despite her desire being legitimate; and thus the ban against departure fell upon her and she was forbidden to return. She and Celeborn reached Middle-earth before Fëanor, finding Círdan's haven and being received with joy. They did not join the war against Morgoth, which they considered hopeless without the help of the Valar, and instead they recommended going eastwards and befriending the [[Dark Elves]] and Men living there. But the Elves of Beleriand did not heed these counsels, so both of them crossed the Ered Lindon before the end of the First Age. They were granted permission to return by the Valar, but they rejected it.<br />
<br />
Christopher Tolkien explains that this change probably had its roots in the philosophical implications of Galadriel's power in Middle-earth. He is certain that his father had the intention of changing all the narrative of "The Silmarillion" related to the backstory of Galadriel, despite what was already written: after all, she was not part of the story of the Noldor in the first place and the book had not been published. The only notable problem is in the backstory of Celeborn, which contradicts what was already published in J.R.R. Tolkien's life.<ref name=History/>{{rp|231-3}}<br />
<br />
===Unsolved contradictions===<br />
As can be seen, the development of Galadriel throughout Tolkien's texts is mainly structured around the nature of her exile and ban from Aman. In this subsection we present other aspects of her that are better explained separately for order's sake. In the mentioned texts there are some loose contradictions that can be easily explained as mere mistakes. A noticeable case is Galadriel using [[Nenya]] during the Second Age in "[[Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn]]", which contradicts everything we know about the [[Rings of Power]] in ''The Lord of the Rings''. On the contrary, the contradictions presented in this subsection result from the several revisions and we cannot know how Tolkien would have solved them.<br />
<br />
;:Galadriel in Nargothrond<br />
In the ''[[Grey Annals]]'' it is written that Galadriel went from Doriath to Nargothrond "and dwelt there for a while" after Finrod had completed its building.<ref name=Nargothrond/> But while expanding the ''[[The Later Quenta Silmarillion|Quenta Silmarillion]]'', Tolkien wrote: "Yet Galadriel his sister went never to Nargothrond, for she remained long in Doriath", and revised it with "Yet Galaðriel his sister dwelt never in Nargothrond".<ref>{{WJ|10}}, p. 178</ref> It is unclear which version was written as definitive, but Christopher Tolkien chose the former one for [[Of the Noldor in Beleriand|Chapter 15]] of his edition of ''The Silmarillion''.<br />
<br />
;:Passing over the mountains<br />
Christopher Tolkien explains that in the first conception, Galadriel went to the east from Beleriand alone and found Celeborn (probably of [[Nandor|Nandorin]] origin) in Lórien. Hence in the chapter "[[The Mirror of Galadriel]]" she said Celeborn dwelt in the West before the Dawn, and that she crossed the mountains from Beleriand (apparently alone). This contradicts the information in [[Appendix B]] of ''The Lord of the Rings'' and in ''[[The Road Goes Ever On (book)|The Road Goes Ever On]]'', in which Celeborn is a Sinda who accompanied Galadriel from Lindon.<ref name=History/>{{rp|228}}<br />
<br />
The time when she passed over the mountains is also contradictory, as Galadriel said that it was "''ere the fall of Nargothrond and Gondolin''", yet in Appendix B it is stated that at the beginning of the Second Age she was still dwelling in Lindon, before passing over the mountains. This contradiction in the same work must have been due to a mistake during revision.<ref group=note>It is possible, however, that Galadriel first left Beleriand to avoid the cataclysmic war, later came to Lindon to join the surviving exiles, and crossed the Ered Luin again looking for a settlement.</ref><br />
<br />
;:Marriage of Galadriel and Celeborn<br />
In Appendix B, while describing the beginning of the Second Age, it is said that Celeborn dwelt in [[Harlindon|south Lindon]] with his wife Galadriel, so it appears that they were married at this point.<ref name=Second/> In a manuscript from c. [[1959]], Tolkien said that Galadriel and Celeborn probably married "soon after the overthrow of Morgoth", before they crossed the Mountains.<ref name=Scales/> Another manuscript from the same period states the same, but in its following notes Tolkien wrote that Galadriel did not marry Celeborn until they were settled (in Lake Nenuial, as understood by the context).<ref>{{NM|P1x}}, p. 73</ref> In a manuscript from [[1965]], while Tolkien pondered about Amroth being their child, he wrote that Galadriel and Celeborn were betrothed, but did not marry until the confusion of the War of Wrath and the beginning of the Second Age had ended (till S.A. 24).<ref name=Ages/><br />
<br />
;:Birth-year of Celebrían<br />
The year and the place of Celebrían's birth was never definite. Tolkien considered as early as year 9 of the Second Age, and as late as 350 (850 was also considered, but as a mere conjecture). For details and references see ''[[Celebrían#Other versions of the legendarium]]''.<br />
<br />
;:Mother of Amroth<br />
In "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn", both Celebrían and [[Amroth]] are children of Galadriel and Celeborn,<ref name=Concerning/> but in later texts dating from [[1969]], Tolkien made Amroth the son of [[Amdír]].<ref>{{UT|Amroth}}, p. 244</ref> For more details see ''[[Amroth#Other versions of the legendarium]]''.<br />
<br />
;:Founder of Eregion<br />
In Appendix B, it is said that at the beginning of the Second Age, the Noldor went to [[Eregion]] out of their interest for the [[mithril]] in [[Moria]]. Besides, Celebrimbor is called "Lord of Eregion", with no mention of his relation with Galadriel.<ref name=Second/> In "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn", Galadriel and Celeborn are described as the founders of Eregion, a place chosen by Galadriel out of her desire to gather the Elven and the Dwarvish races against the increasing evil in Middle-earth. Celebrimbor is the chief builder of the realm, but is not mentioned as its lord, although he later seizes the power there.<ref name=Concerning/>{{rp|235-7}} Celebrimbor as the founder appears only in a linguistic work, in which Tolkien simply mentions "the settlement at Eregion under Celebrimbor".<ref>{{PE|17}}, p. 53</ref> It is unclear if these texts are necessarily contradictory, but it is clear that trying to explain the rule in Eregion remains problematic.<br />
<br />
===The published ''Silmarillion''===<br />
Christopher Tolkien was aware of his father's [[#Unstained exile|latest conception]], in which Galadriel left Aman free of any guilt. However, as this was a mere projected idea, he had to make use of the completed narratives for his edition of ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', in which she is a rebel leader.<ref name=History/>{{rp|232-3}} It is notable that in this work there is no explanation of Galadriel's reasons for remaining in Middle-earth after the War of Wrath, save that Celeborn was unwilling to leave,<ref name=Earendil/> nor is there any mention of a ban against her return or her concerns about the remaining evil. This way, Christopher did not choose any particular position and let the reader guess, but also stripped this character of all development in relation to ''The Lord of the Rings''.<br />
<br />
[[Douglas C. Kane]] noted that Christopher Tolkien, for his edition, removed some statements on Galadriel from his father's work: [[Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië|Chapter 5]]'s original text said that Galadriel was "the most valiant" lady of the [[house of Finwë]]; and [[Of the Flight of the Noldor|Chapter 9]]'s mentioned her as "Galadriel the valiant and fair". According to Kane, Galadriel is not the only female character inexplicably diminished by Christopher's editorial choices.<ref>[[Douglas C. Kane]], ''[[Arda Reconstructed: The Creation of the Published Silmarillion]]'' ([[2009]]), pp. 74, 114, 252</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Galadriel in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel as portrayed in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Galadriel.jpg|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings - The Fellowship of the Ring (video game) - Galadriel.JPG|Galadriel as portrayed in Vivendi's ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|The Fellowship of the Ring]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Galadriel.jpg|Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey - Galadriel.jpg|[[Cate Blanchett]] as Galadriel in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Galadriel.png|Galadriel as portrayed in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''<br />
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Galadriel in Tirharad.jpg|[[Morfydd Clark]] as Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''<br />
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Young Galadriel.jpg|[[Amelie Child Villiers]] as Young Galadriel in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:Galadriel is voiced by [[Annette Crosbie]].<br />
<br />
'''2001: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Galadriel is played by [[Cate Blanchett]]. Galadriel narrates the [[Prologue: One Ring to Rule Them All...|Prologue]], explaining the creation of the Rings of Power and the War of the Last Alliance. Earlier plans considered were to have either Frodo or Gandalf narrate the Prologue, but this was dropped: Frodo was not alive until thousands of years after these events happened, and although Gandalf was alive, he was not present in Middle-earth at the time; the Wizards came some one thousand years after the Prologue ends. Thus Galadriel narrates the Prologue, because she had first-hand accounts of this history and actively participated in its events.<br />
<br />
'''2002: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'':'''<br />
:Galadriel frequently consults [[ósanwë|telepathically]] with Elrond; in the books there is no clear indication of how Galadriel knew about the coming of the Fellowship. In the film, unlike the book, Galadriel and [[Elrond]] send an army of [[Elves]] - led by [[Haldir]] - to [[Battle of the Hornburg|Helm's Deep]] to aid the [[Rohirrim]]. In the DVD commentary, [[Peter Jackson]] and his fellow writers explain that they worried audiences would wonder why the Elves do not seem to be helping in the war, while at the same time, they felt that actually inserting an entire separate battle scene at Lothlórien would take up too much screen time and resources.<br />
<br />
'''2003: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'':'''<br />
:A spiritual apparition of Lady Galadriel appears to provide Frodo strength following his passage through Shelob's Lair soon after he uses the Phial that she gave him. She is later seen leaving Middle-earth along with other Ring-bearers, but in film version her husband Celeborn departs with her at the same time.<br />
<br />
'''2012-14: [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Cate Blanchett reprised her role as Galadriel, although the character is absent from the novel.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150168211921558|articlename=Production begins in New Zealand on The Hobbit|dated=20-March-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> She appears as part of the [[White Council]] alongside [[Saruman]], [[Gandalf]] and [[Elrond]].Later, right before [[Thorin and Company|Thorin and his Company]] enter in [[Mirkwood]], she telepathically urges Gandalf to further seek the true identity of the [[Sauron#Sauron's Return|Necromancer]]. Finally, during the [[attack on Dol Guldur]], Galadriel plays a larger role. She first rescues Gandalf from captivity, and is ultimately the one to drive Sauron from the fortress using her [[Phial of Galadriel|phial]], although weakened by the amount of power she used.<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
'''1993: [[Hobitit]]:'''<br />
:Galadriel is portrayed by [[Heidi Krohn]]. She appears only in the episode ''Lórien'', and she is featured as a reflection on the surface of the lake.<br />
<br />
'''2022: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]:'''<br />
:Galadriel is portrayed by [[Morfydd Clark]] as one of the central characters of the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=Alice Jones|articleurl=https://inews.co.uk/culture//film/morfydd-clark-saint-maud-baftas-lord-of-the-rings-946160|articlename=Morfydd Clark on Saint Maud and Lord of the Rings: ‘I am so frightened of loneliness’<br />
|dated=10-August-2021|website=[https://inews.co.uk inews.co.uk]|accessed=07-April-2021}}</ref><ref>{{webcite|author=Justin Kroll|articleurl=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/lord-of-the-rings-series-galadriel-morfydd-clark-1203446284/ |articlename='Lord of the Rings' Series Taps Morfydd Clark as Young Galadriel (EXCLUSIVE)|dated=10-August-2021|website=[https://variety..com Variety]|accessed=17-December-2019}}</ref> Lady [[Amelie Child Villiers]] portrays Young Galadriel in [[A Shadow of the Past|Episode 1]] as a child.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9788618/fullcredits|articlename=Full Cast & Crew|dated=|website=IMDB|accessed=2 September 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Radio series===<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Galadriel is provided by [[Marian Diamond]]. In addition to the Lothlórien episodes, the voice of Galadriel is heard in Shelob's Lair as a reminder to use the phial, and she appears with Elrond in the final episode in the Shire, as they journey towards the Grey Havens.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Galadriel is provided by Soňa Norisová. Norisová also provides most of the singing in the series (including the opening and closing titles theme and series closing song), alluding to Galadriel being a secondary storyteller (with Bilbo Baggins serving as the series' primary storyteller).<br />
<br />
===Games===<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Galadriel, voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]], is the narrator of the Prologue and the Epilogue, and appears in Lothlórien.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Galadriel is the strongest of "Hero" units available to the Free Peoples. If a player's army manages to spot [[Gollum]] on the battlefield, take The One Ring from him and deliver it to their forces, the option to "summon" Galadriel unlocks for a large amount of resources. Thus, Lady Galadriel is represented as succumbing to corruption of The Ring, similar to the respective scene in the ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' movie.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Introduced in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria]]'', Galadriel plays a prominent role during the Epic storyline with guidance and support. During the final days of the [[War of the Ring]], Galadriel assembles the Council of Elven Lords, where it is decided to bring their armies against [[Dol Guldur]]. After she brings down the walls of Dol Guldur, Galadriel accompanies Arwen on her journey south to her wedding, and they visit the site of [[Celebrian]]'s captivity in the [[Misty Mountains]] together. Afterwards, she and Celeborn join the procession of [[Elrond]]'s house and travel to [[Minas Tirith]] to attend the wedding of Arwen and Aragorn.<br />
<br />
'''2014: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]:'''<br />
:Galadriel is featured in the game, although she is a non-playable character. She is voiced by [[Jennifer Hale]] and she narrates the prologue in a showing of the game.<br />
<br />
'''2017: [[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]:'''<br />
:Galadriel is featured in the game, although she is a non-playable character, with [[Jennifer Hale]] reprising her role from the game.<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=noldor<br />
| house=[[House of Finarfin]]<small><br/>Cadet branch of [[House of Finwë]]</small><br />
| born={{YT|1362}}<br />
| died=Sailed west on [[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=''[[Celebrimbor]], as its creator''<br />
| list=[[Three Keepers|Keeper]] of [[Nenya]]<br />
| dates=c. {{SA|1600}} - after [[29 September]], {{TA|3021}}<br />
| next=Presumably, still Galadriel<br />
| nvac=None<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=''[[Amroth]], as [[King of Lórien]]''<br />
| list=[[Lord and Lady of Lórien|Lady of Lórien]]<br />
| dates={{TA|1981}} - [[29 September]], {{TA|3021|n}} (with [[Celeborn]])<br />
| next=[[Celeborn]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{hobbitfilms}}<br />
{{lordoftheringsfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Finarfin]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Galadriel]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/personnages/elfes/noldor/galadriel]]<br />
[[fi:Galadriel]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Celebrimbor&diff=375981Celebrimbor2023-06-26T15:48:38Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Second Age */ Additional information about Galadriel, Celeborn, and Narvi</p>
<hr />
<div>{{noldor infobox<br />
| name=Celebrimbor<br />
| image=[[File:Angus McBride - Celebrimbor.gif|250px]]<br />
| caption="Celebrimbor" by [[Angus McBride]]<br />
| pronun=[[Sindarin|S]], {{IPA|[ˌkɛlɛˈbrɪmbɔr]}}<br />
| othernames=''Telperinquar''/''Telpinquar'' ([[Quenya|Q]])<br />
| titles=Lord of Eregion<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Eldamar]]</br>[[Nargothrond]]</br>[[Eregion]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]]<br />
| language=[[Quenya]] & [[Sindarin]]<br />
| birth=Before {{YT|1495}}<ref name=PMXnotes>{{PM|XNotes}}, Note 7, pp.317-9</ref><br />
| birthlocation=[[Aman]]<br />
| rule={{SA|750}} - {{SA|1697|n}} (for 947 years)<br />
| death={{SA|1697}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Sack of Eregion]], [[Ost-in-Edhil]]<br />
| age=2,334+<br />
| notablefor=Creating the [[Three Rings]]</br>Inscribing the [[Doors of Durin]]<br />
| house=[[House of Fëanor]]<br />
| parentage=[[Curufin]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{Quote|In [[Eregion]] the craftsmen of the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], the People of the Jewel-smiths, surpassed in cunning all that have ever wrought, save only [[Fëanor]] himself; and indeed greatest in skill among them was Celebrimbor, son of [[Curufin]]...|''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"}}<br />
<br />
'''Celebrimbor''' forged the [[Rings of Power]], mighty artifacts whose existence shaped the history of the [[Second Age|Second]] and [[Third Age|Third Ages]] of Middle-earth. As a craftsman, he was second only to his grandfather<ref name=PMXnotes/> [[Fëanor]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
=== First Age ===<br />
[[File:Jenny Dolfen - Celebrimbor.jpg|thumb|left|''Celebrimbor'' by [[Jenny Dolfen]]]]<br />
Celebrimbor was born in [[Aman]] during the [[Years of the Trees]]. Among [[Fëanor]]'s [[Sons of Fëanor|seven sons]], Celebrimbor's father [[Curufin]] was the chief inheritor of Fëanor's temperament and skills in craftsmanship.<ref name=Curufin>{{PM|XI7}}, p. 352</ref> In turn, Curufin passed these skills – but not this temper – on to Celebrimbor.<ref name=PMXnotes/><br />
<br />
Following the [[Darkening of Valinor]], Celebrimbor followed Fëanor into exile in [[Middle-earth]].<ref name=Nol>{{S|9}}, p. 37</ref> His unnamed mother remained behind with the people of [[Finarfin]].<ref name=PMXnotes/> Celebrimbor did not swear the [[Oath of Fëanor]]. It is unknown whether he took part in the [[Kinslaying at Alqualondë]]. It is also unknown whether he crossed the [[Belegaer]] in one of the stolen Falmari ships or if he followed [[Fingolfin]] across the [[Helcaraxë]].<br />
<br />
Celebrimbor's whereabouts in Beleriand in the early [[Years of the Sun]] are unattested, but later events suggest that he dwelt with his father Curufin and uncle [[Celegorm]] in their realm of [[Himlad]].<ref>{{S|14}}, p. 58</ref> The realm lasted until the [[Dagor Bragollach]] in {{FA|455}}, in which [[Morgoth]] broke the [[Siege of Angband]]. After this defeat, Curufin and Celegorm fled to the southwest with many of their people, including Celebrimbor,<ref name=PMXnotes/> and took refuge with [[Finrod Felagund]] in his realm of [[Nargothrond]].<ref>{{S|18}}</ref><br />
<br />
Though they were but refugees and guests in Nargothrond, Curufin and Celegorm sought power, and they quickly gained great influence among the people. For his part, Celebrimbor was not involved in his father's schemes and came to love Finrod.<ref name=PMXnotes/> <br />
<br />
In {{FA|465}}<ref>{{GA|192}}, p. 65</ref>, the brothers' [[Quest for the Silmaril|political machinations]] forced Finrod to surrender his crown to [[Orodreth]] and leave his realm. Their dominance would prove short-lived. Later that same year, captives freed from the dungeons of [[Tol-in-Gaurhoth]] returned to Nargothrond and spoke against the brothers, revealing their treachery and turning the people against them. Orodreth would not suffer them to be slain and so exiled them from the realm.<ref name=Oro>{{S|19}}</ref><br />
<br />
When Celebrimbor learned the truth of his father and uncle's actions, he was "aghast" and parted ways with them. He was not subject to their exile and did not voluntarily follow them.<ref name=PMXnotes/> His whereabouts for the remainder of the First Age are unknown.<br />
<br />
=== Second Age ===<br />
{{expansion}}<br />
==== Establishment of Eregion and the forging of the Rings of Power ====<br />
The whereabouts of Celebrimbor during the early years of the [[Second Age]] are uncertain, but at some point, he became a great friend to [[Galadriel]] and [[Celeborn]],<ref name=PMXnotes/> and in {{SA|750}}, Celebrimbor with many others of the exiled Noldor followed them to establish the realm of [[Eregion]] near to [[Khazad-dûm]], the mansions of the [[Longbeards|Longbeard]] [[Dwarves]]. This they did due to the discovery of ''[[mithril]]'' in the surrounding mountains.<br />
<br />
Eventually, a great friendship arose between the Elves of Eregion and the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, such that was never before seen, and Celebrimbor became the [[Lord of Eregion]] and the greatest of the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], "People of the Jewel-smiths", who in their skill were second only to Fëanor, Celebrimbor's grandfather. There, Celebrimbor befriended [[Narvi|Narvi the Dwarf]], who built the [[Doors of Durin]] and Celebrimbor inscribed the words upon it.<ref name=Dark>{{FR|II4}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, in {{SA|1200}}, [[Sauron]], under the fair guise of ''[[Annatar]]'', came to Eriador posing as an emissary of the [[Valar]]; and while rejected by [[Gil-galad]], the [[High King of the Noldor]], in [[Lindon]] (where he was not even admitted to), he was nonetheless accepted by the smiths of Eregion.<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1500}}, the Gwaith-i-Mírdain reached the height of their skill under the instruction of Sauron and began forging the [[Rings of Power]].<br />
<br />
==== The War of the Elves and Sauron and death ====<br />
Celebrimbor was ignorant of Sauron's true intentions, and he was unaware that Sauron had incorporated a binding magic into the rings. Furthermore, in secret, Sauron forged the [[One Ring]], a master ring that would rule all the lesser rings, to enable him to rule Middle-earth by controlling those that wore all the other rings. When Sauron placed the One Ring on his finger, claiming dominance over all the [[Rings of Power]] and their bearers, the Elves knew his true identity and intentions. Celebrimbor and the Elves of Eregion defied Sauron by withholding the other rings from him. Aside from the One Ring, the greatest rings were created by Celebrimbor himself, and these were never touched by Sauron and thus were uncorrupted by him, although they were still subject to the One Ring. These were the Three Rings of the Elves, and a chief source of the beauty that came about in the [[Third Age]]. Celebrimbor named them [[Vilya]], [[Narya]], and [[Nenya]] after the Middle-earth elements of air, fire and water. He sent the three rings away for safekeeping: Vilya and Narya to Gil-galad in Lindon; and Nenya to Galadriel in Lórien. Celebrimbor also sent the mightiest of the seven to Durin III of Khazad-dûm.<br />
<br />
Sauron retaliated by attacking Eregion, laying waste to the realm. Celebrimbor was captured in the chaos and was forced, under torture, to disclose the locations of the lesser rings, but he would not reveal the whereabouts of the Three. Celebrimbor died from his torment, and his body was shot with arrows and hung upon a pole, and was later paraded as a banner when Sauron attacked the Grey Havens.<ref>{{UT|Concerning}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Renowned works ==<br />
* ''Possibly'' the [[Elessar of Eärendil]] (see [[Celebrimbor#The Elessar|below]] for more information)<br />
* The [[Doors of Durin]] (with [[Narvi]])<br />
* The [[Three Rings]]<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
{{Pronounce|Celebrimbor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
The name ''Celebrimbor'' is in [[Sindarin]], meaning "Silver-fist"; it is comprised of the elements ''[[celebrin]]'' ("like silver in hue or worth") + ''[[paur]]'' ("fist, closed hand"),<ref name=Tel>{{PE|Eldarin}}, entry ''S'' '''Celebrimbor''', p. 42</ref> with the ending ''-bor'' in ''Celebrimbor'' being a suffixal form of ''paur''.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Paul Strack]]|articleurl=http://eldamo.org/content/words/word-3689389101.html|articlename=S. ''Celebrimbor'' m.|website=Eldamo|accessed=11 August 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Its [[Quenya]] cognate is '''''Telperinquar''''' or '''''Telpinquar'''''.<ref name=Tel/><br />
<br />
For another, later etymology that contradicts the origins of the character of Celebrimbor as seen in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', see [[Celebrimbor#Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals|below]].<br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
<div style="overflow-x: scroll; overflow-y: hidden; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; padding: 3px; background: #EEEEEE;"><br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | MHT | | MIR |y| FIN |y| IND | | | | | | | | | | | | |MHT=[[Mahtan]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>| MIR=[[Míriel]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1170}}''</small>|FIN=[[Finwë]]<br/><small>''d. {{YT|1495}}''</small>|IND=[[Indis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| | | | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | NRD |~|y|~| FEA | | FDS | | FNG | | IRM | | FRF | | |NRD=[[Nerdanel]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FEA=[[Fëanor]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1169}} - {{YT|1497|n}}''</small>|FDS=[[Findis]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FNG=[[Fingolfin]]<br/><small>''{{YT|1190}} - {{FA|456}}''</small>|IRM=[[Írimë]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|FRF=[[Finarfin]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT|1230}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}<br />
{{familytree | MDH | | MAG | | CEL | | CAR | | CUR | | AMD | | AMR |MDH=[[Maedhros]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|587}}''</small>|MAG=[[Maglor]]<br/><small>''b. {{YT}}''</small>|CEL=[[Celegorm]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CAR=[[Caranthir]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|CUR=[[Curufin]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|506}}''</small>|AMD=[[Amrod]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>|AMR=[[Amras]]<br/><small>''d. {{FA|538}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}<br />
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CLB | | | | | | | | |CLB='''CELEBRIMBOR'''<br/><small>''d. {{SA|1697}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
== Other versions of the legendarium ==<br />
=== ''[[The History of The Lord of the Rings]]'' ===<br />
The character of Celebrimbor first appears in a draft chapter of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' called ''[[The Mines of Moria (chapter)|The Mines of Moria]]'' (from [[1939]]<ref>{{CG|C}}, entry '''August-autumn 1939''', p. 229</ref>),<ref name=Ret>{{RS|Moria}}, p. 449</ref> which would later become the chapter ''[[A Journey in the Dark]]'' in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' as published.<ref group=note>Before they were envisioned as being made by Celebrimbor in ''The Lord of the Rings'', the [[Rings of Power]] were imagined as creations of [[Fëanor]] himself.</ref><ref>{{TI|Galadriel}}, p. 255</ref><br />
<br />
There, as in ''The Lord of the Rings'', he is only mentioned by name when [[Gandalf]] was reading the inscription on the Doors of Durin:<ref name=Ret/><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|"They merely say: The Doors of Durin Lord of Moria. Speak friends and enter. And underneath very small and now faint is: [[Narvi#Other versions of the legendarium|Narfi]] made them. '''Celebrimbor of Hollin drew these signs'''."}}<br />
<br />
The name ''Celebrimbor'' was also added to ''[[The Etymologies]]'', a linguistic work from the late 1930s, at around the same time. There, the name is given under the root [[KWAR]] ("clutching hand, fist"), and Celebrimbor's name was explained as meaning "Silver-fist" in [[Noldorin]] (which was a precursor language to [[Sindarin]]).<ref>{{LR|Etymologies}}, entry '''KWAR-''', p. 366</ref><br />
<br />
However, even though no origin of Celebrimbor was published until the second edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'' in [[1966]], Tolkien did in fact write one in the 1950s, which can be found in the next section of the article.<br />
<br />
=== ''Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn'' and ''The Elessar'' ===<br />
The first known origin story of Celebrimbor was written by Tolkien in c. [[1959]], occurring in a text called ''[[Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn]]''. There, Celebrimbor was described as an [[Gondolindrim|Elf]] of [[Gondolin]] (and one of [[Turgon]]'s "greatest artificers"), who, after the end of the First Age and the overthrow of Morgoth, became a follower of Celeborn and Galadriel,<ref name=Con>{{UT|Concerning}}, p. 235</ref> who were regarded as the "High Lord and Lady of all the Eldar of the West".<ref>{{NM|P3xvi}}, p. 347</ref><br />
<br />
After the establishment of Eregion,<ref group=note>This text states that the building of Ost-in-Edhil, the capital of Eregion, was begun in {{SA|750}}.</ref> Celebrimbor became the "chief craftsman of Eregion" with an "almost 'dwarvish' obsession with crafts", and befriended the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, of whom a dwarven craftsman called [[Narvi]] was his greatest friend<ref name=Con/> - from that friendship both Eregion and Khazad-dûm profited greatly.<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1000}}, Sauron established himself in [[Mordor]], and sent emissaries to Eriador, before finally appearing there himself, in his fairest form, in {{SA|1200}}. However, he was rejected by Gil-galad in [[Lindon]], and after heading to Eregion, was likewise rejected by Galadriel and Celeborn, the original rulers of Eregion in this conception of the legendarium.<ref name=Ceb>{{UT|Concerning}}, p. 236</ref><br />
<br />
But even though Celeborn and Galadriel (who he perceived to be his chief obstacle) rejected him, Sauron, posing as an emissary of the Valar, nonetheless managed to convince Celebrimbor and the rest of the Noldorin smiths of Eregion, who by this time have formed a powerful guild called the [[Gwaith-i-Mírdain]], to accept his help in the forging of the Rings of Power;<ref name=Bor>{{UT|Concerning}}, pp. 236-7</ref> here Tolkien states that the story of Fëanor was repeated.<br />
<br />
Therefore, Celebrimbor and his followers (under the influence of Sauron) rebelled against Galadriel and Celeborn,<ref group=note>In this text, it is said that Celebrimbor was "secretly anxious to rival the skill and fame of Fëanor".</ref> and, sometime between {{SA|1350}} and {{SA|1400|n}}, Galadriel withdrew from Eregion and went to [[Lórinand]] (which would later be known as ''Lórien''), via Khazad-dûm, and took up rule there. However, Celeborn, owing to his distrust of the Dwarves, remained in Eregion "disregarded by Celebrimbor".<br />
<br />
In c. {{SA|1500}}, Sauron left Eregion, some time after the Mírdain started crafting the Rings of Power.<br />
<br />
When in c. {{SA|1600}} Sauron forged the [[One Ring]], Celebrimbor finally discovered his true intentions, and he repented. Therefore he went to Lórinand to seek Galadriel's advice;<ref group=note>Tolkien wrote here that they "should have destroyed all the Rings of Power at this time, 'but they failed to find the strength'".</ref> she advised him to hide the [[Three Rings]] (which were the three Great Rings made solely by Celebrimbor) and send them away far from Eregion, never to be used, after which Celebrimbor gave one of them ([[Nenya]]) to her keeping. Following that, he entrusted the other two rings ([[Vilya]] and [[Narya]]) to Gil-galad in Lindon.<ref group=note>According to this text, at this time, Gil-galad gave Narya to [[Círdan]]; however, according to a later note, it is said that Gil-galad kept both rings until the [[War of the Last Alliance]].</ref><br />
<br />
After Sauron learned of Celebrimbor's repentance, he invaded Eriador and besieged Eregion. And even though help was on the way, from Celeborn with his son [[Amroth]] and the [[Nandor]] of Lórinand, along with the Dwarves of Moria, ''and'' from an army sent by Gil-galad under the command of Elrond from the west, it did not arrive in time. Therefore:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Sauron breaks into Eregion and lays it waste. Celebrimbor is slain personally by Sauron, but Sauron does not get the Three Rings. His wrath now blazes. Elrond with all (the few) refugees from Eregion he can gather fight a vanguard action and draw away N.W. He founds a stronghold in Imladris.}}<br />
<br />
And:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|When Celeborn heard of onset of Sauron (fearing to keep the Three Rings himself) he sent one to Galadriel in Lórinand by Amroth. Celeborn makes a sortie and breaks out and joins Elrond but cannot get back.}}<br />
<br />
==== ''The Elessar'' ====<br />
In a text titled ''[[The Elessar]]'', written at around the same time as that of ''Concerning Galadriel & Celeborn'',<ref name=Ele>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 251</ref> Tolkien gives two in-universe accounts of the creation of the [[Elfstone|Elessar]], a gem-stone of which it was said that:<ref name=Sar>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 249</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|...those who looked through this stone saw things that were withered or burned healed again or as they were in the grace of their youth, and that the hands of one who held it brought to all that they touched healing from hurt.}}<br />
<br />
According to one of these accounts, the original Elessar was made by [[Enerdhil]], a renowned smith of [[Gondolin]], who gave it to [[Idril]] the daughter of King [[Turgon]], who in turn gave it to [[Eärendil]] her son - and so the original Elessar past into the West with him on his voyage to [[Aman]].<ref name=Sar/><br />
<br />
Many years later,<ref group=note>Before Sauron "deluded the smiths of Eregion".</ref> Galadriel confided in Celebrimbor that she lamented the inevitable decay and diminishment of the lands of Middle-earth, and wished that there was some way to counteract it - because even though she was able to go West to [[Tol Eressëa]], she was still too proud to do so.<ref>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 250</ref><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|'I would have trees and grass about me that do not die - here in the land that is mine', she answered. 'What has become of the skill of the Eldar?' And Celebrimbor said: 'Where now is the [[Elfstone|Stone of Eärendil]]? And Enerdhil who made it is gone.' 'They have passed over Sea,' said Galadriel, 'with almost all fair things else. But must then Middle-earth fade and perish for ever?'}}<br />
<br />
Therefore Celebrimbor, who loved Galadriel (though she "turned to Celeborn of the Trees") began to work on making the second Elessar. Because unbeknownst to Galadriel, Celebrimbor used to be an Elf of Gondolin, and was a friend of Enerdhil, even though Enerdhil "in most things outrivalled him".<ref>{{UT|Elessar}}, pp. 250-1</ref><br />
<br />
However, even though Celebrimbor managed to make this stone even more "subtle and clear" than that of Enerdhil, due to the ever present influence of Morgoth on [[Arda]] even after his defeat in the First Age, the gem's light had less power than the original - because that one captured the light of the [[Sun]] in its youth.<ref name=Ele>{{UT|Elessar}}, p. 251</ref><br />
<br />
Nonetheless, the Elessar of Celebrimbor was deemed the greatest of his works, save the [[Three Rings]] only, and:<ref name=Ele/><br />
<br />
{{blockquote|Wielding the Elessar all things grew fair about Galadriel, until the coming of the Shadow to the Forest. But afterwards when Nenya, chief of the Three, was sent to her by Celebrimbor, she needed it (as she thought) no more, and she gave it to Celebrían her daughter, and so it came to Arwen and to Aragorn who was called Elessar.}}<br />
<br />
In the concluding words of the text, however, Tolkien rejected the notion that the first Elessar was made by Enerdhil. Instead, ''both'' Elessars were to be creations of Celebrimbor.<br />
<br />
According to the final paragraph of ''The Elessar'' text, the original Elessar of Celebrimbor (which Idril received) went into the West with Eärendil, and the second one (which Galadriel received) was made by him sometime before Sauron's appearance in Eregion.<ref name=Ele/><br />
<br />
=== ''Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals'' ===<br />
According to a late text called ''[[Eldarin Hands, Fingers, and Numerals]]'', from c. [[1968]], Tolkien changed Celebrimbor's origins from that of a grandson of Fëanor to that of a Teler of Aman (Falmar).<ref name=Eld/><ref name=Vta>{{VT|47a}}, entry '''4. Q. quár''', p. 8</ref><ref name=Nom>{{NM|P2iii}}, p. 178</ref><br />
<br />
In that version of his history, Celebrimbor, the "heroic defender of Eregion in the Second-age war against Sauron", was depicted as a great silver-smith who accompanied Celeborn in his exile to Middle-earth from Aman, along with two other Telerin elves.<br />
<br />
During the Second Age, he moved to Eregion due to the rumours of a "marvellous metal" found in Moria, which he named ''[[mithril]]''.<ref name=Eld/><ref name=Vta/><ref name=Nom/> It is said in the text that:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|In the working of this he became a rival of the Dwarves, or rather an equal, for there was great friendship between the Dwarves of Moria and Celebrimbor, and they shared their skills and craft-secrets.}}<br />
<br />
However, according to his son [[Christopher Tolkien|Christopher]], Tolkien most probably forgot the fact that he included Celebrimbor's origins as a descendant of Fëanor in the second edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'' ([[1966]]), and that, had he remembered it, he would not have changed it.<ref name=Eld>{{PM|XNotes}}, note 7, pp. 318-9</ref><br />
<br />
==== Etymology ====<br />
According to this version of his history, the name ''Celebrimbor'' is likewise in Sindarin. However, in this text, ''Celebrimbor'' is a [[Sindarization|Sindarized]] version of his original [[Telerin]] name '''''Telperimpar''''' (with '''''Tyelpinquar''''' being its Quenya cognate).<br />
<br />
The name was derived from the root [[KWAR]] ("press together, squeeze, wring"), whose derivatives were: ''[[quár]]'' ([[Quenya|Q]]), ''[[pār]]'' ([[Telerin|T]]) and ''[[paur]]'' ([[Sindarin|S]]).<br />
<br />
The text also says that it was a common name among the Teleri of Aman, who were renowned silver-smiths.<ref name=Vta/><ref name=Eld/><ref name=Nom/><br />
<br />
=== ''Of Dwarves and Men'' ===<br />
In a late text that Christopher Tolkien called ''[[Of Dwarves and Men]]'' (from c. [[1969]]),<ref>{{PM|XIntro}}, p. 295</ref> Tolkien changed Celebrimbor's origins yet again.<ref name=Eld/><br />
<br />
Here, Celebrimbor is depicted as a [[Sinda]] who claimed descent from [[Daeron]],<ref name=Dwa>{{PM|X}}, p. 297</ref> a famous [[Minstrels|minstrel]] and the chief loremaster of Doriath.<ref>{{S|10}}, p. 43</ref> In that text, it is explained how in Eregion, due to the influence of Celebrimbor, the ancient [[Angerthas|runic alphabet]] devised by Daeron was, along with [[Tengwar]], also known and used.<br />
<br />
And even though in Eregion these Runes were used mostly on formal occasions, due to the contact between the Elves of Eregion and the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm, and because of the greater ease with which the Runes could be carved on stone, the Longbeard Dwarves adopted and modified them for their own use.<ref name=Dwa/><br />
<br />
== Portrayal in adaptations ==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Celebrimbor in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:Shadow of Mordor - Celebrimbor.jpg|Celebrimbor in ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]''<br />
|File:The Rings of Power (TV series) - Lord Celebrimbor.jpg|Lord Celebrimbor in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]''<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Celebrimbor.jpg|Celebrimbor in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
=== Television ===<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power]]'':'''<br />
:Lord Celebrimbor is portrayed by [[Charles Edwards]] as one of the central characters of the series.<ref>{{webcite|author=[[Alice Jones]]|articleurl=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/02/amazon-the-rings-of-power-series-first-look|articlename=Amazon’s Lord of the Rings Series Rises: Inside The Rings of Power<br />
|dated=10-February-2022|website=[https://www.vanityfair.com VanityFair]|accessed=12-February-2022}}</ref> He first appears in the series' [[A Shadow of the Past|first episode]] at [[Lindon]] and is introduced to [[Elrond]] by [[Gil-galad]]. In the series, he seems to already be a master artisan.<br />
<br />
=== Games ===<br />
'''2014: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor plays a major role in the video game, serving as a [[wraith]] who is bound to an [[Undead|undead]] [[Gondorians|Gondorian]] [[Rangers of Ithilien|Ranger]], [[Talion]], by the will of [[Sauron]]. He is voiced by [[Alister Duncan]]. He is also the main protagonist of the ''Bright Lord'' expansion, where he is revealed to have stolen the One Ring from Sauron at some point in the Second Age, and intended to use it to turn the Dark Lord's own weapons against him. However, he is corrupted by the power of the Ring and doomed to never see the Undying Lands. Though he defeats Sauron in battle, Sauron still managed to reclaim the Ring and banish Celebrimbor's spirit to an eternity as a wraith in the Unseen world. Bound to Talion, Celebrimbor grants him Elven powers to help him seek revenge for the death of his wife and son.<br />
<br />
'''2017: ''[[Middle-earth: Shadow of War]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor uses [[Talion]] to create a new ring of power so they can dominate the orc forces of [[Sauron]]'s army to create one in their own service. With their army amassed they travel Sauron's Road to destroy the Dark Lord. On their way, Talion comes up against the [[Nazgûl]] [[Isildur]] and decides to free Isildur from life as a servant to Sauron. Celebrimbor, angry that Talion vanquished Isildur rather than adding his power to their army, reveals that he intends to replace Sauron instead of destroying him. Talion refuses to help him in his quest for power, so Celebrimbor removes the new ring from him. With their bond lost, Talion begins to bleed profusely and die. Celebrimbor convinces Eltariel, an Elven assassin of [[Galadriel]], to wield the new ring and continue on to defeat Sauron. During their battle, Sauron is able to overpower them and cut Eltariel's fingers off along with the new ring. Sauron then absorbs Celebrimbor and together they become the flaming Eye of Sauron atop [[Barad-dûr]].<br />
<br />
'''2022: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Celebrimbor appears in several flashback sequences, depicting his encounter with the "Lord of Gifts", the initial idea of creating the Rings of Power and his final doomed stand during the [[Sack of Eregion]]. His body was wrestled from Sauron's servant by a brave elf who cast herself into the waters along with it to deny the Enemy his prize.<br />
<br />
{{references|notes}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| name=Celebrimbor<br />
| race=noldor<br />
| house=[[House of Fëanor]]<br />
| born=Before {{YT|1495}}<br />
| died={{SA|1697}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=Title established<br />
| list=Lord of [[Eregion]]<br />
| dates={{SA|750}} - {{SA|1697|n}}<br />
| next=[[Sack of Eregion|Realm destroyed]]<br />
| nvac=None}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Calaquendi]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Silmarillion]]<br />
[[Category:First Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:House of Fëanor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldor]]<br />
[[Category:Noldorin names]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers in Middle-earth]]<br />
[[Category:Second Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Sindarin names]]<br />
[[de:Celebrimbor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:elfes:noldor:celebrimbor]]<br />
[[fi:Celebrimbor]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Galadriel&diff=375966Talk:Galadriel2023-06-26T05:20:39Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Galadriel's Departure From Beleriand & "Of Amroth and Nimrodel" */ new section</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
==Asterisk==<br />
Does anyone else feel the asterisk for Aragorn's being a member of the Fellowship a bit irrelevant? I'm gonna delete it, someone can revert it if I'm wrong. --[[User:Quidon88|Quidon88]] 01:30, 5 January 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
:I also find it unneccessary. I'll go ahead and remove it (as I have several other minor edits I would like to perform on the page). --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 07:35, 5 January 2007 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Where the death date comes from? ==<br />
<br />
As far as I know, Galadriel is immortal. So where can you conclude her date of death? [[User:58.187.53.142|58.187.53.142]] 23:02, 22 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:The infobox says "Passed into the West" and the article states "aged approx. 8,370 years when she took the Straight Road to Valinor". There is no statement of death. --[[User:Fleela|fleela]] 23:12, 22 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::But the infobox says that :"Date of death" and "Age at death", those look like she died already, if my eyes don't betray me.<br />
<br />
:::The infobox is a standard template used in many articles, hence the descriptive parenthetical phrase. --[[User:Fleela|fleela]] 23:58, 22 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::I think we should clear out the information from infobox since it can mislead the readers about her "death". Also, there's an asynchronism here when the lead section state she's aged approx. 8,370 years when she took the Straight Road to Valinor while the infobox says "approximately 7114 years". To have it out, I favor the information of 7114 rather than the number 8370 (in wikipedia version they calculate that "500 (FA) + 3400 (SA) + 3300 (TA) = apx. 7000". Merge the infomation in infobox to lead section is my solution. [[User:58.187.51.25|58.187.51.25]] 00:09, 23 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::::Actually it's 8374. Most people forget that [[Years of the Trees]] are 9.582 [[years of the Sun]] in lenght. There are several other errors in the quoted (wikipedia) calculation. -- [[User:Mithrennaith|Mithrennaith]] 19:18, 21 May 2008 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::::Right now Galadriel is using a Royalty infobox, but I think we should change it to be an Elf-specific infobox. As most Elves passed on to the Undying lands and did not die, we can use that in place of death. I'll double check the dates and fix the article, thanks for your input. --[[User:Hyarion|Hyarion]] 00:30, 23 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::::Galadriel should be using the Noldor infobox, which I'll put up after a rewrite (or someone can change it before the rewrite). Most of the Noldor Tolkien writes about ''did'' die at one point or another (almost the entire [[House of Finwë]], for instance); I'd say about 9/10. For Elves I suppose we could put Died/Passed West, but it's rather more annoying to have to explain on every article which they did (whereas here the few that survived to pass west are explained as such). On the other hand, since the elves that died in Middle-earth were usually reborn in Aman, we could probably think up a variation on "departed mortal lands", etc. Personally, I'm contented with the way it is. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 06:17, 23 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::::::I believe I put down the age. That was based on the dates calculated for the ages plus a hundred or so years to make her old enough for what she did during the Exile of the Noldor. I'm not sure why I added "14". Also, I was thinking, for the Elves passing west is very much like death (only they don't. . . die. They skip the step of being disembodied and going through Mandos). With proper word choice we might be able to work out something. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 06:21, 23 June 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:::::::The [[Elrond]] article has an age for when he sailed to the West, while Galadriel (who left with the same ship) has not. Using the information in Elrond's article, in [[Fingolfin]]'s article, and [[Years of the Trees]], I calulate her age at that point in time as being 8374 years old (which others above already have calculated).<br />
:::::::Think her age at the departure should be mentioned as it shows how old and ancient (and noble) she really is (also, why not give her the same honour as Elrond?). [[Special:Contributions/37.196.206.40|37.196.206.40]] 05:27, 3 October 2015 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Going East==<br />
The article fails in elaborating all the differences in the story of Galadriel. When did she leave Aman, how did she leave, where did she meet Celeborn? Also it completely lacks information about Galadriel and Celeborn passing east into Eriador before the end of the FA. --[[User:Thalion|Thalion]] 14:36, 9 September 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Different versions ==<br />
Isn't the section about the different versions of the legends a bit confusing? It seems to mix several sources into one.<br />
As far as I know, there are more or less three different versions. The one of "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn" found in UT, in which they were the kings of Eregion instead of Celebrimbor, with Amroth as their son. A later one, that comes right after this one in UT, and that clearly rejects their parentage with Amroth, and says nothing about them ruling Eregion (roughly speaking, the "canon" version that appears in the main section of the article and is coherent with all the published works). And the last one, that makes Celeborn a Telerin Elf (thus contradicting LotR and The Road Goes Ever On), in which Galadriel sails from Aman separately but nothing is told about what happened to her in Middle Earth thereafter.<br />
Shouldn't these be given as separate, contradictory versions, instead of as a single, amalgamated one? {{unsigned|95.22.63.145}}<br />
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== Portrayals of Galadriel in adaptions ==<br />
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The passage where it talks about Galadriel in the Two Towers in Peter's film trilogy I think makes a mistake. It says Galadriel sending elven soldiers to Helm's Deep is practically unthinkable, but in the film, Haldir clearly states that he "brings word from Elrond of Rivendell". So that would imply that Elrond sent them, and not Galadriel. {{unsigned|Zaccarius}}<br />
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:I certainly agree that there are way too many value judgements in this section which breaks neutrality. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 21:27, 10 March 2015 (UTC)<br />
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== Suggestions for improvement ==<br />
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It is my understanding that this website (as is general among Tolkienists), holds the policy that any work published by Tolkien during his lifetime is the true canon, while in the case of unpublished works, what came later is more correct than what came earlier (except if it contradicts the canon). However, I’ve noticed that this article doesn’t seem to follow that policy at some places. I would like to edit it, but first I wanted to consult it here, to see if the changes are agreed upon.<br />
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As for this line: “During the troubles that followed, it is unclear if she took any part in the Kinslaying of Alqualondë.”<br />
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In a late essay published in Unfinished Tales, is said that Galadriel revolted along with the other Noldor, but “Even after the merciless assault upon the Teleri and the rape of their ships, though she fought fiercely against Fëanor in defence of her mother's kin, she did not turn back.” <br />
Since I’m not aware that this is contradicted by any other work published or later than this one, I think it’s safe to say that she fought against the Kinslayers.<br />
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“Given the choice whether to stay in Middle-earth or not, Galadriel and Celeborn surprisingly decided to remain. Galadriel was still very proud, even arrogant, and refused to accept the pardon of the Valar and therefore exiled herself in Middle-earth.”<br />
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A passage in The Road Goes Ever On says: “After the overthrow of Morgoth at the end of the First Age a ban was set upon her return, and she had replied proudly that she had no wish to do so.”<br />
This is the only canon explanation of why Galadriel remained in Middle-earth, so it should replace the current line in the main article.<br />
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“Eventually Galadriel and Celeborn made contact with the Nandor of Amdír, who dwelt in a forest realm called Lórinand across the Misty Mountains.”<br />
A note in Unfinished Tales says that the concept that Lórinand was the original name was abandoned. The original name would be Lindórinand. Only after Galadriel became ruler of the forest and brought the mallorns, was the name changed to Lórinand, and later, Lorien.<br />
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“It was during their days of power and glory in Lothlórien (either before or after the deaths of Amdír and Amroth) that Galadriel bore her first and only child: a daughter exceedingly fair named Celebrían.”<br />
In “Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn” (Unfinished Tales) it’s said that right after Sauron’s defeat in Eregion, a Council was held in Rivendel in which Elrond fell in love with Celebrian. This happened clearly before Amdír and Amroth died. It wouldn’t be either during Galadriel’s days of power and glory in Lothlórien. That came much later.<br />
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Apart from this, I’d like to rearrange the section in “Other versions of the legendarium” to separate the different contradictory versions. Right now, they’re all mixed as if it was a single one.<br />
--[[Special:Contributions/90.174.2.72|90.174.2.72]] 11:43, 18 September 2015 (UTC)<br />
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:I support all of this. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 14:45, 18 September 2015 (UTC)<br />
:: Same here. [[User:Amaranth|Amaranth]] 14:17, 10 October 2015 (UTC)<br />
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== Propose the removal of the 'Sources' tag ==<br />
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This tag has been in place since at least 2010 (if not earlier), at that time the page had zero references but it now has twenty two, so I would suggest that this is sufficient for the removal of the 'Sources' tag but I did not want to do so myself. --[[User:JR Snow|JR Snow]] 16:44, 10 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:I think the template can be remove because there are many references (save for the dates maybe). However, there is a lack of pagination for the references from TLOTR and UT (the manual says there is not need to include pagination for UT, but I disagree). I don't have the required TLOTR edition, but I want to improve the references from UT (the section of OVOTL needs a lot of rework) and I'll remove the template then. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 17:17, 10 June 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:Ok, I removed the template because I don't know when I'll be able to revise it. Inline citations, pagination and OVOTL should be improved: this is an important article! --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 16:24, 23 July 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== Possibly Information To Look Over? ==<br />
I found a posting on a website by someone who quoted a lot of information on Galadriel critiquing this article. I have not looked at the second half of it, but I do think it should be looked at, and some of it incorporated into the article. Such as Galadriel being born in [[Eldamar]] since it is never said exactly which city in Eldamar she was born in.<br />
Edited: I just forgot to put the link to the information: https://www.thetolkienforum.com/threads/galadriel-article-tolkiengateway-is-not-trustworthy.30127/<br />
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--[[User:Dour1234| Dour1234]], 10 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
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:The same post was already done in the wiki's forum some months ago: [[Forums:Galadriel page needs fixing]]. I find it quite hypocritical that the user made such a LONG study criticizing the wiki instead of actually improving the article. I finally got my 50th anniversay edition of TLOTR, so I'll get into this article anytime soon and I'll make use of the criticisms there, although I'm considering making the article from zero. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 12:25, 13 April 2022 (UTC)<br />
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==Rewriting==<br />
Well, I finished rewriting the "History" section. I'd wish I had finished the OVOTL already, but I'm considering making a shorter explanation, which means more work. Please, somebody revise the grammar of what I added! Any suggestions or corrections?--[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] ([[User talk:LorenzoCB|talk]]) 09:43, 2 September 2022 (UTC)<br />
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Btw, notice that the notes I included are deliberately vague. I intend to include links to the sections that will explain the contraditions in more detail. So please, keep them as they are. But everyone is now free to improve the article as they think it's better. I'm sure I missed a lot of details. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] ([[User talk:LorenzoCB|talk]]) 16:30, 3 September 2022 (UTC)<br />
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== Galadriel's Departure From Beleriand & "Of Amroth and Nimrodel" ==<br />
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This article claims that Galadriel and Celeborn left Beleriand before the Fall of Nargothrond. I'm not sure if this is actually Tolkien's intent. According to Christopher Tolkien, the line Galadriel states can simply be explained because "In all probability Celeborn was in this conception a Nandorin Elf" (see ''Unfinished Tales'' page 228). I would note in Tolkien's own published writings, within his lifetime, he directly implies Galadriel remained in Beleriand until after the War of Wrath in this line: "After the overthrow of Morgoth at the end of the First Age a ban was set upon her return, and she had replied proudly that she had no wish to do so. She passed over the Mountains of ''Eredluin'' witt her husband Celeborn (one of the ''Sindar'') and went to ''Eregion''." (''The Road Goes Ever On'' p. 60)<br />
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Christopher Tolkien reflects this in this line:<br />
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It is a natural assumption that Celeborn and Galadriel were present at the ruin of Doriath (it is said in one place that Celeborn ‘escaped the sack of Doriath’), and perhaps aided the escape of Elwing to the Havens of Sirion with the Silmaril – but this is nowhere stated. Celeborn is mentioned in Appendix B to The Lord of the Rings as dwelling for a time in Lindon south of the Lune; but early in the Second Age they passed over the Mountains into Eriador. (UT 233)<br />
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Also, are we implementing corrections to "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn" from later works or not? This wiki seems to consider "Of Amroth and Nimrodel" canon, and it was written later than "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn". At any rate, this article does not say Amroth was Galadriel's son. However, according to the later version, Galadriel did not depart to Lórien so early but rather, at the Sack of Eregion, apparently went to Lindon with Celebrían while Celeborn helped Noldorin exiles to Lórien (see UT 243-244). So, what are everyone's thoughts? [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] ([[User talk:SingingOrc|talk]]) 05:20, 26 June 2023 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Racism&diff=368999Racism2023-02-20T14:18:49Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Light vs. Dark */ Punctuation</p>
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<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{quote|For years, Tolkien scholars have waged a fight on two fronts: against an academic establishment that for the most part refused to take the author's work seriously, and against white supremacists who have tried to claim the professor as one of their own.|David Ibata, ''Chicago Tribune''<ref>http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/chi-030112epringsrace,0,341461.story</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Haradrim.jpg|thumb|225px|''[[Haradrim]]'' from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|''Easterlings'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
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Some fans and critics of Tolkien's works could observe several ambiguously '''Racist and race-based elements'''; these go further into stereotyping or the symbolism of good versus evil in the Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. Though the latter is the more established and valid area of study, as early as the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' the topic of 'race' has been discussed, including by [[C.S. Lewis]].{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In the [[The Lord of the Rings Foreword|Foreword]] to the revised edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien cautioned strongly against viewing it as an allegory, saying that he disliked allegory himself. Furthermore, according to his own claims, Tolkien denounced Hitler, Nazi beliefs, "race-doctrine" and apartheid and praised the Jews, calling them a "gifted people" (see below). Tolkien can therefore be described as an author whose messages, allegories (or lack-thereof), and agendas as being set aside from the social-political domain and entirely focused within a fantasy-fiction context. <br />
<br />
[[Christine Chism]] mentions the issue of racism in the ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]'', where she distinguishes accusations as falling into three categories: intentional racism, unconscious [[Wikipedia:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] bias, and an evolution from latent racism in Tolkien's early work to a conscious rejection of racist tendencies in his late work.{{fact}}<br />
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[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] has done much to perpetuate recent popular interest in, as well as criticism of Tolkien's writings.{{fact}}<br />
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==Indications==<!-- These are not to be taken as definite. This list cites claims pointed out by critics, right or wrong. In case they can be 'countered', this is discussed in the next section --><br />
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===Orcs===<br />
The mostly white Free Peoples of Middle-Earth doing battle with the hordes of beast-like orcs is seen by some as an indication of racism.{{fact}}<br />
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Of the orcs, the [[Uruk-Hai]] are described as "black"<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref> and a smaller orc, a tracker, is described as "black-skinned".<ref>{{RK|Shadow}}</ref> All orcs are often described as "slant-eyed" and the Uruk-Hai at least refer to the Rohirrim as 'white skins.' Tolkien described Orcs as ''"...squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types"''<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
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While Tolkien's statement comparing Orcs to the "Mongol-types" may be interpreted as racist, he does put a disclaimer, "(to Europeans,)" before "least lovely", at least recognizing Western cultural bias and also pointing out that they were "degraded and repulsive versions" of "Mongol-types", not actual "Mongol-types". It is worth noting that some Orcs use crooked or bent swords (Tolkien also uses the term scimitar, which is historically associated with the Middle-East).<ref>{{TT|Departure}}</ref><br />
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Orcs however, are not men. Unlike the wicked men who serve the Enemy, who might have been enslaved or beguiled, orcs are portrayed as irredeemably evil, or at least having a redemption outside the scope of the narrative. The origin of orcs is not clear, but they may be products of Morgoth's sorcery, or the descendants of tortured and ruined elves or men. Regardless of their origins they are not presented as a natural race.<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br />
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===Light vs. Dark===<br />
Some critics have declared that there is racism in Tolkien's works through his use of the words such as "light" and "white" vs. "dark" or "black". For instance, in 2002, John Yatt in ''The Guardian'' wrote: "White men are good, 'dark' men are bad, orcs are worst of all."<ref>''The Guardian'' (2 December 2002)</ref> Other critics such as [[Tom Shippey]] and [[Michael D.C. Drout]] disagree with such clear-cut generalizations of Tolkien's "white" and "dark" men into good and bad.<br />
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The whole of Tolkien's legendarium contains a conflict between "light" (The Trees, the [[Silmarils]]) and "darkness" (the literal absence of light). Morgoth's standard was ''"sable unblazoned"'' (that is, plain black). ''"Mordor"'' means "black land" in Sindarin. If one were to analyse this through a racial lense, the ongoing clash may be interpreted as containing racial symbolism of light skinned versus dark skinned peoples, although Eol, father of Maeglin was known as the Dark Elf, and the Moriquendi were called the Elves of Darkness. Both these terms refer to remaining outside the light of the two trees, not to skin tone. The [[Black Númenóreans]] are likewise named because of the color of their allegiance to Sauron and their heraldry, not their skin tone. Considering this, Tolkien's assignment of Good and Evil to "light" and "dark" cannot simply be dismissed as racial undertones within the broader narrative. <br />
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But white is not associated only with Good. [[Saruman]] the White has the [[White Hand]] as his symbol. Similarly black is not only associated with evil as Gondor uses a black standard bearing the White Tree, and the Guards of the Citadel of Minas Tirith wore black chain mail. In [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], three Númenórean ships are followed by a boat with black sails. One of the mariners explains to a native of Middle-earth, scared that the black sails indicate doom, that the blackness is in fact a thing of beauty, the night sky of Elbereth (who kindled the stars). Indeed, Tolkien states that one of Morgoth's (literally, the ''Black Enemy'') victories was in associating darkness and night with fear and evil.{{fact}}<br />
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===Evil Men===<br />
One potentially racist element in Middle-Earth is that the majority of the men who serve Sauron are the dark-skinned peoples of the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterling]]s and [[Southrons]]. They come from the South and East of Middle-Earth, corresponding with Asia and Africa in the loose connection between Middle-Earth geography and that of the real world.<br />
The Easterlings are aligned with Morgoth or Sauron with the exception of Bór's folk. They are described as being of fairly dark skin complexion, swarthy and exceedingly cruel. The Southrons (or Haradrim) are described as black-skinned, cruel and evil, and are apparently at least inspired by Indian cultures with traits such as fighting on [[Mumakil]]-back. <br />
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In some cases, people having the slightest blood relation to enemies, like [[Freca]] and [[Wulf]], who are related to the [[Dunlendings]], are presented as evil themselves, as if evilness is hereditary. Some of these are also called "swarthy" (dark). Bill Ferny is said to be swarthy, and this can be traced to his Dunlending ancestry.<br />
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While the Easterlings and the Haradrim are dark-skinned people in the service of the Enemy, the [[Woses]] are primitive, small, and alien compared to other peoples (their chief Ghan-buri-Ghan only wears a grass skirt) yet they are valuable allies (in ''The Return of the King''). While Tolkien does not mention their skin colour, they were considered monsters by the Rohirrim who hunted them as animals, which the narrative explicitly condemns. However in the First Age they were counted as ''Edain'', or noble Men, and were allies of the Elves.<br />
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However, not all enemies are non-white. Noteworthy examples are Saruman, [[Gríma]], [[Gollum]], and at least two of the [[Nazgûl]]. Also [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] and the [[ruffians]] are white-skinned characters who ravage and take over [[the Shire]]. Indeed, while during the timeframe of Lord of the Rings those enslaved and serving Sauron are darker skinned people from the South and East, during the history of Middle-Earth many of the white races of man and even some Elves were fooled and coerced by the Enemy. <br />
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Tolkien also wrote that the [[Blue Wizards]], who do not appear in '''The Lord of the Rings'' narrative, were sent into the South and East lands to spread dissent and resistance against Sauron. While he wrote on one occasion (as given in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'') that they failed, on another occasion (as given in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'') he wrote that they were successful, making Sauron's hold on these lands throughout the centuries significantly weaker than it should have been. This prevented Sauron from overwhelming the West with his armies and ultimately contributed to his defeat in the War of the Ring. This means that Southrons and Easterlings resisting Sauron were meant to exist, only that their stories remain untold.<br />
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===Racism in Middle-earth===<br />
Tolkien portrays racism within the "heroic" races as unabashedly negative. Elves and Dwarves distrust each other. Some Elves hunted the Petty-dwarves as animals, as did the Rohirrim to the [[Woses]].<ref>{{RK|Ride}}</ref> The friendship between [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] is portrayed as unusual but commendable,<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref> and several scenes illustrate them learning to understand and respect each other's cultural differences. When [[Gimli]] meets [[Galadriel]] and hears her speak the names of [[Mirrormere|Kheled-zaram]], [[Kibil-nala]], and [[Khazad-dum]] in his own tongue, he is described as feeling as if he had''"looked into the heart of an enemy and saw there love and understanding."'' Later, when he originally asks for nothing of Lady Galadriel, although she had given every other member of the [[Fellowship]] a gift, she says, ''"Let none say again that Dwarves are grasping and ungracious!"''<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
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It is notable that there is apparently racism within the ranks of Orcs as the Uruk-hai held themselves as superior to the common Orcs, whom they called ''snaga'' (slave).<br />
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The point-of-view characters of the book -- the hobbits -- are themselves of a race that is frequently described as being overlooked, under-estimated, and lightly regarded by the other races of Middle-earth, yet they often demonstrate far greater courage and nobility than the races who denigrate them. They are not without prejudice, however, and Gandalf is shown reprimanding Frodo for his comments on [[Barliman Butterbur]].<br />
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The Númenóreans of Gondor fell to infighting because of a supposed need for racial purity, especially concerning the ancestry of their king (the [[Kin-strife]]), and grew weaker as a result. In this affair, the villain was the pure-blooded Númenórean [[Castamir]] while the hero was the half-Númenórean [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]].<br />
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===Dwarves as Jews===<br />
<br />
Tolkien himself compared Dwarves to Jews: <br />
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Tolkien: "The dwarves of course are quite obviously-"<br />
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D. Gueroult: "wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews?" <br />
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Tolkien: "[pausing] Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic."<ref>https://youtu.be/bzDtmMXJ1B4?t=631</ref><br />
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One may interpret this comment in many ways. It should be noted that he only made an explicit connection between the dwarf-language [[Khuzdul]] to Semitic languages. In another letter, he makes the same comparison, but this time it is explicitly about both peoples being dispossessed of their lands, forced to wander the world, and adopt the languages of other lands: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" <ref>{{L|176}}</ref><br />
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Throughout the books, Tolkien paints a mostly positive picture of the dwarves ([[Gimli]] of course is brave and honourable, and "few Dwarves ever served the enemy willingly", contrary to the tales of Men<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref>) and elsewhere he made explicitly positive statements about the Jewish people. <br />
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However, one of the weaknesses of the Dwarves was their greed for gold and other riches, amplified by the [[Seven Rings]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Some see a connection between this and the stereotype of the Jewish usurer. It is also possible to draw a connection between the bearded Dwarves and the beards of Orthodox Jews. Though this has more of an origin in Norse mythology than Jewish stereotypes.<br />
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===Númenóreans===<br />
<br />
Tolkien has divine beings blessing or gifting peoples or persons and their descendants, having thus the concept of the [[chosen people]] who differ from others — in Tolkien's case, the Dúnedain (literally "Men of the West") of Númenor. It should be also noted that according to Theosophy, Ariosophy and Nazism<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race#Occultism</ref>, the Aryan race is supposedly descended from [[Atlantis]].<ref>Alfred Rosenberg, [[Wikipedia:The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century|The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]</ref><br />
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Although gifted, many of Tolkien's Númenóreans are evil. In the Appendices to the Return of the King, Númenórean fleets sail to Middle Earth, where they conquer and subjugate native peoples in what may be a commentary on European imperialism. The Númenóreans ultimately cause their own downfall by following the teachings of Morgoth, conducting human sacrifices, and making war on Valinor. At least three of the Nazgûl are Númenóreans.<br />
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==Counterindications==<br />
Tolkien's defenders assert that many criticisms of racism and elitism leveled at ''The Lord of the Rings'' and other writings are oversimplifications and generalizations, and do not take account of everything the author may have written concerning these matters.<br />
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*The symbolism of light as good and dark as evil is a prehistoric dichotomy present in a great many cultures, Western and otherwise. It is also a part of [[Christianity]] (John 8:12 Jesus Christ said, "I am the Light of the World, Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life."). Variations such as the Manicheeist heresy and further the ancient religion of Persia - Zoroastrianism.<br />
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*Tolkien was English, and wanted to make a mythology for England. Therefore he wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' according to his people's point of view. He could not make his protagonists, say, Incan or Japanese, or even put the setting anywhere else than (an alternative) North-western Europe, in spirit if not in actuality.<br />
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*Tolkien only made precise ''geographic'' correspondences of Third Age Middle-earth locations to those in the real world. For example, [[Hobbiton]] was at the latitude of Oxford. The Shire was based upon, but ''was not actually'' rural England, since "the lands have changed" since then. Tolkien made no precise correspondences regarding the ''peoples'' concerned. Though the Hobbits were based upon rural English folk, they were not literally ancient Englishmen. He never said that Harad was Africa, nor the Eastlands Asia, nor their inhabitants ancestors of Africans or Asians. ''The Silmarillion'' presents tales of a time when the Earth's lands were different from that in the Third Age. <br />
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*Not only the East and South are associated with evil, and neither were they always so. In the First Age, evil came from the North when Morgoth based himself in [[Angband]]. Also, all Men and Elves first awoke in the East. Boromir is introduced as a "man of the South" without qualification (actually South-west).<br />
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*The white but darker-skinned Dunlendings themselves are descendants of the [[Edain]] (through the [[House of Haleth]]), therefore distant though unrecognized relatives of the Dunedain of Numenor, and their ancestors grew hostile to the Dunedain due to the latter despoiling their forests. The mostly benign and hearty men of Bree are descended from Dunlendings. <br />
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*In the War of the Ring, the human enemies are not truly evil, since they are described as deceived, enslaved or exploited. Sam sees a dead warrior of Harad and wonders if he was truly evil — or rather deceived or coerced to go to war (see below). The Dunlendings are persuaded by Saruman to attack Rohan, playing on their grievances due to Gondor giving what they considered their land to the Eotheod, the ancestors of the Rohirrim. Earlier, Sauron persuaded their ancestors to fight against the Numenoreans, the cause of their relocation from forests into the hills.<br />
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*Tolkien does not actually mention the physical features of the Easterlings in ''The Lord of the Rings''; however the Easterlings of ''The Silmarillion'' are described as either sallow or swarthy.<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> There is no certainty that the Easterlings of the First Age are the same people as those of the Third Age though: in fact, many of the "white" Men of Eriador are indicated to be descendants of the First Age Easterlings. <br />
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*Tolkien first describes the Haradrim in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as tall, dark, and looking fierce and nasty (according to [[Gollum]]), with long black hair, painted faces and gold earrings and ornaments. Later a warrior of Harad who falls at Sam's feet has black plaits of hair braided with gold. Notably, the author does not describe them as black, nor their hair as kinky, nor give them any other typical sub-Saharan African features.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}</ref><br />
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*All the "superior" people, be they Elves, Edain or Dunedain, have no direct analogues in peoples of the real world. If the Dunedain could be put somewhere, they would belong in [[Atlantis]], since Numenor was Middle-Earth's counterpart to Plato's Atlantis. The Rohirrim, who have been parallelled to blond and fair Europeans, are "inferior" to them, being Middle Men, in their view.<br />
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*Kings, princes, heirs and noblemen as protagonists is not necessarily an advocation of blood nobility, since it is a theme and concept common in myths and fairy-tales. Also, [[Samwise Gamgee]] represents the common man, and sees insights that more "noble" characters apparently do not, such as the true situation of the human enemies. Tolkien states that Sam is the chief hero of the whole book.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> Sam himself is twice referred to as having "brown hands",<ref>{{TT|Stairs}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref> leading some to argue that Sam is "non-white".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com/post/106609134600/sam-gamgees-brown-hands|articlename=Sam Gamgee’s Brown Hands|website=[http://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com Ask About Middle-Earth]}}</ref><br />
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*The blood of Númenor ran nearly true in the character of [[Faramir]],<ref>{{RK|MT}}</ref> a man whom Tolkien described as "modest, fair-minded and scrupulously just, and very merciful",<ref>{{L|244}}</ref> yet he chose to marry [[Éowyn]], who was a woman of [[Rohan]] and therefore undoubtedly of the race of [[Middle Men]].<ref>{{RK|Steward}};{{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
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*There are no truly "perfect" peoples in Tolkien's writings, save perhaps the [[Vanyar]]. Given that Tolkien loved trees and nature in general, having his Numenoreans wantonly cut down trees for ships is decidedly negative. The Noldor rebelled against the Valar and killed their fellow Elves.<br />
<br />
==''Lord of the Rings'' and Fascism==<br />
<br />
In Italy, ''Lord of the Rings'' is considered fascist by some groups and Italian fascist organisations are allegedly using the book for recruiting.<ref>http://www.johnreilly.info/ata.htm</ref> According to Italian website [http://www.caltanet.it/frm/cinema/ Caltanet], [[Wikipedia:Alleanza Nazionale|Alleanza Nazionale]], a right-oriented Italian political party, had taken a picture from ''Fellowship of the Ring'' movie to promote a speech by his leader, [[Wikipedia:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]].<ref>http://www.theonering.net/perl/newsview/8/1001628604</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's works have also been embraced by self-admitted racists such as the British National Party.<ref>The Sunday Times - [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article804465.ece The BNP has declared Lord of the Rings essential reading. They’re not the only extremists to get the wrong idea]</ref><br />
<br />
However, Tolkien himself stated in a letter to his son in 1943 that ''My political opinions lean more and more to Anarchy (philosophically understood, meaning the abolition of control not whiskered men with bombs)-or to 'unconstitutional' Monarchy.'' (The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien) [https://rodbenson.com/2011/08/20/tolkien-on-anarchism/]. Thus this makes any notion of Tolkien being fascist defunct.<br />
<br />
==Relevant Passages from the text==<br />
{{quote|It is not unlikely that they <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Orcs]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invented some of the machines that have since troubled the world, especially the ingenious devices for killing large numbers of people at once, for wheels and engines and explosions always delighted them"|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "Over-Hill and Under-Hill"}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much. He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil at heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]"}}<br />
<br />
==Tolkien on Racism==<br />
{{quote|I must say that the enclosed letter from Rutten & Loening is a bit stiff. Do I suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of arisch origin from all persons of all countries? ... Personally I should be inclined to refuse to give any ''Bestätigung'' (although it happens that I can), and let a German translation go hang. In any case I should object strongly to any such declaration appearing in print. I do not regard the (probable) absence of all Jewish blood as necessarily honourable; and I have many Jewish friends, and should regret giving any colour to the notion that I subscribed to the wholly pernicious and unscientific race-doctrine.|[[Letter 29]] — Tolkien's German publishers had asked whether he was of Aryan origin}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Thank you for your letter... I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by ''arisch''. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian; as far as I am aware noone [sic] of my ancestors spoke Hindustani, Persian, Gypsy, or any related dialects. But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.|[[Letter 30]] (Tolkien's unsent response to his German publishers; a more neutral version was ultimately sent)}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.|J.R.R. Tolkien — September 23, 1944}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|I have the hatred of apartheid in my bones; and most of all I detest the segregation or separation of Language and Literature. I do not care which of them you think White.|From a [[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]] in [[1959]]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|As for what you say or hint of ‘local’ conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain, & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately], not many retain that generous sentiment for long.|[[Letter 61]] — Written to Christopher Tolkien who was stationed in South Africa during World War II}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Anyway, I have in this War a burning private grudge—which would probably make me a better soldier at 49 than I was at 22: against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler (for the odd thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that it in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature: it chiefly affects the mere will). Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light.|[[Letter 45]]}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/11/29/is-it-true-there-is-racism-in-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Is It True There is Racism in The Lord of the Rings?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist Portion of a Tolkien FAQ attempting to give an answer to the matter]<br />
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm Critique of the Lord of the Rings as an 'epic rooted in racism' by Dr Shapiro]<br />
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-030112epringsrace,0,4574891.story 'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory] by Chicago Tribune<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Debates]]<br />
[[category:Tolkien criticism]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Racism&diff=368998Racism2023-02-20T14:18:00Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Light vs. Dark */ I tried to make the phrasing and references clearer.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{quote|For years, Tolkien scholars have waged a fight on two fronts: against an academic establishment that for the most part refused to take the author's work seriously, and against white supremacists who have tried to claim the professor as one of their own.|David Ibata, ''Chicago Tribune''<ref>http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/chi-030112epringsrace,0,341461.story</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Haradrim.jpg|thumb|225px|''[[Haradrim]]'' from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|''Easterlings'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
<br />
Some fans and critics of Tolkien's works could observe several ambiguously '''Racist and race-based elements'''; these go further into stereotyping or the symbolism of good versus evil in the Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. Though the latter is the more established and valid area of study, as early as the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' the topic of 'race' has been discussed, including by [[C.S. Lewis]].{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In the [[The Lord of the Rings Foreword|Foreword]] to the revised edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien cautioned strongly against viewing it as an allegory, saying that he disliked allegory himself. Furthermore, according to his own claims, Tolkien denounced Hitler, Nazi beliefs, "race-doctrine" and apartheid and praised the Jews, calling them a "gifted people" (see below). Tolkien can therefore be described as an author whose messages, allegories (or lack-thereof), and agendas as being set aside from the social-political domain and entirely focused within a fantasy-fiction context. <br />
<br />
[[Christine Chism]] mentions the issue of racism in the ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]'', where she distinguishes accusations as falling into three categories: intentional racism, unconscious [[Wikipedia:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] bias, and an evolution from latent racism in Tolkien's early work to a conscious rejection of racist tendencies in his late work.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] has done much to perpetuate recent popular interest in, as well as criticism of Tolkien's writings.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
==Indications==<!-- These are not to be taken as definite. This list cites claims pointed out by critics, right or wrong. In case they can be 'countered', this is discussed in the next section --><br />
<br />
===Orcs===<br />
The mostly white Free Peoples of Middle-Earth doing battle with the hordes of beast-like orcs is seen by some as an indication of racism.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
Of the orcs, the [[Uruk-Hai]] are described as "black"<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref> and a smaller orc, a tracker, is described as "black-skinned".<ref>{{RK|Shadow}}</ref> All orcs are often described as "slant-eyed" and the Uruk-Hai at least refer to the Rohirrim as 'white skins.' Tolkien described Orcs as ''"...squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types"''<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
<br />
While Tolkien's statement comparing Orcs to the "Mongol-types" may be interpreted as racist, he does put a disclaimer, "(to Europeans,)" before "least lovely", at least recognizing Western cultural bias and also pointing out that they were "degraded and repulsive versions" of "Mongol-types", not actual "Mongol-types". It is worth noting that some Orcs use crooked or bent swords (Tolkien also uses the term scimitar, which is historically associated with the Middle-East).<ref>{{TT|Departure}}</ref><br />
<br />
Orcs however, are not men. Unlike the wicked men who serve the Enemy, who might have been enslaved or beguiled, orcs are portrayed as irredeemably evil, or at least having a redemption outside the scope of the narrative. The origin of orcs is not clear, but they may be products of Morgoth's sorcery, or the descendants of tortured and ruined elves or men. Regardless of their origins they are not presented as a natural race.<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Light vs. Dark===<br />
Some critics have declared that there is racism in Tolkien's works through his use of the words such as "light" and "white" vs. "dark" or "black". For instance, in 2002, John Yatt in ''The Guardian'' wrote: "White men are good, 'dark' men are bad, orcs are worst of all.<ref>''The Guardian'' (2 December 2002)</ref>. Other critics such as [[Tom Shippey]] and [[Michael D.C. Drout]] disagree with such clear-cut generalizations of Tolkien's "white" and "dark" men into good and bad.<br />
<br />
The whole of Tolkien's legendarium contains a conflict between "light" (The Trees, the [[Silmarils]]) and "darkness" (the literal absence of light). Morgoth's standard was ''"sable unblazoned"'' (that is, plain black). ''"Mordor"'' means "black land" in Sindarin. If one were to analyse this through a racial lense, the ongoing clash may be interpreted as containing racial symbolism of light skinned versus dark skinned peoples, although Eol, father of Maeglin was known as the Dark Elf, and the Moriquendi were called the Elves of Darkness. Both these terms refer to remaining outside the light of the two trees, not to skin tone. The [[Black Númenóreans]] are likewise named because of the color of their allegiance to Sauron and their heraldry, not their skin tone. Considering this, Tolkien's assignment of Good and Evil to "light" and "dark" cannot simply be dismissed as racial undertones within the broader narrative. <br />
<br />
But white is not associated only with Good. [[Saruman]] the White has the [[White Hand]] as his symbol. Similarly black is not only associated with evil as Gondor uses a black standard bearing the White Tree, and the Guards of the Citadel of Minas Tirith wore black chain mail. In [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], three Númenórean ships are followed by a boat with black sails. One of the mariners explains to a native of Middle-earth, scared that the black sails indicate doom, that the blackness is in fact a thing of beauty, the night sky of Elbereth (who kindled the stars). Indeed, Tolkien states that one of Morgoth's (literally, the ''Black Enemy'') victories was in associating darkness and night with fear and evil.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
===Evil Men===<br />
One potentially racist element in Middle-Earth is that the majority of the men who serve Sauron are the dark-skinned peoples of the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterling]]s and [[Southrons]]. They come from the South and East of Middle-Earth, corresponding with Asia and Africa in the loose connection between Middle-Earth geography and that of the real world.<br />
The Easterlings are aligned with Morgoth or Sauron with the exception of Bór's folk. They are described as being of fairly dark skin complexion, swarthy and exceedingly cruel. The Southrons (or Haradrim) are described as black-skinned, cruel and evil, and are apparently at least inspired by Indian cultures with traits such as fighting on [[Mumakil]]-back. <br />
<br />
In some cases, people having the slightest blood relation to enemies, like [[Freca]] and [[Wulf]], who are related to the [[Dunlendings]], are presented as evil themselves, as if evilness is hereditary. Some of these are also called "swarthy" (dark). Bill Ferny is said to be swarthy, and this can be traced to his Dunlending ancestry.<br />
<br />
While the Easterlings and the Haradrim are dark-skinned people in the service of the Enemy, the [[Woses]] are primitive, small, and alien compared to other peoples (their chief Ghan-buri-Ghan only wears a grass skirt) yet they are valuable allies (in ''The Return of the King''). While Tolkien does not mention their skin colour, they were considered monsters by the Rohirrim who hunted them as animals, which the narrative explicitly condemns. However in the First Age they were counted as ''Edain'', or noble Men, and were allies of the Elves.<br />
<br />
However, not all enemies are non-white. Noteworthy examples are Saruman, [[Gríma]], [[Gollum]], and at least two of the [[Nazgûl]]. Also [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] and the [[ruffians]] are white-skinned characters who ravage and take over [[the Shire]]. Indeed, while during the timeframe of Lord of the Rings those enslaved and serving Sauron are darker skinned people from the South and East, during the history of Middle-Earth many of the white races of man and even some Elves were fooled and coerced by the Enemy. <br />
<br />
Tolkien also wrote that the [[Blue Wizards]], who do not appear in '''The Lord of the Rings'' narrative, were sent into the South and East lands to spread dissent and resistance against Sauron. While he wrote on one occasion (as given in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'') that they failed, on another occasion (as given in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'') he wrote that they were successful, making Sauron's hold on these lands throughout the centuries significantly weaker than it should have been. This prevented Sauron from overwhelming the West with his armies and ultimately contributed to his defeat in the War of the Ring. This means that Southrons and Easterlings resisting Sauron were meant to exist, only that their stories remain untold.<br />
<br />
===Racism in Middle-earth===<br />
Tolkien portrays racism within the "heroic" races as unabashedly negative. Elves and Dwarves distrust each other. Some Elves hunted the Petty-dwarves as animals, as did the Rohirrim to the [[Woses]].<ref>{{RK|Ride}}</ref> The friendship between [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] is portrayed as unusual but commendable,<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref> and several scenes illustrate them learning to understand and respect each other's cultural differences. When [[Gimli]] meets [[Galadriel]] and hears her speak the names of [[Mirrormere|Kheled-zaram]], [[Kibil-nala]], and [[Khazad-dum]] in his own tongue, he is described as feeling as if he had''"looked into the heart of an enemy and saw there love and understanding."'' Later, when he originally asks for nothing of Lady Galadriel, although she had given every other member of the [[Fellowship]] a gift, she says, ''"Let none say again that Dwarves are grasping and ungracious!"''<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is notable that there is apparently racism within the ranks of Orcs as the Uruk-hai held themselves as superior to the common Orcs, whom they called ''snaga'' (slave).<br />
<br />
The point-of-view characters of the book -- the hobbits -- are themselves of a race that is frequently described as being overlooked, under-estimated, and lightly regarded by the other races of Middle-earth, yet they often demonstrate far greater courage and nobility than the races who denigrate them. They are not without prejudice, however, and Gandalf is shown reprimanding Frodo for his comments on [[Barliman Butterbur]].<br />
<br />
The Númenóreans of Gondor fell to infighting because of a supposed need for racial purity, especially concerning the ancestry of their king (the [[Kin-strife]]), and grew weaker as a result. In this affair, the villain was the pure-blooded Númenórean [[Castamir]] while the hero was the half-Númenórean [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]].<br />
<br />
===Dwarves as Jews===<br />
<br />
Tolkien himself compared Dwarves to Jews: <br />
<br />
Tolkien: "The dwarves of course are quite obviously-"<br />
<br />
D. Gueroult: "wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews?" <br />
<br />
Tolkien: "[pausing] Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic."<ref>https://youtu.be/bzDtmMXJ1B4?t=631</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
One may interpret this comment in many ways. It should be noted that he only made an explicit connection between the dwarf-language [[Khuzdul]] to Semitic languages. In another letter, he makes the same comparison, but this time it is explicitly about both peoples being dispossessed of their lands, forced to wander the world, and adopt the languages of other lands: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" <ref>{{L|176}}</ref><br />
<br />
Throughout the books, Tolkien paints a mostly positive picture of the dwarves ([[Gimli]] of course is brave and honourable, and "few Dwarves ever served the enemy willingly", contrary to the tales of Men<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref>) and elsewhere he made explicitly positive statements about the Jewish people. <br />
<br />
However, one of the weaknesses of the Dwarves was their greed for gold and other riches, amplified by the [[Seven Rings]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Some see a connection between this and the stereotype of the Jewish usurer. It is also possible to draw a connection between the bearded Dwarves and the beards of Orthodox Jews. Though this has more of an origin in Norse mythology than Jewish stereotypes.<br />
<br />
===Númenóreans===<br />
<br />
Tolkien has divine beings blessing or gifting peoples or persons and their descendants, having thus the concept of the [[chosen people]] who differ from others — in Tolkien's case, the Dúnedain (literally "Men of the West") of Númenor. It should be also noted that according to Theosophy, Ariosophy and Nazism<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race#Occultism</ref>, the Aryan race is supposedly descended from [[Atlantis]].<ref>Alfred Rosenberg, [[Wikipedia:The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century|The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]</ref><br />
<br />
Although gifted, many of Tolkien's Númenóreans are evil. In the Appendices to the Return of the King, Númenórean fleets sail to Middle Earth, where they conquer and subjugate native peoples in what may be a commentary on European imperialism. The Númenóreans ultimately cause their own downfall by following the teachings of Morgoth, conducting human sacrifices, and making war on Valinor. At least three of the Nazgûl are Númenóreans.<br />
<br />
==Counterindications==<br />
Tolkien's defenders assert that many criticisms of racism and elitism leveled at ''The Lord of the Rings'' and other writings are oversimplifications and generalizations, and do not take account of everything the author may have written concerning these matters.<br />
<br />
*The symbolism of light as good and dark as evil is a prehistoric dichotomy present in a great many cultures, Western and otherwise. It is also a part of [[Christianity]] (John 8:12 Jesus Christ said, "I am the Light of the World, Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life."). Variations such as the Manicheeist heresy and further the ancient religion of Persia - Zoroastrianism.<br />
<br />
*Tolkien was English, and wanted to make a mythology for England. Therefore he wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' according to his people's point of view. He could not make his protagonists, say, Incan or Japanese, or even put the setting anywhere else than (an alternative) North-western Europe, in spirit if not in actuality.<br />
<br />
*Tolkien only made precise ''geographic'' correspondences of Third Age Middle-earth locations to those in the real world. For example, [[Hobbiton]] was at the latitude of Oxford. The Shire was based upon, but ''was not actually'' rural England, since "the lands have changed" since then. Tolkien made no precise correspondences regarding the ''peoples'' concerned. Though the Hobbits were based upon rural English folk, they were not literally ancient Englishmen. He never said that Harad was Africa, nor the Eastlands Asia, nor their inhabitants ancestors of Africans or Asians. ''The Silmarillion'' presents tales of a time when the Earth's lands were different from that in the Third Age. <br />
<br />
*Not only the East and South are associated with evil, and neither were they always so. In the First Age, evil came from the North when Morgoth based himself in [[Angband]]. Also, all Men and Elves first awoke in the East. Boromir is introduced as a "man of the South" without qualification (actually South-west).<br />
<br />
*The white but darker-skinned Dunlendings themselves are descendants of the [[Edain]] (through the [[House of Haleth]]), therefore distant though unrecognized relatives of the Dunedain of Numenor, and their ancestors grew hostile to the Dunedain due to the latter despoiling their forests. The mostly benign and hearty men of Bree are descended from Dunlendings. <br />
<br />
*In the War of the Ring, the human enemies are not truly evil, since they are described as deceived, enslaved or exploited. Sam sees a dead warrior of Harad and wonders if he was truly evil — or rather deceived or coerced to go to war (see below). The Dunlendings are persuaded by Saruman to attack Rohan, playing on their grievances due to Gondor giving what they considered their land to the Eotheod, the ancestors of the Rohirrim. Earlier, Sauron persuaded their ancestors to fight against the Numenoreans, the cause of their relocation from forests into the hills.<br />
<br />
*Tolkien does not actually mention the physical features of the Easterlings in ''The Lord of the Rings''; however the Easterlings of ''The Silmarillion'' are described as either sallow or swarthy.<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> There is no certainty that the Easterlings of the First Age are the same people as those of the Third Age though: in fact, many of the "white" Men of Eriador are indicated to be descendants of the First Age Easterlings. <br />
<br />
*Tolkien first describes the Haradrim in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as tall, dark, and looking fierce and nasty (according to [[Gollum]]), with long black hair, painted faces and gold earrings and ornaments. Later a warrior of Harad who falls at Sam's feet has black plaits of hair braided with gold. Notably, the author does not describe them as black, nor their hair as kinky, nor give them any other typical sub-Saharan African features.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}</ref><br />
<br />
*All the "superior" people, be they Elves, Edain or Dunedain, have no direct analogues in peoples of the real world. If the Dunedain could be put somewhere, they would belong in [[Atlantis]], since Numenor was Middle-Earth's counterpart to Plato's Atlantis. The Rohirrim, who have been parallelled to blond and fair Europeans, are "inferior" to them, being Middle Men, in their view.<br />
<br />
*Kings, princes, heirs and noblemen as protagonists is not necessarily an advocation of blood nobility, since it is a theme and concept common in myths and fairy-tales. Also, [[Samwise Gamgee]] represents the common man, and sees insights that more "noble" characters apparently do not, such as the true situation of the human enemies. Tolkien states that Sam is the chief hero of the whole book.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> Sam himself is twice referred to as having "brown hands",<ref>{{TT|Stairs}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref> leading some to argue that Sam is "non-white".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com/post/106609134600/sam-gamgees-brown-hands|articlename=Sam Gamgee’s Brown Hands|website=[http://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com Ask About Middle-Earth]}}</ref><br />
<br />
*The blood of Númenor ran nearly true in the character of [[Faramir]],<ref>{{RK|MT}}</ref> a man whom Tolkien described as "modest, fair-minded and scrupulously just, and very merciful",<ref>{{L|244}}</ref> yet he chose to marry [[Éowyn]], who was a woman of [[Rohan]] and therefore undoubtedly of the race of [[Middle Men]].<ref>{{RK|Steward}};{{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
*There are no truly "perfect" peoples in Tolkien's writings, save perhaps the [[Vanyar]]. Given that Tolkien loved trees and nature in general, having his Numenoreans wantonly cut down trees for ships is decidedly negative. The Noldor rebelled against the Valar and killed their fellow Elves.<br />
<br />
==''Lord of the Rings'' and Fascism==<br />
<br />
In Italy, ''Lord of the Rings'' is considered fascist by some groups and Italian fascist organisations are allegedly using the book for recruiting.<ref>http://www.johnreilly.info/ata.htm</ref> According to Italian website [http://www.caltanet.it/frm/cinema/ Caltanet], [[Wikipedia:Alleanza Nazionale|Alleanza Nazionale]], a right-oriented Italian political party, had taken a picture from ''Fellowship of the Ring'' movie to promote a speech by his leader, [[Wikipedia:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]].<ref>http://www.theonering.net/perl/newsview/8/1001628604</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's works have also been embraced by self-admitted racists such as the British National Party.<ref>The Sunday Times - [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article804465.ece The BNP has declared Lord of the Rings essential reading. They’re not the only extremists to get the wrong idea]</ref><br />
<br />
However, Tolkien himself stated in a letter to his son in 1943 that ''My political opinions lean more and more to Anarchy (philosophically understood, meaning the abolition of control not whiskered men with bombs)-or to 'unconstitutional' Monarchy.'' (The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien) [https://rodbenson.com/2011/08/20/tolkien-on-anarchism/]. Thus this makes any notion of Tolkien being fascist defunct.<br />
<br />
==Relevant Passages from the text==<br />
{{quote|It is not unlikely that they <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Orcs]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invented some of the machines that have since troubled the world, especially the ingenious devices for killing large numbers of people at once, for wheels and engines and explosions always delighted them"|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "Over-Hill and Under-Hill"}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much. He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil at heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]"}}<br />
<br />
==Tolkien on Racism==<br />
{{quote|I must say that the enclosed letter from Rutten & Loening is a bit stiff. Do I suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of arisch origin from all persons of all countries? ... Personally I should be inclined to refuse to give any ''Bestätigung'' (although it happens that I can), and let a German translation go hang. In any case I should object strongly to any such declaration appearing in print. I do not regard the (probable) absence of all Jewish blood as necessarily honourable; and I have many Jewish friends, and should regret giving any colour to the notion that I subscribed to the wholly pernicious and unscientific race-doctrine.|[[Letter 29]] — Tolkien's German publishers had asked whether he was of Aryan origin}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Thank you for your letter... I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by ''arisch''. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian; as far as I am aware noone [sic] of my ancestors spoke Hindustani, Persian, Gypsy, or any related dialects. But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.|[[Letter 30]] (Tolkien's unsent response to his German publishers; a more neutral version was ultimately sent)}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.|J.R.R. Tolkien — September 23, 1944}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|I have the hatred of apartheid in my bones; and most of all I detest the segregation or separation of Language and Literature. I do not care which of them you think White.|From a [[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]] in [[1959]]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|As for what you say or hint of ‘local’ conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain, & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately], not many retain that generous sentiment for long.|[[Letter 61]] — Written to Christopher Tolkien who was stationed in South Africa during World War II}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Anyway, I have in this War a burning private grudge—which would probably make me a better soldier at 49 than I was at 22: against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler (for the odd thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that it in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature: it chiefly affects the mere will). Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light.|[[Letter 45]]}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/11/29/is-it-true-there-is-racism-in-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Is It True There is Racism in The Lord of the Rings?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist Portion of a Tolkien FAQ attempting to give an answer to the matter]<br />
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm Critique of the Lord of the Rings as an 'epic rooted in racism' by Dr Shapiro]<br />
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-030112epringsrace,0,4574891.story 'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory] by Chicago Tribune<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Debates]]<br />
[[category:Tolkien criticism]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Racism&diff=368997Racism2023-02-20T14:13:31Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Counterindications */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{quote|For years, Tolkien scholars have waged a fight on two fronts: against an academic establishment that for the most part refused to take the author's work seriously, and against white supremacists who have tried to claim the professor as one of their own.|David Ibata, ''Chicago Tribune''<ref>http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/chi-030112epringsrace,0,341461.story</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Haradrim.jpg|thumb|225px|''[[Haradrim]]'' from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|''Easterlings'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
<br />
Some fans and critics of Tolkien's works could observe several ambiguously '''Racist and race-based elements'''; these go further into stereotyping or the symbolism of good versus evil in the Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. Though the latter is the more established and valid area of study, as early as the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' the topic of 'race' has been discussed, including by [[C.S. Lewis]].{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In the [[The Lord of the Rings Foreword|Foreword]] to the revised edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien cautioned strongly against viewing it as an allegory, saying that he disliked allegory himself. Furthermore, according to his own claims, Tolkien denounced Hitler, Nazi beliefs, "race-doctrine" and apartheid and praised the Jews, calling them a "gifted people" (see below). Tolkien can therefore be described as an author whose messages, allegories (or lack-thereof), and agendas as being set aside from the social-political domain and entirely focused within a fantasy-fiction context. <br />
<br />
[[Christine Chism]] mentions the issue of racism in the ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]'', where she distinguishes accusations as falling into three categories: intentional racism, unconscious [[Wikipedia:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] bias, and an evolution from latent racism in Tolkien's early work to a conscious rejection of racist tendencies in his late work.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] has done much to perpetuate recent popular interest in, as well as criticism of Tolkien's writings.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
==Indications==<!-- These are not to be taken as definite. This list cites claims pointed out by critics, right or wrong. In case they can be 'countered', this is discussed in the next section --><br />
<br />
===Orcs===<br />
The mostly white Free Peoples of Middle-Earth doing battle with the hordes of beast-like orcs is seen by some as an indication of racism.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
Of the orcs, the [[Uruk-Hai]] are described as "black"<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref> and a smaller orc, a tracker, is described as "black-skinned".<ref>{{RK|Shadow}}</ref> All orcs are often described as "slant-eyed" and the Uruk-Hai at least refer to the Rohirrim as 'white skins.' Tolkien described Orcs as ''"...squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types"''<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
<br />
While Tolkien's statement comparing Orcs to the "Mongol-types" may be interpreted as racist, he does put a disclaimer, "(to Europeans,)" before "least lovely", at least recognizing Western cultural bias and also pointing out that they were "degraded and repulsive versions" of "Mongol-types", not actual "Mongol-types". It is worth noting that some Orcs use crooked or bent swords (Tolkien also uses the term scimitar, which is historically associated with the Middle-East).<ref>{{TT|Departure}}</ref><br />
<br />
Orcs however, are not men. Unlike the wicked men who serve the Enemy, who might have been enslaved or beguiled, orcs are portrayed as irredeemably evil, or at least having a redemption outside the scope of the narrative. The origin of orcs is not clear, but they may be products of Morgoth's sorcery, or the descendants of tortured and ruined elves or men. Regardless of their origins they are not presented as a natural race.<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Light vs. Dark===<br />
Some critics have declared that there is racism in Tolkien's works through his use of the words such as "light" and "white" vs. "dark" or "black". In 2002, John Yatt in ''The Guardian'' wrote: "White men are good, 'dark' men are bad, orcs are worst of all.<ref>''The Guardian'' (2 December 2002)</ref>.{{fact}} Other critics such as [[Tom Shippey]] and [[Michael D.C. Drout]] disagree with such clear-cut generalizations of Tolkien's "white" and "dark" men into good and bad.<br />
<br />
The whole of Tolkien's legendarium contains a conflict between "light" (The Trees, the [[Silmarils]]) and "darkness" (the literal absence of light). Morgoth's standard was ''"sable unblazoned"'' (that is, plain black). ''"Mordor"'' means "black land" in Sindarin. If one were to analyse this through a racial lense, the ongoing clash may be interpreted as containing racial symbolism of light skinned versus dark skinned peoples, although Eol, father of Maeglin was known as the Dark Elf, and the Moriquendi were called the Elves of Darkness. Both these terms refer to remaining outside the light of the two trees, not to skin tone. The [[Black Númenóreans]] are likewise named because of the color of their allegiance to Sauron and their heraldry, not their skin tone. Considering this, Tolkien's assignment of Good and Evil to "light" and "dark" cannot simply be dismissed as racial undertones within the broader narrative. <br />
<br />
But white is not associated only with Good. [[Saruman]] the White has the [[White Hand]] as his symbol. Similarly black is not only associated with evil as Gondor uses a black standard bearing the White Tree, and the Guards of the Citadel of Minas Tirith wore black chain mail. In [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], three Númenórean ships are followed by a boat with black sails. One of the mariners explains to a native of Middle-earth, scared that the black sails indicate doom, that the blackness is in fact a thing of beauty, the night sky of Elbereth (who kindled the stars). Indeed, Tolkien states that one of Morgoth's (literally, the ''Black Enemy'') victories was in associating darkness and night with fear and evil.{{fact}}<br />
<br />
===Evil Men===<br />
One potentially racist element in Middle-Earth is that the majority of the men who serve Sauron are the dark-skinned peoples of the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterling]]s and [[Southrons]]. They come from the South and East of Middle-Earth, corresponding with Asia and Africa in the loose connection between Middle-Earth geography and that of the real world.<br />
The Easterlings are aligned with Morgoth or Sauron with the exception of Bór's folk. They are described as being of fairly dark skin complexion, swarthy and exceedingly cruel. The Southrons (or Haradrim) are described as black-skinned, cruel and evil, and are apparently at least inspired by Indian cultures with traits such as fighting on [[Mumakil]]-back. <br />
<br />
In some cases, people having the slightest blood relation to enemies, like [[Freca]] and [[Wulf]], who are related to the [[Dunlendings]], are presented as evil themselves, as if evilness is hereditary. Some of these are also called "swarthy" (dark). Bill Ferny is said to be swarthy, and this can be traced to his Dunlending ancestry.<br />
<br />
While the Easterlings and the Haradrim are dark-skinned people in the service of the Enemy, the [[Woses]] are primitive, small, and alien compared to other peoples (their chief Ghan-buri-Ghan only wears a grass skirt) yet they are valuable allies (in ''The Return of the King''). While Tolkien does not mention their skin colour, they were considered monsters by the Rohirrim who hunted them as animals, which the narrative explicitly condemns. However in the First Age they were counted as ''Edain'', or noble Men, and were allies of the Elves.<br />
<br />
However, not all enemies are non-white. Noteworthy examples are Saruman, [[Gríma]], [[Gollum]], and at least two of the [[Nazgûl]]. Also [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] and the [[ruffians]] are white-skinned characters who ravage and take over [[the Shire]]. Indeed, while during the timeframe of Lord of the Rings those enslaved and serving Sauron are darker skinned people from the South and East, during the history of Middle-Earth many of the white races of man and even some Elves were fooled and coerced by the Enemy. <br />
<br />
Tolkien also wrote that the [[Blue Wizards]], who do not appear in '''The Lord of the Rings'' narrative, were sent into the South and East lands to spread dissent and resistance against Sauron. While he wrote on one occasion (as given in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'') that they failed, on another occasion (as given in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'') he wrote that they were successful, making Sauron's hold on these lands throughout the centuries significantly weaker than it should have been. This prevented Sauron from overwhelming the West with his armies and ultimately contributed to his defeat in the War of the Ring. This means that Southrons and Easterlings resisting Sauron were meant to exist, only that their stories remain untold.<br />
<br />
===Racism in Middle-earth===<br />
Tolkien portrays racism within the "heroic" races as unabashedly negative. Elves and Dwarves distrust each other. Some Elves hunted the Petty-dwarves as animals, as did the Rohirrim to the [[Woses]].<ref>{{RK|Ride}}</ref> The friendship between [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] is portrayed as unusual but commendable,<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref> and several scenes illustrate them learning to understand and respect each other's cultural differences. When [[Gimli]] meets [[Galadriel]] and hears her speak the names of [[Mirrormere|Kheled-zaram]], [[Kibil-nala]], and [[Khazad-dum]] in his own tongue, he is described as feeling as if he had''"looked into the heart of an enemy and saw there love and understanding."'' Later, when he originally asks for nothing of Lady Galadriel, although she had given every other member of the [[Fellowship]] a gift, she says, ''"Let none say again that Dwarves are grasping and ungracious!"''<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is notable that there is apparently racism within the ranks of Orcs as the Uruk-hai held themselves as superior to the common Orcs, whom they called ''snaga'' (slave).<br />
<br />
The point-of-view characters of the book -- the hobbits -- are themselves of a race that is frequently described as being overlooked, under-estimated, and lightly regarded by the other races of Middle-earth, yet they often demonstrate far greater courage and nobility than the races who denigrate them. They are not without prejudice, however, and Gandalf is shown reprimanding Frodo for his comments on [[Barliman Butterbur]].<br />
<br />
The Númenóreans of Gondor fell to infighting because of a supposed need for racial purity, especially concerning the ancestry of their king (the [[Kin-strife]]), and grew weaker as a result. In this affair, the villain was the pure-blooded Númenórean [[Castamir]] while the hero was the half-Númenórean [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]].<br />
<br />
===Dwarves as Jews===<br />
<br />
Tolkien himself compared Dwarves to Jews: <br />
<br />
Tolkien: "The dwarves of course are quite obviously-"<br />
<br />
D. Gueroult: "wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews?" <br />
<br />
Tolkien: "[pausing] Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic."<ref>https://youtu.be/bzDtmMXJ1B4?t=631</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
One may interpret this comment in many ways. It should be noted that he only made an explicit connection between the dwarf-language [[Khuzdul]] to Semitic languages. In another letter, he makes the same comparison, but this time it is explicitly about both peoples being dispossessed of their lands, forced to wander the world, and adopt the languages of other lands: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" <ref>{{L|176}}</ref><br />
<br />
Throughout the books, Tolkien paints a mostly positive picture of the dwarves ([[Gimli]] of course is brave and honourable, and "few Dwarves ever served the enemy willingly", contrary to the tales of Men<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref>) and elsewhere he made explicitly positive statements about the Jewish people. <br />
<br />
However, one of the weaknesses of the Dwarves was their greed for gold and other riches, amplified by the [[Seven Rings]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Some see a connection between this and the stereotype of the Jewish usurer. It is also possible to draw a connection between the bearded Dwarves and the beards of Orthodox Jews. Though this has more of an origin in Norse mythology than Jewish stereotypes.<br />
<br />
===Númenóreans===<br />
<br />
Tolkien has divine beings blessing or gifting peoples or persons and their descendants, having thus the concept of the [[chosen people]] who differ from others — in Tolkien's case, the Dúnedain (literally "Men of the West") of Númenor. It should be also noted that according to Theosophy, Ariosophy and Nazism<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race#Occultism</ref>, the Aryan race is supposedly descended from [[Atlantis]].<ref>Alfred Rosenberg, [[Wikipedia:The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century|The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]</ref><br />
<br />
Although gifted, many of Tolkien's Númenóreans are evil. In the Appendices to the Return of the King, Númenórean fleets sail to Middle Earth, where they conquer and subjugate native peoples in what may be a commentary on European imperialism. The Númenóreans ultimately cause their own downfall by following the teachings of Morgoth, conducting human sacrifices, and making war on Valinor. At least three of the Nazgûl are Númenóreans.<br />
<br />
==Counterindications==<br />
Tolkien's defenders assert that many criticisms of racism and elitism leveled at ''The Lord of the Rings'' and other writings are oversimplifications and generalizations, and do not take account of everything the author may have written concerning these matters.<br />
<br />
*The symbolism of light as good and dark as evil is a prehistoric dichotomy present in a great many cultures, Western and otherwise. It is also a part of [[Christianity]] (John 8:12 Jesus Christ said, "I am the Light of the World, Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life."). Variations such as the Manicheeist heresy and further the ancient religion of Persia - Zoroastrianism.<br />
<br />
*Tolkien was English, and wanted to make a mythology for England. Therefore he wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' according to his people's point of view. He could not make his protagonists, say, Incan or Japanese, or even put the setting anywhere else than (an alternative) North-western Europe, in spirit if not in actuality.<br />
<br />
*Tolkien only made precise ''geographic'' correspondences of Third Age Middle-earth locations to those in the real world. For example, [[Hobbiton]] was at the latitude of Oxford. The Shire was based upon, but ''was not actually'' rural England, since "the lands have changed" since then. Tolkien made no precise correspondences regarding the ''peoples'' concerned. Though the Hobbits were based upon rural English folk, they were not literally ancient Englishmen. He never said that Harad was Africa, nor the Eastlands Asia, nor their inhabitants ancestors of Africans or Asians. ''The Silmarillion'' presents tales of a time when the Earth's lands were different from that in the Third Age. <br />
<br />
*Not only the East and South are associated with evil, and neither were they always so. In the First Age, evil came from the North when Morgoth based himself in [[Angband]]. Also, all Men and Elves first awoke in the East. Boromir is introduced as a "man of the South" without qualification (actually South-west).<br />
<br />
*The white but darker-skinned Dunlendings themselves are descendants of the [[Edain]] (through the [[House of Haleth]]), therefore distant though unrecognized relatives of the Dunedain of Numenor, and their ancestors grew hostile to the Dunedain due to the latter despoiling their forests. The mostly benign and hearty men of Bree are descended from Dunlendings. <br />
<br />
*In the War of the Ring, the human enemies are not truly evil, since they are described as deceived, enslaved or exploited. Sam sees a dead warrior of Harad and wonders if he was truly evil — or rather deceived or coerced to go to war (see below). The Dunlendings are persuaded by Saruman to attack Rohan, playing on their grievances due to Gondor giving what they considered their land to the Eotheod, the ancestors of the Rohirrim. Earlier, Sauron persuaded their ancestors to fight against the Numenoreans, the cause of their relocation from forests into the hills.<br />
<br />
*Tolkien does not actually mention the physical features of the Easterlings in ''The Lord of the Rings''; however the Easterlings of ''The Silmarillion'' are described as either sallow or swarthy.<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> There is no certainty that the Easterlings of the First Age are the same people as those of the Third Age though: in fact, many of the "white" Men of Eriador are indicated to be descendants of the First Age Easterlings. <br />
<br />
*Tolkien first describes the Haradrim in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as tall, dark, and looking fierce and nasty (according to [[Gollum]]), with long black hair, painted faces and gold earrings and ornaments. Later a warrior of Harad who falls at Sam's feet has black plaits of hair braided with gold. Notably, the author does not describe them as black, nor their hair as kinky, nor give them any other typical sub-Saharan African features.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}</ref><br />
<br />
*All the "superior" people, be they Elves, Edain or Dunedain, have no direct analogues in peoples of the real world. If the Dunedain could be put somewhere, they would belong in [[Atlantis]], since Numenor was Middle-Earth's counterpart to Plato's Atlantis. The Rohirrim, who have been parallelled to blond and fair Europeans, are "inferior" to them, being Middle Men, in their view.<br />
<br />
*Kings, princes, heirs and noblemen as protagonists is not necessarily an advocation of blood nobility, since it is a theme and concept common in myths and fairy-tales. Also, [[Samwise Gamgee]] represents the common man, and sees insights that more "noble" characters apparently do not, such as the true situation of the human enemies. Tolkien states that Sam is the chief hero of the whole book.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> Sam himself is twice referred to as having "brown hands",<ref>{{TT|Stairs}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref> leading some to argue that Sam is "non-white".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=https://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com/post/106609134600/sam-gamgees-brown-hands|articlename=Sam Gamgee’s Brown Hands|website=[http://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com Ask About Middle-Earth]}}</ref><br />
<br />
*The blood of Númenor ran nearly true in the character of [[Faramir]],<ref>{{RK|MT}}</ref> a man whom Tolkien described as "modest, fair-minded and scrupulously just, and very merciful",<ref>{{L|244}}</ref> yet he chose to marry [[Éowyn]], who was a woman of [[Rohan]] and therefore undoubtedly of the race of [[Middle Men]].<ref>{{RK|Steward}};{{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
*There are no truly "perfect" peoples in Tolkien's writings, save perhaps the [[Vanyar]]. Given that Tolkien loved trees and nature in general, having his Numenoreans wantonly cut down trees for ships is decidedly negative. The Noldor rebelled against the Valar and killed their fellow Elves.<br />
<br />
==''Lord of the Rings'' and Fascism==<br />
<br />
In Italy, ''Lord of the Rings'' is considered fascist by some groups and Italian fascist organisations are allegedly using the book for recruiting.<ref>http://www.johnreilly.info/ata.htm</ref> According to Italian website [http://www.caltanet.it/frm/cinema/ Caltanet], [[Wikipedia:Alleanza Nazionale|Alleanza Nazionale]], a right-oriented Italian political party, had taken a picture from ''Fellowship of the Ring'' movie to promote a speech by his leader, [[Wikipedia:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]].<ref>http://www.theonering.net/perl/newsview/8/1001628604</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's works have also been embraced by self-admitted racists such as the British National Party.<ref>The Sunday Times - [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article804465.ece The BNP has declared Lord of the Rings essential reading. They’re not the only extremists to get the wrong idea]</ref><br />
<br />
However, Tolkien himself stated in a letter to his son in 1943 that ''My political opinions lean more and more to Anarchy (philosophically understood, meaning the abolition of control not whiskered men with bombs)-or to 'unconstitutional' Monarchy.'' (The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien) [https://rodbenson.com/2011/08/20/tolkien-on-anarchism/]. Thus this makes any notion of Tolkien being fascist defunct.<br />
<br />
==Relevant Passages from the text==<br />
{{quote|It is not unlikely that they <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Orcs]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invented some of the machines that have since troubled the world, especially the ingenious devices for killing large numbers of people at once, for wheels and engines and explosions always delighted them"|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "Over-Hill and Under-Hill"}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much. He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil at heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]"}}<br />
<br />
==Tolkien on Racism==<br />
{{quote|I must say that the enclosed letter from Rutten & Loening is a bit stiff. Do I suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of arisch origin from all persons of all countries? ... Personally I should be inclined to refuse to give any ''Bestätigung'' (although it happens that I can), and let a German translation go hang. In any case I should object strongly to any such declaration appearing in print. I do not regard the (probable) absence of all Jewish blood as necessarily honourable; and I have many Jewish friends, and should regret giving any colour to the notion that I subscribed to the wholly pernicious and unscientific race-doctrine.|[[Letter 29]] — Tolkien's German publishers had asked whether he was of Aryan origin}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Thank you for your letter... I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by ''arisch''. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian; as far as I am aware noone [sic] of my ancestors spoke Hindustani, Persian, Gypsy, or any related dialects. But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.|[[Letter 30]] (Tolkien's unsent response to his German publishers; a more neutral version was ultimately sent)}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.|J.R.R. Tolkien — September 23, 1944}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|I have the hatred of apartheid in my bones; and most of all I detest the segregation or separation of Language and Literature. I do not care which of them you think White.|From a [[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]] in [[1959]]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|As for what you say or hint of ‘local’ conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain, & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately], not many retain that generous sentiment for long.|[[Letter 61]] — Written to Christopher Tolkien who was stationed in South Africa during World War II}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|Anyway, I have in this War a burning private grudge—which would probably make me a better soldier at 49 than I was at 22: against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler (for the odd thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that it in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature: it chiefly affects the mere will). Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light.|[[Letter 45]]}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/11/29/is-it-true-there-is-racism-in-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Is It True There is Racism in The Lord of the Rings?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist Portion of a Tolkien FAQ attempting to give an answer to the matter]<br />
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm Critique of the Lord of the Rings as an 'epic rooted in racism' by Dr Shapiro]<br />
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-030112epringsrace,0,4574891.story 'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory] by Chicago Tribune<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Debates]]<br />
[[category:Tolkien criticism]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Racism&diff=368975Racism2023-02-19T15:52:40Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Counterindications */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{quote|For years, Tolkien scholars have waged a fight on two fronts: against an academic establishment that for the most part refused to take the author's work seriously, and against white supremacists who have tried to claim the professor as one of their own.|David Ibata, ''Chicago Tribune''<ref>http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/chi-030112epringsrace,0,341461.story</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Haradrim.jpg|thumb|225px|''[[Haradrim]]'' from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|''Easterlings'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
<br />
Some fans and critics of Tolkien's works could observe several ambiguously '''Racist and race-based elements'''; these go further into stereotyping or the symbolism of good versus evil in the Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. Though the latter is the more established and valid area of study, as early as the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' the topic of 'race' has been discussed, including by [[C.S. Lewis]].{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In the [[The Lord of the Rings Foreword|Foreword]] to the revised edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien cautioned strongly against viewing it as an allegory, saying that he disliked allegory himself. Furthermore, according to his own claims, Tolkien denounced Hitler, Nazi beliefs, "race-doctrine" and apartheid and praised the Jews, calling them a "gifted people" (see below). Tolkien can therefore be described as an author whose messages, allegories (or lack-thereof), and agendas as being set aside from the social-political domain and entirely focused within a fantasy-fiction context. <br />
<br />
[[Christine Chism]] mentions the issue of racism in the ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]'', where she distinguishes accusations as falling into three categories: intentional racism, unconscious [[Wikipedia:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] bias, and an evolution from latent racism in Tolkien's early work to a conscious rejection of racist tendencies in his late work.{{fact}}<br />
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[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] has done much to perpetuate recent popular interest in, as well as criticism of Tolkien's writings.{{fact}}<br />
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==Indications==<!-- These are not to be taken as definite. This list cites claims pointed out by critics, right or wrong. In case they can be 'countered', this is discussed in the next section --><br />
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===Orcs===<br />
The mostly white Free Peoples of Middle-Earth doing battle with the hordes of beast-like orcs is seen by some as an indication of racism.{{fact}}<br />
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Of the orcs, the [[Uruk-Hai]] are described as "black"<ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref> and a smaller orc, a tracker, is described as "black-skinned".<ref>{{RK|Shadow}}</ref> All orcs are often described as "slant-eyed" and the Uruk-Hai at least refer to the Rohirrim as 'white skins.' Tolkien described Orcs as ''"...squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types"''<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
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While Tolkien's statement comparing Orcs to the "Mongol-types" may be interpreted as racist, he does put a disclaimer, "(to Europeans,)" before "least lovely", at least recognizing Western cultural bias and also pointing out that they were "degraded and repulsive versions" of "Mongol-types", not actual "Mongol-types". It is worth noting that some Orcs use crooked or bent swords (Tolkien also uses the term scimitar, which is historically associated with the Middle-East).<ref>{{TT|Departure}}</ref><br />
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Orcs however, are not men. Unlike the wicked men who serve the Enemy, who might have been enslaved or beguiled, orcs are portrayed as irredeemably evil, or at least having a redemption outside the scope of the narrative. The origin of orcs is not clear, but they may be products of Morgoth's sorcery, or the descendants of tortured and ruined elves or men. Regardless of their origins they are not presented as a natural race.<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br />
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===Light vs. Dark===<br />
Some critics have declared that there is racism in Tolkien's works through his use of the words such as "light" and "white" vs. "dark" or "black". In 2002, John Yatt in ''The Guardian'' wrote: "White men are good, 'dark' men are bad, orcs are worst of all.<ref>''The Guardian'' (2 December 2002)</ref>.{{fact}} Other critics such as [[Tom Shippey]] and [[Michael D.C. Drout]] disagree with such clear-cut generalizations of Tolkien's "white" and "dark" men into good and bad.<br />
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The whole of Tolkien's legendarium contains a conflict between "light" (The Trees, the [[Silmarils]]) and "darkness" (the literal absence of light). Morgoth's standard was ''"sable unblazoned"'' (that is, plain black). ''"Mordor"'' means "black land" in Sindarin. If one were to analyse this through a racial lense, the ongoing clash may be interpreted as containing racial symbolism of light skinned versus dark skinned peoples, although Eol, father of Maeglin was known as the Dark Elf, and the Moriquendi were called the Elves of Darkness. Both these terms refer to remaining outside the light of the two trees, not to skin tone. The [[Black Númenóreans]] are likewise named because of the color of their allegiance to Sauron and their heraldry, not their skin tone. Considering this, Tolkien's assignment of Good and Evil to "light" and "dark" cannot simply be dismissed as racial undertones within the broader narrative. <br />
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But white is not associated only with Good. [[Saruman]] the White has the [[White Hand]] as his symbol. Similarly black is not only associated with evil as Gondor uses a black standard bearing the White Tree, and the Guards of the Citadel of Minas Tirith wore black chain mail. In [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], three Númenórean ships are followed by a boat with black sails. One of the mariners explains to a native of Middle-earth, scared that the black sails indicate doom, that the blackness is in fact a thing of beauty, the night sky of Elbereth (who kindled the stars). Indeed, Tolkien states that one of Morgoth's (literally, the ''Black Enemy'') victories was in associating darkness and night with fear and evil.{{fact}}<br />
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===Evil Men===<br />
One potentially racist element in Middle-Earth is that the majority of the men who serve Sauron are the dark-skinned peoples of the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterling]]s and [[Southrons]]. They come from the South and East of Middle-Earth, corresponding with Asia and Africa in the loose connection between Middle-Earth geography and that of the real world.<br />
The Easterlings are aligned with Morgoth or Sauron with the exception of Bór's folk. They are described as being of fairly dark skin complexion, swarthy and exceedingly cruel. The Southrons (or Haradrim) are described as black-skinned, cruel and evil, and are apparently at least inspired by Indian cultures with traits such as fighting on [[Mumakil]]-back. <br />
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In some cases, people having the slightest blood relation to enemies, like [[Freca]] and [[Wulf]], who are related to the [[Dunlendings]], are presented as evil themselves, as if evilness is hereditary. Some of these are also called "swarthy" (dark). Bill Ferny is said to be swarthy, and this can be traced to his Dunlending ancestry.<br />
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While the Easterlings and the Haradrim are dark-skinned people in the service of the Enemy, the [[Woses]] are primitive, small, and alien compared to other peoples (their chief Ghan-buri-Ghan only wears a grass skirt) yet they are valuable allies (in ''The Return of the King''). While Tolkien does not mention their skin colour, they were considered monsters by the Rohirrim who hunted them as animals, which the narrative explicitly condemns. However in the First Age they were counted as ''Edain'', or noble Men, and were allies of the Elves.<br />
<br />
However, not all enemies are non-white. Noteworthy examples are Saruman, [[Gríma]], [[Gollum]], and at least two of the [[Nazgûl]]. Also [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] and the [[ruffians]] are white-skinned characters who ravage and take over [[the Shire]]. Indeed, while during the timeframe of Lord of the Rings those enslaved and serving Sauron are darker skinned people from the South and East, during the history of Middle-Earth many of the white races of man and even some Elves were fooled and coerced by the Enemy. <br />
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Tolkien also wrote that the [[Blue Wizards]], who do not appear in '''The Lord of the Rings'' narrative, were sent into the South and East lands to spread dissent and resistance against Sauron. While he wrote on one occasion (as given in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'') that they failed, on another occasion (as given in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'') he wrote that they were successful, making Sauron's hold on these lands throughout the centuries significantly weaker than it should have been. This prevented Sauron from overwhelming the West with his armies and ultimately contributed to his defeat in the War of the Ring. This means that Southrons and Easterlings resisting Sauron were meant to exist, only that their stories remain untold.<br />
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===Racism in Middle-earth===<br />
Tolkien portrays racism within the "heroic" races as unabashedly negative. Elves and Dwarves distrust each other. Some Elves hunted the Petty-dwarves as animals, as did the Rohirrim to the [[Woses]].<ref>{{RK|Ride}}</ref> The friendship between [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] is portrayed as unusual but commendable,<ref>{{App|Later}}</ref> and several scenes illustrate them learning to understand and respect each other's cultural differences. When [[Gimli]] meets [[Galadriel]] and hears her speak the names of [[Mirrormere|Kheled-zaram]], [[Kibil-nala]], and [[Khazad-dum]] in his own tongue, he is described as feeling as if he had''"looked into the heart of an enemy and saw there love and understanding."'' Later, when he originally asks for nothing of Lady Galadriel, although she had given every other member of the [[Fellowship]] a gift, she says, ''"Let none say again that Dwarves are grasping and ungracious!"''<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
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It is notable that there is apparently racism within the ranks of Orcs as the Uruk-hai held themselves as superior to the common Orcs, whom they called ''snaga'' (slave).<br />
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The point-of-view characters of the book -- the hobbits -- are themselves of a race that is frequently described as being overlooked, under-estimated, and lightly regarded by the other races of Middle-earth, yet they often demonstrate far greater courage and nobility than the races who denigrate them. They are not without prejudice, however, and Gandalf is shown reprimanding Frodo for his comments on [[Barliman Butterbur]].<br />
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The Númenóreans of Gondor fell to infighting because of a supposed need for racial purity, especially concerning the ancestry of their king (the [[Kin-strife]]), and grew weaker as a result. In this affair, the villain was the pure-blooded Númenórean [[Castamir]] while the hero was the half-Númenórean [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]].<br />
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===Dwarves as Jews===<br />
<br />
Tolkien himself compared Dwarves to Jews: <br />
<br />
Tolkien: "The dwarves of course are quite obviously-"<br />
<br />
D. Gueroult: "wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews?" <br />
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Tolkien: "[pausing] Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic."<ref>https://youtu.be/bzDtmMXJ1B4?t=631</ref><br />
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<br />
One may interpret this comment in many ways. It should be noted that he only made an explicit connection between the dwarf-language [[Khuzdul]] to Semitic languages. In another letter, he makes the same comparison, but this time it is explicitly about both peoples being dispossessed of their lands, forced to wander the world, and adopt the languages of other lands: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" <ref>{{L|176}}</ref><br />
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Throughout the books, Tolkien paints a mostly positive picture of the dwarves ([[Gimli]] of course is brave and honourable, and "few Dwarves ever served the enemy willingly", contrary to the tales of Men<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref>) and elsewhere he made explicitly positive statements about the Jewish people. <br />
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However, one of the weaknesses of the Dwarves was their greed for gold and other riches, amplified by the [[Seven Rings]].<ref>{{S|Rings}}</ref> Some see a connection between this and the stereotype of the Jewish usurer. It is also possible to draw a connection between the bearded Dwarves and the beards of Orthodox Jews. Though this has more of an origin in Norse mythology than Jewish stereotypes.<br />
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===Númenóreans===<br />
<br />
Tolkien has divine beings blessing or gifting peoples or persons and their descendants, having thus the concept of the [[chosen people]] who differ from others — in Tolkien's case, the Dúnedain (literally "Men of the West") of Númenor. It should be also noted that according to Theosophy, Ariosophy and Nazism<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race#Occultism</ref>, the Aryan race is supposedly descended from [[Atlantis]].<ref>Alfred Rosenberg, [[Wikipedia:The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century|The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]</ref><br />
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Although gifted, many of Tolkien's Númenóreans are evil. In the Appendices to the Return of the King, Númenórean fleets sail to Middle Earth, where they conquer and subjugate native peoples in what may be a commentary on European imperialism. The Númenóreans ultimately cause their own downfall by following the teachings of Morgoth, conducting human sacrifices, and making war on Valinor. At least three of the Nazgûl are Númenóreans.<br />
<br />
==Counterindications==<br />
Tolkien's defenders assert that many criticisms of racism and elitism leveled at ''The Lord of the Rings'' and other writings are oversimplifications and generalizations, and do not take account of everything the author may have written concerning these matters.<br />
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*The symbolism of light as good and dark as evil is a prehistoric dichotomy present in a great many cultures, Western and otherwise. It is also a part of [[Christianity]] (John 8:12 Jesus Christ said, "I am the Light of the World, Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life."). Variations such as the Manicheeist heresy and further the ancient religion of Persia - Zoroastrianism.<br />
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*Tolkien was English, and wanted to make a mythology for England. Therefore he wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' according to his people's point of view. He could not make his protagonists, say, Incan or Japanese, or even put the setting anywhere else than (an alternative) North-western Europe, in spirit if not in actuality.<br />
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*Tolkien only made precise ''geographic'' correspondences of Third Age Middle-earth locations to those in the real world. For example, [[Hobbiton]] was at the latitude of Oxford. The Shire was based upon, but ''was not actually'' rural England, since "the lands have changed" since then. Tolkien made no precise correspondences regarding the ''peoples'' concerned. Though the Hobbits were based upon rural English folk, they were not literally ancient Englishmen. He never said that Harad was Africa, nor the Eastlands Asia, nor their inhabitants ancestors of Africans or Asians. ''The Silmarillion'' presents tales of a time when the Earth's lands were different from that in the Third Age. <br />
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*Not only the East and South are associated with evil, and neither were they always so. In the First Age, evil came from the North when Morgoth based himself in [[Angband]]. Also, all Men and Elves first awoke in the East. Boromir is introduced as a "man of the South" without qualification (actually South-west).<br />
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*The white but darker-skinned Dunlendings themselves are descendants of the [[Edain]] (through the [[House of Haleth]]), therefore distant though unrecognized relatives of the Dunedain of Numenor, and their ancestors grew hostile to the Dunedain due to the latter despoiling their forests. The mostly benign and hearty men of Bree are descended from Dunlendings. <br />
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*In the War of the Ring, the human enemies are not truly evil, since they are described as deceived, enslaved or exploited. Sam sees a dead warrior of Harad and wonders if he was truly evil — or rather deceived or coerced to go to war (see below). The Dunlendings are persuaded by Saruman to attack Rohan, playing on their grievances due to Gondor giving what they considered their land to the Eotheod, the ancestors of the Rohirrim. Earlier, Sauron persuaded their ancestors to fight against the Numenoreans, the cause of their relocation from forests into the hills.<br />
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*Tolkien does not actually mention the physical features of the Easterlings in ''The Lord of the Rings''; however the Easterlings of ''The Silmarillion'' are described as either sallow or swarthy.<ref>{{S|Fingolfin}}</ref> There is no certainty that the Easterlings of the First Age are the same people as those of the Third Age though: in fact, many of the "white" Men of Eriador are indicated to be descendants of the First Age Easterlings. <br />
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*Tolkien first describes the Haradrim in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as tall, dark, and looking fierce and nasty (according to [[Gollum]]), with long black hair, painted faces and gold earrings and ornaments. Later a warrior of Harad who falls at Sam's feet has black plaits of hair braided with gold. Notably, the author does not describe them as black, nor their hair as kinky, nor give them any other typical sub-Saharan African features.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}</ref><br />
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*All the "superior" people, be they Elves, Edain or Dunedain, have no direct analogues in peoples of the real world. If the Dunedain could be put somewhere, they would belong in [[Atlantis]], since Numenor was Middle-Earth's counterpart to Plato's Atlantis. The Rohirrim, who have been parallelled to blond and fair Europeans, are "inferior" to them, being Middle Men, in their view.<br />
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*Kings, princes, heirs and noblemen as protagonists is not necessarily an advocation of blood nobility, since it is a theme and concept common in myths and fairy-tales. Also, [[Samwise Gamgee]] represents the common man, and sees insights that more "noble" characters apparently do not, such as the true situation of the human enemies. Tolkien states that Sam is the chief hero of the whole book.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> Sam himself is twice referred to as having "brown hands",<ref>{{TT|Stairs}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref> leading some to argue that Sam is "non-white".<ref>{{webcite|articleurl=http://https://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com/post/106609134600/sam-gamgees-brown-hands|articlename=Sam Gamgee’s Brown Hands|website=[http://askmiddlearth.tumblr.com Ask About Middle-Earth]}}</ref><br />
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*The blood of Númenor ran nearly true in the character of [[Faramir]],<ref>{{RK|MT}}</ref> a man whom Tolkien described as "modest, fair-minded and scrupulously just, and very merciful",<ref>{{L|244}}</ref> yet he chose to marry [[Éowyn]], who was a woman of [[Rohan]] and therefore undoubtedly of the race of [[Middle Men]].<ref>{{RK|Steward}};{{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
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*There are no truly "perfect" peoples in Tolkien's writings, save perhaps the [[Vanyar]]. Given that Tolkien loved trees and nature in general, having his Numenoreans wantonly cut down trees for ships is decidedly negative. The Noldor rebelled against the Valar and killed their fellow Elves.<br />
<br />
==''Lord of the Rings'' and Fascism==<br />
<br />
In Italy, ''Lord of the Rings'' is considered fascist by some groups and Italian fascist organisations are allegedly using the book for recruiting.<ref>http://www.johnreilly.info/ata.htm</ref> According to Italian website [http://www.caltanet.it/frm/cinema/ Caltanet], [[Wikipedia:Alleanza Nazionale|Alleanza Nazionale]], a right-oriented Italian political party, had taken a picture from ''Fellowship of the Ring'' movie to promote a speech by his leader, [[Wikipedia:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]].<ref>http://www.theonering.net/perl/newsview/8/1001628604</ref><br />
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Tolkien's works have also been embraced by self-admitted racists such as the British National Party.<ref>The Sunday Times - [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article804465.ece The BNP has declared Lord of the Rings essential reading. They’re not the only extremists to get the wrong idea]</ref><br />
<br />
However, Tolkien himself stated in a letter to his son in 1943 that ''My political opinions lean more and more to Anarchy (philosophically understood, meaning the abolition of control not whiskered men with bombs)-or to 'unconstitutional' Monarchy.'' (The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien) [https://rodbenson.com/2011/08/20/tolkien-on-anarchism/]. Thus this makes any notion of Tolkien being fascist defunct.<br />
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==Relevant Passages from the text==<br />
{{quote|It is not unlikely that they <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Orcs]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invented some of the machines that have since troubled the world, especially the ingenious devices for killing large numbers of people at once, for wheels and engines and explosions always delighted them"|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "Over-Hill and Under-Hill"}}<br />
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{{quote|It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much. He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil at heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]"}}<br />
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==Tolkien on Racism==<br />
{{quote|I must say that the enclosed letter from Rutten & Loening is a bit stiff. Do I suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of arisch origin from all persons of all countries? ... Personally I should be inclined to refuse to give any ''Bestätigung'' (although it happens that I can), and let a German translation go hang. In any case I should object strongly to any such declaration appearing in print. I do not regard the (probable) absence of all Jewish blood as necessarily honourable; and I have many Jewish friends, and should regret giving any colour to the notion that I subscribed to the wholly pernicious and unscientific race-doctrine.|[[Letter 29]] — Tolkien's German publishers had asked whether he was of Aryan origin}}<br />
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{{quote|Thank you for your letter... I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by ''arisch''. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian; as far as I am aware noone [sic] of my ancestors spoke Hindustani, Persian, Gypsy, or any related dialects. But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.|[[Letter 30]] (Tolkien's unsent response to his German publishers; a more neutral version was ultimately sent)}}<br />
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{{quote|There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.|J.R.R. Tolkien — September 23, 1944}}<br />
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{{quote|I have the hatred of apartheid in my bones; and most of all I detest the segregation or separation of Language and Literature. I do not care which of them you think White.|From a [[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]] in [[1959]]}}<br />
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{{quote|As for what you say or hint of ‘local’ conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain, & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately], not many retain that generous sentiment for long.|[[Letter 61]] — Written to Christopher Tolkien who was stationed in South Africa during World War II}}<br />
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{{quote|Anyway, I have in this War a burning private grudge—which would probably make me a better soldier at 49 than I was at 22: against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler (for the odd thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that it in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature: it chiefly affects the mere will). Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light.|[[Letter 45]]}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/11/29/is-it-true-there-is-racism-in-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Is It True There is Racism in The Lord of the Rings?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist Portion of a Tolkien FAQ attempting to give an answer to the matter]<br />
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm Critique of the Lord of the Rings as an 'epic rooted in racism' by Dr Shapiro]<br />
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-030112epringsrace,0,4574891.story 'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory] by Chicago Tribune<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Debates]]<br />
[[category:Tolkien criticism]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SingingOrc&diff=338014User talk:SingingOrc2021-11-02T19:03:10Z<p>SingingOrc: /* References in clear Text instead of templates for references */</p>
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<div>{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=SingingOrc}}<br />
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-- [[User:Mith|<span style="color:#2F4F4F">'''Mith'''</span>]] <small>([[User talk:Mith|<span style="color:#696969">'''Talk'''</span>]]/[[Special:Contributions/Mith|<span style="color:#708090">Contribs</span>]]/[[Special:Editcount/Mith/Edits|<span style="color:#778899">Edits</span>]])</small> 02:09, 7 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== Use of minor edit checkbox ==<br />
<br />
Hi there. I noticed your recent edit on the [[Golf]] article, but I would just suggest to not mark these types of edits as "minor." The minor checkbox would be better suited for things like adding links to words, correcting typos, or fixing formatting mistakes. From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Minor_edit Wikipedia]: "A minor edit is one that the editor believes requires no review and could never be the subject of a dispute." In this particular case, I feel like it changes the meaning of the article enough for others to review it. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 01:34, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:Thank you for the correction. I will remember that in the future. [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 03:00, 10 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
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== References in clear Text instead of templates for references ==<br />
I noticed that you checked the minor edit box again eben you added references in clear text. Please use the templates for references. Please do not write references as clear text. I recommend that you look at pages, such as Template:FR, Template:TT, Template:RK, Template:App, Template:UT, Template:S, Template:PM and other Template: pages to get familiar with templates for references. --[[User:Akhorahil|Akhorahil]] 06:34, 31 October 2021 (UTC)<br />
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:Thank you for the notice. As for the minor checkbox, I assumed it was minor since I changed none of the content, but only added citations. As for templates, I am sorry if I caused any inconvenience, but since the results are exactly the same, I do not quite see why that matters.—[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:03, 2 November 2021 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=338013Samwise Gamgee2021-11-02T18:59:36Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Journey to Mordor */ I added the mention of the Falls of Rauros.</p>
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<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=[[Banazîr]]<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| birthlocation= The Shire<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being a member of the Fellowship of the Rings, following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]<ref name="Mount Doom">{{RK|Doom}}</ref>}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise "Sam" Gamgee''' (6 April {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref> - {{FoA|61}}; [[Shire Reckoning]]: 1380 - 1482; 102 years old when he sailed into the [[Aman|West]]) was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him till the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as "The Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. <br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning, to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumors. At the evening he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do, when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdropped at the discussion discussion between Frodo and Gandalf while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short>{{FR|Mushrooms}}</ref>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, which Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travelers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Bree===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk traveling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
===The Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on [[Weathertop]]. Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and revealing himself insisted that he accompany Frodo on his [[Quest of the Ring|quest to destroy the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|''Watcher in the Water'' by [[John Howe]]]]Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine, if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him by one of it's tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc-kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honor of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
At the [[Falls of Rauros]] Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leaped into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
[[File:John Howe - Sam and Shelob.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Sam and Shelob'']]<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carrying Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honored by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Sam and Rosie Cotton'']]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially dismayed that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a Councellor of the North-kingdom. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. IN {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Appearance==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Samwise means "simple minded" or "half-minded". Gamgee is explained as a corruption of the name [[Gammidgy]], a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] [[Galbasi]]''' (''also spelled Banazîr Galpsi'') (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''[[Perhael]]'''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished [[Epilogue]], King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{quote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration; but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{quote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{quote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable characters in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Sawmwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children, when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Sam Gamgee is by many regarded as the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> The quest to destroy the Ring only succeeds because of Sam, who repeatedly saves Frodo from disaster (such as rescuing him at [[Cirith Ungol]] and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]). He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the center of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking is frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, he cooks, he transports him (or at least carries him), and he carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{quote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
Compare to the relation between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Samwise Gamgee|Images of Samwise Gamgee]]<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]]-[[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}{{ringbearers}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Racism&diff=337948Racism2021-10-30T17:16:36Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Racism in Middle-earth */ Added citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{sources}}<br />
{{quote|For years, Tolkien scholars have waged a fight on two fronts: against an academic establishment that for the most part refused to take the author's work seriously, and against white supremacists who have tried to claim the professor as one of their own.|David Ibata, ''Chicago Tribune''<ref>http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/chi-030112epringsrace,0,341461.story</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[File:The Lord of the Rings - The Return of the King - Haradrim.jpg|thumb|225px|''[[Haradrim]]'' from [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]]]<br />
[[Image:John Howe - Easterlings.jpg|thumb|''Easterlings'' by [[John Howe]]]]<br />
<br />
Some fans and critics of Tolkien's works could observe several ambiguously '''Racist and race-based elements'''; these go further into stereotyping or the symbolism of good versus evil in the Tolkien's [[legendarium]]. Though the latter is a more canonically valid and established area of study, as early as the first edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' the topic of 'race' has been discussed, including by [[C.S. Lewis]].{{fact}}<br />
<br />
In the [[The Lord of the Rings Foreword|Foreword]] to the revised edition of ''The Lord of the Rings'', Tolkien cautioned strongly against viewing it as an allegory, saying that he disliked allegory himself. Furthermore, according to his own claims, Tolkien denounced Hitler, Nazi beliefs, "race-doctrine" and apartheid and praised the Jews, calling them a "gifted people" (see below). Tolkien can therefore be described as an author whose messages, allegories (or lack-thereof), and agendas as being set aside from the social-political domain and entirely focused within a fantasy-fiction context. <br />
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[[Christine Chism]] mentions the issue of racism in the ''[[J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment|J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia]]'', where she distinguishes accusations as falling into three categories: intentional racism, unconscious [[Wikipedia:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] bias, and an evolution from latent racism in Tolkien's early work to a conscious rejection of racist tendencies in his late work.{{fact}}<br />
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[[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]] has done much to perpetuate recent popular interest in, as well as criticism of Tolkien's writings.{{fact}}<br />
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==Indications==<!-- These are not to be taken as definite. This list cites claims pointed out by critics, right or wrong. In case they can be 'countered', this is discussed in the next section --><br />
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===Orcs===<br />
The mostly white Free Peoples of Middle-Earth doing battle with the hordes of beast-like orcs is seen by some as an indication of racism.{{fact}}<br />
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Of the orcs, the [[Uruk-Hai]] are described as "black" <ref>{{FR|Bridge}}</ref> and a smaller orc, a tracker, is described as "black-skinned".<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Land of Shadow]]"</ref> All orcs are often described as "slant-eyed" and the Uruk-Hai at least refer to the Rohirrim as 'white skins.' Tolkien described Orcs as ''"...squat, broad, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant eyes; in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) least lovely Mongol-types"''<ref>{{L|210}}</ref><br />
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While Tolkien's statement comparing Orcs to the "Mongol-types" may be interpreted as racist, he does put a disclaimer, "(to Europeans,)" before "least lovely", at least recognizing Western cultural bias and also pointing out that they were "degraded and repulsive versions" of "Mongol-types", not actual "Mongol-types". It is worth noting that some Orcs use crooked or bent swords (Tolkien also uses the term scimitar, which is historically associated with the Middle-East).<ref>{{TT|Departure}}</ref><br />
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Orcs however, are not men. Unlike the wicked men who serve the Enemy, who might have been enslaved or beguiled, orcs are portrayed as irredeemably evil, or at least having a redemption outside the scope of the narrative. The origin of orcs is not clear, but they may be products of Morgoth's sorcery, or the descendants of tortured and ruined elves or men. Regardless of their origins they are not presented as a natural race.<ref>{{S|3}}</ref><br />
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===Light vs. Dark===<br />
Some critics have declared that there is racism in Tolkien's works through his use of the words such as "light" and "white" vs. "dark" or "black". In 2002, John Yatt in ''The Guardian'' wrote: "White men are good, 'dark' men are bad, orcs are worst of all.<ref>''The Guardian'' (2 December 2002)</ref>.{{fact}} Other critics such as [[Tom Shippey]] and [[Michael D.C. Drout]] disagree with such clear-cut generalizations of Tolkien's "white" and "dark" men into good and bad.<br />
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The whole of Tolkien's legendarium contains a conflict between "light" (The Trees, the [[Silmarils]]) and "darkness" (the literal absence of light). Morgoth's standard was ''"sable unblazoned"'' (that is, plain black). ''"Mordor"'' means "black land" in Sindarin. If one were to analyse this through a racial lense, the ongoing clash may be interpreted as containing racial symbolism of light skinned versus dark skinned peoples, although Eol, father of Maeglin was known as the Dark Elf, and the Moriquendi were called the Elves of Darkness. Both these terms refer to remaining outside the light of the two trees, not to skin tone. The [[Black Númenóreans]] are likewise named because of the color of their allegiance to Sauron and their heraldry, not their skin tone. Considering this, Tolkien's assignment of Good and Evil to "light" and "dark" cannot simply be dismissed as racial undertones within the broader narrative. <br />
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But white is not associated only with Good. [[Saruman]] the White has the [[White Hand]] as his symbol. Similarly black is not only associated with evil as Gondor uses a black standard bearing the White Tree, and the Guards of the Citadel of Minas Tirith wore black chain mail. In [[The Peoples of Middle-earth]], three Númenórean ships are followed by a boat with black sails. One of the mariners explains to a native of Middle-earth, scared that the black sails indicate doom, that the blackness is in fact a thing of beauty, the night sky of Elbereth (who kindled the stars). Indeed, Tolkien states that one of Morgoth's (literally, the ''Black Enemy'') victories was in associating darkness and night with fear and evil.<br />
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===Evil Men===<br />
One potentially racist element in Middle-Earth is that the majority of the men who serve Sauron are the dark-skinned peoples of the [[Easterlings (First Age)|Easterling]]s and [[Southrons]]. They come from the South and East of Middle-Earth, corresponding with Asia and Africa in the loose connection between Middle-Earth geography and that of the real world.<br />
The Easterlings are aligned with Morgoth or Sauron with the exception of Bór's folk. They are described as being of fairly dark skin complexion, swarthy and exceedingly cruel. The Southrons (or Haradrim) are described as black-skinned, cruel and evil, and are apparently at least inspired by Indian cultures with traits such as fighting on [[Mumakil]]-back. <br />
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In some cases, people having the slightest blood relation to enemies, like [[Freca]] and [[Wulf]], who are related to the [[Dunlendings]], are presented as evil themselves, as if evilness is hereditary. Some of these are also called "swarthy" (dark). Bill Ferny is said to be swarthy, and this can be traced to his Dunlending ancestry.<br />
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While the Easterlings and the Haradrim are dark-skinned people in the service of the Enemy, the [[Woses]] are primitive, small, and alien compared to other peoples (their chief Ghan-buri-Ghan only wears a grass skirt) yet they are valuable allies (in ''The Return of the King''). While Tolkien does not mention their skin colour, they were considered monsters by the Rohirrim who hunted them as animals, which the narrative explicitly condemns. However in the First Age they were counted as ''Edain'', or noble Men, and were allies of the Elves.<br />
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However, not all enemies are non-white. Noteworthy examples are Saruman, [[Gríma]], [[Gollum]], and at least two of the [[Nazgûl]]. Also [[Lotho Sackville-Baggins]] and the [[ruffians]] are white-skinned characters who ravage and take over [[the Shire]]. Indeed, while during the timeframe of Lord of the Rings those enslaved and serving Sauron are darker skinned people from the South and East, during the history of Middle-Earth many of the white races of man and even some Elves were fooled and coerced by the Enemy. <br />
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Tolkien also wrote that the [[Blue Wizards]], who do not appear in '''The Lord of the Rings'' narrative, were sent into the South and East lands to spread dissent and resistance against Sauron. While he wrote on one occasion (as given in ''[[Unfinished Tales]]'') that they failed, on another occasion (as given in ''[[The Peoples of Middle-earth]]'') he wrote that they were successful, making Sauron's hold on these lands throughout the centuries significantly weaker than it should have been. This prevented Sauron from overwhelming the West with his armies and ultimately contributed to his defeat in the War of the Ring. This means that Southrons and Easterlings resisting Sauron were meant to exist, only that their stories remain untold.<br />
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===Racism in Middle-earth===<br />
Tolkien portrays racism within the "heroic" races as unabashedly negative. Elves and Dwarves distrust each other. Some Elves hunted the Petty-dwarves as animals, as did the Rohirrim to the [[Woses]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]],'' [[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[The Return of the King]]'', "[[The Ride of the Rohirrim]]"</ref> The friendship between [[Legolas]] and [[Gimli]] is portrayed as unusual but commendable,<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix B]], "Later Events Concerning the Members of the Fellowship of the Ring"</ref> and several scenes illustrate them learning to understand and respect each other's cultural differences. When [[Gimli]] meets [[Galadriel]] and hears her speak the names of [[Mirrormere|Kheled-zaram]], [[Kibil-nala]], and [[Khazad-dum]] in his own tongue, he is described as feeling as if he had''"looked into the heart of an enemy and saw there love and understanding."'' Later, when he originally asks for nothing of Lady Galadriel, although she had given every other member of the [[Fellowship]] a gift, she says, ''"Let none say again that Dwarves are grasping and ungracious!"''<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
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It is notable that there is apparently racism within the ranks of Orcs as the Uruk-hai held themselves as superior to the common Orcs, whom they called ''snaga'' (slave).<br />
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The point-of-view characters of the book -- the hobbits -- are themselves of a race that is frequently described as being overlooked, under-estimated, and lightly regarded by the other races of Middle-earth, yet they often demonstrate far greater courage and nobility than the races who denigrate them. They are not without prejudice, however, and Gandalf is shown reprimanding Frodo for his comments on [[Barliman Butterbur]].<br />
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The Númenóreans of Gondor fell to infighting because of a supposed need for racial purity, especially concerning the ancestry of their king (the [[Kin-strife]]), and grew weaker as a result. In this affair, the villain was the pure-blooded Númenórean [[Castamir]] while the hero was the half-Númenórean [[Eldacar (King of Gondor)|Eldacar]].<br />
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===Dwarves as Jews===<br />
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Tolkien himself compared Dwarves to Jews: <br />
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Tolkien: "The dwarves of course are quite obviously-"<br />
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D. Gueroult: "wouldn't you say that in many ways they remind you of the Jews?" <br />
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Tolkien: "[pausing] Their words are Semitic obviously, constructed to be Semitic."<ref>https://youtu.be/bzDtmMXJ1B4?t=631</ref><br />
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One may interpret this comment in many ways. It should be noted that he only made an explicit connection between the dwarf-language [[Khuzdul]] to Semitic languages. In another letter, he makes the same comparison, but this time it is explicitly about both peoples being dispossessed of their lands, forced to wander the world, and adopt the languages of other lands: both were "at once natives and aliens in their habitations, speaking the languages of the country, but with an accent due to their own private tongue…" <ref>{{L|176}}</ref><br />
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Throughout the books, Tolkien paints a mostly positive picture of the dwarves ([[Gimli]] of course is brave and honourable, and "few Dwarves ever served the enemy willingly", contrary to the tales of Men<ref name="Other">{{App|Other}}</ref>) and elsewhere he made explicitly positive statements about the Jewish people. <br />
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However, one of the weaknesses of the Dwarves was their greed for gold and other riches, amplified by the [[Seven Rings]].<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Silmarillion]]'', "[[Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age]]"</ref> Some see a connection between this and the stereotype of the Jewish usurer. It is also possible to draw a connection between the bearded Dwarves and the beards of Orthodox Jews. Though this has more of an origin in Norse mythology than Jewish stereotypes.<br />
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===Númenóreans===<br />
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Tolkien has divine beings blessing or gifting peoples or persons and their descendants, having thus the concept of the [[chosen people]] who differ from others — in Tolkien's case, the Dúnedain (literally "Men of the West") of Númenor. It should be also noted that according to Theosophy, Ariosophy and Nazism<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_race#Occultism</ref>, the Aryan race is supposedly descended from [[Atlantis]].<ref>Alfred Rosenberg, [[Wikipedia:The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century|The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]</ref><br />
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Although gifted, many of Tolkien's Númenóreans are evil. In the Appendices to the Return of the King, Númenórean fleets sail to Middle Earth, where they conquer and subjugate native peoples in what may be a commentary on European imperialism. The Númenóreans ultimately cause their own downfall by following the teachings of Morgoth, conducting human sacrifices, and making war on Valinor. At least three of the Nazgûl are Númenóreans.<br />
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==Counterindications==<br />
Tolkien's defenders assert that many criticisms of racism and elitism leveled at ''The Lord of the Rings'' and other writings are oversimplifications and generalizations, and do not take account of everything the author may have written concerning these matters.<br />
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*The symbolism of light as good and dark as evil is a prehistoric dichotomy present in a great many cultures, Western and otherwise. It is also a part of [[Christianity]] (John 8:12 Jesus Christ said, "I am the Light of the World, Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life."). Variations such as the Manicheeist heresy and further the ancient religion of Persia - Zoroastrianism.<br />
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*Tolkien was English, and wanted to make a mythology for England. Therefore he wrote ''The Lord of the Rings'' according to his people's point of view. He could not make his protagonists, say, Incan or Japanese, or even put the setting anywhere else than (an alternative) North-western Europe, in spirit if not in actuality.<br />
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*Tolkien only made precise ''geographic'' correspondences of Third Age Middle-earth locations to those in the real world. For example, [[Hobbiton]] was at the latitude of Oxford. The Shire was based upon, but ''was not actually'' rural England, since "the lands have changed" since then. Tolkien made no precise correspondences regarding the ''peoples'' concerned. Though the Hobbits were based upon rural English folk, they were not literally ancient Englishmen. He never said that Harad was Africa, nor the Eastlands Asia, nor their inhabitants ancestors of Africans or Asians. ''The Silmarillion'' presents tales of a time when the Earth's lands were different from that in the Third Age. <br />
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*Not only the East and South are associated with evil, and neither were they always so. In the First Age, evil came from the North when Morgoth based himself in [[Angband]]. Also, all Men and Elves first awoke in the East. Boromir is introduced as a "man of the South" without qualification (actually South-west).<br />
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*The white but darker-skinned Dunlendings themselves are descendants of the [[Edain]] (through the [[House of Haleth]]), therefore distant though unrecognized relatives of the Dunedain of Numenor, and their ancestors grew hostile to the Dunedain due to the latter despoiling their forests. The mostly benign and hearty men of Bree are descended from Dunlendings. <br />
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*In the War of the Ring, the human enemies are not truly evil, since they are described as deceived, enslaved or exploited. Sam sees a dead warrior of Harad and wonders if he was truly evil — or rather deceived or coerced to go to war (see below). The Dunlendings are persuaded by Saruman to attack Rohan, playing on their grievances due to Gondor giving what they considered their land to the Eotheod, the ancestors of the Rohirrim. Earlier, Sauron persuaded their ancestors to fight against the Numenoreans, the cause of their relocation from forests into the hills.<br />
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*Tolkien does not actually mention the physical features of the Easterlings in ''The Lord of the Rings''; however the Easterlings of ''The Silmarillion'' are described as either sallow or swarthy.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Christopher Tolkien]] (ed.), ''[[The Silmarillion]], [[Quenta Silmarillion]]: "[[Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin]]"''</ref> There is no certainty that the Easterlings of the First Age are the same people as those of the Third Age though: in fact, many of the "white" Men of Eriador are indicated to be descendants of the First Age Easterlings. <br />
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*Tolkien first describes the Haradrim in ''The Lord of the Rings'' as tall, dark, and looking fierce and nasty (according to [[Gollum]]), with long black hair, painted faces and gold earrings and ornaments. Later a warrior of Harad who falls at Sam's feet has black plaits of hair braided with gold. Notably, the author does not describe them as black, nor their hair as kinky, nor give them any other typical sub-Saharan African features.<ref>{{TT|IV4}}</ref><br />
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*All the "superior" people, be they Elves, Edain or Dunedain, have no direct analogues in peoples of the real world. If the Dunedain could be put somewhere, they would belong in [[Atlantis]], since Numenor was Middle-Earth's counterpart to Plato's Atlantis. The Rohirrim, who have been parallelled to blond and fair Europeans, are "inferior" to them, being Middle Men, in their view.<br />
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*Kings, princes, heirs and noblemen as protagonists is not necessarily an advocation of blood nobility, since it is a theme and concept common in myths and fairy-tales. Also, [[Samwise Gamgee]] represents the common man, and sees insights that more "noble" characters apparently do not, such as the true situation of the human enemies. Tolkien states that Sam is the chief hero of the whole book.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> Sam himself is twice referred to as having "brown hands".<ref>{{TT|Stairs}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
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*The blood of Númenor ran nearly true in the character of [[Faramir]],<ref>{{RK|MT}}</ref> a man whom Tolkien described as "modest, fair-minded and scrupulously just, and very merciful",<ref>{{L|244}}</ref> yet he chose to marry [[Éowyn]], who was a woman of [[Rohan]] and therefore undoubtedly of the race of [[Middle Men]].<ref>{{RK|Steward}};{{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
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*There are no truly "perfect" peoples in Tolkien's writings, save perhaps the [[Vanyar]]. Given that Tolkien loved trees and nature in general, having his Numenoreans wantonly cut down trees for ships is decidedly negative. The Noldor rebelled against the Valar and killed their fellow Elves.<br />
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==''Lord of the Rings'' and Fascism==<br />
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In Italy, ''Lord of the Rings'' is considered fascist by some groups and Italian fascist organisations are allegedly using the book for recruiting.<ref>http://www.johnreilly.info/ata.htm</ref> According to Italian website [http://www.caltanet.it/frm/cinema/ Caltanet], [[Wikipedia:Alleanza Nazionale|Alleanza Nazionale]], a right-oriented Italian political party, had taken a picture from ''Fellowship of the Ring'' movie to promote a speech by his leader, [[Wikipedia:Gianfranco Fini|Gianfranco Fini]].<ref>http://www.theonering.net/perl/newsview/8/1001628604</ref><br />
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Tolkien's works have also been embraced by self-admitted racists such as the British National Party.<ref>The Sunday Times - [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article804465.ece The BNP has declared Lord of the Rings essential reading. They’re not the only extremists to get the wrong idea]</ref><br />
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However, Tolkien himself stated in a letter to his son in 1943 that ''My political opinions lean more and more to Anarchy (philosophically understood, meaning the abolition of control not whiskered men with bombs)-or to 'unconstitutional' Monarchy.'' (The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien) [https://rodbenson.com/2011/08/20/tolkien-on-anarchism/]. Thus this makes any notion of Tolkien being fascist defunct.<br />
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==Relevant Passages from the text==<br />
{{quote|It is not unlikely that they <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Orcs]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> invented some of the machines that have since troubled the world, especially the ingenious devices for killing large numbers of people at once, for wheels and engines and explosions always delighted them"|''[[The Hobbit]]'', "Over-Hill and Under-Hill"}}<br />
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{{quote|It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much. He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil at heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home; and if he would not really rather have stayed there in peace.|''[[The Two Towers]]'', "[[Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit]]"}}<br />
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==Tolkien on Racism==<br />
{{quote|I must say that the enclosed letter from Rutten & Loening is a bit stiff. Do I suffer this impertinence because of the possession of a German name, or do their lunatic laws require a certificate of arisch origin from all persons of all countries? ... Personally I should be inclined to refuse to give any ''Bestätigung'' (although it happens that I can), and let a German translation go hang. In any case I should object strongly to any such declaration appearing in print. I do not regard the (probable) absence of all Jewish blood as necessarily honourable; and I have many Jewish friends, and should regret giving any colour to the notion that I subscribed to the wholly pernicious and unscientific race-doctrine.|[[Letter 29]] — Tolkien's German publishers had asked whether he was of Aryan origin}}<br />
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{{quote|Thank you for your letter... I regret that I am not clear as to what you intend by ''arisch''. I am not of Aryan extraction: that is Indo-Iranian; as far as I am aware noone [sic] of my ancestors spoke Hindustani, Persian, Gypsy, or any related dialects. But if I am to understand that you are enquiring whether I am of Jewish origin, I can only reply that I regret that I appear to have no ancestors of that gifted people.|[[Letter 30]] (Tolkien's unsent response to his German publishers; a more neutral version was ultimately sent)}}<br />
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{{quote|There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done.|J.R.R. Tolkien — September 23, 1944}}<br />
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{{quote|I have the hatred of apartheid in my bones; and most of all I detest the segregation or separation of Language and Literature. I do not care which of them you think White.|From a [[Valedictory Address to the University of Oxford]] in [[1959]]}}<br />
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{{quote|As for what you say or hint of ‘local’ conditions: I knew of them. I don't think they have much changed (even for the worse). I used to hear them discussed by my mother; and have ever since taken a special interest in that part of the world. The treatment of colour nearly always horrifies anyone going out from Britain, & not only in South Africa. Unfort[unately], not many retain that generous sentiment for long.|[[Letter 61]] — Written to Christopher Tolkien who was stationed in South Africa during World War II}}<br />
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{{quote|Anyway, I have in this War a burning private grudge—which would probably make me a better soldier at 49 than I was at 22: against that ruddy little ignoramus Adolf Hitler (for the odd thing about demonic inspiration and impetus is that it in no way enhances the purely intellectual stature: it chiefly affects the mere will). Ruining, perverting, misapplying, and making for ever accursed, that noble northern spirit, a supreme contribution to Europe, which I have ever loved, and tried to present in its true light.|[[Letter 45]]}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://middle-earth.xenite.org/2012/11/29/is-it-true-there-is-racism-in-the-lord-of-the-rings/ Is It True There is Racism in The Lord of the Rings?] by [[Michael Martinez]]<br />
*[http://tolkien.slimy.com/faq/External.html#Racist Portion of a Tolkien FAQ attempting to give an answer to the matter]<br />
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/08lord.htm Critique of the Lord of the Rings as an 'epic rooted in racism' by Dr Shapiro]<br />
*[http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/chi-030112epringsrace,0,4574891.story 'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory] by Chicago Tribune<br />
{{references}}<br />
[[Category:Debates]]<br />
[[category:Tolkien criticism]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=337254Samwise Gamgee2021-10-22T14:18:21Z<p>SingingOrc: /* History */ I hope this does not interfere with the labels too much, but I thought there should be more than images.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=[[Banazîr]]<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| birthlocation= The Shire<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being a member of the Fellowship of the Rings, following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]<ref name="Mount Doom">{{RK|Doom}}</ref>}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise "Sam" Gamgee''' (6 April {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref> - {{FoA|61}}; [[Shire Reckoning]]: 1380 - 1482; 102 years old when he sailed into the [[Aman|West]]) was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him till the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
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== History ==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as "The Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. <br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning, to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumors. At the evening he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do, when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdropped at the discussion discussion between Frodo and Gandalf while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short/>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, which Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short>{{FR|I4}}</ref><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travelers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Bree===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk traveling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
===The Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on [[Weathertop]]. Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and revealing himself insisted that he accompany Frodo on his [[Quest of the Ring|quest to destroy the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:John_Howe_-_Watcher_in_the_Water.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[John Howe]] - ''Sam saves Frodo from the Watcher'']]Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine, if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him by one of it's tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc-kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honor of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leaped into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally l250pxet it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
[[File:John Howe - Sam and Shelob.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Sam and Shelob'']]<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carrying Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honored by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Sam and Rosie Cotton'']]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially dismayed that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a Councellor of the North-kingdom. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. IN {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Appearance==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Samwise means "simple minded" or "half-minded". Gamgee is explained as a corruption of the name [[Gammidgy]], a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] [[Galbasi]]''' (''also spelled Banazîr Galpsi'') (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''[[Perhael]]'''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished [[Epilogue]], King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{quote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration; but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{quote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{quote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable characters in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Sawmwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children, when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Sam Gamgee is by many regarded as the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> The quest to destroy the Ring only succeeds because of Sam, who repeatedly saves Frodo from disaster (such as rescuing him at [[Cirith Ungol]] and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]). He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the center of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking is frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, he cooks, he transports him (or at least carries him), and he carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{quote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
Compare to the relation between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Samwise Gamgee|Images of Samwise Gamgee]]<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]]-[[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}{{ringbearers}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Bolg&diff=336816Bolg2021-10-19T15:31:47Z<p>SingingOrc: </p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
{{orc infobox<br />
| name=Bolg<br />
| image=[[File:Turner Mohan - Bolg.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bolg" by [[:Category:Images by Turner Mohan|Turner Mohan]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames="Bolg of the North"<ref name=H17/><br />
| titles=<br />
| position=[[Orcs|Orc]]-chieftain<br />
| location=[[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=<br />
| birth=Presumably before {{TA|2799}} when his father died<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref><br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death={{TA|2941}}<br />
| deathlocation=[[Battle of Five Armies]]<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=<br />
| parentage=[[Azog]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| race=[[Orcs|Orc]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Scimitar<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
'''Bolg of the North''' was a vengeful Orc chieftain, son of [[Azog]], who led a great army in the [[Battle of Five Armies]]. He was crushed in the ensuing battle by [[Beorn]]. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Bolg was the son of Azog,<ref name=H17>{{H|17}}</ref> succeeding his father as a prominent leader of the northern [[Orcs]] after Azog was killed by [[Dáin Ironfoot]] at the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]] in [[Third Age]] {{TA|2799|n}}.<ref>{{App|Durin}}</ref> This started Bolg's hatred towards the [[Dwarves]] and after the [[Great Goblin]] was killed during an encounter with [[Thorin and Company]] in {{TA|2941}}, the goblins' hatred for them grew even more.<ref name=H17/><br />
<br />
Bolg gathered an army of [[Orcs of the Misty Mountains]] to their capital at [[Gundabad|Mount Gundabad]]. They marched eastward through the [[Grey Mountains]] with a host of [[Wargs]] and a cloud of [[bats]] overhead.<ref name=H17/><br />
<br />
Once they reached the [[Lonely Mountain]], Bolg led the Orcs and Wargs into [[Battle of the Five Armies|battle]] with the Dwarves, [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]], and [[Lake-men]]. Surrounding him was his [[Bodyguard of Bolg|bodyguard]] with steel scimitars.<ref name=H17/> When [[Thorin]] attempted to pierce their ranks he became surrounded, and would later die from the wounds he sustained. The [[Eagles]] arrived and after them came [[Beorn]] in the shape of a bear. Beorn killed Bolg and the Orcs and Wargs were soon defeated.<ref>{{H|18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
There have been several attempts to give a meaning of the name ''Bolg''. One is a regular [[Orkish]] treatment of ''[[Boldog]]'', another a connection to [[Westron]] ''[[Bolger Family#Etymology|bolg]]''. <br />
<br />
In ''[[The History of The Hobbit]]'', a word from a little known and little expanded language, ''[[Mágol]]'', is given, ''bolg'', which means "strong". [[J.R.R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] at one time considered making Mágol an Orkish language. An [[wikipedia:Primitive Irish|Ivernian]] word "bolg", of unknown meaning, is also cited by [[John D. Rateliff|Rateliff]].<ref>{{HM|RB}}, p. 710</ref><br />
<br />
==Genealogy==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree| AZO | |AZO=[[Azog]]</br><small>''d. {{TA|2799}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree| |!| | |}}<br />
{{familytree| BOL | |BOL='''BOLG'''</br><small>''d. {{TA|2941}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
[[File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Bolg in Lake-town.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Bolg in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]]]<br />
<br />
'''2012: ''[[The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey]]'':'''<br />
:Bolg is played by [[Conan Stevens]] in this film via practical costume.<ref name="TORNBolg">{{webcite|author=MrCere|articleurl=http://www.theonering.net/torwp/2012/04/22/55228-exclusive-hobbits-conan-stevens-chats-with-torn/|articlename=Exclusive: ‘Hobbit’s’ Conan Stevens chats with TORn|dated=22-April-2012|website=TORN|accessed=05-September-2012}}</ref> He makes a brief appearance during the [[Battle of Azanulbizar]], where he is seen fighting against [[Dwalin]] during the flashback to the battle outside [[Moria]], until he is incapacitated and knocked down. He is, however, never actually identified as being Bolg in the film.<ref group=note>While Bolg was redesigned for motion capture performance and recast for the two following films, Conan Stevens ''does'' reprise this character as the [[Keeper of the Dungeons|Orc dungeon keeper]] at [[Dol Guldur]] in ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'' who torments [[Gandalf]] as he is imprisoned there. The Orc also attempts to reclaim [[Narya]] from the [[Wizards|Wizard]] for his [[Sauron|master]] right before being vanquished by [[Galadriel]] upon her arrival, though this segment only occurs in the film's [[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (extended edition)|Extended Edition]]</ref><br />
<br />
'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''<br />
:Bolg is played by [[Lawrence Makoare]] via motion capture in this film. Azog - who survives the [[War of the Dwarves and Orcs]] in these films - is summoned to Dol Guldur to become the commander of [[Sauron]]'s [[Orcs|Orc]] armies. While there, [[Azog]] dispatches his son Bolg to take his place in hunting Thorin and Company. With his pack of Orcs, Bolg tracks Thorin and Company through [[Mirkwood]], attacks the Wood-elves as the Company escapes in barrels, and eventually follows the [[Thorin and Company|Dwarves]] to [[Lake-town]].<br />
:At Lake-town, Bolg and a team of stealth-Orcs raid Bard's home in search of the Dwarves, but find only four. When they attack, they are in turn attacked by two [[Elves]]: [[Legolas]] and [[Tauriel]]. He goes after Legolas, and the two begin a duel (in which the Elf uses [[Orcrist]], the weapon of [[Thorin]]). However, the two adversaries prove to be evenly-matched, so Bolg decides to make his retreat. While Legolas is distracted by other Orcs, Bolg withdraws and rides a Warg down a dock. He is then pursued by Legolas, now on a horse.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
:Once again performed via motion capture, Bolg is played by [[John Tui]] this time. He is first seen in this film when he meets his father who is leading Sauron's forces to capture [[Lonely Mountain|Erebor]]. When he realises [[Elves of Mirkwood|Elves]] will come to Erebor, Azog sends Bolg to lead a separate Orc army detachment raised in [[Gundabad]]. Arriving with an advance force, he aids his father against Thorin [[Oakenshield]]'s commando team on [[Ravenhill]], nearly kills the Elf Tauriel, and slays the Dwarf [[Kíli]] when he comes to her defense. Soon afterwards, however, he is confronted and killed by Legolas, who drives one of his battle-knives into his head. Bolg's body subsequently falls off the mountain and is crushed by a boulder falling on top of it.<br />
<br />
'''2021: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Bolg makes two brief appearances in the game's depiction of the Battle of Azanulbizar, and both times he flees without a fight.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Bolg|Images of Bolg]]<br />
<br />
{{References|Notes}}<br />
{{hobbitfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Black Speech words]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Evil]]<br />
[[Category:Orcs]]<br />
[[Category:Orkish words]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
[[de:Bolg]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:orques:bolg]]<br />
[[fi:Bolg]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Minstrel_of_Gondor&diff=336242Minstrel of Gondor2021-10-14T15:09:07Z<p>SingingOrc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Adaptation}}<br />
{{men infobox<br />
| name=Minstrel of Gondor<br />
| image=[[File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Minstrel of Gondor.png|250px]]<br />
| caption=Minstrel of Gondor from [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=<br />
| position=[[Minstrels|Minstrel]]<br />
| location=[[Gondor]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=<br />
| birth=<br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule=<br />
| death=<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=He composed the ballad "[[Frodo of the Nine Fingers]]".<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Brown<br />
| eyes=Black<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
The '''Minstrel of [[Gondor]]''' is a character performed by [[Glenn Yarbrough]] who appears in the [[1980]] [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|animated adaptation]] of ''[[The Return of the King (1980 film)|The Return of the King]]''. He appears only in the film's framing device as entertainment at [[Bilbo Baggins]]' 129th birthday party in [[Rivendell]], and relates the tale of [[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]'s [[Quest of the Ring|quest]] to destroy Bilbo's old [[The One Ring|ring]], singing various songs in the process.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Men from adaptations]]<br />
[[Category:Images from The Return of the King (1980 film)]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Gandalf&diff=335598Talk:Gandalf2021-09-26T19:33:18Z<p>SingingOrc: </p>
<hr />
<div>I started a powers and abilities section, since we already have one for [[Saruman]]. It could probably use review and expansion. --[[User:Ted C|Ted C]] 13:24, 24 October 2006 (CDT)<br />
<br />
==Narya==<br />
<br />
I think it is likely that Gandalf gained his power over fire when he got Narya, the elven ring. Remember that it was called the Ring of Fire?<br />
<br />
:I doubt it. Remember that the Istari were not to use their powers to dominate. Gandalf seemed to have no power over fire ("I cannot burn snow"), though he implemented it. I believe that the words of [[Círdan]] tell us the most:<br />
<br />
{{quote|. . . For this is the Ring of Fire, and with it you may rekindle hearts in a world that grows chill. . .|[[Appendix B]]}}<br />
<br />
:Therefore I believe we can assume that the Ring was used to strengthen his purpose: to "kindle the hearts", even as he did to [[Théoden]]. There was an interesting thread in the Barrow-downs discussion forum about this very point, but I can't remember where it is. I'll post a link if I can. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 13:05, 15 December 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
But isn't said elsewhere that he could only show so much of his power to certain people? Which is why the hobbits of the Shire only knew Gandalf as a master of fireworks? --[[User:Quidon88|Quidon88]] 13:11, 15 December 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
:Fireworks are not neccessarily a result of "magical" power over fire. They knew Gandalf "''only''" as a wandering conjurer and master of fireworks. This is the least of his art. I can't find a quote as I don't have the ''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien|Letters]]'' with me (at the library, alas), but it does say he could only show his full power in greatest need, and then only in defense (as he did with [[Durin's Bane]] and the [[Witch-king]]). The other elven rings were used to preserve and protect their realms; they had no offensive capabilities so far as we know. I see no reason to assume anything else that it was for except what Círdan said: to kindle people's hearts against Sauron, which was the mission of the Istari in the first place. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 13:24, 15 December 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
"only show his full power in greatest need". That was what I was getting at, I just couldn't get the thoughts to words, thanks.--[[User:Quidon88|Quidon88]] 13:42, 15 December 2006 (EST)<br />
<br />
== Editing Article ==<br />
<br />
I've been working my way through this article trying to clean it up and make it more of an 'encyclopedic' entry. Please let me know if I slash too much.<br />
<br />
Much of this article is very poorly written and the text continually diverges from the subject matter into minutiae and tangential issues.<br />
<br />
Anyway... let me know if I'm making it better or worse.<br />
<br />
[[User:Glorfindel Mk. II|Glorfindel Mk. II]] 16:53, 2 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:Don't worry about it. Change as much as you like. This article was a rewrite done by myself alone. In other words, no-one has really edited it and filled it out. I personally thought that the information about Sauron's movements was very relevant, but I really shouldn't be the one to comment on it. Most of our main editors are absent for some reason or another, but they'll probably give you some input when they come back. --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 19:52, 7 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
::Thanks. I'm new here but very knowledgeable about Tolkien's works and letters. I'm trying to delete extraneous information. It seems to me that if the encyclopedic aspect of this site is to succeed then articles need to be rather specific to their subject. Of course I could be totally wrong... Thanks for the input.[[User:Glorfindel Mk. II|Glorfindel Mk. II]] 22:29, 7 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
== Crusade Against Sauron ==<br />
<br />
This section title is totally inappropriate as the section deals with preparations and early skirmishes between the council and Sauron. I changed it to 'Preparing for War' although there are probably better titles.<br />
<br />
There were battles earlier in the Third Age and in the Second Age that could be better termed 'Crusades against Sauron' but certainly not this interim period prior to the war of the Ring.<br />
<br />
Thoughts?<br />
<br />
[[User:Glorfindel Mk. II|Glorfindel Mk. II]] 18:38, 7 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:The title "Crusade against Sauron" was used because I couldn't think of anything better. It was Gandalf's ongoing vigilance against the Enemy; his crusade. Doubtless there are better titles, but I cannot think of any at the moment. "Vigilance against Sauron", perhaps? --[[User:Narfil Palùrfalas|Narfil Palùrfalas]] 19:52, 7 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
:: O.k. now I see where you are coming from. My POV is that 'crusade' has a specific meaning derived from the 'crusades' of the middle ages and those were organized (well semi-organized) endeavors involving thousands of people. Thus the Numenorian army that Sauron surrendered to was a 'crusading' army and I suppose the 'Last Alliance' could also be called a 'crusade.' I changed it already as it prefaces the central 'War of the Ring' section. BTW, I think 'Early Vigilance' is perfect. I like the flow of 'early vigilance,' 'preparing for the war,' and 'the war.' Feel free to change back; we can take a vote later when the other primary editors return. [[User:Glorfindel Mk. II|Glorfindel Mk. II]] 22:34, 7 August 2007 (EDT)<br />
<br />
==Olórin==<br />
Perhaps make a separate section for "Olórin in Valinor"? I recently noted this draft by JRRT and the following statement by CT: <br />
<br />
"'He was humble in the Land of the Blessed; and in Middle-earth he sought no renown. His triumph was in the uprising of the fallen, and his joy was in the renewal of hope.' This appears in Vq 2, but my father subsequently placed inverted commas round it. It was wrongly omitted from ''The Silmarillion''." <br />
<br />
If others agree, I (or someone else) could surely have enough info to write such a section ("The later ''Quenta Silmarillion'' has some other goodies on Olórin in Valinor, but I'm not sure if everything can be considered "canon" straight off). (HoMe 10) --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 22:41, 6 September 2010 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Edit request ==<br />
<br />
This page is too big to edit. I'd like to request that <nowiki>{{Featurednominations}}</nowiki> is removed. --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 13:08, 12 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Strangely my edit worked, although when I clicked save I was presented with a blank page and presumed that the save had failed. --{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 17:01, 14 July 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==Redirected names==<br />
<br />
So, what do you all think? Since many of the articles on Gandalf's various names are quite intricate, how do we most simply keep all good information in this article? While merging Láthspell, I tried instead to add all the headings from the first article under the section "Láthspell", but it doesn't look very good (and it's confusing for the reader). Should we make a Gandalf subpage (Gandalf/Names), which deals with all his names? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 21:44, 18 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
If anyone wants an example of what such a subpage could look like, we have done something similar on [[Tom Bombadil/Nature|Tom Bombadil/nature]].--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 22:17, 18 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I really don't like sub pages, but we may have to go for a Gandalf/Names page.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 12:57, 19 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
::Don't like subpages either. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 14:45, 19 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::Just to be annoying, I ''do'' like subpages and I think we should make greater use of them. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 13:07, 20 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::So, what should be the name of the this subpage - Gandalf/names or Gandalf/Names, or something completely different? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 18:04, 21 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::'''Gandalf/names''' looks ugly (as does [[Tom Bombadil/Nature|Tom Bombadil/nature]], incidentally). I would prefer '''Gandalf/Names'''.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 18:39, 21 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::::Let's not go into upper/lowercase again! --{{User:Mith/sig}} 08:44, 24 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::::OK then, let's just use uppercase.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 14:53, 24 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::::::So, should we redirect Olórin, Mithrandir, Incánus, Tharkûn, The White Rider, Gandalf Greyhame, Stormcrow and Láthspell to Gandalf/Names? --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 20:20, 24 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::::::To the appropriate headers of Gandalf/Names, yes.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 21:43, 24 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::::::::Firstly, you don't get to decide on the upper/lowercase thing. What I was referring to was that actually the editors leant towards lowercase when we last talked about it and I didn't think it was worth having that discussion again.<br />
::::::::::Secondly, no they shouldn't redirect to the subpage. And nor should they be linking to the "Names"/"Other names"/"Other names for X" either. Because that's annoying. And a manifesto for disaster. We should be listing the other names in the opening paragraph and then redirecting to the page as normal. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 21:01, 25 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::::::::+1 to KingAragorn's idea. <br />
:::::::::::If I want to search for some information about Láthspell, I'm redirected to Gandalf. I then have to scroll down the whole page to Names, and see the information isn't on this page but on [[Gandalf/Names]]. And then have to scroll down another page, untill I finally reach the correct header. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 12:31, 26 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::::::::::This is why I don't like subpages, there are too many unnecessary headaches. The uppercase/lowercase discussion was about categories (something I now think was a good idea), not subpage names. This all seems like an appropriate discussion for a meeting.--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 16:40, 26 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::::::::::I have an idea: how about having individual articles for Elvish (or other special) names instead? On these pages we could have only linguistic information and give a clear link to the main article. :P --[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 17:40, 26 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::::::::::::Yeah, we should have independant articles for Elvish names. --[[User:Amroth|Amroth]] 17:43, 26 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:::::::::::::::We have actually decided that having separate articles is exactly what we shouldn't be doing, after years of gradually moving in that direction. --{{User:Mith/sig}} 17:58, 26 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::::::::::::::::A decision that surely can be changed, if we find that it's not so easy to implement. Sometimes I'm thinking that we should solve the separation of articles from case to case: for some concepts it's useful to have it all on one page. But in other cases (as for Gandalf, with so many names), it seems more useful (that is, better for the wiki reader) to have separate articles. As Amroth says, someone searching for Tharkun will, I'd guess, in 95% of all cases want to know more about just this name (finding references, meaning, etymology, etc), and not be redirected to a general article about Gandalf.--[[User:Morgan|Morgan]] 18:05, 26 November 2011 (UTC)<br />
<br />
I like the use of a scrollable DIV for [[Tom Shippey#Bibliography|Tom Shippey's bibliography]]. Could something similar be used for the Names section on this article?--{{User:KingAragorn/sig}} 15:43, 2 January 2012 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Ainur template ==<br />
<br />
The article says that Gandalf was sent with the Istari by Manwe, but the text also says that he is a "pupil of Nienna". The Ainur template says he is associated with Manwe. So, is he a follower of Manwe (because he was sent by him) or Nienna? [[User:Sage|Sage]] 15:08, 9 March 2014 (UTC)<br />
<br />
== Maia of Manwe? ==<br />
<br />
I was wondering where the information that specifies Olorin was a Maia of Manwe. I have looked through the Valaquenta, but I was not able to find any information that specifically associated Olorin with Manwe. Am I missing something?<br />
<br />
:I believe it's a reference found in [[Unfinished Tales]], Part IV, essay II: [[The Istari]], p. 410: "There are here also some rough tables relating the names of the Istari to the names of the Valar: Olorin to Manwe and Varda..." [[User:Corsair Caruso|Corsair Caruso]] 18:03, 11 July 2017 (UTC)<br />
<br />
==The Rankin-Bass cartoons==<br />
This article states in regards to the 1980 film, ''The Return of the King'', "Gandalf the White is portrayed without difference from Gandalf the Grey, in ''The Hobbit''." However, examining Gandalf in each cartoon, his attire does seem to be lighter than in ''The Hobbit''. Is this accurate? [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:33, 26 September 2021 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Bard&diff=335584Bard2021-09-26T14:40:19Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Portrayal in adaptations */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{disambig-two|the character in ''[[The Hobbit]]''|King of Dale in the [[Fourth Age]]|[[Bard II]]}}<br />
{{northmen infobox<br />
| name=Bard<br />
| image=[[File:Jeremiah Humphries - Bard the Bowman.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Bard the Bowman" by [[:Category:Images by Jeremiah Humphries|Jeremiah Humphries]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=<br />
| titles=Bowman, Dragon-shooter, [[King of Dale]]<br />
| position=<br />
| location=[[Lake-town]], [[Dale]]<br />
| affiliation=<br />
| language=[[Dalish]], [[Westron]]<br />
| birth= <br />
| birthlocation=<br />
| rule={{TA|2944}} - {{TA|2977|n}}<br />
| death={{TA|2977}} (aged 33+)<br />
| deathlocation=<br />
| age=<br />
| notablefor=Slaying of [[Smaug]]<br>Re-founding [[Kingdom of Dale|Dale]]<br />
| house=<br />
| parentage=Descendant of [[Girion]]<br />
| siblings=<br />
| spouse=<br />
| children=[[Bain]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=Black<br />
| eyes=<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=Yew bow, [[Black Arrow]]<br />
| steed=<br />
}}<br />
{{quote|Arrow! Black arrow! I have saved you to the last. You have never failed me and always I have recovered you. I had you from my father and he from of old. If ever you came from the forges of the true king under the Mountain, go now and speed well!|Bard<ref name="Fire">{{H|Fire}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
'''Bard''' (died [[Third Age]] {{TA|2977|n}}), titled "'''the Bowman'''", was the descendant of [[Girion]] the [[Lord of Dale]] who slew the dragon [[Smaug]] and refounded [[Dale]]. He ruled his [[Kingdom of Dale|new kingdom]] as '''Bard I'''.<br />
<br />
==History== <br />
Bard served as a soldier in [[Lake-town]], and was one of the most skilled archers among [[Men]]. He was the heir of [[Girion]], the last [[Lord of Dale]]. Noted for his grim face and spirit, he was an able archer and inherited the [[Black Arrow]] from his ancestors. Considering it a lucky heirloom, he always used it last.<ref name="Fire"/><br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Black Arrow.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - The Black Arrow]]<br />
Bard organized the defence of the town when the [[Dragons|Dragon]] [[Smaug]] attacked. When the old [[Thrushes|thrush]] (who had overheard [[Bilbo Baggins]]' description of [[Smaug]])<ref>{{H|Inside}}</ref> revealed an unarmoured spot on the Dragon's underside to Bard, he shot the dragon's heart with the Black Arrow. Because of his miraculous shot, he was given the epithet "the Bowman" and "the Dragon-shooter".<ref name="Fire"/><br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - The Arkenstone.jpg|thumb|[[Bilbo Baggins]] delivers the [[Arkenstone]] to [[Thranduil]] and Bard]]<br />
After the disaster, he led the [[Lake-men]] to the [[Lonely Mountain]] demanding a part of the treasure from the [[Dwarves]].<ref name="Gather">{{H|Gathering}}</ref> The [[Elves of Mirkwood|Wood-elves]] and [[Thranduil]] came to demand their own shares. Seeing [[Thorin]]'s reluctancy to help, Bilbo Baggins delivered the [[Arkenstone]] to them to bargain with.<ref>{{H|Thief}}</ref> Afterwards, when the [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]] came, Bard led his Men in the [[Battle of Five Armies]].<ref>{{H|Burst}}</ref><br />
<br />
The victors divided the treasure and Bard took Bilbo's fourteenth share of the gold and silver in return for the Arkenstone, whereupon he shared his reward with the [[Master of Lake-town]] to rebuild the town, and gave Thranduil the emeralds of Girion.<ref name="Gather"/> However, the Master stole the money and ran off into the wild where he died.<ref>{{H|Stage}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Three years later, after the rebuilding of the city, Bard became the first [[King of Dale|King]] of [[Kingdom of Dale|restored Dale]] as a wise and able ruler. He was succeeded by his son, [[Bain]].<ref name="TA">{{App|TA}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
As a Lake-man, Bard's name was in the [[language of Dale]], which is represented by [[Old Norse]] in the book.<ref>{{App|F2}}</ref><ref>{{L|144}}</ref> In other Germanic names (such as [[Isembard Took|Isembard]]), ''bard'' refers to ''beard''. This could be either the facial hair, or more likely ''"Battle-Axe"'' (''beard'' is also a term for a part of an axe).<br />
<br />
Robert Ireland and [[Ruth S. Noel]], who perhaps overlooked the connection to Old Norse, provide as translations the [[Celtic]] words, ''bárd'' ("guardian")<ref>Robert Ireland, [http://www.quicksilver899.com/Tolkien/LOTR/LOTR_AC.html Lord of the Rings Dictionary, A - C]</ref> and ''bard'' ("poet").<ref>[[Ruth S. Noel]], ''[[The Languages of Tolkien's Middle-earth]]'', "The Languages of Rhovanion"</ref><br />
<br />
== Genealogy ==<br />
{{familytree/start}}<br />
{{familytree | GIR |GIR=[[Girion]]<br/><small>''d. {{TA|2770|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |:| }}<br />
{{familytree | |:| }}<br />
{{familytree | BAR |BAR='''BARD I'''<br/><small>''d. {{TA|2977|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree | BAI |BAI=[[Bain]]<br/><small>''d. {{TA|3007|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree | BRA |BRA=[[Brand]]<br/><small>''d. {{TA|3019|n}}''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree | |!| |}}<br />
{{familytree | BA2 |BA2=[[Bard II]]<br/><small>''fl. [[Fourth Age]]''</small>}}<br />
{{familytree/end}}<br />
<br />
==Other versions of the legendarium==<br />
In his original concept of ''[[The Hobbit]]'', [[J.R.R. Tolkien]] intended Bilbo Baggins to be the slayer of Smaug the Dragon, stabbing him in his sleep in his lair in the [[Lonely Mountain]]. Tolkien then changed his mind and in a major shift decided that Smaug would die at [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]].<ref>{{HH|PNC}}, pp. 496-497</ref> This necessitated the creation of a hero, Bard, who was revealed to be the descendant of Girion. Having created this dragon-slayer, Tolkien was going to let him die in the wreck of Lake-town.<ref>{{HH|Death}}, p. 549</ref> However, realizing new possibilities for the story, especially having a rightful claimant to part of the dragon's hoard other than the Dwarves, Tolkien kept Bard alive.<ref>{{HH|Death}}, (i) ''Bard the Dragon-Slayer'', p. 555</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Bard in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=250<br />
|lines=2<br />
|File:The Hobbit (1977 film) - Bard.jpg|Bard in [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]<br />
|File:Angelo Montanini - Bard Bowman.png|''Bard Bowman'' in [[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game|MECCG]]<br />
|File:The Hobbit (2003 video game) - Bard.png|Bard in [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]<br />
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Bard.jpg|Bard in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' (film series)]]<br />
}}<br />
'''1968: [[The Hobbit (1968 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1968 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Bard is played by [[Peter Williams]].<br />
<br />
'''1977: [[The Hobbit (1977 film)|''The Hobbit'' (1977 film)]]:'''<br />
:Bard's voice is provided by [[John Stephenson]]. Although Bard is chosen as king after slaying the dragon, there is no mention of him being of the line of Girion.<br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Hobbit (1979 radio series)|''The Hobbit'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Bard’s voice is provided by [[Erik Bauersfeld]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[Der Hobbit (1980 German radio series)|''Der Hobbit'' (1980 German radio series)]]:'''<br />
:Bard the Bowman is played by Rolf Schult.<br />
<br />
'''1995-8: ''[[Middle-earth Collectible Card Game]]'':'''<br />
:Bard Bowman is a Warrior/Scout Man, who can be used to influence the Men of Northern Rhovanion.<ref>{{webcite|author=|articleurl=http://www.tradecardsonline.com/im/searchCards|articlename=Search for a card: games > Middle Earth|dated=|website=[http://www.tradecardsonline.com/ tradecardsonline.com]|accessed=23 May 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|''The Hobbit'' (2003 video game)]]:'''<br />
:No actor is credited for the part of Bard, but it appears to be [[André Sogliuzzo]]. He is portrayed as the Captain of the guard, a stout black haired man with a full beard. Bilbo helps him retrieve the Black Arrow and stop a gang of Orcs and men from taking over Lake-town.<br />
<br />
'''2013: ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'':'''<br />
:[[Luke Evans]] portrays Bard.<ref name="PJCasting">{{webcite|author=[[Peter Jackson]]|articleurl=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150286515141558|articlename=The Hobbit Casting Update|dated=19-June-2011|website=[http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook]|accessed=23-Dec-2011}}</ref> He is first introduced coming across [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] and [[Thorin]]'s [[Thorin and Company|Company]] along the [[River Running]] when waiting to retrieve the empty wine barrels returned by the [[Woodland Realm]]. The Dwarves agree to pay him to smuggle them into [[Lake-town]] and get the weapons and supplies they need for reaching the [[Lonely Mountain]]. He takes them in to his home until they plan to leave. When he learns of Thorin's true identity, he becomes worried about the Dwarves' quest, believing the [[Smaug|Dragon]] will destroy everything in its path if awakened. In addition to his son, [[Bain]], Bard also has two daughters: [[Sigrid]] and [[Tilda]]. He is also revealed to be a widower.<br />
<br />
:Known by the [[Master of Lake-town]] (and his right hand man [[Alfrid]]) to be the descendant of [[Girion]], the last [[lord of Dale]], and fearing he may be trying to undermine their authority, Bard is under constant surveillance by various spies. He is ultimately arrested at the Master's behest on some vague charge and imprisoned at the end of the film.<br />
<br />
'''2014: ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'':'''<br />
:Bard escapes from his prison cell during [[Smaug]]'s destruction of Lake-town and attempts to take down the [[Fire-drakes|fire-drake]]. Bain manages to find him and get him the last [[Black Arrow]], which allows him to finally take down the [[Dragons|Dragon]]. He becomes a hero among the town's survivors and leads them in taking refuge in the remains of [[Dale]]. When [[Thranduil]] arrives with an army of [[Elves]] to attack the mountain, Bard attempts to peacefully come to terms with Thorin. He asks him for a portion of the treasure which Thorin had promised to the people of Lake-town, but Thorin refuses to give them anything while Thranduil's army remains. After this, Bard reluctantly joins Thranduil in his attack. However, the arrival of an [[Orcs|Orc]] army leads all involved to refocus their attention and battle the Orcs instead.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[:Category:Images of Bard|Images of Bard]]<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=northmen<br />
| name=[[Bard|Bard I]]<br />
| died={{TA|2977}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prow=<br />
| pvac=None<br />
| prev=Position established<br />
| list=1st [[King of Dale]]<br />
| dates={{TA|2944}} - {{TA|2977|n}}<br />
| next=[[Bain]]<br />
| nvac=<br />
| nrow=<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
{{hobbitfilms}}<br />
[[Category:Northmen]] <br />
[[Category:Rulers of Dale]]<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Hobbit]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Bard I.]]<br />
[[fi:Bard Jousimies]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo:personnages:hommes:3a:hommes_du_nord:daliens:bard]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Chief_of_the_guards&diff=335553Talk:Chief of the guards2021-09-24T23:42:41Z<p>SingingOrc: Created page with "==Move this page== Considering the fact that the captain of the guard was a character in the book (albeit unnamed), should we move this to the role he played in the book? ~~~~"</p>
<hr />
<div>==Move this page==<br />
Considering the fact that the captain of the guard was a character in the book (albeit unnamed), should we move this to the role he played in the book? [[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 23:42, 24 September 2021 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Forums:Request_Regarding_Turin_Silmarillion_Chapter&diff=335444Forums:Request Regarding Turin Silmarillion Chapter2021-09-22T03:02:35Z<p>SingingOrc: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Counciltop}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Start writing after this line --><br />
Hi, I am almost finsihed with the Silmarillion summaries. I plan to write Earendil soon. <br />
<br />
However, you may have noticed that I skipped "Of Turin Turambar" and went to the Fall of Doriath instead. While I do not wish to disclose exactly why, I will say that said chapter makes me uncomfortable, and I would like to avoid having to deal with the mental stress that summarizing said chapter would bring. I am therefore requesting that someone else provide the synopsis for that chapter instead. Thank you. [[User:Turiannerevarine|Turiannerevarine]] 22:38, 21 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:Thanks for your work writing the chapter summaries. I can start preparing one for "Of Turin Turambar." --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 01:19, 22 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I can definitely guess why, by the way, considering Túrin's life and actions.[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 03:02, 22 September 2021 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Nessa&diff=335438Talk:Nessa2021-09-22T00:00:21Z<p>SingingOrc: </p>
<hr />
<div>==New image==<br />
It seems to me that it is rather ambiguous as to whether Nessa has any clothing in this picture. How about a new image? I suggest this one. [[:File:Nessa by Wolfanita.jpg]] —[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:00, 21 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I personally prefer the current one by Elena Kukanova over this one. Also, I think this one may be missing the proper licensing/permission. It says permission was granted, but "Permission for use on Tolkien Gateway" is a red link. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 19:04, 21 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:She is clearly covered in the current image, which is the best depiction imo. Also, please, follow the naming policy when uploading things. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:25, 21 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::As for the errors about the image, sorry about that (and feel free to correct any mistakes you find if possible). Any mistakes were unintentional.—[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 23:19, 21 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::Also, to explain my comment earlier, she may have been, but it was not clear to me at first glance and I think it should be.[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 00:00, 22 September 2021 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Nessa&diff=335437Talk:Nessa2021-09-21T23:19:50Z<p>SingingOrc: /* New image */</p>
<hr />
<div>==New image==<br />
It seems to me that it is rather ambiguous as to whether Nessa has any clothing in this picture. How about a new image? I suggest this one. [[:File:Nessa by Wolfanita.jpg]] —[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:00, 21 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:I personally prefer the current one by Elena Kukanova over this one. Also, I think this one may be missing the proper licensing/permission. It says permission was granted, but "Permission for use on Tolkien Gateway" is a red link. --[[User:Oromë|Oromë]] 19:04, 21 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
:She is clearly covered in the current image, which is the best depiction imo. Also, please, follow the naming policy when uploading things. --[[User:LorenzoCB|LorenzoCB]] 19:25, 21 September 2021 (UTC)<br />
<br />
::As for the errors about the image, sorry about that (and feel free to correct any mistakes you find if possible). Any mistakes were unintentional.—[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 23:19, 21 September 2021 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Nessa&diff=335429Talk:Nessa2021-09-21T19:01:04Z<p>SingingOrc: </p>
<hr />
<div>==New image==<br />
It seems to me that it is rather ambiguous as to whether Nessa has any clothing in this picture. How about a new image? I suggest this one. [[File:Nessa by Wolfanita.jpg|250px]]<br />
<br />
—[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:00, 21 September 2021 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Talk:Nessa&diff=335428Talk:Nessa2021-09-21T19:00:04Z<p>SingingOrc: New image.</p>
<hr />
<div>==New image==<br />
It seems to me that it is rather ambiguous as to whether Nessa has any clothing in this picture. How about a new image? I suggest this one. [[File:Nessa by Wolfanita.jpg|File:Nessa by Wolfanita.jpg]] —[[User:SingingOrc|SingingOrc]] 19:00, 21 September 2021 (UTC)</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Lonely_Mountain&diff=335418Lonely Mountain2021-09-21T15:12:31Z<p>SingingOrc: I added an inbox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{cleanup}}<br />
{{disambig-more|Lonely Mountain|[[Lonely Mountain (disambiguation)]]}}<br />
{{location infobox<br />
| name=Lonely Mountain<br />
| image=[[File:Jef Murray - The Lonely Mountain 2.jpg|250px]]<br />
| caption="The Lonely Mountain" by Jef Murray<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=Erebor<br />
| location=The north-east of [[Rhovanion]]<br />
| type=Mountain<br />
| description=A large mountain apart from any other ranges.<br />
| regions=<br />
| towns=<br />
| inhabitants=Generally, [[Dwarves]]. It was once occupied by [[Smaug]] the [[Dragon]].<br />
| created=<br />
| destroyed=<br />
| events=[[Sack of Erebor]], [[Siege of Erebor]]<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', [[Appendix A]], "Durin's Folk"</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''The Lonely Mountain''', or '''Erebor''', was a mountain in the north-east of [[Rhovanion]]. It was the source of the river [[River Running|Running]], and a major [[Dwarves|Dwarven]] [[Dwarf realms|stronghold]], the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] at the end of the [[Third Age]] and well into the [[Fourth Age|Fourth]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The [[Longbeards]] had control of the mountain since at least the early [[Second Age]].<ref>{{PM|Relations}}</ref><br />
[[File:Angus McBride - Dale.jpg|thumb|left|[[Angus McBride]] - ''Dale'']]<br />
With the awakening of [[Durin's Bane]] in the capital of [[Moria|Khazad-dûm]], [[Thráin I]] led some Dwarves to Erebor. They dug its caves and halls forming an underground city, and established the [[Kingdom under the Mountain]] in {{TA|1999}}.<ref name=ta>{{App|TA}}</ref> During Thráin's rule many riches were mined from its depths, like the [[Arkenstone]]. The town of [[Dale]] was also built by [[Men of Dale|Men]] between its slopes.<br />
<br />
Thráin's son [[Thorin I]] abandoned the Mountain in {{TA|2210}} for the [[Grey Mountains]]; but after the [[War of the Dwarves and Dragons]], in {{TA|2590}}, King [[Thrór]] led a group back to the Lonely Mountain, re-establishing it as the capital of Durin's folk.<br />
===[[Sack of Erebor]]===<br />
[[File:John Howe - Smaug.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Smaug'']]<br />
The great dragon [[Smaug]] had lust for the Dwarven riches and in {{TA|2770}} he descended on the mountain driving out the Dwarves and destroying the town of [[Dale]]. The Lonely Mountain was empty for almost two hundred years, save Smaug who slept in the innermost chamber on a great pile of wealth.<br />
<br />
In the year {{TA|2941}} with Gandalf's council, King [[Thorin II]] and a small company of friends and family actually made it to the Lonely Mountain. After the Dragon Smaug had realized that the Dwarves had been helped by the [[Lake-men]] he went to their town of [[Lake-town|Esgaroth]] intent on destroying them, only to be killed by a man named [[Bard]].<br />
<br />
===Return of the Longbeards===<br />
With the help of a [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] named [[Bilbo Baggins]] Thorin and company were able to retake the city and the treasure, therefore allowing Thorin to proclaim himself [[King under the Mountain]]. But after refusing to give any of the treasure to the Men of Esgaroth, and the [[Elves of Mirkwood]], the mountain and the Dwarves and Hobbit in it were put under a bloodless siege.<br />
[[File:Matt Stewart - The Battle Under the Mountain.jpg|thumb|left|[[Matt Stewart]] - ''The Battle Under the Mountain'']]<br />
Things nearly came to blows when Thorin's cousin [[Dáin Ironfoot]] (Grór's grandson) arrived as aid to his kinsman and nearly went to battle against the besiegers. But Gandalf interceded and warned them all of a great host of [[Orcs]] and [[Wargs]] coming to take the mountain. So the Elves, Men, and Dwarves made an alliance, and fought a [[Battle of Five Armies|bloody battle]] against their foes in the valley before the gate. In the end the defenders were victorious against the Orcs and Wargs. Thorin was mortally wounded during the battle, but finally, after so many years of longing, Dáin returned the Longbeards to the Lonely Mountain.<br />
<br />
The Longbeards would set about the task of rebuilding their kingdom, which included various improvements to the Mountain itself. [[Gloin]] would tell [[Frodo Baggins]] of creations such as towers built on the Mountain, and roads dug deep underground.<ref>{{FR|Meetings}}</ref> Yet neither the Lonely Mountain nor its occupants would escape the eye of the great [[Sauron|Shadow]] that rose in the last years of the Third Age.<br />
<br />
During the [[War of the Ring]], [[Easterlings]] invaded the [[Kingdom of Dale]]. The Dwarves aided the [[Men of Dale]] who gave a [[Battle of Dale|great battle]] at the feet of the Mountain for three days, before King [[Brand]] and King Dáin were killed at its very gates, forcing Men and Dwarves to retreat into the mountain. They held out for several days until word reached the ears of the Easterlings that the great hosts of Sauron in the south had been defeated. When the besieged saw this they came forth from the Lonely Mountain, and attacked their enemy driving them from Dale across the Running.<ref>{{app|Great}}</ref><br />
<br />
Erebor and Dale continued to prosper into the [[Fourth Age]].<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The Lonely Mountain was possibly 3,500 meters tall, as it was snowcapped at spring. Geologically, it was rich in metals and jewels.<ref>[[Karen Fonstad]] ''[[The Atlas of Middle-earth]]''</ref><br />
<br />
The mountain was star-shaped with six ridges radiating as spurs from the peak.<br />
<br />
The south-western spur contained [[Ravenhill]] housing a Dwarven guard-post. Between the two western spurs was a narrow vale which was the exit of the [[Back Door]], behind an overhanging cliff. Rough steps ascended to the top of the southern ridge along a narrow ledge turning east behind a boulder into a steep bay.<br />
<br />
Inside, the mountain was dug with passages and tunnels leading to cellars and halls and mansions such as the great chamber of Thrór near the Front Gate. A secret tunnel led to the "bottommost cellar"<br />
<br />
The main entrance into the mountain was the [[Front Gate|Gate of Erebor]] on the south side, opening onto a valley between two great spurs of the mountain. The [[River Running]] sprang from beneath the mountain and issued from the [[Front Gate]], forming a waterfall that fell into the valley below.<br />
<br />
Inside the gate was a broad paved road that went alongside the river in a wide curve leading into the mountain. Not very far from the entrance was the [[Great Chamber of Thrór]] where feasts and councils were held.<br />
<br />
In the Lower Halls, there was a vast chamber called the [[Great Hall of Thráin]] at the root of the mountain. From there a secret passageway led to a hidden door in the western side of the mountain. The [[Back Door]] was invisible from the outside except on Durin's Day, when the light of the setting sun would reveal the keyhole.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Pronounce|Erebor.mp3|Ardamir}}<br />
Erebor is the [[Sindarin]] translation of "Lonely Mountain" and can be analyzed as ''[[ereb]]'' + ''[[orod|or(od)]]''.<br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=The Lonely Mountain in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Hobbit - The Desolation of Smaug - Erebor.jpg|The Lonely Mountain, as it appeared in [[The Hobbit (film series)|''The Hobbit'' film trilogy]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Lonely Mountain.jpg|The Lonely Mountain in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
}}<br />
'''2018: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:After a minor appearance depicting the [[Siege of Erebor]], Erebor proper was added in 2018 as part of [[Eryn Lasgalen]] and the [[Dale]]-lands. After the breaking of the siege, it is now ruled by King [[Thorin Stonehelm]] who must deal with some of the enemy's army still remaining near his lands. Other than the main hall of Erebor, players can also visit the living quarters, the burial tombs as well as several hidden chambers within the Mountain.<br />
<br />
{{references}}<br />
{{companyroute}}{{durinskings}}<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages]]<br />
[[Category:Dwarven realms]]<br />
[[Category:Mountains]]<br />
[[Category:Rhovanion]]<br />
[[Category:Sieges]]<br />
[[de:Erebor]]<br />
[[fr:encyclo/geographie/reliefs/rhovanion/erebor]]<br />
[[fi:Erebor]]</div>SingingOrchttps://tolkiengateway.net/w/index.php?title=Samwise_Gamgee&diff=335413Samwise Gamgee2021-09-21T14:31:08Z<p>SingingOrc: /* Journey to Mordor */ I added more detail on Sam and Gollum.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expansion}}<br />
{{hobbit infobox<br />
| name=Samwise Gamgee<br />
| image=[[File:Anna Kulisz - Sam Gamgee.jpeg|250px]]<br />
| caption="Samwise" by [[:Category:Images by Anna Kulisz|Anna Kulisz]]<br />
| pronun=<br />
| othernames=[[Banazîr]]<br />
| titles=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]], Ring-Bearer (for a short time) <br />
| position=Gardener, [[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| location=[[Bagshot Row|3 Bagshot Row]], [[Hobbiton]]<br/>[[Bag End]], [[Hobbiton]]<br />
| affiliation=[[Fellowship of the Ring]]<br />
| language=[[Westron]]<br />
| birth=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| birthlocation= The Shire<br />
| rule={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55|n}}<br />
| sailedwest=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
| sailedto=[[Grey Havens]]<br />
| age=102<br />
| notablefor=Being a member of the Fellowship of the Rings, following [[Frodo Baggins]] into Mordor.<br />
| family=[[Gamgee Family|Gamgee]]<br />
| parentage=[[Gaffer Gamgee]] and [[Bell Goodchild]]<br />
| siblings=[[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]] and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]<br />
| spouse=[[Rose Cotton]]<br />
| children=[[Elanor Gardner|Elanor]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]<br />
| gender=Male<br />
| height=<br />
| hair=<br />
| eyes=Brown<ref name="breaking">{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
| skin colour=Brown-handed<br />
| clothing=<br />
| weapons=[[Daggers of Westernesse|Dagger of Westernesse]], also [[Sting]]<br />
| steed=[[Bill the Pony|Bill]]<br />
}}<br />
<center>{{quote|I am glad you are here with me. Here at the end of all things, Sam|[[Frodo Baggins|Frodo]]<ref name="Mount Doom">{{RK|Doom}}</ref>}}</center><br />
<br />
'''Samwise "Sam" Gamgee''' (6 April {{TA|2980}}<ref group="note">In the second edition of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', Sam's year of birth was added to ''[[Appendix B|The Tale of Years]]''; it was, however, {{TA|2983}}. This contradicts both the ''[[Longfather Tree of Master Samwise]]'' and a later entry in ''The Tale of Years''. The incorrect date has been corrected in the [[The Lord of the Rings (50th Anniversary Edition)|50th anniversary edition]]. See also ''[[The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion]]'', p. 716.</ref> - {{FoA|61}}; [[Shire Reckoning]]: 1380 - 1482; 102 years old when he sailed into the [[Aman|West]]) was [[Frodo Baggins]]' servant and the only original member of the [[Fellowship of the Ring]] to remain with him till the very end of the journey to [[Mount Doom]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
===Early life===<br />
Samwise lived with his father, [[Gaffer Gamgee|Hamfast Gamgee]], better known as "The Gaffer", on [[Bagshot Row]] in [[the Shire]], close to [[Bag End]]. Sam's mother was [[Bell Gamgee|Bell Goodchild]]; he had five siblings: [[Hamson Gamgee|Hamson]], [[Halfred Gamgee|Halfred]], [[Daisy Gamgee|Daisy]], [[May Gamgee|May]], and [[Marigold Gamgee|Marigold]]. <br />
<br />
A gardener by trade, Sam seemed to be a simple [[Hobbits|Hobbit]] of plain speech. He helped his Gaffer tending the garden of Bag End and was taught the art of rope making by his [[Hobson|grandfather]] and his uncle [[Andwise Roper|Andy]]. In his work at Bag-End, he was acquainted with [[Bilbo Baggins]]. Bilbo taught him [[tengwar|letters]], and nurtured love for [[Elves]], poetry, and his belief that the world contains greater wonders than most hobbits are aware of. This set him apart from the beginning, to the Gaffer's dismay.<ref>{{FR|Party}};{{TT|Taming}}</ref> Sam often wandered outside [[Hobbiton]] and knew well the area twenty miles around.<ref name=three>{{FR|Three}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[12 April]] Sam was in ''[[The Green Dragon]]'' and discussed with [[Ted Sandyman]] the strange rumours he heard around the Shire, including his [[Hal Gamgee|cousin Hal]] seeing a "Tree-man", and the [[Elves]] who leave [[Middle-earth]]. Ted called his cousin crazy and dismissed all rumors. At the evening he returned to [[the Hill]] thinking about the hard work he has to do, when he saw [[Gandalf]] arriving to visit Frodo, after many years.<ref name=shadow>{{FR|Shadow}}</ref><br />
===Eavesdropping on Frodo and Gandalf===<br />
Sam was one of the "[[Conspirators]]" who were summoned by [[Meriadoc Brandybuck|Merry Brandybuck]] in order to watch over [[Frodo Baggins]] and the [[The One Ring|Ring]] inherited by Frodo from Bilbo. Being the closest to Frodo, Sam was their "chief investigator" who was to eavesdrop on his talks with Gandalf the [[Wizards|Wizard]].<ref>{{FR|Conspiracy}}</ref><br />
<br />
He eavesdropped at the discussion discussion between Frodo and Gandalf while working at the garden of Bag End. It was when Gandalf revealed to Frodo that Bilbo's ring is [[Sauron]]'s One Ring, and on the mention that Frodo must leave the Shire, Sam choked. Initially suspected as a spy, Sam feigned innocent curiosity. Sam begged Gandalf not to turn him into anything "unnatural". Sam then immediately asked to be taken to see Elves when they went away. Gandalf decided to make Sam Frodo's first companion.<ref name=shadow/> <br />
<br />
===From Hobbiton to Crickhollow===<br />
Sam joined Frodo on his journey to [[Bree]] and [[Rivendell]], as to outside appearances as Frodo's gardener. He lied that he had the lightest baggage after Frodo complained about the weight of his, and he offered to take more. Sam and [[Peregrin Took|Pippin Took]] followed Frodo to his new house at [[Crickhollow]] and when they were encountered by [[Black Riders]] Sam mentioned that one of those was asking his father about Frodo. Later they met one of the [[Wandering Companies]] of Elves; the experience of meeting Elves the first time left him speechless (although they were different than he expected, ''"so old and young, and so gay and sad, as it were,"'' as Sam described them<ref name=short/>); the hobbits camped with them and Sam was like in a living dream, mentioning it as one of the most important events of his life. He was enchanted especially by their singing.<ref name=three/> The Elves warned him not to leave Frodo on his journey, which Sam denied he would ever think about it.<ref name=short/><br />
<br />
The next day Sam insisted that Pippin should leave some elven bread for their breakfast. That morning Sam felt changed, feeling that he had to fulfill a role that lies beyond the Shire, something more important than meeting Elves or [[dragons]] or seeing mountains.<ref name=short>{{FR|I4}}</ref><br />
<br />
At Crickhollow where his and the Conspirators' role was revealed. Merry joined the travelers on their way to Bree.<br />
<br />
===Crickhollow to Bree===<br />
The hobbits decided to risk traveling through the [[Old Forest]] to avoid Black Riders. There [[Old Man Willow]] put a spell of sleepiness on the four hobbits. Once Merry and Pippin slept by the tree and Frodo bathed his feet in the [[Withywindle]], the willow tree tried to drown Frodo and swallowed Merry and Pippin, but Sam proved the most resistant. He saved Frodo from drowning and tried to start a fire to frighten Old Man Willow but the tree threatened to squeeze the hobbits in two if he did not put it out. They were saved by Tom Bombadil and stayed in his house for two days. Sam was the only hobbit who slept contentedly.<ref>{{FR|Forest}}; {{FR|Bombadil}}</ref><br />
<br />
They passed through [[Barrow-downs]] and came to [[the Prancing Pony]] at Bree where they were joined by "[[Strider (Aragorn)|Strider]]". Sam did not trust the ranger at first, but Frodo accepted his help as they could not get to Rivendell otherwise. [[Sauron]]'s spies had opened the stables of the inn and all the mounts went loose, therefore before leaving the village, the company purchased a [[Ponies|pony]] from [[Bill Ferny]]. Sam loved and tended the animal, and named him [[Bill the Pony|Bill]], after his owner.<ref>{{FR|Sign}}; {{FR|Strider}}; {{FR|Knife}}</ref><br />
<br />
===The Fellowship of the Ring===<br />
When they reached [[Rivendell]], Sam was beside Frodo's bed while he was recovering from the [[Morgul-wound]] he was inflicted on [[Weathertop]]. Sam eavesdropped on the [[Council of Elrond]] and revealing himself insisted that he accompany Frodo on his [[Quest of the Ring|quest to destroy the Ring]].<ref>{{FR|Many}}; {{FR|Council}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sam insisted on bringing Bill along on the journey, saying he would pine, if he did not come.<ref>{{FR|South}}</ref> He was dismayed that they had to send him away when they entered [[Moria]]. Sam saved Frodo's life as the [[Watcher in the Water]] tried to seize him by one of it's tentacles. Sam received a scratch along his scalp for his first orc-kill in the mines.<ref>{{FR|Journey}};{{FR|Bridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Lothlórien]], Sam made a verse in honor of Gandalf's fireworks. He, along with Frodo, looked into the [[Mirror of Galadriel]] where he saw trees being felled and that the Old Mill had been replaced by a large red-brick building. Sam considered going back to help those at home, but, being warned by [[Galadriel]] not to let the mirror decide his choices, Sam decided to finish his task with Frodo. At their parting from Lórien, Galadriel [[Gifts of Galadriel|gave]] Sam a [[Sam's garden box|box]] containing earth from her orchard.<ref>{{FR|Mirror}};{{FR|Farewell}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journey to Mordor===<br />
Frodo tried to leave the Fellowship secretly by boat, but Sam pursued him and leaped into the water although he could not swim. Thus after the [[Breaking of the Fellowship]], Sam was the only member of the Fellowship to remain with Frodo.<ref>{{FR|Breaking}}</ref><br />
When [[Gollum]] joined up with them, Sam remained distrustful of his loyalty to Frodo, and treated him with disdain, and partially (though unintentionally) pushed Gollum to betray Frodo in [[Shelob's Lair]].{{citation needed}} <br />
<br />
As Sam, Frodo, and Gollum travelled, Sam began to worry about their food supplies running short and he, unlike Frodo, still thought of the return journey.<ref>{{TT|Passage}}</ref> In [[Ithilien]], he decided to risk a fire and stew rabbit, but he accidentally let it smoke which attracted the attention of [[Faramir]] and his rangers who were also in that region. There, to Sam's delight, he got the chance to see an [[oliphaunt]]. Faramir took the hobbits to [[Henneth Annûn]] where Sam accidentally revealed the purpose of their quest, but Faramir did not hinder it and Sam judged his quality to be "the very highest.", saying he reminded him of Gandalf.<ref>{{TT|Herbs}}; {{TT|Window}}</ref><br />
<br />
Gollum led the hobbits to the [[Stairs of Cirith Ungol]], where Sam, in a conversation with Frodo, reflected on whether their adventure would be put in tales and songs to be told by a fireside and noted that they were part of a greater tale than themselves.<ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><br />
Gollum betrayed the hobbits in [[Shelob's lair]], hoping to find the Ring among Frodo's bones once [[Shelob]] had eaten him. However, Sam pierced Shelob's flesh, being the first person ever to have done so, but not before Shelob seemingly killed Frodo.<br />
[[File:John Howe - Sam and Shelob.jpg|thumb|[[John Howe]] - ''Sam and Shelob'']]<br />
Grieving for Frodo, Sam took the Ring. At first he was tempted to go on a quest for revenge on Gollum but instead chose to complete the quest. However, upon learning that Frodo still lived, he rescued him from the [[Tower of Cirith Ungol]] and returned the Ring to him. Because he held the Ring for a time, he is considered one of the [[Ring-bearers]].<ref>{{TT|Choices}};{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
<br />
Together, Sam and Frodo crossed [[Mordor]] to [[Mount Doom]]. Sam himself carrying Frodo up the slope for part of the way. There Gollum tried to attack the hobbits and Sam spared his life now he had an idea of what it had been like for Gollum to be Ring-bearer—a choice which soon led to success their quest. After the destruction of the Ring, both Sam and Frodo were honored by [[Aragorn|King Elessar]] for their deeds. <ref>{{RK|Doom}}; {{RK|Field}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Later life===<br />
[[File:Ted Nasmith - Sam and Rosie Cotton.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ted Nasmith]] - ''Sam and Rosie Cotton'']]<br />
After the [[War of the Ring]], and the [[Scouring of the Shire]], Sam planted saplings in all the places where specially beautiful and beloved trees had been destroyed, and he put a grain of Galadriel's soil at the root of each. He was especially dismayed that [[the Party Tree]] was cut down and planted a silver nut in the [[Party Field]] where it had once been, and the nut grew into a [[Mallorn]] tree. <br />
<br />
He married [[Rose Cotton|Rose "Rosie" Cotton]] on [[1 May]] {{SR|1420}}.<ref>{{App|Chief}}</ref> In honor for restoring the Shire his family was given the name [[Gardner Family|Gardner]]. <br />
<br />
They had thirteen children: [[Elanor Gardner|Elanor the Fair]], [[Frodo Gardner|Frodo]], [[Rose Gardner|Rose]], [[Merry Gardner|Merry]], [[Pippin Gardner|Pippin]], [[Goldilocks Gardner|Goldilocks]], [[Hamfast Gardner|Hamfast]], [[Daisy Gardner|Daisy]], [[Primrose Gardner|Primrose]], [[Bilbo Gardner|Bilbo]], [[Ruby Gardner|Ruby]], [[Robin Gardner|Robin]], and [[Tolman Gardner|Tolman]]. When Frodo sailed on the [[White Ship]], at the end of the Third Age, Sam inherited Bag End and was entrusted the [[Red Book of Westmarch]].<br />
<br />
After [[Will Whitfoot]] resigned his post as [[Mayor of Michel Delving]] (the largest town in the Shire and the "unofficial capital"), in {{FoA|6}}, Sam was elected Mayor of the Shire for seven consecutive 7-year terms, during which time King Elessar appointed the Mayor as a Councellor of the North-kingdom. In {{SR|1436}} he met King Elessar on the [[Brandywine Bridge]] and was awarded the [[Star of the Dúnedain]]. IN {{SR|1442}} he left [[Tolman Cotton Junior]] as deputy Mayor so that he rode to Gondor with his wife and his daughter Elanor, maid of honour to Queen Arwen, to spend a year there. When Elanor married [[Fastred of Greenholm]], he requested from Thain Peregrin to make him [[Warden of Westmarch]] in {{SR|1462}}.<ref name=later>{{App|Later}}</ref><br />
<br />
After his wife died in {{FoA|61}}, on [[22 September]] Sam left Bag End, and went to the [[Tower Hills]] where he was last seen by Elanor, entrusting to her the Red Book; according to her, he went to the [[Grey Havens]] to sail across the Sea<ref name=later/> and be reunited with Frodo in the [[Undying Lands]].<br />
<br />
==Appearance==<br />
Sam has brown eyes. At some points his hands are described as brown.<Ref>{{TT|Stairs}}</ref><ref>{{RK|Tower}}</ref><br />
This could indicate he belongs to the [[Harfoots]], as they are described as having browner skin than the [[Fallohides]], to which breed Merry, Pippin and Frodo belong.<ref>{{FR|Hobbits}}</ref> Or it could simply be a tan from years of working outside.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
Samwise means "simple minded" or "half-minded". Gamgee is explained as a corruption of the name [[Gammidgy]], a village in the Shire. Both names are presented as translations of the [[Westron]] form of Sam's name '''[[Banazîr]] [[Galbasi]]''' (''also spelled Banazîr Galpsi'') (q.v. for more information).<ref>{{App|Translation}}</ref><br />
<br />
Tolkien's English translation, ''Samwís Gamwich'', could have come to ''Samwise Gamgee'' in modern English.<br />
<br />
The [[Sindarin]] version of Samwise is '''[[Perhael]]'''. In the [[King's Letter]], contained in the unpublished [[Epilogue]], King Elessar refers to Sam as ''Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen)'', Sindarin for "Halfwise (who should rather be called Fullwise)."<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
[[J.R.R. Tolkien]] took the name from ''Gamgee Tissue'', a surgical dressing invented by a 19th century [[Birmingham]] surgeon called Joseph Sampson Gamgee. "Gamgee" became the colloquial name in Birmingham for cotton wool. Here, Tolkien describes why he had chosen that name for his character:<br />
{{quote|The choice of Gamgee was primarily directed by alliteration; but I did not invent it. It was caught out of childhood memory, as a comic word or name. It was in fact the name when I was small (in Birmingham) for 'cotton-wool'. (Hence the association of the Gamgees with the Cottons.) I knew nothing of its origin.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
It is possible that Tolkien may have subconsciously recalled Dr. Gamgee (who died in 1886 but is commemorated by a plaque at the Birmingham Medical Institute, only yards from Tolkien's childhood home) but he claimed to be genuinely surprised when, in March 1956, he received a letter from one Sam Gamgee, who had heard that his name was in ''The Lord of the Rings'' but had not read the book. Tolkien replied on March 18:<br />
{{quote|Dear Mr. Gamgee,<p>It was very kind of you to write. You can imagine my astonishment when I saw your signature! I can only say, for your comfort, I hope, that the 'Sam Gamgee' of my story is a most heroic character, now widely beloved by many readers, even though his origins are rustic. So that perhaps you will not be displeased at the coincidence of the name of this imaginary character of supposedly many centuries ago being the same as yours.|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]:'' [[Letter 184]]}}<br />
<br />
He proceeded to send Mr Gamgee a signed copy of all three volumes of the book. However, the incident sparked a nagging worry in Tolkien's mind, as he recorded in his journal: <br />
{{quote|For some time I lived in fear of receiving a letter signed 'S. Gollum'. That would have been more difficult to deal with.|''[[J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography]]''}}<br />
<br />
==In other stories==<br />
In the illustrated short story ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'', the local police officer is a Sergeant [[Boffin Family|Boffin]] who - at the behest of [[Gaffer Gamgee]] - seeks to lock up Mr Bliss as a thief for failing to pay for his car. Sergeant Boffin also has a son named Sam.<ref>[[J.R.R. Tolkien]], ''[[Mr. Bliss]]'' (2011 edition), p. 62</ref><br />
<br />
==Portrayal in adaptations==<br />
{{Gallery<br />
|title=Samwise Gamgee in adaptations<br />
|height=150<br />
|width=200<br />
|lines=3<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) - Sam Gamgee.png|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]<br />
|File:The Return of the King (1980 film) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings (film series) - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]<br />
|File:The Lord of the Rings Online - Samwise Gamgee.jpg|Sam in ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]''<br />
|File:Lego - Sam mini figure.png|Sam as a ''[[Lego]] mini figure''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''1955: [[The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1955 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:[[Victor Platt]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
'''1978: [[The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1978 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Michael Scholes]] was the voice of Sam, and [[Billy Barty]] played him in rotoscoped footage. <br />
<br />
'''1979: [[The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1979 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Sam is provided by [[Lou Bliss]].<br />
<br />
'''1980: [[The Return of the King (1980 film)|''The Return of the King'' (1980 film)]]:'''<br />
:[[Roddy McDowall]] provided the voice of Sam.<br />
<br />
'''1981: [[The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (1981 radio series)]]:'''<br />
:A young [[Bill Nighy|William Nighy]] portrays Sam as a warm and caring person. No dialectical or social difference was made. <br />
<br />
'''1992: ''[[Tales from the Perilous Realm (1992 radio series)|Tales from the Perilous Realm]]'':'''<br />
:In the two episodes of "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", [[Jonathan Adams]] portrayed Sam with a very rustic accent.<br />
<br />
'''2001-2003: [[Pán prsteňov (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)|''Pán prsteňov'' (2001-2003 Slovak radio series)]]:'''<br />
:The voice of Samwise Gamgee is provided by Stano Dančiak. Dančiak, though a slightly older actor than the other actors portraying the four hobbits, was well-known for his convincing "smart everyman" roles. This is utilised in the series to emphasize that Sam comes from a more ordinary family and humbler social standing than Frodo, Pippin and Merry. Sam is portrayed as resourceful, honest, loyal, caring, capable of finding bravery when he least expects it. He is also very curious about the world outside of The Shire, including Elven and Dwarven culture and lore. He is addressed almost entirely by his abbreviated name, Sam.<br />
<br />
'''2001-03: [[The Lord of the Rings (film series)|''The Lord of the Rings'' (film series)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is played by [[Sean Astin]].<br />
<br />
'''2002: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:[[Scott Menville]] provided the voice for Sam in all but the X-box version; there, [[Cliff Broadway]] took over. The role of Sam is greatly diminished: after being caught eavesdropping by Gandalf, Sam is to be Frodo's companion, but he does not appear again until Frodo reaches [[Farmer Maggot]].<br />
<br />
'''2003: [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)|''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' (video game)]]:'''<br />
:Sam is a playable characters in several missions: escape from [[Osgiliath]], Shelob's Lair, Cirith Ungol and the Crack of Doom. <br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise only makes a single appearance in the Lothlorien mission.<br />
<br />
'''2004: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth]]'':'''<br />
:Unlike most other characters, Frodo and Sam make no appearance in Skirmish battles - they only appear in the storyline campaign.<br />
<br />
'''2006: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II]]'':'''<br />
:Sam and other Hobbits are no longer permanent units, they are now a temporary power boost available to Free People forces.<br />
<br />
'''2007: ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise is first found in Rivendell, preparing for the departure. Later, he is found on [[Cerin Amroth]] in Lothlorien, alongside Frodo. A series of session plays depicts Sam, Frodo and Gollum's journey through the [[Dead Marshes]], the Pass of [[Cirith Ungol]] and [[Mordor]]. The player later meets Sam and Frodo again at the [[Field of Cormallen]].<br />
<br />
:The game's "Guardian" class ("Tank" in MMO terms) is based on Samwise due to the dedication he showed Frodo. Sawmwise insists that he is no Guardian and not fit to be one - because his heroic deeds have not happened yet. The player has to double-check and discovers that whoever talked of Sam as a great Guardian, apparently had misheard the word "Gardener".<br />
<br />
'''2010: ''[[The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest]]'':'''<br />
:Samwise appears in the game as a non-playable character, with [[Sean Astin]] reprising his role. He narrates the story of Aragorn to his children, when the latter is to come to the Shire.<br />
<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Sam Gamgee is by many regarded as the "true hero" of Tolkien's story. Tolkien himself expressed this view in one of his letters: Sam is referred to as the "chief hero", and special emphasis is placed on Sam's "rustic love" for Rosie.<ref>{{L|131}}</ref> The quest to destroy the Ring only succeeds because of Sam, who repeatedly saves Frodo from disaster (such as rescuing him at [[Cirith Ungol]] and carrying him up [[Mount Doom]]). He was one of only two Ring-bearers strong enough to surrender the Ring voluntarily.<br />
<br />
The relationship between Frodo and Sam is, in many respects, at the center of ''The Lord of the Rings''. Sam's humbleness and plain speaking is frequently emphasised in contrast to Frodo's gentility, and he often shows deference to Frodo, calling him "Mister Frodo" or "Master". At the same time, a strong bond of love and trust grows between them, portrayed most poignantly during the events of Cirith Ungol, where Sam vows to return to his (apparently) dead master, to be reunited with Frodo in death. <br />
<br />
[[Tolkienists]] regard Sam as Frodo's ''[[wikipedia:Batman (army)|batman]]''. In the British Army, a batman was an orderly who acted as the personal servant of an officer. It was a role with which Tolkien (who served as an Army officer in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I First World War]) would have been extremely familiar. Sam undertakes all of the typical roles of a batman &mdash; he runs errands for Frodo, he cooks, he transports him (or at least carries him), and he carries his luggage. Tolkien confirmed this interpretation when he wrote in a private letter that:<br />
{{quote|My Sam Gamgee is indeed a reflexion of the English soldier, of the privates and batmen I knew in the 1914 war, and recognized as so far superior to myself|''[[The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien]]''}}<br />
<br />
Compare to the relation between [[wikipedia:Don_Quixote|Don Quixote]] and his squire [[wikipedia:Sancho Panza|Sancho Panza]], and the gradual "Quixotization" of Sancho.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[:Category:Images of Samwise Gamgee|Images of Samwise Gamgee]]<br />
<br />
{{References|n}}<br />
{{seq-start}}<br />
{{seq-head<br />
| race=hobbit<br />
| house=[[Gamgee Family]]<br />
| born=[[6 April]] {{TA|2980}}<br />
| died=After {{FoA|61}}<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
| list=[[Ring-bearers|Ring-bearer]]<br />
| dates=[[13 March|13]]-[[14 March]], {{TA|3019}}<br />
| next=[[Frodo Baggins]]<br />
}}<br />
{{seq<br />
| prev=[[Will Whitfoot]]<br />
| list=[[Mayor of Michel Delving]]<br />
| dates={{FoA|6}} - {{FoA|55}}<br />
| next=Unknown<br />
}}<br />
{{seq-end}}<br />
<br />
{{councilofelrond}}{{fellowship}}{{FellowshipRoute}}{{ringbearers}}<br />
[[Category:Characters in The Lord of the Rings]]<br />
[[Category:Fourth Age characters]]<br />
[[Category:Hobbits]]<br />
[[Category:Gamgee]]<br />
[[Category:Ring-bearers]]<br />
[[Category:Chroniclers of Arda]]<br />
[[Category:Third Age characters]]<br />
<br />
[[de:Samweis Gamdschie]]</div>SingingOrc